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The article analyzes press freedom during the dictatorships of Salazar, Franco, and Vargas, highlighting the repression of divergent opinions and censorship of the press. It focuses on the dictatorship of Getúlio Vargas, emphasizing his fight against European dictatorships. It also mentions the protection of press freedom in the constitutions of Portugal, Spain, and Brazil, although it was not always respected. Finally, the issue of fake news and press freedom in the Brazilian Constitution of 1988 is addressed, highlighting the need for policies that promote the independence of the press. [Extracted from the article]

This systematic review of more than 300 Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly (JMCQ) articles on media law since 1924 documents what a vital scholarly outlet the journal has been and continues to be for research on freedom of the press and speech. While defamation law remains a popular topic, journalism and mass communication scholars have expanded their focus to a wider range of media law issues, including privacy, copyright, student speech, journalistic privilege, free press v. fair trial, advertising, and issues involving other media. JMCQ has been refreshingly open to international and comparative law, moving away from a U.S.-centric approach to media freedom. The review highlights a decline in the number of media law articles published in recent years, possibly due to competition from alternative journals, manuscript length limitations, and the APA-style requirement. Nevertheless, media law scholarship remains essential, offering invaluable insights into the evolving legal landscape of media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have identified various individual factors explaining news avoidance, but the understanding of how these factors function within the broader political information environment is limited. This study, leveraging a large-scale cross-national survey, reveals that the relationships between individual news interests, news trust, and news avoidance differ across countries with varying levels of press freedom. In nations where the press is strong and free, personal preferences minimally influence individuals’ active avoidance of hard news. News avoidance is not solely a product of individual-level attributes. Rather, the impact of these individual factors is significantly shaped by the overarching political information environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite its importance for the freedoms of expression, information and press, and the fact that is commonly accepted the right of journalists to keep the identity of their sources of information secret [art. 20.1.d) Spanish Constitution] certain shadows and uncertainties remain about this right, which may generate situations of great legal uncertainty in practice for journalists. They can be, however, overcome, if we turn our attention to Europe, to the jurisprudence of the ECHR, as we are obliged, on the other hand, by art. 10.2 EC. Through an analysis of the main judgments of the ECHR on this issue (from Goodwin versus the United Kingdom to the recent Big Brother Watch and others versus the United Kingdom), in this work are systematized the main features that define this European protection of the confidentiality of the sources. They are also applicable in Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. This article makes a historical comparative analysis of the conceptualisation and development of the freedom of the press in the last 50 years of conflict in Colombia and the Basque Country. Methodology. Through a diachronic examination, this work studies the concepts of censorship and self-censorship in both case studies. The time frame covers the period from the first liberal conceptualisation of the freedom of the press in the 19th century, up until the political transformation of the conflicts initiated in both cases in 2011. Results. Colombia and the Basque Country are currently going through a process of transition from violent conflict to peace. This process, in addition, is taking place at the same time as the digital transition of the Media, which is transforming journalism and the way of interacting on the Internet. Conclusions. This article proposes to include the memory of violations against the freedom of the press in the process of conflict transformation and it also concludes that there is a need to rethink the concept of freedom of speech on the Internet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essay is about the influence exerted by media on the legislative policies about criminal phenomena, with special reference to the risks that such influence might cause as regards the violation of some fundamental principles of modern democratic systems, that is the principles of criminal law. The work is focused on the emphasis put by media on the risks and the specious creation of collective worries, particularly those connected with criminal phenomena. A central role of criminal law culture is required for within a possible process of political-criminal paideia meeting democratic and mass media postmodern needs, in order to try to shape the ontological content of citizens' minimum levels of knowledge, such as the internalization of those fundamental values forming the ethos of today's civil societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En febrero de 2018, jordanos y jordanas tomaron las calles en las ciudades de Theeban, as-Salt y Al Karak tras la decisión gubernamental, guiada por el Fondo Monetario Internacional, de elevar los impuestos sobre 164 commodities y abolir los subsidios al pan. En medio de una total ausencia de cobertura periodística local, estas manifestaciones evolucionaron hacia debates diarios transmitidos por transmisión en vivo de Facebook. Se discutieron las realidades política y económica de Jordania, lo cual resucitó las demandas de 2011 y 2012 de una monarquía constitucional, al igual que de rendición de cuentas, tanto del régimen existente como del departamento de inteligencia. Sin embargo, mientras jordanos y jordanas participaban y seguían los debates nocturnos por transmisión en directo, campañas globales llamaban a los usuarios a borrar sus cuentas de Facebook en reacción al último escándalo de filtración de datos: Cambridge Analytica involucrada en la campaña de Trump obteniendo acceso a los datos de usuarios de Facebook. Este artículo analiza la relación conflictiva que viven con Facebook los movimientos políticos en regímenes de autoritarismo blando como Jordania, en la medida en que estos cuentan, por un lado, con una prensa local restrictiva y, por el otro, se encuentran con las críticas globales a la violaciones de datos perpetradas por Facebook. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Media concentration is a subject of which little or nothing is said because of the haziness and confusion of defining it in practice. It is still not clear, even for many communicators, which is the starting point to define and point out a media concentration in a society where it is increasingly difficult the identification of freedom of the press, freedom of the market, competition and challenges imposed by technology and globalization. Likewise, the politicization of this issue has led to further confusion. Therefore, the following questions arise: Is media concentration a necessary and unavoidable consequence? Are we witnessing the changes that the market and the consumer demand? The answers are aimed at elucidating what media concentration consists of, and whether it takes place in Peru and in the written press. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The freedom of the press occupies its institutional space since the 18th century, as the American and French constitutions demonstrate. But only in the 19th century freedom of the press took a role in political theory. This article performs an analysis of how three of the leading 19th century theorists dealt with the theme: Karl Marx, Alexis de Tocqueville and John Stuart Mill. Tocqueville and Mill, intellectuals of political liberalism, have substantiated issues related to the "tyranny of the majority". Marx, on the other hand, reveals his enthusiasm with the freedom of the press toward the strengthening of the nascent socialist ideas at that historic moment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Media concentration is a subject of which little or nothing is said because of the haziness and confusion of defining it in practice. It is still not clear, even for many communicators, which is the starting point to define and point out a media concentration in a society where it is increasingly difficult the identification of freedom of the press, freedom of the market, competition and challenges imposed by technology and globalization. Likewise, the politicization of this issue has led to further confusion. Therefore, the following questions arise: Is media concentration a necessary and unavoidable consequence? Are we witnessing the changes that the market and the consumer demand? The answers are aimed at elucidating what media concentration consists of, and whether it takes place in Peru and in the written press. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the end of the 19th century, Spain had an appropriate context to develop an effective freedom of the press, which had been recognised in the Spanish Constitution of 1876 and «The 1883 Press Police Act». Nevertheless, during the Spanish-American War (1895-1898), the Conservative Party and the Liberal Party, peacefully rotating in the Government during the «Bourbon Restoration», applied restrictive measures against the Spanish freedom of speech. According to their own ideology, both parties implemented legal actions (suspension of constitutional guarantees or state of war), and others indirect media restrictions (telegraph censorship, instructions to publish in the newspapers or imprisonment of journalists), to establish a system of censorship during the War, which rescinded the Spanish printing legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The digital age has reconfigured the security services, especially the forms of mass surveillance aimed at preventing various threats to society. However, this scenario may become problematic from the perspective of protecting the freedom of the media and journalistic privilege. The author of this article offers an overview of the scope of the protection of the journalistic privilege pursuant to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, as well as its management in Poland from the developments prepared by its Constitutional Court. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El presente artículo muestra los resultados obtenidos en el Proyecto de Investigación 'Ética informativa y excelencia: la deontología periodística frente a las expectativas de la ciudadanía', desarrollado por las universidades Pompeu Fabra (Barcelona), Carlos III (Madrid), Universidad del País Vasco y Universidad de Sevilla. El objetivo de la investigación, financiada por el Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (Plan Nacional de I+D+I 2004-2007), consistió en analizar las actitudes de los profesionales de la información al objeto de contrastar cómo factores ajenos a la información pueden afectar su rutina productiva. Para el presente artículo nos hemos centrado en los conflictos de intereses, analizando, por un lado, la actitud de los periodistas frente a los regalos y otros beneficios obtenidos de su fuente; y, por otro, explicando la relación del profesional con las compañías que se anuncian en los medios de comunicación. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explains how the independent Mexico in its first decade lived a social and political polarization, because the margins were defined the public sphere. The new state was confronted, then the dilemma of creating the institutional and legal foundations of freedom of expression, necessary for the establishment of republican citizenship. Discussions the insurgents and contra insurgency trough the press is a sign of the change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the political rancor left by the XIX century country's civil wars, especially by the One-Thousand-Days War, the "Reyista Press" was born. This press was President Rafael Reyes's incense burner and an opposition instrument to the 'Quinquenio regime' characterized by a satiric, incendiary and polemic tone, which, at the same time, was the continuation of a rich tradition. Once the 'Quinquenio regime' was overthrown, three political forces gain momentum within the Liberal Press: The Republican Press-that supported the presidential nomination of journalist Carlos E. Restrepo-with Alfonso Villegas Restrepo, Eduardo and Enrique Santos Montejo, Enrique Olaya Herrera and the Cano family; the 'Bloquista' Press, lead by General Rafael Uribe Uribe; and the Opposite Press with Benjamín Palacio Uribe, founder of Gil Blas newspaper in 1910. Due to its investigative spirit, Gil Blas newspaper served as an inspiration for Colombian contemporary journalism of the Bicentennial. With this satirical poster, the saints of the Republican Press fell off their shelves in this so-called 'Indigenous Athens.' [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an analysis of the limitations in the practice of journalism in a region of Mexico that has a high incidence of violence -the city of Culiacan, in the northwest. It argues that violence as much as journalistic limitations are associated with the weakness of the Mexican State. Finally, it proposes a category of 'cautious journalism' based in the local journalists' practices -journalism about sensitive topics, defined by economic and security terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freedom of the press in Colombia is analyzed in this article, based on studies done by the Media Observatory at La Sabana University on news reporting during the last ten years. Taking into account the many risks Colombian journalists face in a specific setting that pits conflict against the exercise of journalism, this historical overview shows that freedom of the press remains in critical condition and its development has been negative. Journalism is threatened with death. Hounded by traditional armed actors, it now faces an additional risk factor posed by government security forces. Moreover, illegal groups have associated with politicians in certain regions to counter the media, and national, regional and local government administrations - which should ensure absolute respect for freedom of the press - have become a destabilizing factor through pressure and subtle manipulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From a legal perspective, the publications put out by the various segments of the mass media lack the probative value usually assigned to them by the audience and the reading public in the normal course of things. In legal proceedings, a journalistic version is auxiliary evidence that demonstrates the event was recorded by the media. However, it does not constitute full proof of the situation it describes, nor does it determine the legal responsibility of persons and legal entities. This is because its effectiveness depends on its direct relationship with other evidence provided during the proceedings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freedom of the press in Colombia is an issue ripe with contradiction. There is no consensus among those who govern and the agencies that investigate or monitor this phenomenon. The Media Observatory of the School of Communication conducted a study among journalists throughout the country to provide input for the discussion. It warns of the primary factors and agents that threaten this constitutional right. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following article is an analysis of the informative contents found in the Norwegian newspaper Aftenposten concerning the 11 M terrorist attacks in Madrid. The study of the newspaper coverage is contextualized into the characteristics of a North European media system. It includes declarations both by the journalist responsable for these contents and some journalism lecturers from Norwegian Universities. The article intends to determine the main editorial lines of the newspaper in that critical situation, their opinion about the Spanish Government communication policy and the relation between quality press and international policy in Norway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the confrontation between sympathizers and opponents of Francisco Franco's dictatorship in Spain among employees of the publishing company Editorial Católica. The publishing house, which published the newspaper "Ya" in addition to books, was managed by Francisco de Luis, an opponent of Franco's regime. Luis attempted to avoid publishing anything regarding Franco's policies, but was eventually fired from his position in 1958. The article also explores the role of Franco's sympathizers, specifically the Bishop of Málaga, who wanted to use the newspaper to further Franco's cause in reforming secondary education in Spain.

The article explores the topic of journalism and journalistic strategies under authoritarian regimes. While the press has often enjoyed several liberties during dictatorships, these liberties were more often than not extremely limited. It examines the case of several newspapers, "Madrid" in Spain and "La Opinión" based in Argentina. Both publications publicly voiced their opposition to their respective dictators, Francisco Franco in Spain and Jorge Rafael Videla in Argentina. The article provides a comparative analysis of the two publications and their strategies.