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The broad use of natural products and the accompanied incidences of gastrointestinal injury have attracted considerable interest in investigating the responsible toxic ingredients. Computer models are efficient tools to predict toxicity, but research on drug-induced gastrointestinal injury (DIGI) related to the use of natural products remains lacking. In the present study, a total of 1295 compounds were retrieved from SIDER and AdisInsight databases to investigate whether they cause diseases such as colitis, intestinal perforation, intestinal obstruction, irritable bowel syndrome, intestinal bleeding, inflammatory bowel disease, colon cancer, colorectal cancer and duodenal ulcer as datasets. The ANN and SVM algorithms were evaluated to construct a series of classification prediction models, and finally, a computer model was built based on an ANN algorithm to rapidly screen DIGI induced by natural products. A dataset containing 201 toxic components was established, and the ANN model was used to screen 104 potential DIGI ingredients. Finally, based on molecular docking and CCK-8 methods, the intestinal injury effects of veratramine, emodin and euphobiasteroid were verified. The results of the molecular docking showed that these three components could bind well with the intestinal injury targets PIK3CA, SLC9A3, ACTG2 and HSP90AA1. According to NCM-460 cell experiments, the IC50 values of veratramine, emodin and euphobiasteroid were 75.13, 340.9 and 339.6 μmol L−1, respectively. The study findings further proved the accuracy of the ANN model in screening DIGI components caused by natural products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory condition primarily affecting the digestive system. When dealing with complex cases like intestinal blockages or perforations, surgery becomes the primary treatment option. However, surgery doesn't offer a complete cure, and the possibility of recurrence remains. To manage CD recurrence after surgery, various treatment choices are available, including steroids, monoclonal antibodies, immunomodulators, and further surgery. Regrettably, the current body of evidence doesn't definitively establish which of these treatments is the most effective and safe. Thus, our research aims to provide insights into the Validity and security of different treatment approaches for managing CD recurrence after surgery. Methods: Search of EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science Core Collection and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials will be conducted to include researches that examine the validity of treatments for recurrent CD after surgery. Our analysis will distinguish between two types of studies: randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-randomized studies with at least two different treatments, each evaluated separately. We will employ Bayesian network meta-analyses to systematically compare the effectiveness and safety of these treatments. Additionally, subgroup analyses will be performed according to recurrence status and postoperative prophylactic medication. To clarify the variation of studies, sensitivity analyses will be performed. And we may use meta-regression as an additional approach if relevant data are available. We will also rigorously access the certainty of evidence using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation framework. Discussion: This analysis will provide a comprehensive assessment of the latest evidence on available treatments for patients with postoperative recurrence of CD, which will provide recommendations for clinical practice. Trial registration: Systematic review registration INPLASY2023110021. (DOI: 10.37766/inplasy2023.11.0021). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Following surgery for Gastrointestinal (GI) perforation, there is an increased occurrence of Surgical Site Infections (SSI). The beneficial effect of employing delayed primary skin closure (DPC) on severely contaminated incisions subsequent to surgery for GI perforation remains unverified. Objective: To systematically evaluate the advantages of the DPC management in surgery for GI perforation. Methods: A literature search was performed using ClinicalTrials.gov, Pubmed, Embase, Cocharane, and Web of Science identified all eligible English-language studies related to surgery for GI perforation through October 2023. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) comparing DPC with primary skin closure (PC) in surgery for GI perforation were included. Two investigators independently performed the inclusion work, and a third investigator was consulted for resolving conflicts. Data were extracted by multiple independent investigators and pooled in a random-effects model. The primary outcome was SSI, defined in accordance with the original studies. The secondary outcome was the length of stay (LOS). RESULTS: Final analysis included 12 RCTs which included a total of 903 patients were randomizing divided into either DPC or PC, including 289 patients with gastroduodenal perforation (32%), 144 patients with small intestine perforation (15.96%), 60 patients with colon perforation (6.64%), and 410 patients with appendix perforation (45.4%). The rates of SSI was significantly decreased after DPC management (OR:0.31, 95%CI:0.15–0.63, p < 0.01), no significant differences were observed between the DPC group and PC group in terms of LOS (MD: − 0.37, 95% CI: − 1.91–1.16, p = 0.63). Conclusion: These results point to the efficacy of DPC management in reducing SSI in patients under surgery for GI perforation, and this strategy did not increase the LOS. This systematic review and meta-analysis may contribute to informed decision-making in the management of severely contaminated wounds associated with GI perforation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study aimed to clarify the validity of laparoscopic surgery for lower gastrointestinal perforation by comparing the clinical outcomes of laparoscopic and open emergency surgery. Methods: We reviewed the data of patients who underwent surgery for lower gastrointestinal perforation. Patients were categorized into two groups: the laparoscopic group who underwent laparoscopic surgery, and the open group who underwent laparotomy. Clinical and operative outcomes between the two groups were evaluated. Results: A total of 219 patients were included in the study. There were 66 and 153 patients with small bowel and colorectal perforations, respectively. The median operative time in the laparoscopic group was shorter than that in the open group (126 min vs. 146 min, p =.049). The mean amount of intraoperative blood loss was significantly lower in the laparoscopic group (50.4 mL vs. 400.1 mL, p <.001). The incidence of postoperative complication was higher in the open group (20.0% vs. 66.5%, p <.001), especially wound infection (0% vs. 26.3%, p =.002). Median hospital stays were 14 days and 24 days in the laparoscopic and open groups, respectively (p <.001). In the laparoscopic group, hospital mortality was 0%. Conclusions: The laparoscopic approach for small bowel and colorectal perforation in an emergency setting is a safe procedure in carefully selected patients and may contribute to decreased intraoperative blood loss, shortened hospital stay, and decreased incidence of postoperative complications, especially wound infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Hiatal hernia may development after esophagectomy or Gastrectomy. Post- esophago-gastric hiatal hernia is a rare but challenging condition. Nearly half of reported cases involve emergent situations, underscoring the urgency of addressing this condition. However, there is currently no consensus on the optimal treatment approach for this type of hernia. Methods: All consecutive patients who underwent repair for Post- esophago-gastric hiatal hernia over the past five years were retrospectively reviewed. Patient characteristics and perioperative data were collected. The primary outcomes, repair methods, and surgical results following post-esophago-gastric hiatal repair were analyzed. Results: A total of eight patients with post-esophago-gastric hiatal hernia were included in this study. All patients presented with emergent conditions, specifically bowel obstruction. Laparoscopic repair was successful in four cases, with a conversion rate to open surgery of 50% (4 out of 8). Primary suture was performed in three cases, while biological mesh repair was carried out in four cases, and one case was left unrepaired. Bowel gangrene and perforation occurred in one case. The most notable postoperative complications included wound infection and pleural fluid collection. Importantly, there were no instances of hernia recurrence during the follow-up period, which ranged from 2 to 55 months, with a 100% follow-up rate observed. Conclusion: Post-esophago-gastric hiatal hernia is a rare yet significant condition, often presenting emergently and linked to higher morbidity and mortality rates. Therefore, symptomatic patients warrant surgical repair, and immediate intervention should be provided to those with acute-onset symptoms and clinical signs of bowel obstruction. Primary suture repair, with or without biological mesh, appears to be a durable method of repair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Unusual clinical course. Background: The finding of pneumoperitoneum frequently leads to operative management for diagnosis and treatment. The etiology of pneumoperitoneum includes perforated viscus, such as perforated peptic ulcers, small or large intestinal perforations, appendicitis, and complicated sigmoid diverticulitis. We describe the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative course of a patient with perforated Meckel's diverticulitis presenting with pneumoperitoneum. This unusual presenting finding highlights that Meckel's diverticulum should be included in the differential diagnosis in adolescents and young adults presenting with pneumoperitoneum. Case Report: We describe a case of an 18-year-old male who presented with 1 day of abdominal pain, found to have pneumoperitoneum during workup, attributed to perforated Meckel's diverticulum. CT scans of the abdomen and pelvis were performed, confirming pneumoperitoneum, an inflamed segment of distal ileum, and a non-visualized appendix, which made the diagnosis difficult. Perforated Meckel's diverticulum, likely due to infection, was confirmed by diagnostic laparoscopy. The Meckel's