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A research note is presented which focuses on military medicine in Finland between 1555 and 1945.

Cholera was the emblematic disease of the nineteenth-century Europe. This article explores the cultural ramifications of cholera by concentrating on the ways in which public discourse participated in circulating information on the disease. It focuses on the reuse of texts about cholera in the Finnish press from 1860 to 1920. The most difficult cholera epidemics in Finland were the first ones in the 1830s and 1850s, and the number of casualties dropped significantly towards the end of the century. At the same time, however, cholera was discussed more than ever, and there was the rising curve of the references to cholera from the 1860s onwards. In Finland, the public discourse on cholera was also entangled with the rising nationalism towards the end of the nineteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are many similarities between the Nordic countries of Sweden and Finland, but they have made different decisions regarding their teacher-education policies. This article focuses on how the objectives of teacher education, particularly the vision of the ideal teacher, have changed in Sweden and Finland in the period after the Second World War. In Finland, the period since the 1960s can be described as a gradual scientification of teacher education. The image of the ideal teacher has transformed according to a research-based agenda, where teachers are expected to conduct minor-scale research in the classroom. In Sweden since the 1980s, on the other hand, teacher education has oscillated between progressivist and academic orientations, following shifts in government between the Social Democratic Party and the centre-right. Since the turn of the millennium, however, a consensus in favour of a strengthened research base of teacher education has also emerged in Sweden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the collision between the communal-based and individual-based business cultures within the merchant community of Pori. The conflict is analysed by examining divergent petitions, complaints, and statement letters written to and by various authorities at the local, provincial, and national levels during the first half of the 19th century. The case study concentrates on confrontations between a nobleman of Swedish origin, Frans Fredrik Wallenstråle (1771–1857), and members of the local merchant community. The article strives to explain how and why the merchant community and the members of the town council made every possible effort to prevent Wallenstråle from developing his business activities and participating in communal cooperation within the community. In contrast to earlier literature, this article does not concentrate on petitions, their rhetoric, or the interaction between individual and state authorities. It analyses petitions as historical sources that resulted from collisions between the communal, cooperative business culture and vested interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women participated actively in the Finnish Civil War in January 1918-April 1918. The radicalization of the Finnish Social Democratic Party and the embracing of a revolutionary discourse sent tremors also to Sweden. In this article, I investigate how the Swedish Social Democratic women's journal Morgonbris addresses women's political violence in the period surrounding the Russian Revolution in March 1917, the October 1917 Bolshevik takeover and the following Civil War in Finland early 1918. Morgonbris did not shun from reporting or debating women's political violence, however, as this article shows there is a great discrepancy between how different acts of violence are understood in the greater discourse. Some violence, and especially some acts of violence committed by women, is clearly framed as more legitimate than others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article demonstrates empirically how triangulation with other sources can alter the interpretation of oral histories of family strategies. While the interests of oral historians have shifted to postpositivist approaches, basic facts about material context and family events still tend to be drawn from the same narratives. Oral histories of two worker households in early twentieth-century Helsinki are linked with detailed Finnish tax, parish, and poor relief records. The findings point to a number of significant omissions, turn seemingly innocuous factual statements into meaningful strategic representations, and suggest systematic biases in describing livelihoods and sources of income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Barber-surgeons have existed as a medical profession in multiple countries for centuries. This article outlines the exciting history of the barber-surgeons in Finland, focusing on a time frame covering over 600 years, from the Middle Ages until the last barber-surgeon in Finland finished his practice during the Second World War. The barber-surgeons were the first healthcare professionals who focused on the healthcare of soldiers during times of both peace and war. They were able to treat wounds, conduct minor and even major surgeries and perform amputations. The development of the profession and the education and skills of the barber-surgeons are summed up and illuminated. New genealogical sources are also reviewed to profile the barber-surgeons as men, married and of multinational origin. This review summarizes the history of the profession, who the barber-surgeons in Finland were and where they came from. It concludes by noting that the barber-surgeons had a remarkable impact on the development of the professions of surgeons and physicians as well as on the development of occupational healthcare as a whole. However, these impacts are not sufficiently appreciated today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For centuries, the Club War, a popular uprising on Finnish territory in the 1590s, constituted a minor side story in Swedish royal historiography. After the Napoleonic Wars, it was quickly appropriated as one of the most canonical historical events in the emerging Finnish national history. This article argues that, in order to understand the role of the Club War in early 19th-century Finnish historical culture, it is necessary to trace its interpretive tradition backwards in time, across established borders of national historiographies, in a thematic, transtemporal, and comparative framework. The paper will discuss eight pieces of Swedish and Finnish history writing from 1620 to 1860, focusing on the storylines, attributes attached to the protagonists, and historical agency allocated to different social groups against a backdrop of sources available within each context of writing, in order to