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Intellectual property rights (IPR), encourage the artists to make financial and spiritual benefits from their work. Many countries, have not been successful in protecting their artistic society regarding IPR. This article deals with comparatively studying the IPR, systems and their enforcement and execution in the artistic society. The major approaches are education and awareness in IPR. India and Iran have gone through common experiences over the past century, thus are comparable, and are selected as good cases here. The main question is: how the artists have been protected legally by their countries? And how are education and information comparable in the two countries. The research tool is questionnaire made by a five-point Likert scale; statistical population is visual artists aged 20 to 60 years in Iran and India, and made available to 120 people by sampling method, and data were analyzed using SPSS software version 25. To conclude, the two countries did not act the same, and India have had better management in enforcing the law through education and information. The awareness of the community and artists about IPR enables them to consider the artworks as a valuable commodity and to be sensitive to its importance and credibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The firm survival risk is essential to intellectual property strategy implementing in China, however only a few studies focus on this problem. The paper investigates the effect of intellectual property rights protection system (IPR) on survival risk. Specifically, we use an event history analysis to track 8486 firms entering the market from the year 2000, and employ computing methods of the time-dependent Cox model. One important finding from this study is that the survival risks of R&D firms can be reduced approximately 22.57% by every additional unit of intellectual property, and the marginal effect raises to 28.33% with the exclusion of the administrative factors. Another important finding is that the relationship between IPR protection and survival risk is affected by R&D revenue. Finally, the survival risk for all those firms with substantive innovation rather than strategic innovation can be greatly affected by IPR system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Only by improving the production capacity of domestic herbal edible oil can China ensure the safety of the supply chain of the important industrial chain of vegetable edible oil in China and practice the big food concept. In addition to rice, maize, and soybean for using as grain and oil, there are eight kinds of herbaceous edible oil crops in Hubei Province, including rape, peanut, sesame, sunflower, perilla ( perilla seed), cotton, linen and tiger nut ( Cyperus esculentus). This paper studies the main industries of herbaceous edible oil crops and their intellectual property resources in Hubei Province, and analyzes the main problems of its inheritance, innovation and high-quality development under the strategy of strengthening the country with intellectual property. Finally, it proposes the countermeasures of carrying forward and inheriting traditional knowledge and traditional culture, maintaining the biodiversity of crops, strengthening the creation of new plant varieties and breeding patents, and opening up the whole chain of intellectual property rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After entering the new century, the role of science and technology and innovation in promoting economic development has become increasingly obvious, and the Chinese government has also attached great importance to patent management. With the joint efforts of the people of the whole country, the number of patent applications in China has been among the highest in the world for many consecutive years. However, from the perspective of patent quality, there is still a certain gap with developed countries, resulting in generally low efficiency for Chinese export enterprises. Therefore, it is of great significance to explore the relationship between the quality of patents and the competitiveness of exporting enterprises. Through variance calculation, we constructed a countermeasure system for using intellectual property rights to enhance competitiveness. The experimental results show that the patent quality is proportional to the competitiveness of export enterprises, and the higher the patent quality, the stronger the competitiveness of export enterprises. The development of this study further clarifies the important value of patent quality, which helps export enterprises adjust their development strategies and effectively enhance their competitiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India's knowledge economy thrives on innovation, but financing such ventures requires alternatives to traditional tangible asset-based collateral. This paper explores the potential of intellectual property (IP) as a viable option. While challenges in valuation and enforcement exist, IP holds significant value. It is argued that IP acts as a two-pronged signal for lenders. Strong IP portfolios indicate a borrower's creditworthiness, while the potential loss of valuable IP discourages defaults. However, India's regulatory framework presents hurdles. Streamlining legal procedures, empowering financial institutions to assess IP value, and establishing centralised registries for recording security interests are crucial first steps. Risk mitigation strategies are equally important. Government-backed risk-sharing programmes and promoting IP insurance can incentivise banks and protect all parties. Finally, educating businesses about IP financing opportunities unlocks this avenue for securing funding. By addressing these challenges, India can create a robust environment for IP-based collateral, thereby fuelling economic growth and technological progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protection of algorithm by intellectual