diverticulum was then exteriorized and removed by segmental small bowel resection with primary anastomosis. The final pathology report confirmed perforated Meckel's diverticulum with gastric oxyntic-type mucosa. Conclusions: This case illustrates an uncommon presentation of Meckel's diverticulum in an adolescent with pneumoperitoneum. Pneumoperitoneum requires broadening the diagnosis to include other causes, including Meckel's diverticulum, especially in the setting of an acute abdomen. This case highlights that a high index of suspicion should be kept for Meckel's diverticulum, even in adolescents and young adults with pneumoperitoneum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Rare coexistence of disease or pathology. Background: Gas in the portal venous system, or hepatic portal venous gas, is a rare occurrence associated with ischemic colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, or any cause of bowel perforation, including from a necrotic tumor. This report presents the case of a 72-year-old man with diabetes who had carcinoma of the ileocecal region, sepsis due to Klebsiella pneumoniae, and hepatic portal venous gas. Case Report: A 72-year-old man with ileocecal cancer was admitted to our hospital for preoperative diabetes control. He developed a fever and septic shock, without abdominal symptoms or signs of peritoneal irritation. Klebsiella pneumoniae was detected in blood cultures. Abdominal ultrasonography showed hepatic portal venous gas, and a simple computed tomography scan revealed gas in the vasculature and hepatic portal vein in the lateral segment, which led us to believe that the ileocecal mass was the source of infection, and emergency surgery was performed. The patient was discharged from the hospital on postoperative day 34 with good progress despite dehydration due to high-output syndrome. Conclusions: Sepsis due to necrosis of ileocecal cancer is often difficult to diagnose because it is not accompanied by abdominal symptoms, as in our case. However, abdominal ultrasound is useful because it allows for a broad evaluation. This report has demonstrated and highlighted that the findings of hepatic portal venous gas on imaging should be regarded seriously, requiring urgent investigation to identify the cause and commence treatment in cases of infection or sepsis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document discusses Köhlmeier-Degos (KD) disease, a rare vasculopathy that can manifest as either a benign or malignant form. The disease primarily affects the gastrointestinal and central nervous systems. The presence of specific skin plaques is a characteristic feature of KD disease and should prompt immediate referral to a dermatologist and specialized center. Malignant transformation of lesions is common and can lead to high mortality if left untreated. Treatment options are limited, and early recognition and monitoring are important for improving outcomes. The document also presents a case study of a patient with the malignant form of KD disease, highlighting the challenges and limited treatment options. [Extracted from the article]

Aim Method Results Conclusions The type of surgical procedure used in rectal cancer treatment may affect cancer recurrence. The aim of this study was to determine whether the type of procedure influences oncological outcomes in rectal cancer surgery.We gathered data from the Swedish Colorectal Cancer Registry regarding patients with TNM Stage I–III rectal cancer who underwent R0/R1 surgery from 2013 to 2017. The outcomes after Hartmann's procedure (HP), anterior resection (AR) and abdominoperineal resection (APR) were compared, and a multivariable Cox regression analysis was performed. The primary outcome of the study was the local recurrence rate. The secondary outcomes were distant metastasis, disease‐free survival and overall survival at 5 years as well as risk factors for local recurrence.A total of 4741 patients were included in the study: 614 underwent HP, 3075 underwent AR and 1052 underwent APR. Multivariable Cox regression revealed no difference in local recurrence, distant metastasis or disease‐free survival. Overall survival was higher following AR (OR 0.62, CI 0.54–0.72). Risk factors for local recurrence were intraoperative bowel perforation (OR 2.41, CI 1.33–4.40), a pT4 tumour (OR 1.93, CI 1.11–3.4) and a positive circumferential resection margin (OR 5.62, CI 3.28–9.61).This nationwide study showed that the type of procedure did not affect the local recurrence rate or distant metastasis. In patients who are unfit for restorative surgery, HP is a viable alternative with oncological outcomes similar to those of APR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc (Zn) is a vital trace element that plays a pivotal role in protein synthesis, cellular growth, and differentiation and is involved as a cofactor of metalloenzymes, performing a wide variety of metabolic, immune, and synthesis roles. Zn is required at all stages of an infant's and child's development, and severe Zn deficiency has been reported to lead to slower physical, cognitive, and sexual growth. Preterm neonates are at a higher risk of developing zinc deficiency for a variety of reasons, including low Zn intake from enteral feeds containing breast milk, relative malabsorption due to immaturity of the gastrointestinal tract with limited absorptive capacity, increased urinary loss of zinc, and increased demand during the early developmental stages. Moreover, premature infants are at risk of gastrointestinal diseases like necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), which can limit absorption capacity and potentially lead to malabsorption. TPN is frequently used in preterm infants to provide them with sufficient nutrients and calories. However, it has its own complications, including cholestasis, especially if used for prolonged periods. In this case report, we are presenting the case of a male preterm infant who was delivered by caesarean section at 26 weeks' gestation. The baby developed an intestinal perforation due to NEC, for which he underwent surgery for resection of the necrotic bowel and the creation of a high ileal stoma and was put on prolonged total parenteral nutrition (TPN), which led to the development of zinc deficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Recently, antibiotics use in uncomplicated acute diverticulitis (AD) has been controversial in Europe. The American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) in their 2015 guidelines recommend their selective use. Our study highlights their role in outpatient management. Methods: We queried the Diamond Network through TriNetX‐Research Network including 92 healthcare organizations. We included large intestine diverticulitis without perforation, abscess or bleeding. Exclusion criteria included any of sepsis criteria, CRP > 15 mg/L, immunodeficiency or HIV, coronary artery disease, chronic kidney disease, history of Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis, heart failure, hypertension, diabetes or any of the following in the 3 months before study date; clostridium difficile (C. diff) infection, diverticulitis or antibiotics. Patients with AD were divided into two cohorts; patients on antibiotics, and patients not on antibiotics. Cohorts were compared after propensity‐score matching (PSM). Results: 214,277 patients met inclusion criteria. 58.9% received antibiotics, and 41% did not. After PSM, both cohorts had 84,320. Rate of hospital admission was lower in the antibiotic group (3.3% vs 4.2%, p <.001). There was a statistical difference between ICU admission (0.1% vs 0.15%, p <.01) and the rate of bowel perforation, peritonitis, abscess formation or bleeding (1.3% vs 1.4%, p =.044). There was no difference in mortality (0.1% vs 0.1%, p =.11), C. diff (0.1% vs 0.1%, p =.9), colectomies (0.2% vs 0.2%, p =.33), or Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) (0.1% vs 0.1%, p =.28). Conclusion: Outpatient use of antibiotics in patients with uncomplicated AD is associated with lower rates of hospital admissions and complications without changing mortality rate or surgical intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the diagnostic value of balloon-assisted small enteroscopy and other examination methods for Meckel's diverticulum of the small intestine. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 87 patients diagnosed with Meckel's diverticulum at the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from January 2010 to December 2023. Data regarding demographics, clinical presentations, diagnostic methods, treatments, and pathological findings were collected. Clinical characteristics were summerized, and the diagnostic efficacy of balloon-assisted small enteroscopy was compared with other examination methods for detecting Meckel's diverticulum. Results: A total of 87 patients with Meckel's diverticulum were included, with 55 patients had complications such as gastrointestinal bleeding, intestinal obstruction, diverticulitis, and intestinal perforation. Compared to patients without complications, those with complications had a younger median age(P=0.003), longer diverticulum diameter [(5.2 ± 2.6) cm vs. (3.3 ± 1.4) cm, P=0.001], wider opening [(2.4 ± 1.1) cm vs (.1.6 ± 0.7) cm, P=0.002], and higher surgery rate [(89.1% vs. 56.3%, P < 0.001]. The diagnostic sensitivity of different examination methods for Meckel's diverticulum were as follows: balloon-assisted small enteroscopy 94.4%, nuclide imaging(ectopic gastric mucosal imaging) 58.3%, capsule endoscopy 30.0%, small intestine CT 9.4%, abdominal CT 8.2%, and digital subtraction angiography 0%. Conclusion: Young patients with longer diverticulum diameter and wider opening of small intestine Meckel's diverticulumin are more prone to complications such as diverticulitis, perforation, bleeding, and obstruction. Balloon-assisted small enteroscopy has the highest preoperative diagnostic value for Meckel's diverticulum and should be the preferred examination method for patients suspected of having small intestine Meckel's diverticulum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare the risk of gastrointestinal perforation (GIP), a rare but serious adverse event, in patients who a JAK inhibitor (JAKi; tofacitinib, baricitinib, upadacitinib, or filgotinib) versus adalimumab (tumor necrosis factor inhibitor) among a comprehensive real‐world population of patients with rheumatic diseases. Methods: We conducted a nationwide population‐based cohort study of