pinpoint and analyse moments when the story space of the event altered. The article will demonstrate that textual traditions of regions that formerly belonged to multi-ethnic or conglomerate states provide particularly interesting material for transtemporal historiography. Through this case study, the article also argues that Swedish and Finnish historiography of the early 19th century should be studied as one, entangled, textual culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The political public sphere is at one and the same time both public, and private and religion operates in both the public and the private spheres in the modern way of life. This article approaches the dynamics between the cultural and the political public sphere from the point of view of religion; how the cultural intelligentsia developed its worldview fuelled with attitudes towards religion in times of political turmoil. The case study, based on the empirical analysis of cultural periodicals and societies around them, concerns the Finnish liberal intelligentsia in the early twentieth century. The first decade of the 1900s was a particularly important period of formation for the Finnish public sphere; the societal turmoil highlighted the importance of cultural periodicals in defining what was important for the national public sphere. The case of religion is an illustrative example of it, particularly from the point of view of the liberal intelligentsia of the era. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Observing a case of transnational migration between Estonia and Finland, this article investigates how the experience of living in a Western democracy alters discourses of citizenship amongst people who have been socialised into the concept while living in a post-communist country. Through a discursive approach, the article demonstrates that, notwithstanding 25 years of democratic transformation, the norms of post-communist citizenship remain different from the Western liberal and republican norms. However, European Union citizenship plays an important transforming role on the discursive level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the transformation of estate assemblies into parliaments by analysing the case of the late 19th-century Diet of Finland. Furthermore, it positions the procedural discussions of the peripheral Finnish Diet within a wider European debate on parliaments and parliamentarism. While parliamentary government and the dissolution of Europe’s last four-estate representation were largely out of the question in the Finnish Grand Duchy of the Russian Empire, revisions and innovations on Diet rules and practices formed an essential means to introduce elements of modern parliaments within the obsolete estate system. By analysing Finnish Diet and press discussions, the article re-examines the significance and reception of the Swedish Riksdag institution of plenum plenorum, the joint discussion of all four estates, in Finland. The article highlights a struggle between two concepts of deliberation. A liberal group organized around the newspaper Helsingfors Dagblad used plenum plenorum to challenge their Fennoman opponents’ consensual idea of deliberation and the Diet’s deliberative model, which was based on committee negotiation. The Dagbladists advocated plenum plenorum in order to transform the estates into a single debating parliamentary assembly. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article investigates contemporary struggles of class and citizenship in the context of the emergence of right-wing anti-immigrant politics and activism in Finland. The specific aim of the article is to dissect anti-immigrant activism from the perspective of classificatory struggles concerning the 'biopolitics of disposability' within the current regime of neoliberal citizenship. Relying on qualitative research of online activism, the article suggests that current forms of antiimmigrant politics can be understood as a part of a process where the assumed 'underclass' or surplus people become significant as a 'constitutive outside' that defines the contours of respectable citizenship. Anti-immigration activism thus takes part in a twisted or displaced class struggle, in which the class relations imposed by the neoliberal regime, rather than being questioned, are taken for granted and racialized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the onward translocal and transnational mobility and migration of African immigrants in Finland, and finds that this is because of racism, and hence more of a search for belonging than just for greener pastures. In the process of this mobility/migration, they represent translocal and transnational identities that crisscross translocal and transterritorial spaces, experiencing transcultural practices. Along the way, they acquire transcultural, multicultural, and cosmopolitan skills with which they negotiate their identities and belonging in the places they visit or reside. This article argues that these multifaceted forms of mobility and migration say something about new dynamics in today’s migration, and its political implications, and hence could be a veritable empirical contribution to mobility and migration research and studies today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Mummified human remains have been preserved in the cool, well-ventilated crypts of old Finnish churches, which were popular burial sites among the elite of the early modern period. Here, the authors present the results of a computed tomography study of the remains of an early 17th-century vicar of Keminmaa. They examined the preservation of his remains and made several pathological findings; the causes of the latter possibly had a severe impact on his health. He was a large man who achieved relative longevity for his time, although he suffered from conditions related to obesity. There were also potential indications of tuberculosis. Inflammatory changes, for example, had afflicted his spine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the works on life writing in Finland focusing on the books written by Finnish authors dealing with memoirs, biography and autobiographies of finish authors such as Helena Ruuska, Hannu Mäkelä, and Anita Konkka. The article talks about Finnish politics in the 1970s and early 80s and the works of Finnish authors Matti Klinge,politician Jörn Donner, and historian Teemu Keskisarja

The article focuses on the adoption of neutrality by Finland in the post cold war period. It discusses how neutrality was an option for Finland to secure itself by becoming a member of the European Union (EU), how it strengthened its Western identity and reinforcing its place in the Iron Curtain. It also talks about how neutrality had ceased as a policy and did not form a part of Finnish identity after the end of the Cold War.