property is a powerful way to stimulate innovation and regulate the risk of the algorithm. Algorithm that can be protected by intellectual property right is the program algorithm, which is compiled in computer language, in the form of coded instruction sequence, run by the computer and produce independent rational value results. The article is combed out that there are drawbacks to the traditional path of IP to protect program algorithms: it has conflict between program algorithm and copyright law system; the trade secret path is at odds with program algorithmic governance; and program algorithm can hardly be identified as method invention and cannot apply the rule of method invention right. The article proposes it is the optimal approach of program algorithm intellectual property protection in intelligent society that, to construct the new program algorithm quasi patent right, with reference to the concept of quasi-patent right such as regulatory exclusive right, and to design the public review system, the equivalent infringement doctrine, the hierarchical protection period system, based on the technical characteristics of the algorithm itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xianning City of Hubei Province is one of the five major traditional osmanthus producing areas in the world and the hometown of osmanthus in China. Xianning is constructing China Osmanthus City in the whole city. This paper first introduces the main characteristics of the osmanthus industry in Xianning City, and analyzes the characteristics of traditional knowledge, biological genetic resources, new plant varieties, patents, geographical indications, and trademarks. Then, it studies the intellectual property resources of the osmanthus industry, and analyzes the main problems existing in the construction of China Osmanthus City and intellectual property right protection. Finally, it comes up with constructive recommendations including applying for China and Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems, developing colored-leaf osmanthus varieties, creating a regional public brand of osmanthus specialty products, and building a new development pattern of osmanthus industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the main zoonoses with the highest morbidity burden is leishmaniasis. The parasite of the genus Leishmania is its etiological agent. There are three forms of the disease: cutaneous, mucocutaneous and visceral. Pentavalent antimonial drugs are used for leishmaniasis treatment, however toxic side effects and parasite resistance have been detected. Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) protect inventions that promote benefits to society, and patents are particularly notable for preserving advancements in biotechnology. To introduce innovative technologies, it is necessary to analyze the elements and processes involved in the development of products that may be protected by IPRs. This process consists of product deconstruction into its elements for an intellectual property analysis to contemplate commercial viability, and to determine strategies to avoid infringing third party rights (Freedom-to-Operate approach). In this project, a sample of patents protecting treatments directed against leishmaniasis were evaluated in order to know their characteristics, and to establish useful elements for Freedom-to-operate strategies. Open access patent databases were used (The Lens, Google patents, Patentscope, among others), and relevant characteristics such as claims, owners, technology protection region, or year of application for protection were determined. The sample obtained includes patents from 1967 to 2023. The majority of patents were found to be located in countries such as Brazil or the United States, and described developments focused on compounds derived from chemical synthesis, polypeptides, extracts, antigens, or structural components of the parasite. There are several patents that have already expired and whose information can be freely used. The Bolar exemption would allow the use of information from these patents for regulatory compliance purposes. This study provides an overview of what has been patented for leishmaniasis treatment, and information on Freedom-to-operate focus. • Leishmaniasis treatments have requirements of intellectual property, specially patents. • Patents for leishmaniasis treatments are mainly focused on synthetic molecules, antigens, and extracts. • The main institutions owning patents for leishmaniasis treatments are universities, companies and research centers. • Freedom-to-Operate emphasis is an interesting vision considering that several patents belong to the public domain. • Bolar exemption can be used for bioequivalent versions development of a leishmanicidal treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The seed business is one of the promoted industries using biotechnology under the Thailand 4.0 policy which aims at improving economic development towards the fourth industrial revolution. Agriculture and biotechnology were included as one of the five S-Curve industries in Thailand 4.0. Given the importance and the success of maize seed industry, Seed Hub policy aims at promoting Thailand as a centre for high quality seed production and exports, and also aims at producing Thai-owned brand-name seeds. Evidences have shown that Thailand has a leading position in maize seed production and exports; however, the industry depends greatly on the technological capacity from R&D intensity of multinational firms. This study analyses the technological capacity of the corn seed industry in Thailand, industry that encompasses major multinational seed companies and Thai local companies. The results imply that Thai local companies have limited technological capacity compared to multinational companies. However, as local seed companies can develop Thai-owned brand-name seeds and understand local farmers' and industry's needs, public supports that create