the French national health data system, the exposed group that received a JAKi and the comparison group adalimumab. We included all individuals with a rheumatic disease who had their first dispensation of these treatments from July 2017 to December 2021. The primary endpoint was the occurrence of GIP (end of follow‐up May 2022). Weighted hazard ratios (wHRs) were estimated with the inverse probability of treatment weighting method to account for confounding factors. Concomitant administration of systemic glucocorticoids, nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, and proton‐pump inhibitors were time‐varying variables. Results: The cohort included 39,758 patients: 12,335 and 27,423 in the groups that received a JAKi and adalimumab (mean age 58.2 and 47.3 years; female 76% and 58%; rheumatoid arthritis 85.3% and 27.3%, and psoriatic arthritis/axial spondyloarthritis 14.7% and 72.7%), respectively. During follow‐up, 38 and 42 GIPs occurred in the groups that received a JAKi and adalimumab groups; incidence rates were 2.1 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.5–2.8) and 1.1 (95% CI 0.8–1.5) per 1,000 person‐years, respectively. Rates of GIP did not differ between the groups that received a JAKi and adalimumab: wHR 1.1 (95% CI 0.7–1.9; P = 0.65). Despite the lack of power in some subgroup analyses, results were consistent whatever the subgroup of a type of JAKi received or subgroup with a type of rheumatic disease. Conclusion: In this nationwide cohort study, the rates of GIPs did not differ between groups of patients who received JAKi and adalimumab treatment. These results need to be confirmed in other observational studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is a discrepancy in the surgical and endoscopic literature for managing duodenal perforations. Although often managed conservatively, surgical repair is the standard treatment for duodenal perforations. This contrasts with the gastroenterology literature, which now recommends endoscopic repair of duodenal perforations, which are more frequently iatrogenic from the growing field of advanced endoscopic procedures. This study aims to provide a scoping review to summarize the current literature content and quality on endoscopic repair of duodenal perforations. Methods: The protocol for performing this scoping review was outlined by the Joanna Briggs Institute. All studies that reported primary outcomes of patients who had undergone endoscopic repair of duodenal perforations before February 2022, regardless of perforation etiology or repair type were reviewed, with studies after 1999 meeting inclusion criteria. The study excluded articles that did not report clinical outcomes of endoscopic repair, articles that did not describe where in the gastrointestinal tract the endoscopic repair occurred, pediatric patients, and animal studies. Results: 7606 abstracts were screened, with 474 full articles reviewed and 152 studies met inclusion criteria. 560 patients had duodenal perforations repaired endoscopically, with a technical success rate of 90.4% and a survival rate of 86.7%. Most of these perforations (74.5%) were iatrogenic from endoscopic procedures or surgery. Only one randomized control trial (RCT) was found, and 53% of studies were case reports. Conclusion: These results suggest that endoscopic repair could emerge as a viable first-line treatment for duodenal perforation and highlight the need for more high-quality research in this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The primary objective was to evaluate the impact of necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) and spontaneous intestinal perforation (SIP) on mortality and neurodevelopmental outcomes at 2 years' corrected age (CA) in infants born before 32 weeks' gestation (WG). Methods: We studied neurodevelopment at 2 years' CA of infants with NEC or SIP who were born before 32 WG from the EPIPAGE-2 cohort study. The primary outcome was death or the presence of moderate-to-severe motor or sensory disability defined by moderate-to-severe cerebral palsy or hearing or visual disability. The secondary outcome was developmental delay defined by a score < 2 SDs below the mean for any of the five domains of the Ages and Stages Questionnaire. Results: At 2 years' CA, 46% of infants with SIP, 34% of infants with NEC, and 14% of control infants died or had a moderate-to-severe sensorimotor disability (p < 0.01). This difference was mainly due to an increase in in-hospital mortality in the infants with SIP or NEC. Developmental delay at 2 years' CA was more frequent for infants with SIP than controls (70.8% vs 44.0%, p = 0.02) but was similar for infants with NEC and controls (49.3% vs 44.0%, p = 0.5). On multivariate analysis, the likelihood of developmental delay was associated with SIP (adjusted odds ratio = 3.0, 95% CI 1.0–9.1) but not NEC as compared with controls. Conclusion: NEC and SIP significantly increased the risk of death or sensorimotor disability at 2 years' CA. SIP was also associated with risk of developmental delay at 2 years' CA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Megacolon is a rare clinical condition consisting of an abnormally dilated colon in the absence of mechanical obstruction. • Megacolon can complicate pregnancy in terms of maternal morbidity and mortality and obstetrical outcomes. Pregnancy, on the other hand, can exacerbate chronic constipation through hormonal and mechanical mechanisms. • A case of megacolon is reportedpresenting accidentally during the routine mid-trimester fetal ultrasound as a suspicious pelvic mass of unknown aetiology (mean diameter > 10 cm). • Chronic constipation in women of reproductive age should receive greater clinical attention during pre- and periconception care. • A multi-disciplinary approach, timely diagnosis and delivery planning are fundamental to ensure favourable outcomes for both the mother and fetus when dealing with megacolon during pregnancy. Megacolon is a rare clinical condition consisting of an abnormally dilated colon in the absence of mechanical obstruction. Megacolon can complicate pregnancy in terms of maternal morbidity and mortality (volvulus, ileus, systemic toxicity, bowel perforation, sepsis) and obstetrical outcomes (preterm birth, premature rupture of membranes, dystocia). Pregnancy, on the other hand, can exacerbate chronic constipation through hormonal and mechanical mechanisms. A case of megacolon, first detected during pregnancy in an otherwise healthy nulliparous woman, is reported. The diagnosis was suspected on observation of a pelvic mass of unknown aetiology (mean diameter > 10 cm) constricting and dislocating the gravid uterus contralaterally during a routine mid-trimester fetal ultrasound. The diagnostic work-up and management are discussed. Chronic constipation in women of reproductive age should receive greater clinical attention during pre- and periconception care. A multi-disciplinary approach, timely diagnosis and delivery planning are fundamental to ensure favourable outcomes for both the mother and fetus when dealing with megacolon during pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: With the prevalence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), many severe cases have been discovered worldwide. Here, a case of concurrent pneumomediastinum, pneumoretroperitoneum, and intestinal perforation was reported. This case was the first report on COVID-19-induced related complications. Case presentation: A 74-year-old female patient was hospitalized for COVID-19. Air leakage was unexpectedly found during imaging reexamination. Considering the unobvious subjective feeling of the patient, a conservative treatment was given at the early stage, and finally, sigmoid colon perforation was surgically confirmed. The family gave up the treatment at last, because the patient could not be taken off the ventilator. Coincidentally, the patient also had abnormal renal anatomical position. This situation led to an abnormal air leakage direction and the atypical manifestations of peritonitis. It was also one of the important reasons for the delayed diagnosis and treatment of the disease. Conclusions: Clinicians should be vigilant for spontaneous gastrointestinal perforation in patients with COVID-19, particularly those undergoing treatment with glucocorticoids and tocilizumab. The case is shared to highlight this rare and fatal extrapulmonary manifestation of COVID-19 and further assist clinicians to raise their awareness and timely implement imaging investigation and multidisciplinary intervention so as to facilitate early discovery, diagnosis and treatment and reduce the mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Perforation peritonitis is the most common surgical emergency encountered in India. Due to late presentation, perforations lead to diffuse peritonitis, resulting in high morbidity and mortality.Assessment of nutritional status of these patients can help in reducing the adverse outcomes.Serum albumin level is a readily available clinical parameter that gives an insight to patients’ nutritional status. In this study, we used pre-operative serum albumin level to assess post-operative outcomes in patients of perforation peritonitis who underwent emergency laparotomy. Methodology: This prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of General Surgery at Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Vallah, Amritsar. 