How the past is remembered is fundamental to the production and reproduction of postwar sovereign political power. However, Internation Relations’ (IR) explicit interest in the practices of remembrance, and particularly in time remains a relatively new one. This article seeks to show how Jacques Rancière’s discussion of temporality, subaltern history, and politics – which allows the study of parallel and enmeshing temporal universes – contributes to the IR literature on time. In this view, when speech is acquired by those whose right to speak is not recognised they can produce temporalities that disturb hegemonic representations of time constellations and reorganise the nation’s relationship to its past. The article analyses the moment of Kaisu Lehtimäki’s telling her war story in public, and understands it to be a material and symbolic event that shatters the hegemonic distribution of the Finnish postwar national history and truth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using administrative sources in the history of education and childhood involves a range of methodological and ethical considerations. This article discusses these problems, as well as the role of archives and archival policies in preserving history and shaping our understanding of past childhoods. Using Finnish child welfare archives from the post-war period (1945–1970) as an example, the article shows how the institutional gaze of administrative archives, together with various screening practices, has limited the research possibilities. Nevertheless, administrative records do offer important perspectives on the lives of marginalised children and young people that cannot be reached through other sources. The article closes with a critical discussion on the tightening research ethical regulations, and argues for the historian’s right to access original sources. Researchers’ rights should be ensured in forthcoming archival practices and legislation, and contested research topics should not be avoided because of research ethical uneasiness. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article concentrates on visual sources relating to secondary education, and asks how a collection of photographs can be understood and interpreted as part of the institutional and collective memory of one Finnish girls’ school. The photographs were published in the anniversary books of the school. They construct an entirety, where public memories are interwoven with individual and private reminiscences. The article examines how the traditions of jubilee books and the institutional setting of the school establish the boundaries for the visual narratives of the collection and how the self-image and identity of the school and its gendered nature are visualised in the corpus. The long period (1882–2007) opens up possibilities for studying how the changes in the Finnish education system and the alteration of the girls’ school to a co-educational school are presented in the photographs, and how these photographs create the imagery of gender, class, equality and co-education. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The earliest art collections of Finland’s National Gallery came into being when, as the Grand Duchy of Finland, it was an autonomous part of imperial Russia (1809–1917). The prevailing view of Finnish museum studies, however, sees the Finnish Art Society, the precursor of the Finnish National Gallery, as being modelled on exclusively European cultural institutions. The history of the Society and its collections have thus been seen as resistant to any alien eastern influences, and as an attempt to differentiate Finnish culture from Russian art collecting practices. Drawing on the theoretical shift in cultural studies from the conception of stable, clearly demarcated cultural identities of nation states toward less rigidly defined identities, the aim of this essay is to reconstruct the hidden Russian presence in Finnish museum historiography. Based on original unpublished sources, my study shows that the earliest support of Finland’s cultural infrastructure was given by the Romanov patrons Nicholas I, Alexander II, and Alexander III. By exposing the absence and physical erasure of “imperial identity” in the official Finnish museum narrative, I reveal how museums can at once elevate particular discourses and practices while marginalizing other historical processes in a nation’s cultural past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article approaches the Finnish-Estonian Jill-of-all-trades, Hella Wuolijoki (1886–1954), through her autobiographical writings. She was active in business, politics, science and culture during a turbulent time in Finnish history, and her radical political stance and unorthodox methods made her a controversial person. The article revisits the concept of persona, as it has been used in history of science, in order to analyse how Wuolijoki used her autobiographical writings to expand the field of acceptable actions for women, and to justify her own life choices. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The Karelian Evacuation Trail is an annual re-enactment event which commemorates the uprooting of the Finno-Karelian population from their homeland in present-day Russia, and their resettlement in residual Finland in the aftermath of the Second World War. Initiated in 2006 by the Society of Children Displaced by the War, the Trail has since been held annually, each time in a different municipality in Southern Finland. In the Evacuation Trail, plot lines derived from family traditions and national literature act as a Gestalt, within which the empirical phenomena gained via sensorial stimuli are perceived. The embodied experience generates a sublime effect and a grounding sense of community among the participants. Based on my case study, I argue that inter-subjective co-creation through embodied performance provides a more inclusive alternative to the institution of ‘branded authorship’ prevalent in modernist historiography. It is particularly well suited for representing postmodern collectivities, traumatised by major displacements and destabilised by social change and the far-reaching ‘dispersal’ and ‘disembodiment’ of contemporary media. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article explores some of the tensions at the interface of nationalist and global orientations in ideals of global mindedness and global citizenship looking specifically at the Finnish context. We engage with discussions related to the social–political and historical context of national identity in Finland and outline the conceptual framework of an educational initiative related to the development of global mindedness through experiences of international mobility and partnerships. This conceptual outline presents a set of theoretical distinctions through which we seek to challenge humanist and universalist approaches to the question of (the formation of) global mindedness by arguing that the issue is neither about cognition or understanding nor about empathy and relationships but ultimately has to do with modes of existence and exposure. Similar to discussions in other small states, the historical trajectory in Finland illustrates how the encounter between the nation and the globe poses particular challenges for education as it runs the risk of reverting to ethnocentric rather than globally minded forms of national identity building. We argue that this risk cannot be addressed with the promotion of a mere understanding of or mere empathy for the other as an educational or political antidote but rather requires an existential approach. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article presents a case study of national education in Finland between 1891-1921, focusing on the relationship between education and nationalism under Russian imperialism and Finnish independence. Other topics include how Finnish education was influenced by Russian ideology through 1917 and by Finnish politics through 1921, the challenges of multiculturalism, and Finnish and Russian nationalism in the Vyborg District, a borderland.

This article presents a micro-historical study of two 20th-century ironworks in Sweden and Finland, examining local social structures and their dynamics. By analysing ethnographic data available on these ironworks, it is argued that the boundaries that the contemporaries observed inside the community followed occupational lines. These were based on tangible factors such as spatial issues and living standards and on general issues related to identity, all of which depended on work and occupation. Changes caused by modernization and industrialization in these tangible factors were reflected in local social structures, which helps us to understand the dynamics of both local social structures and these large processes. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper focuses on foodways in a small town in northern Finland between 1621 and 1800 CE. Tornio was founded in 1621in northern Finland, at that time a part of the Swedish kingdom. Tornio was a dynamic town where people of different ethnic origins came together, forming a new urban community and new urban foodways. Archaeological remains of the town's foodways-animal remains, macrofossils, and ceramics-suggest that the food culture of Tornio was a hybrid of local indigenous and rural traditions and international fashions. The foodways underwent significant changes in the 18th century. The changes were related to modernization and changing human-environmental relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines multiple infanticide in early modern Finland in which the same woman killed several newborns after repeated hidden pregnancies and childbirths. A well-documented case in Lohja, Nummi and Pusula Court of Assizes in 1874 is compared with nine other recurrent infanticides in Finland in the period 1750-1896. The context of the series of crimes and the reasons why it took so long to apprehend the murderers differed from the majority of reported infanticides, which were quite unplanned and the perpetrators of which were apprehended within days of the act. These offenders were serial killers who experienced a need to kill even if they were not literally serial killers according to modern conceptions of male-oriented serial killing. They did not deliberately get themselves pregnant with men in order to obtain psychological gratification from killing newborn babies. Rather, they resorted to killing several of their illegitimate babies as a solution of birth control because their first such crime went unreported or unprosecuted, probably as a result of the complicity of others. Such a perpetrator in the early modern age is labeled a 'love-child murderess' or a 'burker of newborns', depending on her relationship with the father or fathers of the victims. Serial killings of newborn babies as a solution of birth control continue to exist in modern times as serial neonaticide. It is suggested that a perpetrator of this category of crime in all ages be labeled a 'birth controller'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies the attitudes and significance of violence between parents and children as they appear in court records of lower courts and Courts of Appeal in early modem Finland. The paper discusses four kinds of