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The functionalization of zirconia surfaces by accurate and fast printing of periodical patterns embedding sub‐micrometric features is of great interest to many engineering fields and is yet to be explored. This study aims to assess the influence of the Direct Laser Interference Patterning processing parameters on the morphology and microstructure of zirconia surfaces using a 532 nm 10 ps‐pulsed laser source. Well‐defined linear structures with a period of 3 µm are successfully produced. Depending on the laser parameters, the structures are developed at or below the surface level, with higher depths (≈1 µm) being seen for increasing values of laser fluence and pulse overlap. Line‐like hierarchical structures with smaller interference spatial structures (3 µm period) and higher secondary structures with different periods (18, 15, and 12 µm) and heights (7, 5, and 3 µm, respectively) are also obtained on zirconia surface. Ablated regions presented few traces of molten material, nano‐droplets, and sub‐micrometric (<1 µm) pores, while no (sub) micrometric cracks are detected. A slight amount of tetragonal to monoclinic phase transformation (≈5%) is detected by X‐ray diffractometry. A processability map for ps‐laser processing of zirconia is proposed based on the experimental data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) are nanostructured, melt‐processable, elastomeric block copolymers. When TPEs that form cylindrical or lamellar nanostructures are macroscopically oriented, their material properties can exhibit several orders of magnitude of anisotropy. Here it is demonstrated that the flows applied during the 3D printing of a cylinder‐forming TPE enable hierarchical control over material nanostructure and function. It is demonstrated that 3D printing allows for control over the extent of nanostructural and mechanical anisotropy and that thermal annealing of 3D printed structures leads to highly anisotropic properties (up to 85 × anisotropic tensile modulus). This approach is leveraged to print functional soft 3D architectures with tunable local and macroscopic mechanical responses. Further, these printed TPEs intrinsically achieve melt‐reprocessability over multiple cycles, reprogrammability, and robust self‐healing via a brief period of thermal annealing, enabling facile fabrication of highly tunable, robust, and recyclable soft architectures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Healthcare textiles serve as key reservoirs for pathogen proliferation, demanding an urgent call for innovative interventions. Here, a new class of Smart Fabrics (SF) is introduced with integrated "Repel, Kill, and Detect" functionalities, achieved through a blend of hierarchically structured microparticles, modified nanoparticles, and an acidity‐responsive sensor. SF exhibit remarkable resilience against aerosol and droplet‐based pathogen transmission, showcasing a reduction exceeding 99.90% compared to uncoated fabrics across various drug‐resistant bacteria, Candida albicans, and Phi6 virus. Experiments involving bodily fluids from healthy and infected individuals reveal a significant reduction of 99.88% and 99.79% in clinical urine and feces samples, respectively, compared to uncoated fabrics. The SF's colorimetric detection capability coupled with machine learning (96.67% accuracy) ensures reliable pathogen identification, facilitating accurate differentiation between healthy and infected urine and fecal contaminated samples. SF holds promise for revolutionizing infection prevention and control in healthcare facilities, providing protection through early contamination detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A hybrid Ce-MOF@MoS 2 with an advanced hierarchical structure is designed. • EP/Ce-MOF@MoS 2 -3 exhibits a notable increase in TS to 50.87 MPa and EB to 10.84 %. • The pHRR and THR of EP/Ce-MOF@MoS 2 -3 are reduced by 38 % and 12.64 %, respectively. • The hybrid's catalytic effects reduce CO and CO 2 production by 48.8 % and 38.7 %. This study demonstrates the preparation of needle-like Ce-MOF crystals on molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2) nanosheets using in-situ growth technology. This hybrid structure significantly enhances the thermal management and mechanical properties of thermosetting epoxy resin (EP). Specifically, EP/Ce-MOF@MoS 2 -3 exhibits a notable increase in tensile strength (TS) to 50.87 MPa and elongation at break (EB) to 10.84 %. Moreover, Ce-MOF@MoS 2 provides synergistic flame retardant benefits, reducing the peak heat release rate (pHRR) and total heat release (THR) of EP/Ce-MOF@MoS 2 -3 by 38 % and 12.64 %, respectively, compared to EP-0. Additionally, Ce-MOF@MoS 2 suppresses smoke and reduces toxic emissions; at a 3 % loading, it decreases CO and CO 2 production in EP nanocomposites by 48.8 % and 38.7 %, respectively. Thus, this Ce-MOF@MoS 2 hybrid, synthesized via in-situ growth, offers a novel approach for developing EP nanocomposites with superior thermal management and mechanical properties, along with effective flame retardancy and reduced hazardous emissions during thermal events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emerging concept of aerogel composite phase change materials (PCMs) represents a promising approach for thermal energy storage and utilization. However, the thermal storage aerogels currently reported usually lack essential aerogel properties, thereby constraining their potential for functional design and advanced applications. Herein, multifunctional thermal storage aerogels with aerogel characteristics and thermoregulation performance are prepared by chemically crosslinking and unidirectional freezing to make functionalized mineral‐based composite PCMs as cavity walls. Thanks to the cross–linked continuous skeleton and retained hierarchical porous, this novel thermal storage aerogel possesses an 89.7% porosity and demonstrates excellent resilience under 80% compression. As the PCMs in the cavity walls can convert phonon transport modes through phase transitions, the thermal storage aerogel has enhanced thermal insulation properties, reaching a thermal conductivity of 29.6 mW m−1 K−1. Drawing upon the multifunctional properties of thermal storage aerogels, it is demonstrated that thermal storage masks with thermal comfort and health protection, as well as passive thermal management wrist guards capable of harnessing solar radiation for temperature regulation. This work encompasses the exploration of novel approaches in developing advanced thermal management materials to cater to the diverse thermal regulation requirements of PCMs across various domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancing interfacial adhesion between functional coatings and target surfaces facilitates long‐term stable service by mitigating interferences of mechanical mismatches. Design of mechanical interlocks affords an effective strategy to strengthen the interfacial bonding with durability and compatibility, but the in‐depth investigations are still lacked. Herein, a gecko‐inspired hierarchical strategy realized by hybrid laser direct writing is proposed, which incorporates an armored frame scale for surface protection and a riveted anchor scale for interlocks. Such dual‐scale configurations endow the functional coatings with the stronger adhesion to the targets than the pristine and mono‐scale cases, resulting in 2 orders of magnitude enhancement resistant to tape peeling tests. Utilizing this scheme, a laser‐induced integrated deicing system is in situ manufactured on thermoplastics, primarily comprising superhydrophobic structures, carbon‐based sensors as well as adhesive copper (Cu) interconnects and heaters, where Cu‐based devices exhibit superior resistance to water impacts and stress fatigue. Interfacing with signal processing modules, such an all‐in‐one system demonstrates real‐time temperature monitoring and high efficiency in deicing (4.24 folds faster than the control group). The facile route for intensified adhesion holds promise in the interfaces within advanced equipment and under harsh scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structural health monitoring is vital for improving the safety and reliability of fiber‐reinforced composites. However, it is still challenging to achieve high sensing performance without changing the overall properties of composites. In this work, conductive fibers were braided into pigtails to achieve high sensing sensitivity and maintain low electrical resistance. Conductive pigtails with hierarchical and critically connected percolation networks were integrated with basalt fabric by an embroidery technique to realize self‐diagnosis of composites. After being embedded in epoxy composites, the material exhibited low electrical resistance (128.8 kΩ) and excellent sensing performance, demonstrating a high Gauge factor of 8.1, good linearity (R2 > 99%) and stability. The experimental results also showed that conductive pigtails can sensitively inform crack initiation and growth inside composites, which is extremely important for warning of the risk of material fractures. In addition, the mechanical strength of the material was almost unchanged before and after the pigtails were embedded. All these