70 patients were included in the study. Pre-operative serum albumin levels were obtained and correlation was drawn with the post-operative outcomes in terms of delayed wound healing, wound dehiscence, surgical site infection and 30 day mortality. Results: In our study, out of 70 patient, 87.1% had hypoalbuminemia. The mean serum albumin of patients with normal wound healing was statistically more than that of patients with delayed wound healing. As per Southampton Grading System, statistically significant SSI were encountered among patients with hypoalbuminemia. Statistically significant number of patients with hypoalbuminemia had wound dehiscence according to WUWHS-SWD wound grading system. Additionally, statistically significant mortality was observed in patients having pre-operative hypoalbuminemia. Conclusion: Pre-operative serum albumin levels can be used as a clinical parameter to predict post-operative outcomes in patients undergoing emergency laparotomy for perforation peritonitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a case of a 60-year-old male with known seropositive rheumatoid arthritis and cerebral vasculitis who presented to the emergency room with abrupt onset lower back and abdominal pain. The patient developed peritonitis which led to an abdominal laparotomy where jejunal ischemia, necrosis, and perforation were found, requiring bowel resection. On pathology examination, the patient had mesenteric vessel intramural inflammation indicative of vasculitis. He developed an anastomotic leak on postoperative Day 4 and elected hospice care. A high index of suspicion for mesenteric vasculitis should be considered in patients presenting with abdominal pain in the setting of known rheumatoid arthritis associated vasculitis, especially patients with long-standing rheumatoid arthritis. The high mortality represented by gastrointestinal involvement in rheumatoid arthritis associated vasculitis warrants investigation in high-risk patients, despite its low prevalence. Treatment may consist of high-dose corticosteroids, immunosuppressive agents, biologic therapies that target the underlying autoimmune process, and in severe cases, bowel resection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spectrum of surgical techniques in the repair of nasal septal defects is wide. The objective of this study was to assess the feasibility of using a diced cartilage in fascia (DC-F) graft for successful closure of nasal septal perforations and to evaluate symptom reduction. This was a retrospective study of 18 patients undergoing surgical repair of symptomatic nasoseptal perforations of different etiologies using a DC-F graft from 2020 until 2021. The procedure was feasible in all of the 18 patients. Reconstruction of septal defects with a DC-F graft led to reduction of crust formation, reduction of epistaxis, and improvement of nasal breathing in 13 out of the 18 patients when seen for their 2-month follow-up. Reperforation occurred in three cases, leaving defects of 1, 7, and 5 mm in diameter. In one case, the reperforation was symptomatic. A DC-F graft proved to be a reliable and reproducible method for the closure of nasoseptal perforations of variable sizes, of different locations, and of different etiologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is a curative treatment for laterally spreading tumors (LSTs). However, the outcomes of ESD for LSTs with hemorrhoids remain largely unknown. Our study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of ESD in managing LSTs with hemorrhoids. We retrospectively collected 418 consecutive LST patients treated with ESD between 2011 and 2023. A retrospective comparative analysis was conducted. There were 85 patients included in the hemorrhoids group and 333 patients included in the other group. The en-bloc resection rate, R0 resection rate, and curative resection rate were comparable in these two groups (p > 0.05). The LSTs with hemorrhoids have a significantly higher intraoperative bleeding rate during ESD when compared to the other group (12.9% vs. 5.4%, p = 0.028). Rates of intraoperative perforation and anal pain in the hemorrhoid group were significantly higher than those in the no-hemorrhoid group (2.4% vs. 0%, p = 0.041; 9.4% vs.0.6%, p < 0.001; respectively). Moreover, most of the related manifestations caused by hemorrhoids were relieved to various degrees after ESD. ESD is a safe and effective treatment strategy for LSTs with hemorrhoids. A multi-center and prospective study should be conducted in the future to validate our results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: Abdominal cocoon syndrome is a rare cause of bowel obstruction, with variable presentation. It needs a high index of suspicion for diagnosis. Surgical management with the release of adhesions is the preferred option for a healthy bowel. Iatrogenic bowel perforation is a possibility during bowel manipulation and the release of thick fibrous adhesions resulting in bowel resection. Abdominal cocoon syndrome, also known as encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis, is a rare cause of intestinal obstruction in which the small intestine may be entirely or partially wrapped in a thick sac of fibrous tissue that resembles a cocoon. We present a male Ethiopian patient, 60 years of age, who had a 6‐day history of symptoms of intermittent intestinal obstruction. Before his current presentation, he had a 6‐month history of sporadic vomiting and periodic abdominal pain. These symptoms would go away on their own. An exploratory laparotomy was performed for the preoperative diagnosis of small intestine obstruction secondary to primary small bowel volvulus after a plain abdomen x‐ray confirmed the small bowel obstruction diagnosis. But during surgery, we discovered something unexpected: a mass formed by the encasing membrane over the small bowel. En bloc resection of the mass and distal ileum with ileo‐transverse anastomosis was performed. The patient was discharged after 5 days of an uneventful post‐operative stay. The morbidity and mortality of this rare instance can be decreased by awareness, prompt diagnosis, and appropriate intervention. We discuss diagnostic and therapeutic challenges encountered during the management of this patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Surgical wound dehiscence (SWD) in neonates is a life-threatening complication. The aim was to define risk factors of postoperative incision dehiscence in this population. Methods Data of 144 patients from 2010 to 2020 were analyzed retrospectively. All full-term newborns or preterm newborns up to 42 weeks of amenorrhea (adjusted) who had a laparotomy within 30 days were included. Descriptive patient information and perioperative data were collected. SWD was defined as any separation of cutaneous edges of postoperative wounds. Results Overall, SWD occurred in 16/144 (11%) patients, with a significantly increased incidence in preterm newborns (13/59, 22%) compared with full-term newborns (3/85, 4%; p < 0.001). SWD was significantly associated with exposure to postnatal steroids (60% vs. 4%, p < 0.001) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (25% vs. 4%, p < 0.01), invasive ventilation duration before surgery (median at 10 vs. 0 days, p < 0.001), preoperative low hemoglobin concentration (115 vs. 147 g/L, p < 0.001) and platelet counts (127 vs. 295 G/L, p < 0.001), nonabsorbable suture material (43% vs. 8%, p < 0.001), the presence of ostomies (69% vs. 18%, p < 0.001), positive bacteriological wound cultures (50% vs. 6%, p < 0.001), and relaparotomy (25% vs. 3%, p < 0.01). Thirteen of 16 patients with SWD presented necrotizing enterocolitis/intestinal perforations (81%, p < 0.001). Conclusion This study identified prematurity and a number of other factors linked to the child's general condition as risk factors for SWD. Some of these can help physicians recognize and respond to at-risk patients and provide better counseling for parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to examine the characteristics of nasal and imaging findings of sinonasal lesions in granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) patients and how these lesions change over time in both the active and remission phases of the disease. We retrospectively reviewed GPA patients with sinonasal lesions who were followed up at our department between January 2005 and December 2020. The following data were collected: age, sex, symptoms at initial presentation, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) type, and histopathological, nasal (initial and follow-up), and imaging (initial and follow-up) findings. This study included 17 patients with GPA aged 30 to 79 years. Computed tomography (CT) of the sinuses showed mucosal thickening in 16 patients, bone thickening in 12, bone destruction in 4, and an orbital invasion mass in 3 at the time of diagnosis. After initiating treatment, mucosal thickening of the sinuses improved in 3 of 16 patients and remained unchanged in 13. Bone thickening at the time of diagnosis remained unchanged in 10 of 12 patients and worsened in 2; 1 patient displayed newly developed bone thickening. Destructive nasal findings on CT were positive for proteinase 3-ANCA. Our study revealed that mucosal thickening, bone thickening, bone destruction, and orbital invasion mass were major CT findings in patients with GPA. Intranasal findings such as granulations, crusting, and necrosis were seen in the active phase; moreover, saddle nose, loss of turbinate, and nasal septal perforation were subsequently seen in the course of the disease. Sinonasal findings of GPA vary depending on the disease stage and period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This retrospective study aims to analyze the baseline characteristics and factors associated with poor outcomes in patients with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) complicating respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. Using the Virtual Pediatric Systems data registry, patients under 2 years admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) were screened. Patients with documented RSV infection and NEC, intestinal perforation, noninfectious gastroenteritis/colitis, or pneumatosis intestinalis occurring around the timing of RSV bronchiolitis diagnosis were included. Out of the screened patients, 41 were analyzed. Most patients (93%) were aged 30 days to 2 years, one-third had baseline anatomical cardiac defects, and 20% history of prematurity. Median PICU length of stay was 11.7 days. Seven patients died before hospital discharge. While not statistically significant, nonsurvivors tended to exhibit higher PRISM-3 scores, more acidemia, and lower systolic blood pressure. These findings emphasize the need for cautious assessment of gastrointestinal symptoms in critically ill patients with RSV infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Given the wide usage of Bevacizumab in current oncological practice, it is very important to compare the "real-world" results to those obtained in controlled clinical trials. This study aims to describe the clinical experience of using Bevacizumab in a large cohort of cancer patients in "non-controlled real-world" conditions regarding effectiveness, safety, and cost of therapy. For this purpose, we conducted an open, observational, retrospective study involving all patients treated for solid malignant tumors in the Bucharest Institute of Oncology with "Prof. Dr. Al. Trestioreanu" with Bevacizumab-based systemic therapy, between 2017 and 2021. Bevacizumab re-mains a high-cost therapy, but it can add to