violence: 1 ) the deliberate killing of children by their parents, 2) neglect of children or their upbringing by the parents and 3) physical or verbal violence by the children towards their parents. These were categories of forbidden violence between parents and children. Fourthly, 4) this paper discusses instances when violence was considered legal and even accepted, the so-called disciplinary violence committed by parents against their children. The important concepts in talking about violence are codes of honour and social hierarchy, the emphasis placed on social order and peace in society. The importance of peace and order emerge particularly when discussing concealment and publicity, responsibility and guilt, as well as of hierarchy. Emotional considerations seem to have been extremely important in violence between parents and children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A contemporary Flemish festival raises the stakes of ongoing critical conversations about reenactments, theatre historiography, and performativity in the service of social change. The Witch Festival of Nieuwpoort, or Heksenfeest, reenacts (as medieval) the trial and unjust conviction of Jeanne Panne, who was burned at the stake for witchcraft in 1650. In 2012, prior to a theatrical representation of the unlikely heroine's life and death, the town's mayor proclaimed that he was pardoning Jeanne Panne, along with sixteen other executed witches. In addition to rehearsing complex questions about anachronism, linguistic and cultural translation, gallows humor, and the appropriation or rejection of the past, the Heksenfeest places front and center theatre's capacity for true Austinian performativity as it seeks to make history. To theorize such unusual events, the essay proposes two terms, pseudoperformativity and paraperformativity, the better to underscore the common ground among medieval studies, reenactment studies, and the history of rhetoric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses rural schoolteachers’ relationships with local village communities in mid-twentieth-century Finland. At the time, Finnish rural teachers were typically very public figures in their local community. To deal with the pressures of their position, teachers resorted to coping strategies which the authors name ‘local’ and ‘cosmopolitan’ after Robert K. Merton’s well-known categories. The local strategy required that teachers adapt themselves to the social demands of community life, whereas the cosmopolitan strategy was manifested in the teachers’ efforts to distance themselves from the local community, reflecting the increasing professionalisation of Finnish schoolteachers as well as a general social transition in which traditional community ties were gradually replaced by modern individualism. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Just as the music of Jean Sibelius helped to establish Finnish culture under Russian rule, opera became one of the symbols of contemporary national identity that Finland presented to the world during the Cold War. Founded in 1911 during the struggle between Finnish- and Swedish-speaking factions over the creation of a national culture, the Finnish National Opera was instrumental in opera's rise to cultural and political prominence. After the surprise success of Joonas Kokkonen's first opera, The Last Testations (1975), the FNO successfully attempted to both broaden opera's domestic audiences still further and appeal to Finland's influential Social Democrats, by commissioning Aulis Sallinen's The Red Line (1978). These two works also became flagships of Finnish music abroad, when the FNO took them on multiple tours, culminating in a critically acclaimed visit to New York's Metropolitan Opera in 1983. The FNO marketed themselves abroad by emphasizing their unique ability to perform Finnish-language works, and used the international recognition they gained to increase their increase their government support and improve the institution's position at home, transforming opera composition into an emblem of Finnish identity. Lacking political or military power, Finland used its culture to establish itself as an independent member of Western Europe, musically asserting its hard-won independence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Textile crafts have mainly been women's work in Finland, but tailors-the makers of men's suits and coats-have mostly been men. There were stilt 2,500 tailors in Finland in the 1940s, but bespoke tailors gradually lost their customers because of ready-made clothes. However, in the countryside, bespoke tailoring tasted until the 1960s. One of those country tailors was the author's grandfather, Einari Tiainen (1908- 76), who worked as a tailor from the 1920s to the 1960s. In this article, Finnish tailoring practice is studied from the point of view of Einari Tiainen, but also from the point of view of trade publications. This article concentrates on the processes of designing and making clothes, and on the gendered aspects of tailoring practice. In order to define tailoring in contrast to dressmaking, this article compares the country tailor's practice with that of his sisters who were dressmakers. The study shows that garment making was divided between the tailor and the dressmaker according to gender, different traditions and values in the design and manufacturing of men's and women's clothes, as well as the types of and structural differences in the clothing. The changes of bespoke tailoring in Finland are also explained. Bespoke tailoring declined because of industrial garment making, made- to-measure suits, and the changes in clothing and consumer