results indicate that conductive pigtails could be used as highly sensitive sensors for realizing structural health monitoring in fiber‐reinforced composites. Highlights: CBs/TPU pigtails with hierarchical conductive paths were fabricated and firmly integrated with basalt fabric by the embroidery technique.There is a good interface between the pigtails and the matrix, resulting in the embedding of the pigtails with little change in the mechanical properties of the composites.Pigtails can sensitively detect crack initiation and growth in composites, demonstrating the potential for self‐diagnosis of fiber‐reinforced composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silicon (Si)‐based anodes hold great potential for next‐generation lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) due to their exceptional theoretical capacity. However, their practical application is hindered by the notably substantial volume expansion and unstable electrode/electrolyte interfaces during cycling, leading to rapid capacity degradation. To address these challenges, we have engineered a porous nitrogen/sulfur co‐doped carbon layer (CBPOD) to uniformly encapsulate Si, providing a multifunctional protective coating. This innovative design effectively passivates the electrode/electrolyte interface and mitigates the volumetric expansion of Si. The N/S co‐doping framework significantly enhances electronic and ionic conductivity. Furthermore, the carbonization process augments the elastic modulus of CBPOD and reconstructs the Si‐CBPOD interface, facilitating the formation of robust chemical bonds. These features collectively contribute to the high performance of the Si‐CBPOD anodes, which demonstrate a high reversible capacity of 1110.8 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles at 4 A g−1 and an energy density of 574 Wh kg−1 with a capacity retention of over 75.6% after 300 cycles at 0.2 C. This study underscores the substantial potential of the CBPOD protective layer in enhancing the performance of Si anodes, providing a pathway for the development of composite materials with superior volumetric energy density and prolonged cyclic stability, thereby advancing high‐performance LIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hypervapotron structure was considered to be a feasible configuration to meet the high heat-dissipating requirement of divertors in nuclear fusion devices. In this work, symmetric CuCrZr-based transverse microchannels (TMHC) and longitudinal microchannels (LMHC) with an integrated hypervapotron channel were proposed and manufactured, and subcooled flow boiling experiments were conducted using deionized water at an inlet temperature of 20 °C with a traditional flat-type hypervapotron channel (FHC) for comparison. The LMHC and TMHC obtained lower wall temperatures than the FHC for all conditions, and the TMHC yielded the lowest temperatures. The heat transfer coefficients of the LMHC and TMHC outperformed the FHC due to the enlarged heat transfer area, and the TMHC had the greatest heat transfer coefficient (maximumly increased by 132% compared to the FHC) because the transverse-arranged microchannels were conductive, promoting the convection and liquid replenishment ability by introducing branch flow between fins; however, the microchannels of the LMHC were insensible to flow velocities due to the block effect of longitudinal microchannels. The LMHC obtained the largest pressure drop, and the pressure drop for the FHC and TMHC were comparable since the transverse-placed microchannels had little effect on frictional pressure loss. The TMHC attained the greatest comprehensive thermohydraulic performance which might bring significant insight to the structural design of hypervapotron devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to examine how the thickness of layers and printing speed impact the energy absorption capacity of honeycomb structures through drop-weight experiments. In addition, the effect of printing orientation on the resulting microstructure and mechanical performance was targeted to be examined. Design/methodology/approach: In this paper, after manufacturing test specimens using fused deposition modeling technique with three distinct layer thicknesses (0.16 mm, 0.20 mm and 0.28 mm) and printing speeds (40 mm/min, 50 mm/min and 70 mm/min), drop weight tests were carried out. Then to see the effect of printing orientation on mechanical performance, three-point-bending tests were performed and damage mechanisms were comparatively examined through scanning electron microscopy. Findings: An increase in layer thickness from 0.16 mm to 0.28 mm resulted in a notable 37% decrease in the impact resistance of the printed part. In addition, increasing the printing speed from 50 to 70 mm/min reduced the energy absorption capacity of the printed part by approximately 36.5%. Moreover, in terms of printing direction, transversely printed specimens showed 10% lower flexural strength than longitudinally printed specimens. Finally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation showed that internal defects were more prominent in transversely printed specimens, resulting in premature failure. Furthermore, delamination was also detected in transversely printed specimens as another damage mechanism accelerating material failure. Originality/value: It is seen that the effect of printing parameters on the fundamental mechanical properties including tensile strength, strain at break, ductility and elastic modulus were studied by various researchers. However, to the best of authors' knowledge, the effect of printing speed and layer thickness on the energy absorption of polylactic acid based hexagonal honeycomb was not encountered. In addition, in-depth SEM analysis to discover the influence of printing direction significantly contributes to the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hierarchical micro/nanostructures have garnered considerable attention for their capabilities in light modulation, but the flexible fabrication of designed optical functional structures at both micro and nano scales remains challenging. Here, a polarization‐modulated patterned laser ablation method complemented by flowing liquid is proposed to fabricate hierarchical microgrooves featuring tunable cross‐sections and engraved surface nanostructures with controllable periods and orientations. The liquid‐assisted ablation counters the shielding effect of ablation debris through laser‐induced microjets, ensuring accurate control of the microgroove's shape by modulating the laser pattern in the focal plane. Simultaneously, the absence of debris also permits the consistent formation of laser‐induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) across the microgrooves. The LIPSS's period and orientation can be finely adjusted by manipulating the pulse energy and polarization within the patterned laser spot, facilitating the adaptable creation of hierarchical micro/nanostructures for optical application needs. As a demonstration, blazed gratings featuring orientation‐customized LIPSS are fabricated, which exhibit polarization‐dependent diffraction efficiency. The laser fabrication technique offers a highly versatile solution for sculpturing shape‐controllable hierarchical gratings on hard‐to‐machine materials, paving the way for the swift production of customized optical elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rational morphology control of inorganic microarchitectures is important in diverse fields, requiring precise regulation of nucleation and growth processes. While wet chemical methods have achieved success regarding the shape‐controlled synthesis of micro/nanostructures, accurately controlling the growth behavior in real time remains challenging. Comparatively, the electrodeposition technique can immediately control the growth behavior by tuning the overpotential, whereas it is rarely used to design complex microarchitectures. Here, the electrochemical design of complex Cu2O microarchitectures step‐by‐step by precisely controlling the growth behavior is demonstrated. The growth modes can be switched between the thermodynamic and kinetic modes by varying the overpotential. Cl− ions preferably adhered to {100} facets to modulate growth rates of these facets is proved. The discovered growth modes to prepare Cu2O microarchitectures composed of multiple building units inaccessible with existing methods are employed. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) additives can guarantee all pre‐electrodeposits simultaneously evolve into uniform microarchitectures, instead of forming undesired microstructures on bare electrode surfaces in following electrodeposition processes is discovered. The designed Cu2O microarchitectures can be converted into noble metal microstructures with shapes unchanged, which can be used as surface‐enhanced Raman scattering substrates. An electrochemical avenue toward rational design of complex inorganic microarchitectures is opened up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose, being a renewable and abundant biopolymer, has garnered significant attention for its unique properties and potential applications in hybrid materials. Understanding the hierarchical arrangement of cellulose nanofibers is crucial for developing cellulose‐based materials with enhanced mechanical properties. In this study, the use of Scanning Electron Diffraction (SED) is presented to map the nanoscale orientation of cellulose fibers in a bio‐composite material with a preserved wood cell structure. The SED data provides detailed insights into the ordering of cellulose with an extraordinary resolution of ≈15 nm. It enables a quantitative analysis of the fiber orientation over regions as large as entire cells. A highly organized arrangement of cellulose fibers within the secondary cell wall is observed, with a gradient of orientations toward the outer part of the wall. The in‐plane fiber rotation is quantified, revealing a uniform orientation close to the middle lamella. Transversely sectioned material exhibits similar trends, suggesting a layered cell wall structure. Based on the SED data, a 3D model depicting the complex helical alignment of fibers throughout the cell wall is constructed. This study demonstrates the unique opportunities SED provides for characterizing the nanoscale hierarchical arrangement of cellulose nanofibers, empowering further research on a range of hybrid materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conductive hydrogels possessing high conductivity, stretchability, and biocompatibility are promising materials for underwater devices and bioelectronics. However, typical hydrogels often exhibit low electrical conductivity, which is insufficient for applications requiring high electronic communication. A common approach to increase hydrogel conductivity is to introduce conductive fillers; however, this usually implies a partial sacrifice of stretchability, biocompatibility, and water content. In addition, the electrical properties of hydrogels tend to be unstable due to rehydration in aqueous environments. In this study, a conductive hydrogel composite is fabricated from silver nanowires (AgNWs) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) employing a synergistic method of freezing and salting‐out treatments. This combined method constructs a hierarchical hydrogel structure and increases the local concentration of AgNWs by inducing continuous phase separation. The resultant conductive hydrogel composites exhibit ultra‐high electrical conductivity (≈1739 S cm−1) and electrical stability in aqueous environments while maintaining high water content (≈87%), stretchability (≈480%), and excellent biocompatibility. To illustrate the capabilities of the conductive hydrogel composites, they are applied to bionic sharks, underwater soft circuitry, and electrocardiogram electrodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of biological materials and bio‐inspired materials science is well established; however, surprisingly little knowledge is systematically translated to engineering solutions. To accelerate discovery and guide insights, an open‐source autoregressive transformer large language model (LLM), BioinspiredLLM, is reported. The model is finetuned with a corpus of over a thousand peer‐reviewed articles in the field of structural biological and bio‐inspired materials and can be prompted to recall information, assist with research tasks, and function as an engine for creativity. The model has proven that it is able to accurately recall information about biological materials and is further strengthened with enhanced reasoning ability, as well as with Retrieval‐Augmented Generation (RAG) to incorporate new data during generation that can also help to traceback sources, update the knowledge base, and connect knowledge domains. BioinspiredLLM also has shown to develop sound hypotheses regarding biological materials design and remarkably so for materials that have never been explicitly studied before. Lastly, the model shows impressive promise in collaborating with other generative artificial intelligence models in a workflow that can reshape the traditional materials design process. This collaborative generative artificial intelligence method can stimulate and enhance bio‐inspired materials design workflows. Biological materials are at a critical intersection of multiple scientific fields and models like BioinspiredLLM help to connect knowledge domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nature has a remarkable ability to create multifunctional fibers, such as spider silk, by precisely controlling structures across various scales. However, replicating this in high‐speed spun synthetic fibers is challenging due to the absence of life‐specific forces and interactions required for manipulating composition, gradients, and structures. Here, a novel droplet‐coupled pultrusion spinning technique is demonstrated for industrial‐scale production of microfibers with hierarchical structures. Droplets spontaneously form on the surface of high‐speed spun fibers to tailor multiscale hierarchical structures, resulting in a nonlinear viscoelastic core embedded with anharmonic nanosprings consisting of amorphous and crystalline domains and a periodically reinforced nanofiber skin. These structural hierarchies enable unique mechanical property combinations including nonlinear viscoelasticity, large extensibility (613%), record‐high toughness (536 MJ m−3), highly efficient impact energy absorption, vibration damping and wide temperature adaptability (−67.4 to 278.9 °C). Additionally, the structured bioinspired fibers exhibit low‐frequency phononic bandgap and anomalous dispersion of mechanical waves. The droplet‐based approach allows precise control over heterogeneity at multiple scales within the identical components leading to impressive mechanical performance and additional functionalities, and is consider that it could be applied to the design of the next era of hierarchically structured nanocomposites for a wide range of applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an era characterized by vast data streams and complex socioeconomic dynamics, the fusion and precise analysis of multi‐sourced intelligence has emerged as a pivotal challenge. To address this, the study constructs a sophisticated intelligence fusion network (IFN) architecture leveraging the potential of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) and the security tenets of blockchain technology. Drawing from diverse fields including informatics, computer science, data analytics, and network security, the research adopts an integrative methodology comprising both a comprehensive literature review and systems analysis. Key findings highlight the prowess of AGI‐driven IFNs in enhancing governmental early warning systems for crisis management. These networks underscore a paradigm shift from reactive postevent measures to proactive pre‐event forecasting, thus bolstering the efficacy of governmental responses. Moreover, the decentralized nature of blockchain technology ensures data integrity, fostering trust in interdepartmental data sharing—an essential for efficient crisis management in hierarchical administrative structures. This study accentuates the need for redefining crisis management strategies, emphasizing data‐driven decision‐making and seamless intelligence sharing to ensure optimal outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wideband perfect absorbers are widely demanded for various applications, including efficient photodetection, radiation cooling. However, achieving perfect absorption across an extensive range of wavelengths on engraved structured substrate remains a challenge due to the complex light responses. It presents a hierarchical conical metasurface that demonstrates distinct perfect absorption from visible to far‐infrared range (0.4–16 µm), which is composed of surface‐engraved high aspect ratio nanogratings on microcones. The perfect absorption in the typical reststrahlen band of 4H‐SiC primarily relies on a light‐trapping‐enhanced surface phonon polaritons (SPhPs) mechanism, where the microcones effectively confine and enhance the SPhPs excited by the nanogratings through light trapping. Outside the reststrahlen band, the dominant mechanism for light antireflection is the light trapping of microcones assisted by nanogratings, which act as an equivalent antireflection layer. The hierarchical cones exhibit exceptional broadband performance, achieving an average absorptance of 98% over the spectrum of 0.4–16 µm with wide‐angle feasibility, and are fabricated using one‐step ultrafast‐laser ablation with ring‐shaped vector beams. Notably, the hierarchical cones can be applied to various materials, showing significant potential for use in photodetectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TiO2‐based materials are considered to be the promising anodes of sodium‐ion batteries (NIBs) because of their high safety and good stability. However, their low specific capacity and high safety operating voltage plateau impose a severe challenge for high energy density batteries. Herein, interconnected micro‐sheets consisting of carbon nanotubes and sulfur doped TiO2 (CNT/S‐TiO2) are synthesized via an ultrasonic process and subsequent calcination, enabling the fabrication of high‐performance material. The utilization of SWCNT overcomes the structure instabilities during electrode preparation of thick electrodes. The incorporation of SWCNT and sulfur dopants in the