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The tablets in the private archives of the Assyrian merchants unearthed at the Kültepe provide detailed information about their economic and social lives. Information about the period's business transactions through these tablets is also obtained. The three documents discussed here belong to the archive of Aššur-rē'ī and his son Pilah-İštar, which were found in the 1988 Kültepe excavation and are about applying for a guarantor. These documents, which have a specific pattern and are prepared in the presence of witnesses, are a kind of summons. If the debtor does not make the payment on time, the creditor applies to the guarantor, and this application is recorded. In this study, besides the examination of these three new tablets, information about the guarantee and "to give to a guarantor (ana ša qātātim tadānu)" in the Kültepe texts and the 1988 archive are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a construction of the modulus of the RSA public keys for decentralized public-key trust generation like Web-of-Trust, where the modulus has inside structure. The first function of the structure is that it enables a peer to verify that the owner of the public key certainly generated the corresponding secret key. The second function is to tie up the public key with the owner's identity as well as her guarantors identities. Our construction is based on the modified version of the Lenstra's algorithm, by which a related second public key and the identity strings are embedded into the RSA modulus. The second public key is of the elliptic-curve cryptosystem (ECC) which has almost equivalent security level to the RSA cryptosystem. Our construction is applicable to a peer-to-peer network equipped with the blockchain of "consortium" and "trusted" type to yield a flat network that does not depends on PKI of the X.509 type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study focuses on some of the controversial issues relating to the legal status of the guarantor such as the relationship between the security and the commisoria lex clause, the consideration of the guarantor as a consumer and, as a consequence, the application of consumer's protection regulation, more particularly the existing jurisprudece about the qualified control of transparency of ground clauses and the consequences of their unfairness. Additionally, it analyzes whereas we can talk of consumers in double purpose contracts, how the qualified control of transparency does not apply to non-consumer preformulated standard contracts and the moulding function of the principle of good faith in situations of imbalance or abuse from one of the contractual parties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parliament of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina adopted Law on guarantor's protection in 2013. It is a lex specialis which regulates legal protection of guarantor as a special category of persons in loan agreement. However, the law provides a numerous solutions which derogating general rules in obligation law, particularly rules in Law on obligations regarding loan agreement and warranty. In this paper, authors consider both certain rules regarding guarantor's protection and their compliance with general rules in law of obligations. Definition of loan agreement and special regulation of relationship between creditor and guarantor are not in compliance with rules of warranty - general rules, structure and species. Moreover, there are some limits of freedom of contracting for those who has intention to guarantee for debtor's liability in loan agreement. Authors in this paper consider validity and acceptability of special rules in order to find answer whether those rules match other relevant rules in positive legislation and do they serve to legal certainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While contracting rules are subject to the general contract law, specificity of certain legal relations (contracts) are elaborated with the rules for these types of legal relations. Negotiations and agreements as preparatory phase for the formation of the contract are very important, because the way of prescribing mandatory treatment at this stage in the banking business can prevent later abuses in the implementation phase of the contract. The Law on Guarantor Protection is lex special is law and has advantage in application in ('elation to the lex generalis. Enactment of this Act was preceded by heated debate throughout B&H. and the conclusion of these discussions could be a difficult situation of those who were guarantors, since a large number of guarantors repaid loans of principal debtor. The reason for this difficult position of guarantors certainly lies in the lack of information of the guarantors, the dubious behavior of credit institutions in relation to the existing regulations, codes of practice and due professional care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article begins by distinguishing between the guarantor and the non-debtor mortgagor, analyzing the main features of both figures. Then, discusses an issue of great practical importance: if the bond is extinguished by death of the guarantor, also mentioning different ways of extinction by confusion. Finally, the author refers to the figure of the borrower who performs only a guarantee function, which is increasingly common in the banking contracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The text aims to inquire the State Liability regime applicable to cases of kidnapping by non-state actors in the context of the Colombian armed conflict. Thus, an exploration of the existing case law is developed, explaining on which situations the Colombian State could be liable through the application of the theories constructed by the specialized Administrative Courts. From this, a hypothetical legal solution for two famous cases of kidnapping widely known to the public opinion is provided by the author. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article di9scusses that the role of a researcher which does not end once the experiment is over and rewarding results are accomplishes, and, the need to publish outcomes of a study came into being when the scientific community found it pertinent to share knowledge among peers. It mentions that the this elementary need gave birth to other complicated issues like misconduct, data falsification, fabrication, plagiarism etc.