clinical benefits (like overall survival, progression-free survival, and response rate) when used in conjunction with standard chemotherapy. Similar results as those presented in various controlled trials are observable even on unselected cohorts of patients in the uncontrolled conditions of "real-world" oncological practice. Overall, it is estimated that more than 3,500,000 patients have received Bevacizumab as part of systemic oncologic treatment. Bevacizumab and its biosimilars are currently marketed in over 130 countries. Given the wide usage of Bevacizumab in current oncological practice, it is very important to compare the "real-world" results to those obtained in controlled clinical trials. This study aims to describe the clinical experience of using Bevacizumab in a large cohort of cancer patients in "non-controlled real-world" conditions with regard to effectiveness, safety, and cost of therapy. Methods: For this purpose, we conducted an open, observational, retrospective study involving all patients treated for solid malignant tumors in the Bucharest Institute of Oncology with "Prof. Dr. Al. Trestioreanu" with Bevacizumab-based systemic therapy, between 2017 and 2021. Results: The study consisted of 657 treatment episodes in 625 patients (F/B = 1.62/1, with a median age of 57.6 years) which were treated for malignant tumors (majority colorectal, non-small cell lung, ovarian, and breast cancer). First-line treatment was administered in 229 patients, and the rest received Bevacizumab as second or subsequent lines of treatment. The overall response rate to Bevacizumab-based therapies was around 60–65% across all indication except for subsequent treatment lines in colorectal and ovarian cancers, where lower values were recorded (27.1%, and 31.5% respectively). Median PFS for the entire cohort was 8.2 months (95% CI 6.8–9.6), and the median OS was 13.2 months (95% CI 11.5–14.9). Usual bevacizumab-related toxicities were observed, including bleeding, hypertension, wound-healing complications, gastrointestinal perforation, other types of fistulas, septic complications, and thromboembolic events. Although the clinical benefits are undeniable, the addition of Bevacizumab to standard chemotherapy increased the overall treatment cost by 213%. Conclusions: Bevacizumab remains a high-cost therapy, but it can add to clinical benefits (like overall survival, progression-free survival, and response rate) when used in conjunction with standard chemotherapy. Similar results as those presented in various controlled trials are observable even on unselected cohorts of patients in the uncontrolled conditions of "real-world" oncological practice. Off-label usage is encountered in clinical practice, and this aspect should be monitored given the potential adverse effects of the therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Family history is one of the strongest risk factors for inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) while studies about the clinical phenotype of familial IBD are limited. This study aimed to compare the phenotypic features of familial Crohn's disease (CD) with sporadic CD. Methods: Familial CD was defined as CD patients having one or more first, second, third, fourth degree, or above relatives with CD. Sporadic CD patients hospitalized during the same period were matched 1:3 by age and gender. Differences in clinical characteristics, phenotype distribution, extraintestinal manifestations, and complications at diagnosis, as well as treatment regimen and surgery, were compared between familial and sporadic CD. Results: The familial CD was associated with a higher rate of past appendectomy history (P = 0.009), more intestinal perforation at onset (P = 0.012), more MRI results of anal lesion (P = 0.023), and gastrointestinal perforation (P = 0.040) at diagnosis, higher rate of past intestinal surgery history (P = 0.007), more number of intestinal surgeries (P = 0.037), longer duration of follow-up (P = 0.017), lower rate of taking biologicals for current maintenance (P = 0.043), lower tendency to upgrade to biologicals during follow-up (P = 0.013), higher possibility to experience gastrointestinal obstruction (P = 0.047), and abdominal abscess during follow-up (P = 0.045). Conclusion: Familial CD is associated with a more aggressive clinical phenotype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An 84-year-old female was admitted to our hospital with a chief complaint of abdominal pain and vomiting. Emergency operation was performed as abdomen CT suggested gastrointestinal perforation. During the procedure, many tumorous lesions of the small intestine were found, and one of them was perforated. We suspected malignant lymphoma of the small intestine with perforation, and so performed partial resection of the small intestine, and parts of the specimens were examined by flow cytometry in the fresh state, without formalin fixation. On post operative day 4, flow cytometry revealed that large B-cell antigen was strongly positive, and combined with the pathological examination, we finally diagnosed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the small intestine. She was discharged 20 days after emergency surgery for chemotherapy, without any complications. Malignant lymphoma of the small intestine is sometimes diagnosed after surgery for gastrointestinal perforation, and is considered to have a poor prognosis. Therefore, rapid diagnosis of the type of lymphoma and introduction of chemotherapy might be needed. It is suggested that examination of the surgical specimen by flow cytometry in the fresh, not in formalin, may be useful for the rapid diagnosis of the type of malignant lymphoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Complicated intra-abdominal infection (cIAI) still has a high mortality rate due to organ dysfunction despite advances in supportive care. Unlike other sources of septicemia, cIAI requires source control surgery, which is crucial for improving outcomes. The strategy for source control varies depending on the degree of inflammation associated with cIAI; the more severe the inflammation, the less aggressive the surgery needs to be. Therefore, we need a reliable parameter to predict the degree of inflammation before any physiological rearrangement or organ dysfunction occurs due to excessive inflammation from surgery. The literature shows that CRP, procalcitonin, lactate, and albumin are associated with the degree of inflammation. Thus, it's necessary to study about mentioned parameters for being reference determination strategy of surgery in cIAI, classical definitive laparotomy, or rapid source control laparotomy (RSCL). Methods: We have collected data from CIAI patients at Dr. Soetomo Regional General Hospital in Surabaya, Indonesia, covering November 2022 to April 2024. Our primary focus is assessing the inflammation level associated with the compensated or decompensated phase. The decompensated phase signifies an excessive inflammatory response, with one indication being in-hospital mortality. Subsequently, we performed univariate and multivariate analyses using the SPSS program to determine which laboratory parameters (CRP, Procalcitonin, Lactate, and Albumin) are most associated with in-hospital mortality. Results: Between November 2022 and April 2024, there were 309 patients with complicated intra-abdominal infections (cIAI). Among the patients, 61.8% were male and 38.2% were female. The majority of patients (27.17%) were aged 61-70. The causes of cIAI included perforated appendicitis (22.65%), perforated peptic ulcer (21.69%), complications from previous surgeries (18.13%), large bowel perforation (12.29%), small bowel perforation (11.33%), intraperitoneal abscess (11.33%), and other causes (2.58%). Statistically, lactate was found to be the most accurate predictor of intraoperative hemodynamic instability (p-value < 0.001; correlation coefficient of 0.481), followed by albumin (p-value < 0.001; correlation coefficient of 0.357). CRP and Procalcitonin were less accurate, with correlation coefficients of 0.182 and 0.272, respectively. The determined cut-off points for lactate and albumin were 1.94 and 2.73, for CRP and Procalcitonin were 23,24 and 47,95. Abnormal laboratory finding in our study mean CRP above cut off point, Procalcitonin above cut off point, lactate above cut off point and albumin below cut off point. More than 2 laboratories finding, in-hospital mortality 66,7%, 2 laboratory finding in-hospital mortality 42,8% and only 1 laboratory finding in-hospital mortality 28,4%. Conclusions: CRP, Procalcitonin, Lactate and Albumin have relation statistically significant with in-hospital mortality. Lactate and albumin are better than CRP and procalcitonin in our study, and consider RSCL for more than 2 parameter abnormal laboratory findings CRP, procalcitonin, lactate or albumin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perforation of the bowel can be a life-threatening condition and is usually clinically diagnosed when a patient presents with such features as severe abdominal pain, tenderness, and tachycardia. Bowel perforation may be corroborated by various conventional imaging modalities, including X-ray, ultrasonography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. Nuclear medicine imaging modalities seldom have a role to play in these settings. Rarely diagnosis of perforation may be missed if it is concealed and does not present with the usual signs. Mostly the perforation will eventually be diagnosed if they develop signs and symptoms and is taken up for an exploratory laparotomy. A delay in diagnosis can later lead to significant patient morbidity or even mortality. This report describes a case where possible intestinal perforation was suspected on a 99mTc-DTPA renogram in a postoperative patient with significant urine leak, the presence of which was confirmed intraoperatively. To our knowledge, this was the first such case in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and Importance: Long-term mechanical complications after inferior vena cava (IVC) filter placement include embedded or tilted filters, erosion of the vena cava, filter thrombosis. In the setting of caval thrombosis, patients may subsequently develop venous hypertension and post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS). Here we present three unique cases of IVC filter complications and surgical management. Case Presentation: A 30-year-old female presented with acute abdominal pain, revealing a duodenal perforation caused