CNT/S‐TiO2 composite not only enhances conductivity but also improves ion transport dynamics, resulting in rapid charge delivery and high specific capacity at the thick electrode level. Consequently, CNT/S‐TiO2 demonstrates excellent rate performance (from 0.3 to 15 C, with 72.4% capacity retention) and long cycling stability (10000 cycles at a load of 1.96 mg cm−2). More importantly, the high S‐TiO2 content (90%) in the thick electrode (21.2 mg cm−2) achieves a high areal capacity retention of 3.4 mA h cm−2 after 100 cycles, which surpasses the actual application requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Soft polymer gels encounter difficulties in meeting the demanding requirements of real-life applications due to the long-standing challenge to reproduce the excellent mechanical properties and multifunctionalities observed in natural soft tissues. Here, a skin-like hierarchically structured organo-hydrogel with an all-around performance that matches and outperforms mammalian skin is reported, including high stretchability of 2227% strain, remarkable strength of 20.78 MPa, record-breaking fracture toughness up to 260 MJ/m3, together with excellent resistance to fracture and fatigue (fatigue threshold over 30.4 kJ/m2), superior long-term stability and tolerance to freezing and elevated temperatures. It also shows high conductivity and excellent electrical sensing capability. The underlying synergistic multi-scale reinforcement mechanisms of the organo-hydrogel are also validated via molecular dynamics simulations and experimental results. Hence, this work formulates a model design applicable to various polymer gels to expand their potential in applications including flexible electronics, multi-functional bionic sensors, energy storage devices and soft robotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of polymers with intrinsic microporosity provides solutions for flexible gas separation membranes with both high gas permeability and selectivity. However, their applications are significantly hindered by the costly synthetic efforts, limited availability of chemical systems, and narrow window of microporosity sizes. Herein, flexible mixed matrix membranes with tunable intrinsic microporosity can be facilely fabricated from the coordination assembly of polymer brushes and coordination nanocages. Polymer brushes bearing isophthalic acid side groups can coordinate with Cu2+ to assemble into polymer networks crosslinked by 2 nm nanocages. The semi‐flexible feature of the polymer brush and the high crosslinking density of the network prevent the network from collapsing during solvent removal and the obtained aerogels demonstrate hierarchical structure with dual porosity from the crosslinked polymer network and coordination nanocage, respectively. The porosity can be facilely tuned via the amount of Cu2+ by regulating the network crosslinking density and nanocage loadings, and finally, optimized gas separation that surpasses Robeson upper bound for H2/CO2 can be achieved. The coordination‐driven assembly protocol paves a new avenue for the cost‐effective synthesis of polymers with intrinsic microporosity and the fabrication of flexible gas separation membranes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal–organic frameworks with well‐organized low‐dimensional architectures provide significant thermodynamic and/or kinetic benefits for diverse applications. We present here the controlled synthesis of a novel class of hierarchical zirconium‐porphyrin frameworks (ZrPHPs) with nanosheet‐assembled hexagonal prism morphology. The crystal growth behaviors and structural evolution of ZrPHPs in an additive‐modulated solvothermal synthesis are examined, showing an "assembly‐hydrolysis‐reassembly" mechanism towards the formation of 2D nanosheets with ordered arrangement. Because of the highly‐accessible active sites harvesting broadband photons, ZrPHPs serve as adaptable photocatalysts to regulate macromolecular synthesis under full‐range visible light and natural sunlight. An initiator‐free, oxygen‐tolerant photopolymerization system is established, following a distinctive mechanism involving direct photo‐induced electron transfer to dormant species and hole‐mediated reversible deactivation. Specifically, ZrPHPs provide a surface‐confined effect towards the propagating chains which inhibits their recombination termination, enabling the highly‐efficient synthesis of ultrahigh molecular weight polymers (Mn >1,500,000) with relatively low dispersity (Đ≈1.5). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal–organic frameworks with well‐organized low‐dimensional architectures provide significant thermodynamic and/or kinetic benefits for diverse applications. We present here the controlled synthesis of a novel class of hierarchical zirconium‐porphyrin frameworks (ZrPHPs) with nanosheet‐assembled hexagonal prism morphology. The crystal growth behaviors and structural evolution of ZrPHPs in an additive‐modulated solvothermal synthesis are examined, showing an "assembly‐hydrolysis‐reassembly" mechanism towards the formation of 2D nanosheets with ordered arrangement. Because of the highly‐accessible active sites harvesting broadband photons, ZrPHPs serve as adaptable photocatalysts to regulate macromolecular synthesis under full‐range visible light and natural sunlight. An initiator‐free, oxygen‐tolerant photopolymerization system is established, following a distinctive mechanism involving direct photo‐induced electron transfer to dormant species and hole‐mediated reversible deactivation. Specifically, ZrPHPs provide a surface‐confined effect towards the propagating chains which inhibits their recombination termination, enabling the highly‐efficient synthesis of ultrahigh molecular weight polymers (Mn >1,500,000) with relatively low dispersity (Đ≈1.5). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the extant lifeforms, the self‐sustaining behaviors refer to various well‐organized biochemical reactions in spatial confinement, which rely on compartmentalization to integrate and coordinate the molecularly crowded intracellular environment and complicated reaction networks in living/synthetic cells. Therefore, the biological phenomenon of compartmentalization has become an essential theme in the field of synthetic cell engineering. Recent progress in the state‐of‐the‐art of synthetic cells has indicated that multi‐compartmentalized synthetic cells should be developed to obtain more advanced structures and functions. Herein, two ways of developing multi‐compartmentalized hierarchical systems, namely interior compartmentalization of synthetic cells (organelles) and integration of synthetic cell communities (synthetic tissues), are summarized. Examples are provided for different construction strategies employed in the above‐mentioned engineering ways, including spontaneous compartmentalization in vesicles, host–guest nesting, phase separation mediated multiphase, adhesion‐mediated assembly, programmed arrays, and 3D printing. Apart from exhibiting advanced structures and functions, synthetic cells are also applied as biomimetic materials. Finally, key challenges and future directions regarding the development of multi‐compartmentalized hierarchical systems are summarized; these are expected to lay the foundation for the creation of a "living" synthetic cell as well as provide a larger platform for developing new biomimetic materials in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dimensional engineering of appropriate structure is an effective approach to achieve high‐performance electromagnetic (EM) wave absorption for magnetic materials. However, controllable modulation of the material configuration and a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between structure and loss mechanism remain challenging. Herein, magnetic CoNi pentagonal nanopagodas (PNPs) are ingeniously tailored using a competition orientation strategy, in which high‐density PNPs with sharp corners/edges and hierarchical structure are rooted in situ on the surface of CoNi alloy microsphere. This unique configuration of PNPs originates from the orientation growth of CoNi fivefold twins, which can be effectively regulated by manipulating metal ratio and evolves into flake‐, serrated thorn‐, prismoid‐, and blocks‐like morphologies. Optimized CoNi microspheres with high‐density PNPs exhibit a broad absorption bandwidth of 6.82 GHz at only 1.8 mm thickness. Cross‐scale magnetic coupling networks strengthen magnetic loss ability, magnetocrystalline defects induce dielectric polarization enhancement, which are intuitively confirmed by Lorentz off‐axis electron holography and geometric phase analysis. The underlying mechanism of enhanced magnetic interaction in sharp structure is clearly deciphered by micromagnetic simulation. This study provides methodological guidance for dimensional engineering in fabricating hierarchical magnetic structure and significant insights into the morphology‐dependent loss mechanism for magnetic EM absorption materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organisms use gene and cell engineering to tailor the mineralization process and synthesize structure composites with special functions and favorable properties. This spurs scientists to design functional materials