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Purpose: Survival rates of breast cancer (BC) patients are particularly low in rural regions in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) which is due to limited access to therapy. In recent years, gene expression profiling (GEP) of BC showed a strong prognostic value in patients with local tumour surgery and (neo)adjuvant treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of intrinsic subtypes on survival of patients in rural Ethiopia without any (neo)adjuvant therapy. Methods: In total, 113 female patients from Aira Hospital with histologically proven BC and treated only with surgery were included in this study. All samples were analysed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) for estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, HER2 and Ki67, as well as RNA-expression analysis for PAM50 subtyping. Results: A positive hormone receptor status was found in 69.0% of the tumours and intrinsic subtyping demonstrated Luminal B to be the most common subtype (34.5%). Follow-up data was available for 79 of 113 patients. Two-year overall survival (OS) was 57.3% and a considerably worse OS was observed in patients with Basal-like BC compared to Luminal A BC. Moreover, advanced tumours showed an increased risk of mortality. Conclusion: The OS was very low in the patient cohort that received no (neo)adjuvant treatment. Immunohistochemistry and GEP confirmed endocrine-sensitive tumours in more than half of the patients, with a large proportion of Luminal B, HER2-enriched and Basal-like tumours so that adjuvant chemotherapy should be recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Peste des petits ruminant (PPR) is a contagious disease caused by the peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV). The disease poses a significant economic threat to small ruminant production in Ethiopia, particularly to the striving pastoral production system. A cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the seroprevalence and associated risk factors of PPR in the small ruminants of the Borena Zone. A total of 384 serum samples were collected randomly from sheep and goats and examined for the presence of PPRV antibodies using competition enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (c-ELISA). Additionally, a retrospective analysis of five years of outbreak data was performed to provide insight into the spatial and temporal distribution of the disease. Results: The seroprevalence of PPRV antibodies in nonvaccinated, vaccinated, and unknown vaccination status of small ruminants in this study was found to be 32.1%, 68.8%, and 45.5%, respectively. Multivariable logistic analysis revealed a statistically significant association between PPRV seropositivity and several factors, including age, animal origin, flock size, and veterinary services status. A retrospective analysis revealed 53 PPR outbreaks in the Borena Zone from 2018 to 2022, exacerbated by low vaccination coverage relative to the at-risk animal population. Conclusion: The study revealed significant gaps in current vaccination efforts, with herd immunity levels falling below the FAO-WOAH recommended threshold of 80%. Despite Ethiopia's ambitious goal to eradicate PPR by 2027, the frequent outbreaks and insufficient herd immunity highlight the inadequacy of the existing strategies. To effectively move toward eradication, Ethiopia must align its approach with the global PPR eradication framework, which emphasizes a comprehensive strategy that includes diagnostics, surveillance, prevention, and the establishment of a robust veterinary regulatory system, rather than relying solely on vaccination. Overcoming logistical challenges, improving vaccination coverage, and optimizing the timing of vaccination campaigns, especially in hard-to-reach areas, will be crucial for reducing outbreaks and making progress toward eradication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hydatid disease is a zoonotic infection caused by the species Echinococcus that typically affects the liver. Most liver hydatid cysts are asymptomatic at first, but as the cyst grows larger, symptoms, such as compression effects, start to appear. Ultrasonography and computed tomography scans are the widely used diagnostic tools, and surgery is considered the mainstay of treatment. Case presentation: We present an unusual case of a giant pedunculated hydatid cyst causing inferior vena cava syndrome in a 20-year-old male patient from the Oromo ethnic group from a rural area of the country. Abdominal ultrasound and computed tomography scan confirmed the diagnosis. Our patient underwent radical surgical resection of the cyst and had a good outcome. Conclusion: Hydatid liver cyst diagnosis needs a high index of suspicion for echinococcal etiology when dealing with a giant liver cyst as it results in grave complications without any manifestations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Culicoides, among the tiniest and most abundant hematophagous insects globally, serve as vectors for