habits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores how Henry Biaudet (1870–1915) and the Finnish historical expedition in Rome used different paratextual elements in their studies on the Nordic Counter-Reformation. The analysis of paratextual strategies of the expedition suggests that application of paratexts in historical narrative reflected the fundamental characteristics of 19th-century historiography: professionalization, development into a research based independent academic discipline and nationalism. Paratexts, such as titles, title pages, lists of previous research, prefaces and with certain restrictions also footnotes, were first of all important genre indicators, which helped to draw a line between popular and professional historical narrative. Second, paratexts served political aims by helping to create images of scholarship in cases when argumentation was politically biased. Despite the important role paratexts performed in the development of modern historical scholarship via shaping historical narrative, historians have paid surprisingly little attention to them. Hence, the analysis of the paratextual strategies of Biaudet and his expedition offers an interesting perspective to the daily practices, values and thinking of historians at the turn of the 20th century. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

El artículo presenta un recuento histórico de la participación de Finlandia en conflictos bélicos desde el siglo XVI hasta la Segunda Guerra Mundial, con énfasis en las estrategias sociales adoptadas por el Estado para la transición a la paz. Los conflictos discutidos incluyen la Gran Guerra del Norte en el siglo XVIII, la Guerra Civil en el siglo XX y la Segunda Guerra Mundial.

This article briefly discusses the destruction of Finnish museums in the Second World War during the so-called Winter War of 1939-40. It concerns almost uniquely the museums of Finland's easternmost province, Karelia, which was ceded to the Soviet Union after the war. Nineteen museums had been founded in Karelia before the war. The removal of museum collections began in the autumn of 1939, but only a small part of them were taken to safety before the outbreak of hostilities. The destruction of museums in Finland and Karelia was part of the broader, deliberate destruction of cultural property in armed conflicts. This article illustrates how wars are never solely about geographical conquest but also about the control over history, especially in situations of invasion and the resulting domination of memory and identity. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, it has once again become possible to present and investigate the Finnish history of Karelia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the end of the Cold War, most European nations – including those in Eastern Europe – have reassessed their role in the Holocaust. Although the Finnish scholarly community, as well as the wider public, is now beginning to participate in this process, Finland has been one of the last countries in Europe to recognize that it cannot assume a total immunity or innocence in this Europe-wide event. This article examines the ways in which the Holocaust has entered Finnish historiography over the last decades. Holmila and Silvennoinen's argument is two-fold. First, they hold that there are many contextual matters, such as the absence of visible anti-Semitism, which have for a long time worked as a sufficient barrier to keep Finland disconnected from the Holocaust. Second, they argue that there are important theoretical and methodological underpinnings, especially the so-called ‘separate war thesis’, which has been utilized as a convenient, if no longer tenable, explanation that Finland was very different from all other Axis nations. They also seek to point out the directions in which the Finnish scholarly community is now going in its search for a more nuanced approach to the Holocaust. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Regardless of the increased interest in technological innovation in universities, relatively little is known about the technology developed by academic scientists. Long-term analyses of researchers' technological contribution are notably missing. This paper examines university-based technology in Finland during the period 1900-85. The focus is on the quantity and technological specialization of applications created inside the universities and in the changes that occurred in scientists' technological output over nine decades. In the long-term analysis several aspects in universities' technological contribution, which are typically considered a recent phenomenon, turn out to have long historical roots. Thus the empirical evidence provided in the article challenges views emphasising that the world of science has faced a drastic change in recent decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies of small state foreign policy tend to draw relatively bleak conclusions when it comes to small state agency. However, I will examine alternative and more positive modalities of small state agency. One such modality is agility, the strategic maneuverability to take advantage of a chancy environment. Besides leading to dangerous rigidities and biases, particular types of foreign policy imageries and heuristics may also facilitate experimental and agile agency. In studying this possibility, Finland is chosen as an illustrative case because historically Finland has faced a particularly constraining geopolitical context and because it has managed to adapt to multiple upheavals and to different geopolitical contexts. The emphasis is on the heuristic dynamics inherent in Finnish