based on learning from nature. Herein, a systematic review of the biomimetic synthesis and hierarchical structure design of calcium carbonate–based minerals is presented. First, biomimetic synthesis strategies, including additive‐induced, template‐oriented, and gel‐mediated routes to direct the construction of the hierarchical structure, are reviewed. The molecular‐recognition technique and directional assembly pathway are then summarized to precisely describe the interactions between inorganic minerals and organic matter, and direct the mineral growth. Next, the underlying mineralization mechanisms governing the evolution of the complex morphology and structure are discussed. Nonclassical pathways that control mineral growth, including the theories of the amorphous phase, oriented attachment, mesocrystal formation, and liquid precursor, are concluded. Finally, herein, the applications of calcium carbonate–based minerals are discussed. Unique hierarchical structure endows minerals with special functions, including optical performance, biomedical applications, and environmental and ecological restoration. Overall, in this report, the biomimetic synthesis of calcium carbonate–based minerals is reviewed, covering the fundamental principles, construction of the hierarchical structure, underlying mechanisms of mineral growth, and functional designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploratory bi-factor analysis (EBFA) is a very popular approach to estimate models where specific factors are concomitant to a single, general dimension. However, the models typically encountered in fields like personality, intelligence, and psychopathology involve more than one general factor. To address this circumstance, we developed an algorithm (GSLiD) based on partially specified targets to perform exploratory bi-factor analysis with multiple general factors (EBFA-MGF). In EBFA-MGF, researchers do not need to conduct independent bi-factor analyses anymore because several bi-factor models are estimated simultaneously in an exploratory manner, guarding against biased estimates and model misspecification errors due to unexpected cross-loadings and factor correlations. The results from an exhaustive Monte Carlo simulation manipulating nine variables of interest suggested that GSLiD outperforms the Schmid-Leiman approximation and is robust to challenging conditions involving cross-loadings and pure items of the general factors. Thereby, we supply an R package (bifactor) to make EBFA-MGF readily available for substantive research. Finally, we use GSLiD to assess the hierarchical structure of a reduced version of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 Short Form (PID-5-SF). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a mechanism for substituent‐responsive reactivities of p‐quinodimethane derivatives with four ester groups through their hierarchical and asymmetric assembly modes. Four asymmetric 7,8,8‐tris(methoxycarbonyl)‐p‐quinodimethanes with a 7‐positioned ethoxycarbonyl (2 a(H)), 2'‐fluoroethoxycarbonyl (2 b(F)), 2'‐chloroethoxycarbonyl (2 c(Cl)), or 2'‐bromoethoxycarbonyl (2 d(Br)) were synthesized and crystallized. 2 a(H), 2 b(F) and 2 d(Br) afforded only one shape crystal, while 2 c(Cl) did two polymorphic 2 c(Cl)‐α and 2 c(Cl)‐β. UV‐irradiation induced topochemical polymerization for 2 a(H), no reactions for 2 b(F) and 2 c(Cl)‐α, and [6+6] photocycloaddition dimerization for 2 c(Cl)‐β and 2 d(Br). Such substituent‐responsive reactivities and crystal structures were compared with those of the known symmetric 7,7,8,8‐tetrakis(alkoxycarbonyl)‐p‐quinodimethanes such as 7,7,8,8‐tetrakis(methoxycarbonyl)‐ (1 a(Me)‐α and 1 a(Me)‐β), 7,7,8,8‐tetrakis(ethoxycarbonyl)‐ (1 b(Et)), and 7,7,8,8‐tetrakis(bromoethoxycarbonyl)‐ (1 c(BrEt)). The comparative study clarified that the reactivities and crystal structures are classified into four types that link to each other. This linkage is understandable when we analyze the crystal structures through the following hierarchical and asymmetric assemblies; conformers, dimers, one dimensional (1D)‐columns, two dimensional (2D)‐sheets, and three dimensional (3D)‐stacked sheets (3D‐crystals). This supramolecular viewpoint is supported by intermolecular interaction energies among neighbored molecules with the density functional theory (DFT) calculation. Such research enables us to elucidate the substituent‐responsive reactivities of the crystals, and reminds us of the selection of the right path in a so‐called "maze game". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achieving highly selective oxidation of aryl alkenes to aldehydes is of great significance in chemical industry. Herein, the performance of catalytic aryl alkene oxidation is enhanced via constructing a hierarchical fractal polyoxometalate‐based metal–organic framework (POM@MOF) containing hierarchical pores and layered surface structure, which improve the mass transfer efficiency of substrates and increase the accessibility to active POMs clusters. Accordingly, the activity of fractal POM@MOF is increased by 4.8 times compared with microporous counterpart in 4‐tert‐butylstyrene oxidation to aldehyde product. This work paves a way for designing efficient catalysts for selective oxidation of aryl alkenes via increasing the accessibility of active sites and broadening the diffusion channels by hierarchical construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: Electrospinning combined with structural engineering to construct 0D@2D@1D hierarchical heterogeneous interfaces. A "mechanical response" model was constructed to explain the stress transfer mechanism of fibrous membranes with 2D@1D structures. The "One for All" fibrous membrane combines excellent flexibility, mechanical properties, waterproof, and electromagnetic protection. The development of wearable multifunctional electromagnetic protective fabrics with multifunctional, low cost, and high efficiency remains a challenge. Here, inspired by the unique flower branch shape of "Thunberg's meadowsweet" in nature, a nanofibrous composite membrane with hierarchical structure was constructed. Integrating sophisticated 0D@2D@1D hierarchical structures with multiple heterointerfaces can fully unleash the multifunctional application potential of composite membrane. The targeted induction method was used to precisely regulate the formation site and morphology of the metal–organic framework precursor, and intelligently integrate multiple heterostructures to enhance dielectric polarization, which improves the impedance matching and loss mechanisms of the electromagnetic wave absorbing materials. Due to the synergistic enhancement of electrospinning-derived carbon nanofiber "stems", MOF-derived carbon nanosheet "petals" and transition metal selenide nano-particle "stamens", the CoxSey/NiSe@CNSs@CNFs (CNCC) composite membrane obtains a minimum reflection loss value (RLmin) of -68.40 dB at 2.6 mm and a maximum effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 8.88 GHz at a thin thickness of 2.0 mm with a filling amount of only 5 wt%. In addition, the multi-component and hierarchical heterostructure endow the fibrous membrane with excellent flexibility, water resistance, thermal management, and other multifunctional properties. This work provides unique perspectives for the precise design and rational application of multifunctional fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium (Ti) and Ti-based alloys are commonly used in dental implants, and surface modifications of dental implants are important for achieving osseointegration (i.e., direct connection between the implant surface and bone). This study investigated the effect of an eco-friendly etching solution—a hydrogen peroxide–sodium bicarbonate mixture—on the surface properties and contact angles of osteoblast adhesion and proliferation on Ti surfaces. Disk-shaped Ti specimens were prepared using different surface treatments (machining, sandblasting, and sandblasting/acid-etching), and they were immersed in the etching solution and ultrasonically cleaned. Surface characterization was performed using scanning electron microscopy, digital microscopy, contact angle analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. MG-63 osteoblasts were cultured on the specimens, and their adhesion to the specimen surface and proliferation were examined using staining and the MTT assay, respectively. Additional etching with the etching solution caused the formation of nano/micro hierarchical structures, increased surface roughness, and enhanced hydrophilicity. Osteoblast adhesion and proliferation were found to improve on the modified surfaces. The eco-friendly etching method has the potential to enhance the biological properties of Ti implant surfaces and thereby improve dental implant performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A hierarchical structure is successfully synthesized by coating polypyrrole (PPy) on the surface of carbon/saponite superlattice (denoted as PPy@C/SAP), and applied as low volume‐expansion insertion‐type anode for Li, Na, K storage.The synergistic effect of metal Ni, Fe doping, carbon/silicate superlattice, abundant oxygen vacancies and PPy coating leads to a good electronic conductivity and large current discharging capability. As