a variety of pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, protozoa, and nematodes. This study aimed to identify Culicoides species and assess their spatial distribution and seasonal occurrence in selected districts of the Central, South, and West Gondar zones, Northwest Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted between January to July 2023. A total of 44 UV light- onderstepoort traps were deployed in the study districts near specific areas. The traps were operational from dusk (6:00 PM) until dawn (6:00 AM) and were suspended at a height of 1.5 to 2 m above the ground. Poisson regression was used to assess associations, the Shannon diversity index to measure diversity, and QGIS 3.22.6 to create maps. In this study, 8,857 Culicoides were captured across the 44 trapping sites. Of the total flies captured flies, 8,838 were identified as belonging to 12 distinct species, while the classification of the remaining 19 flies remained unclear. Notably, C. kingi (54.01%) was the most prevalent species, followed by C. imicola (44.55%). The abundance of Culicoides observed from January to late April (3505) was significantly lower compared to the wet season (5355), with a marked increase in the capture of C. kingi (2499) from May to late July. A statistically significant association (p < 0.05) was observed between the occurrence of Culicoides and factors such as district, sampling point, and season. Spatial analysis revealed that C. kingi had a broader range of suitability than other Culicoides species, with high suitability observed in East Dembia. The diversity index analysis indicated that Culicoides species diversity was higher in samples from animal pens (H = 0.73) and during the wet season (H = 0.75). Additionally, this study documented the presence of eight Culicoides species namely C. corsicus, C. kibunensis, C. reioxi, C. kiouxi, C. saharienines, C. desertorum, C. reithi, and C. festivipennis, which have not been previously documented in Ethiopia. In conclusion, the study highlighted that the occurrence of Culicoides species was higher in East Dembia, with moderate presence in Wegera and West Armacho. Further research is needed to assess the impact of various Culicoides species on animal and human health, as well as their economic implications, and to develop corresponding control strategies based on these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The poor quality of available feed resources is the major limiting factor for livestock production in Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to determine and compare the chemical composition of major feed resources in three agro-ecological zones (AEZs) of the Gera District, southwest Ethiopia. Three representative samples of natural pasture (Cynodon dactylon, Pavonia schimperiana Hochst and Rhynchosia ferruginea), three indigenous fodder trees and shrubs (IFTSs) (Erythrina abyssinica, Vernonia amygdalina and Maytenus undat), two cultivated forages (Pennisetum purpureum and Pennisetum pedicellatum) and five crop residues (Hordeum vulgare (barley), Zea mays (maize), Sorghum bicolor (sorghum), Triticum aestivum (wheat) and Eragrostis tef (Teff)) were randomly and separately collected from the Highland (HL), midland (ML) and lowland (LL) AEZs. The samples were analyzed for ash, dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), ether extract (EE), and acid detergent lignin (ADL) content using standard analytical methods. The results showed that AEZ significant (P < 0.05) affected the chemical composition parameters of most of the feed samples. Regardless of the feed sample and AEZs, the mean DM, CP, ash, EE, NDF, ADF, ADL and CF content varied from 89.17% in Pennisetum purpureum to 92.22 ± 0.51 in Erythrina abyssinica, 2.90 ± 0.22% in Triticum aestivum to 10.70 ± 0.52 in Vernonia amygdalina, 7.24 ± 0.19% in Sorghum bicolor to 13.25 ± 0.51% in Pavonia Schimperiana Hochst, 1.33 ± 0.04% in Triticum aestivum to 2.39 ± 0.15% in Maytenus undata, 57.65 ± 1.19% in Erythrina Abyssinica to 79.16 ± 1.04% in Triticum aestivum, 34.57% in Pennisetum purpureum to 59.41 ± 0.98% in Sorghum bicolor, 8.15 ± 0.62% in Rhynchosia ferruginea to 12.65 ± 0.57% in Triticum aestivum and 37.51% in Pennisetum pedicelatum to 69.93 ± 0.65% DM in Triticum aestivum, respectively. It was observed that IFTSs had the highest CP and the lowest NDF, implying their potential for protein supplement, whereas crop residues had the lowest CP and the highest NDF, indicating the need for their treatment using urea or supplementing animals with protein source feeds, especially during the dry season. In conclusion, AEZ has an influence on the chemical composition traits of feed resources attributed to its effects on the microclimate conditions that affect plant growth and maturation in the study sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes self-care activities are essential for achieving optimal glycemic control. However, little investigation has been conducted in Ethiopia to evaluate the relationship between the rate glycemic controland self-care activities among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Therefore, this study was conducted to assess self -care activities and their association with glycemic control among patients with T2DM in Northwest Ethiopia general hospitals. This multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted in Northwest Ethiopia general hospitals diabetic clinics. Diabetes self-care activities were measured using the Amharic version of the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA-Amharic). Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were used to assess the rate of glycemic control. A linear regression model was used to identify predictors of self-care activities and glycemic control. P-value of < 0.05 at 95% confidence interval (CI) was considerd as statistically significant. Of 413 participants included in the final analysis, two-thirds (66.3%) had poor glycemic control, with a mean HbA1c of 7.94% (SD = 1.75). Blood glucose testing was the most important self-care activity domain for predicting better glycemic control [β=-0.36, 95% CI (-0.48, -0.24); P = 0.0001] followed by diet [β=-0.29, 95% CI (-0.39, -0.083); P = 0.0001], foot-care [β=-0.28, 95% CI (-0.3, -0.061); P = 0.003], and physical activity [β=-0.27, 95% CI (-0.29, -0.056); P = 0.004], respectively. Moreover, unable to read and write [β = 0.72, 95% CI (0.57, 3.8); P = 0.037], overweight [β = 0.32, 95% CI (0.011, 0.62); P = 0.042], obesity [β = 0.67, 95% CI (0.39, 0.94); P = 0.0001], and low level of medication adherence [β = 0.7, 95% CI (0.39, 1.1); P = 0.0001] were significant predictors of poor glycemic control. Previous diabetes education [β=-0.88, 95% CI (-1.2, -0.57); P=0.0001] was a significant predictor of good glycemic control. The prevalence of poor glycemic control and poor self-care activities were high among patients with T2DM. Self-care activities were independent predictors of glycemic control among patients with T2DM. Therefore, management interventions for patients with T2DM should focus on improving self-care activities and other predictor variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Obstetric fistula is a birth injury that causes the vagina to open abnormally. As a result, women may experience urinary leakage, which can lead to isolation, depression, and a lower quality of life. Due to the scarcity of evidence regarding the average recovery time for obstetric fistula in Ethiopia, Therefore, this study aimed to assess the recovery time for women with obstetric fistula in Ethiopia. Methods: Between September and 8 November 2023, published studies were searched using online databases including PubMed, Hinari, Epistemonikos, and Google Scholar. The systematic review was conducted following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) criteria. Study quality was assessed using Egger's test and a visual inspection of funnel plot symmetry. Statistical analysis was performed using STATA version 17 software. A random-effects model was employed for analysis, and the Cochrane Q-test and I² statistics were used to assess heterogeneity among studies. Result: A total of six studies were included in this analysis. The minimum and maximum median survival times were 2.67 and 5.19 weeks, respectively. The pooled median recovery time was 4.05 weeks (95% CI: 2.92, 5.18) based on the random effects model. Heterogeneity among the included studies assessed by the I² statistic was 97.72% (p = 0.000). The p-value for Egger's regression test (0.017) was significant, indicating evidence of publication bias. Conclusion: The findings reveal a pooled median recovery time of 4.05 weeks, with considerable heterogeneity. Although these figures provide valuable insights, the presence of publication bias was evidenced by the asymmetric funnel plot and significant Egger's test. Efforts to address publication bias are essential to improve future meta- the reliability of the surveys has increased. Registration: : The protocol for this systematic review was pre-registered on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (Registration Number: CRD42023270497). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Globally, 64–74 million individuals around the world are estimated to sustain traumatic brain injury every year. Moderate and severe traumatic brain injury can lead to a lifetime physical, cognitive, emotional, and behavioral changes. There were limited studies conducted in Ethiopia regarding to traumatic brain injury mortality. Methods: An institutional based retrospective cohort study was conducted on 429 randomly selected traumatic brain injury patients aged 18 to 64 years who were admitted to East Amhara Comprehensive Specialized Hospitals from January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2021. Kobo toolbox was applied for data collection and exported to Stata version 17 for data processing and analysis. To estimate death free time, a Kaplan Meier failure curve was used. The Cox proportional hazards regression model was used at the 5% level of significance to determine effect of predictor variables