effective research network and enabling regulatory environment are strongly encouraged in order to strengthen technological capacity of the seed industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A trend in litigation is rapidly emerging in the EU market, where the actions of holders of exclusive rights are restricted based on the existing economic approach of EU competition law to intellectual property rights. This fact presupposes the need to examine this economic approach and determine whether the actions of holders of exclusive rights are restricted disproportionately, without regard to the potential consequences of such restrictions and the existing benefits of intellectual property rights. This article addresses the problems of the economic approach of EU competition law to intellectual property rights, which make it highly likely that the current actions of holders of exclusive rights are restricted disproportionately at the expense of innovations in favour of the existing effective competition. This article also aims to develop an alternative and more dynamic economic approach of EU competition law to intellectual property rights, which could justify the actions of holders of exclusive rights not only in terms of elements relevant to EU competition law, but also in terms of the benefit of the existing system of intellectual property rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the possibility to provide legal capacity to artificial intelligence, which would lead to the emergence of a new subject in legal relations. The aim of the article is to reveal whether it is possible to recognize, that artificial intelligence is able to have property and intellectual property rights. To achieve this aim, dialectical, comparative, dogmatic and legal methods are used. It is noted that according to recent studies, there are more and more grounds for recognizing artificial intelligence as subjects of legal relations. Particular attention in the article is paid to the specifics of the status of artificial intelligence in property relations. The consequences of empowering artificial intelligence with the right to property are analyzed. The conclusion is drawn on the appropriateness of such an approach, since this will solve the problem of liability for damage caused by artificial intelligence. The possibility of endowing artificial intelligence with property on the basis of trust before resolving the issue of its legal personality is proposed. Modern approaches to the problem of rights to objects of creativity created by artificial intelligence are considered in the article. The options for the distribution of rights to such objects are analyzed depending on the degree of human participation in their creation and on the level of complexity of the artificial intelligence that creates these objects. The general conclusion is made about the possibility to qualify artificial intelligence as a subject of legal relations, in particular, of property and intellectual property relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Geographical indications (GIs) serve to designate goods with a quality, characteristics, or reputation attributed to its geographical origin. They are increasingly protected in many countries of the South as a tool for economic, social, territorial, and ecological development. Implemented in the wake of the weakly prescriptive WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) of 1995, the choice of the institutional framework for protecting GIs nationally as well as associated public support infrastructure was left open. This led to divergences in overarching approaches and to GI institutionalization that differs remarkably across countries. Twenty years after TRIPs, the purpose of both this paper and of the special issue is to advance our understanding of the institutionalization of GIs, as an IPR, a quality standard, and a policy instrument in harnessing all of the expected benefits of GI protection. Building upon the contributions to this special issue, we use an original multilevel governance framework to analyze all the multifaceted roles of the state, in different empirical situations worldwide. This reflects the experiences of countries that have only recently implemented GI protection, such as Brazil, Colombia, India, Indonesia, Vietnam, South Africa, Kenya, and West African countries, as well as of regions with a long history of GI protection, including the EU and the US. Based on an analysis of the complexity and diversity of all state, we show that global harmonization is underway with a convergence toward a prominent role of the state in GI regulation, in particular for defining GI content, which is specific for GIs when compared to other IPRs or quality standards. We suggest that the intervention of the state is supported by a universal desire to guard against unfair exclusion, and to protect a common heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The article is dedicated to the analysis of legal nature and peculiarities of optimal correlation between the notions of intellectual property and scientific activity. Nowadays intellectual property as institution goes through the period of establishment in Ukraine. As the Soviet system of civil law was based on recognition and regulation of authors’ rights for the authors of scientific works, discoveries, inventions and innovation proposals as the ones having mainly relative, i.e. legally mandatory, but not absolute character. Getting started to define the notion of intellectual property and intellectual property right in the system of interaction with scientific activity, it is important to say that such notion as “intellectual property” still needs enhancement. Its imperfection is due to the fact that this kind of property implies being formed by intellectual efforts of the author of scientific work, but legally it is processed with the help of documents that guarantee property right. Methods. General scientific method, philosophical