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Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is first diagnosed during pregnancy and it is the most frequent maternal hyperglycemia. Objective: To know fetal and maternal outcomes in an intensive control program in pregnant women with and without DMG at the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (Mexican Institute for Social Security) Regional General Hospital No. 6, in Ciudad Madero, Tamaulipas. Material and methods: A descriptive and retrospective study, which included 800 outcomes of pregnant women between January 2009 and June 2020. Anthropometric data and pregnancy outcomes were collected. The intensive control program consisted of face-to-face consultations of 1 to 4 weeks, granted according to the degree of metabolic control, with which it was given nutritional counseling, recommendations for physical activity, and in some cases pharmacological treatment. Results: The prevalence of GDM was 36.2%. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups, except for respiratory distress syndrome, which was more common in GDM (9.4%, p = 0.06). Patients with GDM had a lower prevalence of macrosomy (6.1%) compared to the control group (6.6%). All women admitted to the program in the first trimester had fewer fetal and maternal complications. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the effectiveness and efficiency of implementing an intensive control program in women with GDM, by reducing and equalizing maternal and fetal outcomes compared to a group of women without the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Evaluating risk factors (FR) for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in an obstetric population in Colombia. Materials and methods: This was a retrospective case-control study. The population consisted of pregnant females being seen at three private high-complexity clinics, attending the contributory regimen population in the city of Medellín from June 2005 to May 2007. Patients suffering pregestational diabetes were excluded. A case was defined as being a pregnant patient or female in the immediate postpartum period diagnosed with GDM. Controls consisted of patients in the postpartum with no GDM. Results: Data regarding 244 cases (36.6%) and 423 controls (63.4%) were included. Statistical association was found with personal background of GDM (OR = 16.6; 4.9-55.7 95% CI), a background of macrosomy (OR = 7.3; 3.6-15.1 95% CI), being aged ≥ 25 years (OR = 5.5: 3.61-8.5 95% CI), multiparity (OR = 2.6; 1.8-3.8 95% CI), ≥ 25 kg/m2 BMI prior to gestation (OR = 3.1; 2.2-4.4 95% CI) ≥ 25 kg/m2 BMI at the start of the second trimester (OR 3.5; 2.1-5.7 95% CI). Conclusion: A s well as t he risk factors reported in the literature, macrosomy, multiparity, pregestational and gestational obesity were also found to be independent factors for GDM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Head growth rates are often accelerated in autism. This study is aimed at defining the clinical, morphological, and biochemical correlates of head circumference in autistic patients. Methods: Fronto-occipital head circumference was measured in 241 nonsyndromic autistic patients, 3 to 16 years old, diagnosed according to DSM-IV criteria. We assessed 1) clinical parameters using the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised, Vineland Adaptive Behavioral Scales, intelligence quotient measures, and an ad hoc clinical history questionnaire; 2) height and weight; 3) serotonin (5-HT) blood levels and peptiduria. Results: The distribution of cranial circumference is significantly skewed toward larger head sizes (p < .00001). Macrocephaly (i.e., head circumference >97th percentile) is generally part of a broader macrosomic endophenotype, characterized by highly significant correlations between head circumference, weight, and height (p < .001). A head circumference >75th percentile is associated with more impaired adaptive behaviors and with less impairment in IQ measures and motor and verbal language development. Surprisingly, larger head sizes are significantly associated with a positive history of allergic/immune disorders both in the patient and in his/her first-degree relatives. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates the existence of a macrosomic endophenotype in autism and points toward pathogenetic links with immune dysfunctions that we speculate either lead to or are associated with increased cell cycle progression and/or decreased apoptosis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Pituitary hyperplasia is generally associated with end-organ failure such as primary hypothyroidism, physiological changes such as puberty and pregnancy, or neoplasms secreting releasing factors. We present a full-term infant with an enlarged pituitary height of 8 mm at age 3 days despite a normal endocrinological evaluation. Repeat imaging at 5 months of age revealed a normal-size pituitary gland. To our knowledge, pituitary hyperplasia has not been described in a neonate with normal pituitary function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]