foreign policy culture that have allowed it to actively meet the emerging challenges. Instead of taking a detailed historical approach, I seek to understand the role of the relatively flexible and combinable embodied cultural models, i.e. thick images. They allow for agency-related experimentation that may bring added value that allows Finland to exceed the constraints of the brute geopolitical position. After reviewing multiple embodied foreign policy images, I will use them to analyse New Year's speeches by the Finnish Presidents Ahtisaari and Halonen in order to see how the fickle present is made to resonate innovatively with the known, commonplace, and mythical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through written life stories of lone mothers, this article examines changes in lone motherhood in twentieth-century Finland. While the older life-story writers' narratives are clearly influenced by an 'ethos of survival' and the regulation of female sexuality, the younger writers relate their experiences with the help of scripts on gender equality and the psychological importance of 'good' parenting. These narrative shifts point to important changes in cultural scripts on women's positions in families, on the labour market, and in society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes long-term spatial developments in Finland by focusing on two predictions of the new economic geography (NEG) models: the increasing persistence of Iocational patterns and the rising dominance of growth centers. The empirical analysis is based on regional population data from 1880 to 2004. The results support the hypotheses. Evolutions in rank and rank-size distributions during the processes of industrialization and urbanization suggest increasing persistence of regional structures. The analysis of causal processes between population centers and their hinterlands shows that these regions grew hand-in-hand in the pre-war period, whereas agglomeration shadows started to come about during the post-war period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current imperative in journal articles of presenting new data and new ¿theory¿ has largely been at the expense of new interpretations and ¿big picture¿ analyses. This article proceeds from the failure of the comparative politics literature, from Sartori to Evans and Green-Pedersen, to grasp the essential dynamics of the Cold War Finnish party system and the curious absence of Finnish studies of the significant legislative party system change occurring thereafter. Following a critique of Green-Pedersen's notion of ¿party system implosion¿ as applied to Finland, the article depicts a shift from the contingent party system of the Cold War era, when exogenous veto players formed institutional barriers to office-seeking parties, to the present convergent party system where most, if not all parties compete for, and converge on, the centre ground and cooperate interchangeably in governing coalitions without significant deviations in the main lines of public policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a social historical analysis of a specific vacation propaganda campaign run in Finland in the late 1940s. The analyses of four propagandist short film narratives are opened up with a specific three-step socio-semiotic close reading. This article identifies which ways of spending one's holidays were regarded as 'proper' and worthy and how the imagined audience was defined, as well as towards whom vacation propaganda was aimed and in what ways. The 'proper' holiday ideology for Finnish people - to receive annual leave for rest and recreation - was pursued in the short films by various methods of verbal and visual argumentation. The interpretations are presented together with a case-connected social historical contextualisation. In post-war Finland the economic and political situation was very unstable. For this reason, the vacation propaganda can be defined as integration propaganda, where the people's work and patience were to be rewarded in the future with the promise of upward social mobility and a better standard of living. The more you have to work staying still/the more vividly you have to exercise during leisure time. Our summer is short, so, use the fleeting moments for your health. (Summer Pleasures, takes 15-17) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with pre-Pentecostal history in Finland and focuses on charismatic phenomena among several revival movements within the Lutheran state church in Finland during the 18th and 19th centuries. Each movement also experienced remarkable charismatic phenomena, especially at the beginning of each awakening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces the ideological themes and the Leninist outcome of the year 1968 in Finland. Rebellion against authorities enjoyed relative success towards the end of the 1960s, gaining even some presidential support. An unpredicted and sudden consequence of the success of the antiauthoritarian rebellion was, however, a sectarian Marxist-Leninist movement. This highly authoritarian heir of the 1960s adopted official Soviet ideology to a detail. The latter part of the article discusses the reasons behind the drastic turn that often involved a deep and sudden change in the ideological orientation of individual persons. The statistics show that socio-economic background alone cannot explain the ideological choices of the actors. The conclusion of the article is that Leninism provided a mental haven for those whose identities were most threatened in the process of rapid liberalization of the society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]