by an IVC filter eroding into her duodenum. A 42-year-old female with an IVC filter in place for 20 years due to a prior pulmonary embolism underwent laser-assisted retrieval of the filter due to concerns of caval adherence. A 48-year-old male with a history of DVT, venous stasis ulcer, and an IVC filter presented for filter retrieval. Clinical Findings and Investigations: The surgical techniques described in this report include complicated IVC filter retrieval, performed in cases of filter complications including migration, fracture, duodenal perforation and IVC thrombosis resulting in PTS. One case, requiring open retrieval, is explained and the surgical technique is provided. There are images and videos of these procedures to enrich the learning experience. Intervention and Outcomes: The surgical techniques described in this report include complicated inferior vena cava filter retrieval, performed in cases of filter complications including migration, fracture, duodenal perforation and IVC thrombosis. One case, requiring open retrieval, is explained and the surgical technique is provided. There are images and videos of these procedures to enrich the learning experience. Relevance and Impact: Endovascular retrieval of long-term complicated IVC filters is challenging, but it can be a safely performed in many patients. However, open surgery may be necessary in selected patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses a case of chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis (CNO) complicated by recurrent erythema nodosum (EN) and its successful treatment with salazosulfapyridine (SASP). CNO is a condition characterized by bone lesions and can also present with mucocutaneous symptoms. EN is a skin condition associated with inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue. The patient initially received naproxen for treatment but experienced persistent symptoms. SASP was then introduced and led to remission of both CNO and EN. The use of SASP as a second-line treatment for refractory CNO and EN is suggested. [Extracted from the article]

Background and Aim: Perforation is one of the most important complications of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for early gastric cancer (EGC). Several studies have examined risk factors for intraoperative and delayed perforations, but most were retrospective analyses with small numbers of patients. Methods: This study represents a secondary analysis of a Japanese multicenter prospective cohort study. We investigated the factors associated with each type of perforation using 9015 patients with 9975 EGCs undergoing ESD between July 2010 and June 2012. Results: Intraoperative perforation occurred in 198 patients (2.2%) with 203 lesions (2.0%), necessitating emergency surgery for four lesions (0.04% [2.0%, 4/203]). Delayed perforation occurred in another 37 patients (0.4%) with 42 lesions (0.4%), requiring emergency surgery for 12 lesions (0.12% [28.6%, 12/42]). Factors showing significant independent correlations with intraoperative perforation were upper or middle third of the stomach; remnant stomach or gastric tube; procedure time ≥100 min; tumor size >35 mm; body mass index (BMI) < 18.5 kg/m2; and ≥72 years. Factors showing significant independent correlations with delayed perforation were procedure time ≥60 min; BMI < 18.5 kg/m2; ≥75 years; ulceration; and tumor size >20 mm. Intraoperative perforation occurred most frequently at the greater curvature in the upper third of the stomach (7.9%), whereas delayed perforation occurred most frequently at the greater curvature in the middle third (1.2%). Conclusion: This multicenter prospective cohort study clarified the risk and risk factors of intraoperative and delayed perforation related to ESD for EGCs, providing information to help endoscopists reduce perforation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foreign body ingestion in children is a frequent cause for medical consultation. Although most foreign bodies are spontaneously eliminated from the gastrointestinal tract, life-threatening complications such as gastrointestinal obstruction or perforation can occur. We report the case of a 6-year-old boy who died 2 days after the onset of nausea and abdominal pain, with no foreign body ingestion witnessed or reported in the previous days. Autopsy showed a diffuse peritonitis and a perforation of the transverse colon caused by three high-powered magnets stacked together, and attached to the outer stomach wall via a fourth magnet located in the stomach. The cause of death was peritonitis due to bowel perforation by ingested magnets, which were shown to have come from a toy belonging to the child. Ingestion of multiple high-powered magnets carries a high risk of gastrointestinal complications and can exceptionally have a fatal outcome, especially as it often goes unreported and causes non-specific gastrointestinal symptoms that can delay diagnosis and management. This case highlights the need to raise public awareness of the potential risks of ingesting such magnets and to strengthen safety standards to protect children from this serious health hazard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim The aim of this study was to examine the imaging manifestations of post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) specific complications by computed tomography to aid in its early and successful diagnosis and timely intervention. Method Forty-one cases of imaging having post-ERCP were complications were retrospectively collected and the spectrum of complications and their key imaging features and methods to improve their detection were analyzed. Result The most common complication detected in computed tomography (CT) post-ERCP was the presence of intra-abdominal collections seen in 21 patients (51.2%). Pancreatitis was seen in 20 of 41 patients (48.7%), while bowel perforation was present in 9 patients (21%). Pleural effusion was present in 8 patients (19.5%), liver abscess in 6 patients (14.6%), cholangitis in 4 patients (9.7%), gallbladder perforation in 4 patients (9.7%), displaced common bile duct stent in 3 patients (7.3%), possibility of main pancreatic duct cannulation in 2 patients (4.8%), vascular injury resulting in right hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm in 1 patient (2.4%), thrombosis of portal vein or its branches in 2 patients (4.8%), superior mesenteric vein thrombosis in 1 patient (2.4%), right hepatic vein thrombosis in 1 patient (2.4%), pulmonary thromboembolism in 2 patients (4.8%), duodenal inflammation in 1 patient (2.4%), bowel ileus in 4 patients (9.6%), and bowel obstruction in 1 patient (2.4%). Conclusion Complications after ERCP can cause significant morbidity and mortality if not diagnosed early and treated appropriately. Familiarity with normal findings post-ERCP and knowledge of the imaging appearance of these complications are vital in the early management of these conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Indirect intra-abdominal injury with an intact peritoneum following close passage of highly energized projectiles is an uncommon but clearly described phenomenon; likewise delayed gastrointestinal perforation hours or days after passage of a high-energy stress wave from primary blast injury is uncommon. Awareness of these two rare occurrences is required to ensure delayed perforations are diagnosed and managed in a timely manner. Case report: An 8-year-old male child sustained a shotgun injury to the right elbow and the abdominal wall only of the right hypochondrium. Due to a non-salvageable joint injury, he underwent amputation of the right upper limb above the elbow, but on the third day of admission, he developed peritonitis and an X-ray revealed pneumoperitoneum. On abdominal exploration, two small ileal perforations were found without penetration of the peritoneum or diaphragm. The ileal injuries were primarily repaired and the postoperative course was uneventful. Conclusion: Indirect injury to abdominal viscera from the primary blast effect of close passage of high-energy projectiles resulting is rare and can have significant consequences if not diagnosed and managed early. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis is a systemic vasculitis. While the classic triad typically comprises otorhinolaryngologic, pulmonary, and renal manifestations, it is essential to recognize that granulomatosis with polyangiitis can affect any organ. Furthermore, reports have documented less common sites of involvement, such as the gastrointestinal tract. In this case-based review, we focus on a case of granulomatosis with polyangiitis presenting with intestinal perforation and the added challenge of concurrent pancytopenia. A 25-year-old female was diagnosed with granulomatosis with polyangiitis, with her clinical course progressing from joint pain to severe multi-organ involvement, including gastrointestinal complications. Treatment challenges emerged with the development of pancytopenia. While this may not directly result from granulomatosis with polyangiitis, it introduced an additional layer of complexity and delayed the induction of remission with immunosuppressants. Despite initial stabilization, an unexpected jejunal perforation occurred, requiring surgical intervention and subsequent postoperative care. The case underscores the complex nature of granulomatosis with polyangiitis and its potential complications. A literature search yielded discrete relevant cases in the context of our patient's intricate presentation, which has been summarized. We highlight the complexities in diagnosing and managing granulomatosis with polyangiitis-related complications, especially in uncommon presentations, and emphasize the importance of a personalized approach to patient care in these circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 70‐year‐old immunocompetent Lebanese male presented with 3‐month history of watery diarrhoea and abdominal pain after recently arriving to Australia from Lebanon. He had a colectomy for an iatrogenic bowel perforation associated with a colonoscopy in Lebanon several months prior. His computed tomography (CT) scan demonstrated pancolitis. Stool culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were positive for Strongyloides stercoralis. Despite Strongyloides treatment and total parenteral nutrition, his pancolitis unexpectedly persisted despite negative stool cultures, and the patient failed to progress over several weeks with worsening abdominal pain. A