method, specially-legal method of scientific research, system analysis method. Results: It is important to emphasize that not every result of scientific or creative work can become the object of intellectual property right, but the one that corresponds with law. Any scientific work falls within the purview of law if it corresponds with law demands. Scientific and technical results obtain legal protection only in case of appropriate qualification established by specific agency of State administration and issuement of law-enforcement document being limited by the territory of Ukraine. Protection of rights on the territory of other countries is realized only on the basis of correspondent international conventions and treaties. Discussion: Advanced modern countries realized the meaning and importance of usage and proper protection of creative and scientific work results known as “intellectual property” in accordance with fast pace of social and industrial development long time ago. Legal nature and peculiarities of optimal correlation between the notions of intellectual property and scientific activity is an important topic for the future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The characteristic of climatic change is increase in the frequency of extreme events that are likely to decrease crop yield. The geographic areas that are currently most food-insecure are likely to be most affected by changing climates. Climate change is likely to affect all dimensions of crop production. Agricultural crop production depends upon the timely availability of good-quality seeds in adequate quantity at affordable prices to the farming communities. Genetic diversity and breeding for improved stress-tolerant genotypes are key elements in tackling climate change. Plant genetic resources (PGRs) are important sources for developing new and improved varieties. The loss of these genetic resources due to climate change will deprive source of diversity and tolerance. Currently, more emphasis has been placed for ex situ conservation, while equally if not more urgency is required to conserve the PGRs in in situ. At present, a number of international agreements are enforced for germplasm exchange and utilization. Some of the important methods to develop and disseminate new cultivars include breeding new crop varieties for wider adaptation under adverse climatic conditions using both classical and modern approaches and seed production through participatory approaches. Participatory breeding programs have successfully led to the development and dissemination of varieties in cereals. Seed industry plays an important role in increasing productivity of crops. The adverse effect of climate change on the seed industry can be minimized by developing efficient seed management systems: breeding, seed production, seed certification, and seed trade. Some efficient systems include adjustment of crop calendars for quality seed production, management of pollinators, strengthening hybrid seed production, postharvest management of seed, seed treatment technologies, seed processing, and seed storage. For faster and timely development, partnerships (public and private) at various levels (regional and international) are crucial. There is an urgent need to strengthen both formal and informal seed systems including characterization of environment to find suitable geographic regions for quality seed production. For seed certification, harmonization of various international seed certification schemes/programs and seed testing procedures are essential. This will also help in efficient and safe movement of seed. To influence seed trade, the effective management of intellectual property rights, sanitary and phytosanitary certificates in addition to management of trade barriers, are all of prime importance for growth of the seed industry. In both developed and developing nations, public investments in plant breeding and seed industry are on the decline. This trend needs to be reversed by emphasizing the need to increase research funding to all stakeholders of genetic resources and seed industry to develop strategies to mitigate the negative impacts of climate change on agricultural systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dealing with knowledge intensive business services (KIBS) has become an important strategy for many firms. Services that rely on professional knowledge are needed by Japanese manufacturing corporations (JMCs) for solving different problems. This article explores the needs of JMCs from KIBS in Japan and their relationship during the process of dealing with KIBS. The paper shows that knowledge, including knowledge regarding IPR but not IPR, contributes to the benefit of JMCs when dealing with KIBS. Furthermore, factors such as price of service, location and size of KIBS can help JMCs to find high quality services; JMCs can also eliminate or prevent obstacles in their relationship with KIBS by changing the way of service delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change and finite energy supply issues have received substantial public attention in recent times. It has been argued that a sustainable energy supply associated with the promotion of clean energy is an important engine of growth, which calls for sound protection to reinforce investments in the renewable energy market. This paper examined the effect of intellectual property rights (IPRs) on renewable energy production using the dynamic panel generalised method of moments (GMM) technique on data from 59 sample countries. The empirical results provided strong evidence that IPRs significantly drive renewable energy production. Greater protection rights motivate renewable energy firms to increase energy production from renewable resources. Our findings further revealed that stronger protection propagates the deployment of renewable energy technologies that ultimately promote renewable energy production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]