on time to death. Result: A total of 429 traumatic brain injury patients aged 18 to 64 years were included with response rate of 91.3% and 145(33.8%) were dead. Open injuries (AHR = 0.25; 95% CI: 0.18–0.36), co-existing injuries (AHR = 0.40; 95% CI: 0.24–0.66), ICU admission (AHR = 0.42; 95% CI: 0.29–0.60), arrival within 4–24 h (AHR = 3.48; 95% CI: 2.01–6.03), arrival after 24 h (AHR = 6.69; 95% CI: 3.49–12.28), subdural hematoma (AHR = 2.72; 95% CI: 1.77–4.19), serum albumin < 3.5 g/dL (AHR = 0.66; 95% CI: 0.49–0.94), moderate (AHR = 0.56; 95% CI: 0.21–0.89), and mild traumatic brain injury (AHR = 0.43; 95% CI: 0.29–0.56) were predictors of traumatic brain injury mortality. Conclusion: The finding of this study showed that the mortality was 1/3rd of the total patients. Open injuries, co-existing injuries, ICU admission, arrival time (4–24 h and > 24 h), subdural hematoma, serum albumin < 3.5 g/dL and severity of traumatic brain injury (mild and moderate) were predictors of traumatic brain mortality. Therefore, working on these factors to reduce the morality of traumatic brain injury patients is very important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: HIV has an effect on lowering CD4 cell count, which lowers the ability to resist contamination. For patients on ART in areas with limited resources, the CD4 cell count assessment is crucial for determining treatment responses and therapeutic decisions. The volatility of CD4 counts following the introduction of ART over time is still largely uncharacterized, and there are few fresh datasets on CD4 cell count progressions. The goal of this study was to identify the key factors that change over time in CD4 cells for HIV/AIDS patients receiving ART follow-up in northern Ethiopia. Methods: A total of 216 HIV/AIDS patients who initiated ART in the Mekelle General Hospital between 2013 and 2016 were involved using systematic random selection techniques. An examination of exploratory data was used to describe the individual profiles of HIV patients. A multivariable random intercept and slope linear mixed regression analysis regarded predictor variables to be statistically significant if their p-value was less than 0.05. Results: The random intercept and slope linear mixed model result indicated that there were statistically significant predictors of baseline CD4 cell count (β = 0.0125, P-value = 0.001*) and bedridden functional status (β = -2.459, p = 0.02*) on the change of CD4 cell count over time in HIV/AIDS patients at the 5% significance level. Conclusions: Changes in CD4 counts were influenced by the baseline CD4 cell count and the functional status of being bedridden. Because their CD4 cell counts were lower at baseline and they had a functional status of bedridden, the majority of HIV/AIDS patients on ART had substantial predictors on the change of CD4 cell count over time. So, public health service providers should give exceptional guidance and attention is also necessary for those patients who have lower baseline CD4 cell count and bedridden functional status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Community based health insurance (CBHI) is characterized by voluntary involvement, pooling of health risks and of funds occur within a community. It is becoming increasingly popular way to increase the use of healthcare services in low- and middle-income nations. Understanding the effect of CBHI on the level of health services utilization is a paramount for evidence based decision making. Hence, this study aimed to estimate the pooled effect of CBHI on health services utilization in Ethiopia. Methods: Studies were searched from PubMed, Google scholar, Web of Science, Research4life, Science Direct, African Journal Online and national websites for grey literatures. We were adhered to the PRISMA guidelines. Cross sectional and quasi experimental studies were included. Studies were screened, and critically appraised for quality using Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal tools. The data were extracted using Microsoft excel and exported to STATA 17 and RevMan 5.4.1 for further analysis. Heterogeneity between studies was assessed using Cochran's Q statistic and quantified with I2. A random-effects model was used to estimate the pooled effect size. Subgroup analysis was done to show variations of the effect sizes across study years. Result: A total of 1501 studies were identified, out of which only 14 of them were included in the final meta-analysis. Health services utilization among CBHI members and non-members was 69.1% [95%CI (57.1–81.1%)] versus 50.9% [95%CI (40.6–61.3%)] respectively (difference in the effect was 18.2%). The CBHI members were nearly three folds more likely to utilize health services as compared with their counterparts [OR = 2.54, 95%CI: (1.81, 3.57). On average, CBHI users had 1.14 increased health facility visits as compared to non-insured, mean difference (MD) = 1.14 visits with 95% CI (0.65–1.63). Conclusion: The CBHI has a significantly increased health service utilization in Ethiopia. Hence, it will have