a Si‐based material, PPy@C/SAP has excellent storage capability for Li (659 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles at 2 A g−1 and 550 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles at 5 A g−1), Na (maximum specific capacity of 533 and 327 mAh g−1 after 50 cycles) as well as K (236 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles). XPS, XANES, XRD, FTIR, HRTEM, SEM are used to detect the hybrid mechanism (bulk insertion and surface conversion) with a volume expansion as low as 9%. Insertion reaction driven by valence state change of Ni, Fe, Si (Ni0⇔Ni2+, Fe0⇔Fe3+, Si2+⇔Si4+) in laminates and conversion reactions between LiOH/Li2CO3 and LiH/Li2C2 catalyzed by Ni° contribute to the high performance. In the whole electrochemical process, layered structure is retained while the conversion reactions of LiOH (prodeced by laminates dehydroxylation) and Li2CO3 (electrolyte decomposition) cause the dynamic evolution of solid ectrolyte interphase. This study develops a promising Si‐based anode material for lithium ion batteries, sodium ion batteries and potassium ion batteries, which is significant for designing long cycle life rechargeable batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fibrin‐based hydrogels are used as scaffolds in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine due to their biocompatibility, low cell toxicity, autologous production, and relevance for wound healing and clot formation. The availability of fibrinogen as well as its unique mechanical behavior exhibiting nonlinear elasticity makes it suitable for the fabrication of hydrogels. However, the broad application of fibrin hydrogels in biomaterials still faces challenges in terms of gel shrinkage and degradation processes. This can be addressed through the modulation of the hydrogels'r chemical and mechanical properties. In the present work, it is demonstrated that fibrin‐based hydrogels with adjustable mechanical properties and controllable degradation profiles can be fabricated through the addition of fibrin‐binding peptides. The cyclic peptide X2CXYYGTCLX (Tn7) is used, binding to fibrin by noncovalent supramolecular interactions. These new hydrogels exhibit no toxicity and reduced degradation rate at the same time supporting cell proliferation. Tn7 peptides significantly increase the Young's Modulus and mechanical stiffness as well as fibrin fiber thickness and inter‐fiber crosslinking in hydrogels. In conclusion, hydrogels with optimized mechanical properties and controllable degradation profiles that can be advantageous for further approaches in tissue regeneration, cell‐based therapies, or clinical treatment options are produced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomimetic sensors that mimic human skin perception have received enormous attention in human motion detection and human–robot interaction. However, the narrow working range limits the response linearity of mechanical stimuli. Especially the ultrafast active response is needed to detect and react to the potential collision. Inspired by the skin structure, a hierarchical structure with poly(ethylene oxide)‐based ionic conductive polymer electrolytes and polyurethane is designed. The observable synergistic sensing mechanism works throughout the compression process, providing the device with a continuous change in electrical response with excellent linearity (R2 = 0.998) over a broad range (100 Pa–500 kPa). The compressive deformation and corresponding mechanical behavior of hierarchical structures are dynamically and simultaneously observed by using in situ electron microscopy at the atomistic scale. Furthermore, a biomimetic skin is established in the human–robot interaction system, which can provide active and efficient collision avoidance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hierarchically structured polymeric fibers, composed of structural nanoscale motifs that assemble into a microscale fiber are frequently found in natural fibers including cellulose and silk. The creation of synthetic fibers with nano-to-microscale hierarchical structures represents a promising avenue for the development of novel fabrics with distinctive physical, chemical, and mechanical characteristics. In this work, we introduce a novel approach for creating polyamine-based core–sheath microfibers with controlled hierarchical architectures. This approach involves a polymerization-induced spontaneous phase separation and subsequent chemical fixation. Through the use of various polyamines, the phase separation process can be manipulated to produce fibers with diverse porous core architectures, ranging from densely packed nanospheres to segmented "bamboo-stem" morphology. Moreover, the nitrogen-rich surface of the core enables both the chemisorption of heavy metals and the physisorption of proteins and enzymes. Our method offers a new set of tools for the production of polymeric fibers with novel hierarchical morphologies, which has a high potential for a wide range of applications such as filtering, separation, and catalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aqueous zinc‐ion battery (AZIB) based on Zn//MnO2 is considered as one of the most promising energy storage devices. However, the poor Zn2+ storage kinetics and structural integrity of MnO2 affect its electrochemical performance. In this work, the vertically aligned multilayer graphene sheets (VGS) are in situ formed on the graphite paper via laser activation, and then MnO2 nanoflakes are coated on the VGS by electrochemical deposition, leading to the layered MnO2@graphene with hierarchical structure. The MnO2 nanoflakes coated on the VGS not only have improved charges transfer and structural integrity owing to the conductive skeleton, but also expose more accessible area to the electrolyte. In addition, the inner layer of graphite paper maintains its original structure, which can serve as current collector and endow the composite materials with good flexibility. In light of this rational design, the coin‐type AZIB assembled with layered MnO2@graphene as cathode shows a maximum capacity of 363.6 mAh g−1. Furthermore, a flexible quasisolid‐state AZIB is fabricated, which also exhibits superior electrochemical performance and flexibility (97.0% capacity retention after 1000 bending cycles). This work provides a feasible and effective strategy to develop flexible MnO2@graphene as cathode for high‐performance rechargeable Zn//MnO2 AZIB by rational design of the structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hierarchical structures with synergistic dielectric-magnetic compositions are highly desired for electromagnetic wave absorption and interference shielding applications. Fabricating lightweight and high-performance electromagnetic protection composites with additional functions are demanded to suppress severe electromagnetic radiation and interference pollution. Herein, a unique three-dimensional hierarchical structure consisting of 1D multi-walled carbon nanotubes anchored on 1D MXene@CF core-sheath microrods are rationally proposed via electrostatic self-assembly and hydrothermal strategy as well as subsequent thermal-catalysis treatment. The multi-walled carbon nanotubes encapsulated with magnetic CoNi nanoparticles are immobilized onto core-sheath microrods matrix, constructing effective 1D/1D electron migration bridges and the uniformly dispersed magnetic component to facilitate magnetic coupling effect. Consequently, profiting from the optimized impedance matching, enhanced conduction loss, dielectric polarization, and magnetic loss, the as-prepared sample shows an outstanding absorption capacity with reflection loss value of −56.8 dB and X-band full absorption. When used as electromagnetic shielding materials, the composites exhibit exceptional electromagnetic interference shielding properties. In addition, the upgraded mechanical strength, remarkable voltage-driven Joule heating and superhydrophobic properties endow the absorbers with multi-scenario adaptability and long life-time applications. This work provides well-designed hierarchical structures for high-performance electromagnetic absorbing and shielding with the great prospect of multifunctional applications. The unique three-dimensional hierarchical composites consisting of 1D multi-walled carbon nanotubes anchored on 1D MXene@CF core-sheath microrods are rationally proposed. The prepared composites show excellent electromagnetic wave absorbing and shielding performance, the upgraded mechanical strength, remarkable voltage-driven Joule heating and superhydrophobic properties. [Display omitted] • Hierarchical structures of N-doped carbon nanotubes anchored on 1D core-sheath microrods structure were successfully prepared. • The composites exhibits exceptional electromagnetic wave absorption and shielding properties. • The designed composites show enhanced mechanical strength, excellent voltage-driven Joule heating and superhydrophobic capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porous polymer-derived membranes are useful for applications ranging from filtration and separation technologies to energy storage and conversion. Combining block copolymer (BCP) self-assembly with the industrially scalable, non-equilibrium phase inversion technique (SNIPS) yields membranes comprising periodically ordered top surface structures supported by asymmetric, hierarchical substructures that together overcome performance tradeoffs typically faced by materials derived from equilibrium approaches. This review first reports on recent advances in understanding the top surface structural evolution of a model SNIPS-derived system during standard membrane formation. Subsequently, the application of SNIPS to multicomponent systems is described, enabling pore size modulation, chemical modification, and transformation to non-polymeric materials classes without compromising the structural features that define SNIPS membranes. Perspectives on future directions of both single-component and multicomponent membrane materials are provided. This points to a rich and fertile ground for the study of fundamental as well as applied problems using non-equilibrium-derived asymmetric porous materials with tunable chemistry, composition, and structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hierarchical structures of poly(styrene‐ran‐butadiene) (SBR) rubber/carbon black (CB) systems vulcanized with sulfur and ZnO have been clarified using anomalous small‐angle X‐ray scattering (ASAXS) near the Zn absorption edge. In the case of SBR/CB systems vulcanized with peroxide, it has been found previously that the hierarchical structures formed by CB consist of aggregates of primary particles and agglomerates of those aggregates with mass‐fractal dimensions. However, to date the hierarchical structures in SBR/CB systems vulcanized with sulfur and ZnO have not been well investigated, despite being commonly used. This is because the strong scattering contrast of Zn prevents the quantitative analyses of the hierarchical structures of CB using X‐ray scattering. In this study, the effects of Zn on the scattering intensity were eliminated and the structure factors of CB in SBR/CB systems were obtained using the ASAXS method. By extrapolating to the zero volume fraction of CB, the particle structure factor of the CB aggregates was estimated and it was found that the CB aggregates consist of closely packed CB primary particles. The presence of large particles of ZnO and particles of ZnS on the order of 10 nm in size is confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dielectric polarization and magnetic resonance associated with intrinsic constituent and extrinsic structure are two kinds of fundamental attenuation mechanisms for microwave absorbers, but remain extremely challenging in revealing the composition‐morphology‐performance correlation. Herein, hierarchical MXene/metal‐organic framework derivatives with coherent boundaries and magnetic units below critical grain size are constructed to realize synergistic dielectric–magnetic enhancement by phase‐evolution engineering and dynamic magnetic resonance. Specifically, phase‐evolution induced inseparable interfaces, diverse incompatible phases, and defects/vacancies contribute to dielectric polarization, while closely distributed magnetic units simultaneously realize nanoscale multi‐domain coupling and long‐range magnetic interaction. As results, the hierarchical derivatives promise an exceptional reflection loss of −59.5 dB and an effective absorption bandwidth of 6.1 GHz. Both experimental results and theoretical calculations indicate that phase‐evolution engineering and dynamic magnetic resonance maximize the absorption capability and demonstrate a versatile methodology for manipulating microwave attenuation. More importantly, the proposed multi‐domain coupling and long‐range magnetic interaction theories innovatively offer dynamic magnetic resonance mechanism for magnetic loss within critical grain size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydrothermal synthesis of nickel oxide in the presence of triethanolamine was studied. Furthermore, the relationship between the synthesis conditions, thermal behavior, crystal structure features, phase composition and microstructure of semi-products, and the target oxide nanopowders was established. The thermal behavior of the semi-products was studied using a simultaneous thermal analysis (in particular, using one that involved thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry, TGA/DSC). An X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that varying the triethanolamine and nickel chloride concentration in the reaction system can govern the formation of α- and β-Ni(OH)2-based semi-products that contain Ni(HCO3)2 or Ni2(CO3)(OH)2 as additional components. The set of functional groups in the powders was determined using a Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis. Using microextrusion printing, a composite NiO—(CeO2)0.80(Sm2O3)0.20 anode film was fabricated. Using XRD, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) analyses, it was demonstrated that the crystal structure, dispersity, and microstructure character of the obtained material correspond to the initial nanopowders. Using Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) and scanning capacitance microscopy (SCM), the local electrophysical properties of the printed composite film were examined. The value of its conductivity was evaluated using the four-probe method on a direct current in the temperature range of 300–650 °C. The activation energy for the 500–650 °C region, which is of most interest in the context of intermediate-temperature SOFCs working temperatures, has been estimated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is an environmentally friendly biomaterial that is widely investigated because it possesses a unique hierarchical nanofiber network structure as well as extraordinary performance. In this review, the formation of the BC hierarchical nanofiber network structure from the perspective of biosynthesis is illustrated based on its basic chemical and crystal structure. Moreover, the design and processing ofBC-based advanced materials through biosynthesis, physical, and/or chemical modification are also reviewed. The intrinsic characteristics of BC, derived from its hierarchical structure, are analyzed to understand its structure-property-application relationships. The applications of advanced BC-based materials are reviewed, such as high-strength structural materials utilizing the properties of nanofibers, energy conversion and storage, bioelectronic interfaces, environmental remediation, and thermal management applications utilizing the ion transport properties and 3D network structures ofthese materials. In addition, the authors also offer their opinions and potential future research directions for sustainably developing BC-based materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Directed self-assembly of block copolymers is evolving toward applications that are more defect-tolerant but still require high morphological control and could benefit from simple, inexpensive fabrication processes. Previously, we demonstrated that simply casting ultra-thin block copolymer films on topographically defined substrates leads to hierarchical structures with dual patterns in a controlled manner and unraveled the dependence of the local morphology on the topographic feature dimensions. In this article, we discuss the extreme of the ultraconfined thickness regime at the border of film dewetting. Additional non-bulk morphologies are observed at this extreme, which further elaborate the arsenal of dual patterns that could be obtained in coexistence with full placement control. It is shown that as the thickness confinement approaches its limit, lateral confinement imposed by the width of the plateaus becomes a critical factor influencing the local morphology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability of a water droplet to bounce on a superhydrophobic surface is an important indication of the surface wetting properties. In this study, a method integrating hydrothermal synthesis with ultraprecision machining (UPM) is reported for fabricating a hierarchical NiO-FAS-17 coated copper microgroove surface. Contact angles and water droplet bouncing behaviors were tested to evaluate the hydrophobicity of sample surfaces. Large contact angles over 160° and small contact angle hysteresis not exceeding 5° were recorded, showing good water repellency for the NiO-FAS-17 coating. The droplet bouncing results presented a larger first rebound height and stronger tendency of droplet break-up on the hierarchical NiO-FAS-17 coated microgroove surface in comparison with the NiO-FAS-17 coated flat surface, indicating a better hydrophobicity of the hierarchical surface. This reveals that the hydrophobicity of a surface can be enhanced by introducing UPM fabricated microgroove patterns into nanostructured surfaces that already possess good hydrophobicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The properties of materials play a significant role in triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). Advanced triboelectric materials for TENGs have attracted tremendous attention because of their superior advantages (e.g., high specific surface area, high porosity, and customizable macrostructure). These advanced materials can be extensively applied in numerous fields, including energy harvester, wearable electronics, filtration, and self‐powered