colectomy was considered. However, due to his recent myocardial infarct requiring cardiac stenting, his anticoagulant and antiplatelets could not be ceased for at least 3 months without significant cardiac risk. After hospitalisation for several weeks in Australia, he was discharged against medical advice and flew back to Lebanon, where he presented with worsening pain and underwent a subtotal colectomy. Unfortunately, he developed multiorgan failure and died 3 weeks following his colectomy. Strongyloides‐related pancolitis is a rare condition in immunocompetent adults that has the potential to persist and be lethal, despite microbiological antiparasitic eradication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Unusual clinical course Background: The Over-the-Scope-Clip (OTSC) System is a class of endoscopic clips intended to provide improved strength and tissue capture compared to conventional through-the-scope clips. These clips are generally safe and effective in managing many gastrointestinal conditions, with a low overall adverse event rate. Although the OTSC has been used to treat gastrointestinal bleeding and bowel perforations for many years, it often is relegated to second-line therapy and has only recently become a first-line hemostatic therapy for gastrointestinal bleeding. Case Report: Here, we present a unique adverse event of the OTSC causing iatrogenic ligation of the gastroduodenal artery (GDA). A 71-year-old man presented with 6 months of epigastric abdominal pain and 2 weeks of hematemesis, and was ultimately diagnosed with a bleeding duodenal ulcer. He underwent multiple endoscopic interventions to attempt to control the duodenal ulcer bleeding, including placement of the OTSC on a visible vessel. Soon after OTSC placement, he became hypotensive with recurrent hematochezia, and Interventional Radiology was consulted for endovascular management of the bleeding. Angiography showed the OTSC had been deployed across the midportion of the GDA from the duodenal lumen, effectively ligating the GDA, causing bleeding due to direct vascular injury. This bleeding was ultimately controlled with coil embolization. However, this iatrogenic ligation of the midportion of the GDA by the OTSC significantly complicated endovascular intervention to control the bleeding. Conclusions: As the OTSC device becomes more commonly used in the endoscopy suite, it is important to share potential pitfalls that may be encountered in the clinical setting that impact not only endoscopists and patients, but other specialties as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Despite their similar clinical characteristics, appendiceal diverticulitis (AD) and acute appendicitis (AA) are pathologically distinct. This study compared the clinical features of AD and AA and identified relevant risk factors. Methods: Patients who underwent appendectomy with a preoperative diagnosis of either AD or AA were categorized based on histopathological findings. The two groups were compared in terms of various clinical factors. Results: Among the 854 patients included in the study, a histopathological evaluation revealed 49 and 805 cases of AD and AA, respectively. A univariate analysis demonstrated that AD was more prevalent than AA among older, taller, and heavier males. A multivariate analysis revealed that male sex, a white blood cell (WBC) count < 13.5 × 103/μL, an eosinophil count ≥ 0.4%, and a mean corpuscular volume (MCV) ≥ 91.6 fL were significant factors differentiating AD from AA. In addition, pathological AD emerged as an independent risk factor for abscess and/or perforation. Conclusions: AD was associated with an older age, robust physique, and significant risk of abscess and/or perforation despite a low WBC count. In addition to imaging modalities, the preoperative factors of male sex, a WBC count < 13.5 × 103/μL, an eosinophil count ≥ 0.4%, and a MCV ≥ 91.6 fL may be useful for distinguishing AD from AA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Marginal ulcer (MU) perforation is a chronic complication after One-anastomosis Gastric Bypass (OAGB). This study's purpose was to analyze patients undergoing OAGB revision due to MU perforation and describe the two-year outcomes. Methods: A retrospective analysis of a database in a single-tertiary hospital. All patients undergoing surgical revision due to MU perforation were included. Results: During the study period, 22 patients underwent OAGB revision due to MU perforation. The rate of MU perforation was 0.98%. The median age was 48 years and there were 13 men (59%). The median time from OAGB to MU perforation was 19 months with a median total weight loss of 31.5%. Nine patients (41%) were smokers. Omental patch (±primary closure) was performed in 19 patients (86%) and three patients (14%) underwent conversion to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). At a median follow-up of 48 months, three patients (14%) had recurrent MU diagnosis, of which one had a recurrent MU perforation. Four patients (18%) underwent conversion to RYGB during follow-up. Conclusions: MU perforation is a chronic complication after OAGB. In this cohort, most patients were men and likely to be smokers. Omental patch was effective in most cases. Recurrent MU rates at two years follow-up were acceptable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt allows the drainage of excess cerebrospinal fluid; among its gastrointestinal complications are intestinal volvulus, pseudocyst, and perforation, the last of which is rare but potentially serious, with a frequency between 0.1% and 0.7% and a mortality rate around 15%. We present the case of a male child who required VP shunt colocation and suffered GI tract perforation with transanal protrusion. Case report: A three-year-old male with a long clinical history of pilocytic astrocytoma in the posterior fossa that was partially resected in February 2022 and with VP shunt placement since March 2022. He was diagnosed with an intestinal perforation and anal externalization due to a VP shunt. He required surgery and management with combined antimicrobials. Discussion: Although the aetiology of GI tract perforation due to a VP shunt is not fully established, some risk factors have been described, including the use of abdominal trocars, rigid distal catheters, silicone allergies, and children's thin intestine walls. Treatment must be individualized, with some principles including external drainage of the proximal part until the CSF fluid reaches a biochemically near-normal state and becomes sterile on culture; secondly, the administration of intravenous antibiotics; and finally, the removal of the perforating section of the catheter. Conclusions: Bowel perforation due to a VP shunt is an extremely rare entity whose aetiology is not fully established, primarily affects children and may be mostly related to chronic-irritative gastrointestinal distress. Individualizing treatment is the cornerstone of the therapeutic approach that includes VP shunt replacement, antimicrobial therapy, and management of life-threatening complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diagnostic colonoscopy plays a central role in colorectal cancer screening programs. We analyzed the risk factors for perforation during diagnostic colonoscopy and discussed the treatment outcomes. We performed a retrospective analysis of risk factors and treatment outcomes of perforation during 74,426 diagnostic colonoscopies between 2013 and 2018 in a tertiary hospital. A total of 19 perforations were identified after 74,426 diagnostic colonoscopies or sigmoidoscopies, resulting in a standardized incidence rate of 0.025% or 2.5 per 10,000 colonoscopies. The majority (15 out of 19, 79%) were found at the sigmoid colon and recto-sigmoid junction. Perforation occurred mostly in less than 1000 cases of colonoscopy (16 out of 19, 84%). In particular, the incidence of perforation was higher in more than 200 cases undergoing slightly advanced colonoscopy rather than beginners who had just learned colonoscopy. Old age (≥ 70 years), inpatient setting, low body mass index (BMI), and sedation status were significantly associated with increased risk of perforation. Nine (47%) of the patients underwent operative treatment and ten (53%) were managed non-operatively. Patients who underwent surgery were often diagnosed with delayed or concomitant abdominal pain. Perforations of rectum tended to be successfully treated with endoscopic clipping. Additional precautions are required to prevent perforation in elderly patients, hospital settings, low BMI, sedated patients, or by a doctor with slight familiarity with endoscopies (but still insufficient experience). Endoscopic treatment should be actively considered if diagnosis is prompt, abdominal pain absent, and especially the rectal perforation is present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The gastrointestinal (GI) tract represents one of the main targets of typical hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) in children. In this observational study, we tried to establish (1) the main features of GI complications during STEC-HUS and (2) the relationship between Escherichia coli serotypes and Shiga toxin (Stx) variants with hepatopancreatic involvement. Methods: A total of 79 STEC-HUS patients were admitted to our pediatric nephrology department between January 2012 and June 2021. Evidence of intestinal, hepatobiliary, and pancreatic involvements was reported for each patient, alongside demographic, clinical, and laboratory features. Frequency of gastrointestinal complications across groups of patients infected by specific E. coli serotypes and Stx gene variants was evaluated. Results: Six patients developed a bowel complication: two developed rectal prolapse, and four developed bowel perforation which resulted in death for three of them and in bowel stenosis in one patient. Acute pancreatitis was diagnosed in 13 patients. An isolated increase in pancreatic enzymes and/or liver transaminases was observed in 41 and 15 patients, respectively. Biliary sludge was detected in three, cholelithiasis in one. Forty-seven patients developed direct hyperbilirubinemia. Neither E. coli serotypes nor Shiga toxin variants correlated with hepatic or pancreatic involvement. Conclusions: During STEC-HUS, GI complications are common, ranging from self-limited elevation of laboratory markers to bowel perforation, a severe complication with a relevant impact on morbidity and mortality. Hepatopancreatic involvement is frequent, but usually short-lasting and self-limiting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lupus enteritis (LE) is a rare manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus. The pathophysiology of LE has not been fully elucidated, although inflammatory and thrombotic processes are likely important factors. The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms may depend on which portion of the intestine is affected. Over half of the patients with LE also present with renal or haematological complications. The diagnosis of LE is based on clinical, histopathological and imaging findings; abdominal computed tomography (CT) is the gold standard in diagnosis. Abdominal CT can also identify factors that predict complications and could potentially guide pharmacological and nutritional management. Timely identification and prompt treatment initiation are paramount to avoid life and organ threatening complications. Glucocorticoids are often the first-line treatment. Additional therapy including immunosuppressive therapy is utilised on a case-by-case basis as there are no clinical trials to define the optimal therapeutic approach. Surgical intervention may be needed especially if there is bowel perforation or peritonitis. In general, the prognosis of LE is good. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early prediction of surgical necrotizing enterocolitis (sNEC) in preterm infants is important. However, owing to the complexity of the disease, identifying infants with NEC at a high risk for surgical intervention is difficult. We developed a machine learning (ML) algorithm to predict sNEC using perinatal factors obtained from the national cohort registry of very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. Data were collected from the medical records of 16,385 VLBW infants registered in the Korean Neonatal Network (KNN). Infants who underwent surgical intervention were identified with sNEC, and infants who received medical treatment, with medical NEC (mNEC). We used 38 variables, including maternal, prenatal, and postnatal factors that were obtained within 1 week of birth, for training. A total of 1085 patients had NEC (654 with sNEC and 431 with mNEC). VLBW infants showed a higher incidence of sNEC at a lower gestational age (GA) (p < 0.001). Our proposed ensemble model showed an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.721 for sNEC prediction. Conclusion: Proposed ensemble model may help predict which infants with NEC are likely to develop sNEC. Through early prediction and prompt intervention, prognosis of sNEC may be improved. What is Known: • Machine learning (ML)-based techniques have been employed in NEC research for prediction, diagnosis, and prognosis, with promising outcomes. • While most studies have utilized abdominal radiographs and clinical manifestations of NEC as data sources, and have demonstrated their usefulness, they may prove weak in terms of early prediction. What is New: • We analyzed the perinatal factors of VLBW infants acquired within 7 days of birth and used ML-based analysis to identify which infants with NEC are vulnerable to clinical deterioration and at high risk for surgical intervention using nationwide cohort data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: National‐level data on the incidence of red blood cell (RBC) transfusions and outcomes among very preterm infants (VPIs) are lacking in China. This study aims to describe the use and variation of RBC transfusion among VPIs in China. Materials and Methods: This cohort study was conducted among 70 tertiary hospitals participating in the Chinese Neonatal Network (CHNN) from 2019 to 2020 across China. All VPIs admitted to the CHNN neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) were included. Results: A total of 13,447 VPIs were enrolled, of whom 7026 (52.2%) received ≥1 RBC transfusions. The mean number of transfusions per infant was 2 (interquartile range [IQR] 1–4 times) and the median age at first transfusion was 15 days (IQR 3–27 days). The transfusion rate was higher in critically ill infants compared with non‐critically ill infants (70.5% vs. 39.3%). The transfusion rate varied widely (13.5%–95.0%) between different NICUs. The prevalence of death, severe intra‐ventricular haemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) or spontaneous intestinal perforation (SIP), sepsis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), severe retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and cystic periventricular leukomalacia (cPVL) was significantly higher in the transfused group. Among non‐critically ill infants, RBC transfusion was independently associated with BPD, severe ROP and cPVL. Conclusion: Our study, providing the first baseline data on RBC transfusions among VPIs in China, shows an alarmingly high RBC transfusion rate with significant site variations. There is an urgent need for national guidelines on RBC transfusions for VPIs in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: This report emphasizes the significance of acknowledging infrequent yet severe complications such as bowel perforation and transanal protrusion post ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) surgery. VPS patients should be observed for atypical indicators and manifestations that could suggest the presence of such complications, even in the lack of traditional clinical signs of peritonitis or bowel perforation. Placing an intracranial shunt, may be a reasonable approach to decrease the complications of hydrocephalus and it can be done either simultaneous to cranioplasty or not. Ventriculoperitoneal shunts were first proposed in 1905 and has been used since. Similar to any other procedure, there are different complications to this surgery. Abdominal complications, including peritoneal pseudocysts, intestinal volvulus, protruding in hernial sac or extrusion through vagina, scrotum, umbilicus or gastrointestinal tract, are rare but according to previous studies happen in 5%–47% of cases. Bowel perforation is a rare complication and can happen in 0.01%–0.07% of patients. It's also worth mentioning that only 25% of patients with bowel perforation experience the classic clinical symptoms of peritonitis or bowel perforation. This particular complication should not be overlooked since it can cause a high mortality rate of 15%. Here we present a case of transanal protrusion of ventriculoperitoneal shunt after an asymptomatic bowel perforation, in an adult who has undergone surgery after a traumatic brain injury. The patient has undergone surgery and lastly the shunt was manually removed from anus. He was monitored for 3 days and eventually discharged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: Chronic active Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) infection‐associated enteritis (CAEAE) in nonimmunodeficient individuals is rare. To report a case of CAEAE, relevant articles were searched through databases. The clinical manifestations, endoscopic findings, strategies of treatment, prognoses, and follow‐up results of CAEAE patients were analyzed. Including this report, seven citations in the literature provide descriptions of 27 cases of CAEAE. There were 21 males and six females, with a mean age of 40 years. The main clinical manifestations were fever (25/27), abdominal pain (14/27), diarrhea (16/27), hematochezia or bloody stools (13/27), and decreased hemoglobin and red blood cell counts in routine blood tests (14/27). Elevations in inflammatory markers, white blood cell (WBC) counts, and C‐reactive protein (CRP) were common. Coagulation was often abnormal. Histopathology confirmed EBV‐encoded small nuclear RNA (EBER) in the affected tissue via in situ hybridization. The average serum EBV DNA load was 6.3 × 10^5 copies/mL. All patients had varying degrees of intestinal ulcers endoscopically, and the ulcers and pathology were uncharacterized and misdiagnosed mostly as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The course of the disease was progressive and later complicated by intestinal bleeding, intestinal perforation, septic shock, and a high rate of emergency surgery. However, the conditions of the patients often did not improve after surgery, and some patients soon died due to reperforation or massive hematochezia. Hormone and antiviral treatment had no obvious effect. There was a significant difference in surgical and nonsurgical survival (p < 0.05). The proportion of patients who died within 6 months was as high as 63.6% (7/11). CAEAE belongs to a group of rare, difficult conditions, has an insidious clinical course, has a high case fatality rate, and may later develop into EBV‐positive lymphoproliferative disorder (EBV‐LPD), which in turn leads to carcinogenesis. Clinicians should raise awareness that in patients with multiple ulcers in the intestine of unknown etiology, attention should be paid to EBV serology, and histology to make the diagnosis as early as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare the outcomes of primary repair with ileostomy in the management of typhoid intestinal perforation. Study Design: Quasi-Experimental Study. Place and Duration of Study: Surgical Departments of Combined Military Hospital, and Pak Emirates Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Nov 2021 to Jun 2022. Methodology: A total of 400 patients presenting with typhoid ileal perforation were recruited. Patients of either gender, aged under 60 years with a positive blood culture for S. Typhi were included. Those with a history of abdominal surgery or ileal perforation due to any cause other than typhoid were excluded. The study population was categorized into two groups (A, and B) of 200 patients each. Group-A received primary repair, and Group-B received ileostomy. Complications were compared between both groups. A primary outcome (mortality) was also examined. Results: Mean age of patients noted was 22.47±14.8 years. In Group-A, 124(62%) patients, and in Group-B 118(59%) patients were males. Postoperative wound infection was the most frequent complication found, in 32(16%) patients in Group-A and 44(22%) patients in Group-B. No complications were found in 96(48%) patients in Group-A and 80(40%) patients in Group-B. The mortality rate was higher in Group-B 34(17%) in comparison to Group-A 22(11%). Conclusions: Primary repair is a safe technique, and it has less morbidity and mortality in comparison to ileostomy for treatment of typhoid intestinal perforation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]