sensors. Hence, designing triboelectric materials as advanced functional materials is important for the development of TENGs. Herein, the structural modification methods based on electrospinning to improve the triboelectric properties and the latest research progress in this kind of TENGs are systematically summarized. Preparation methods and design trends of nanofibers, microspheres, hierarchical structures, and doping nanomaterials are highlighted. The factors influencing the formation and properties of triboelectric materials are considered. Furthermore, the latest progress on the applications of TENGs is systematically elaborated. Finally, the challenges in the development of triboelectric materials are discussed, thereby guiding researchers in the large‐scale application of TENGs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Here, we report a facile approach to fabricate large area ordered arrays of TiO 2 hierarchical nanostructures through space-confined seeding and growth on inverted pyramid templates. The mechanisms of space-confined seeding and growth have been systematically explored and studied. The drying TiO 2 seed precursor solution prefers to accumulate on the narrow structures including the centre and edges of the inverted pyramid structures, which facilitates to reduce the free energy of the precursor solution surface and form crystal seeds. Followed by hydrothermal treatment, selective growth of TiO 2 hierarchical nanostructures on desirable locations, such as only on the centre, only on the edges, or on the entire surface of the inverted pyramid templates, can be achieved. In addition, the growth temperature, duration and solvents affect the morphology of TiO 2 hierarchical nanostructures. This work may provide a universal approach to obtain ordered arrays of metal oxide (e.g. ZnO and MnO 2 , etc.) nanostructures for applications in optics, electrics, energy, and catalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The industrial interest in the patterning of polymeric surfaces at the micro/nanoscale to include new functionalities has considerably increased during the last years. Hierarchical organization of micro/nanometric surface textures yields enhanced functional properties such as hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, antibacterial activity, and optical or chromatic effects to cite some. While high accuracy methods to pattern hierarchical surfaces at the nanoscale have been developed, only some of them have been applied for high volume manufacturing with limited success, mainly because they rely on the use of expensive machinery and moulds or complicated inserts. Therefore, a method using low cost recyclable tooling and process conditions applicable to high-volume manufacturing is currently missing. In this work, a scalable and low-cost method to replicate hierarchical micro/nanostructured surfaces on plastic films is presented, which can be latter used as inlays for injection moulded parts with standard processing conditions. This method is used to demonstrate the feasibility of replicating three level hierarchical micro/nano textured surfaces using recyclable bio-based polymers (of high relevancy in the current plastic pollution context) achieving replication ratios above 90%, comparing the replication results with those obtained in polypropylene. The presence of the micro/nanotextures substantially increases the contact angle of all the polymers tested, yielding values higher than 90° in all the cases. Also, various mechanical properties of the replicated parts for all the polymers injected are characterized one and thirty days after the samples were manufactured, showing fairly constant values. This highlights the validity of the replicated surfaces, regardless of the biopolymers special crystallization characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Li‐metal is gaining attention as a next generation anode active material, of which the primary attribute is its energy density. However, Li dendrite formation is the primary challenge. Herein, a design strategy with increased structural dimensions and hierarchy for Li‐metal anode is investigated to stabilize the dendrite formation for extending the cycle life with high reversibility. For this, diverse structural current collectors (CCs) are fabricated by manipulating structural design in different length scales and characterized as a Li‐metal anode. The hierarchy (i.e., nanostructures inside the microcavities) can not only reduce the current density on entire anode surface but also concentrate the local electrical field onto inner surfaces of the microstructures, inducing preferential Li nucleation inside microcavities and promoting confined growth of Li. It is confirmed that introduction of structural hierarchy can enhance the cycle life by 364% and the preservation of coulombic efficiency > 90% by 266%. The design strategy is extended by exploring a practical one‐step fabrication of the hierarchical CC with even greater performance via the inward growth mechanism. This work elucidates the mechanism of inward Li growth using tailored surface geometries for Li dendrite suppression, which can be a guideline for designing structured anode CCs for Li‐metal batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • BHHMT specimens were designed and fabricated via additive manufacturing. • BHHMT not only significantly improved SEA , but also effectively reduced IPCF and ULC. • Parametric analysis was conducted to reveal the influence of hierarchical order, wall thickness, reinforcing rib on the axial crushing performance. • The MCF prediction model of BHHMT was derived theoretically. • The metal BHHMT-3 possessed a significantly higher SEA and equivalent SEA compared to other cellular structures. Inspired by the gradient hierarchical structures from the wood and bamboo, a new bio-inspired hierarchical hybrid multi-cell tubes (named BHHMT) were proposed. A systematic investigation on the crashworthiness of BHHMT with structural hierarchy was conducted experimentally, numerically, and theoretically to obtain the optimal parameter configuration. The results indicated that the specific energy absorption (SEA) of the 3rd order BHHMT was 49.10% higher than that of the single square tube. Moreover, the initial peak crushing force (IPCF) and the undulation of load-carrying capacity (ULC) used for evaluating the stability of the BHHMT under dynamic crushing were also considered. The IPCF and ULC of the 3rd order BHHMT reduced up to 18.37% and 77.21% compared to the single square tube. It indicated that the BHHMT had a larger potential to improve energy absorption than the square tube and conventional multi-cell square tube. Subsequently, a theoretical model was developed to estimate the mean crushing force (MCF) of the proposed tubes, which was in good agreement with the numerical results. Finally, the influence of various additive manufacturing materials on the crashworthiness of the BHHMT was investigated. It indicated that the metal BHHMT-3 exhibited a significantly higher SEA and equivalent SEA compared to other popular cellular structures. This study provided valuable insights and guidelines for designing protective structures with mechanical safety performance, including understanding the failure process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A new fractal multi-cell square tube (FMST) based on the Sierpinski carpet fractal is proposed. • Energy absorption performance of the FMST are numerically and theoretically studied. • The SEA of the 3rd order FMST is 100 % than that of the 0th order FMST. • The theoretical predictions of the MCF agree well with the numerical results. In this study, a new fractal multi-cell square tube (FMST) based on the fractal design of the Sierpinski carpet is proposed for energy absorption. The dynamic crushing performance and energy absorption characteristics of the FMST are numerically and theoretically investigated. Extensive numerical simulations are carried out for the FMST structures with different fractal orders and masses of the structures. The findings reveal that the specific energy absorption of the 3rd order FMST is significantly higher, exhibiting a remarkable 100 % increase compared to the 0th order FMST. Furthermore, the undulation of the load-carrying capacity of the 3rd order FMST is reduced by up to 88.5 % compared to a conventional square tube, indicating the substantial potential of the FMST for designing highly efficient energy absorbers. Comparative analysis against other hierarchical multi-cell square tubes reported in the literature confirms that the specific energy absorption of the FMST surpasses existing designs. In addition, a theoretical study is presented for the mean crushing force of the proposed FMST, employing the simplified super folding element theory. The theoretical predictions agree well with the numerical results, further validating the effectiveness of the proposed design. This study provides an innovative design of a multi-cell energy absorber with exceptional energy absorption efficiency. The incorporation of fractal principle in the FMST design holds promise for advancing the field of energy absorption, with potential applications in various industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]