a great contribution to meet the health for all agenda in resource limited countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Neonatal health is one of the targets for the sustainable development goals (SDGs) that aim to reduce neonatal mortality to at least as low as 12 per 1 000 live births in 2030. However, the world is not on track to achieve this target. The problem has worsened in many low-income countries, including Ethiopia, due to a fragile health system, as well as health crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic, conflict, food insecurity and climate change. According to the Mini Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey, neonatal mortality is unacceptably high in Ethiopia in general, and in Amhara region in particular. Despite these facts, there is a paucity of information on the quality of neonatal health service provision in comprehensive specialized hospitals in Amhara region. Therefore, this study is aimed at assessing the quality of neonatal health services in terms of outcome (neonatal mortality) and its causes in comprehensive specialized hospitals in Amhara region. Methods: A multi-center retrospective study was conducted (from September 1–30/2022) on 315 neonates in four comprehensive hospitals with chart review. Data were collected through death audit with standardized neonatal death audit tool. Data were entered into Epi-data 3.1 and exported to SPSS 20 for analysis. Descriptive analysis was used to describe and summarize the data in an informative manner. Results: From 315 neonatal deaths, about two-thirds, 205 (65.1%), were from rural areas. Nearly half, 151 (48%), of the mothers had complications and delivered outside a health facility. About 36 (11.4%), 45 (14.3%), and 21 (6.7%) neonates' mothers had 1st, 2nd, and 3rd delays, respectively. About 59 (19%) of mothers had membrane rupture before the onset of labor and 23 (7.3%) had meconium-stained liquor. Almost three-fourths, 226 (71.7%), of the deaths were low birth weight (< 2500 gram). About 25 (8%) of neonates had congenital anomalies, 65% of them had fast breathing and 54.6% were preterm. Conclusion: Higher proportions of neonatal deaths were observed among neonates with rural residence, low birth weight, mothers' complications and neonates admitted for fast breathing. Histories of abortion, complications, congenital anomalies, and the 3 delays contributed to neonatal deaths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the constitutional promises and practices of self-rule in Ethiopia federal system focusing on the Konso ethnic group's quest for self-rule. Given that the federal project in Ethiopia is a new model (synthesis) that has replaced the failed 'Nation-State' building effort since 1991, self-rule has become the ideological heart of the incumbent party and a pillar of the constitution. To this end, the article used a qualitative research approach that relied on both primary and secondary sources of data. Interviews, field observation, focus group discussions, and document analysis were utilised to obtain data. The findings show that, despite the fact that both the FDRE and SNNPRS constitutions promised "unconditional right to every national, nationality, and people to have the right to self-determination up to secession," the Konso quest for self-rule was rejected, their previous semi-autonomous status was dissolved, and they were relegated to ordinary Woreda. The merger transformed Special Woredas into ordinary Woredas while also shifting nationality self-rule to multi-ethnic self-rule, resulting in a paradigm shift in terms of self-rule practice. The Woredas lack essential identity-related self-government autonomy, such as the capacity to choose the working language and the right to appoint and remove officials as needed. A major source of concern is the decline in capital budgets and the delayed development of infrastructure. As a result, the SNNP regional government has breached both its original ideological vows and the framework of the constitution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inspired by African and other feminist scholarship on gender, sexuality and agency, this article studies narrations of norms and practices in sexual relationships between university students. A main aim of the article is to move beyond the problem focus in earlier scholarship on women, sexuality and reproduction, and to identify potential spaces of freedom and expansion of female agency. The article is based on qualitative research conducted with students at Addis Ababa University. The findings a vivid space for male-female relationships. Study participants report being sexually engaged as "the new normal" and claim that many female students are active both in seeking relationships and in discontinuing them. These ideas and practices indicate increasing female agency and emerge in stark contrast to dominant social norms for sexual conduct, which demand chastity before marriage, particularly for women. Students are conscious of this discrepancy and bring it up in their narratives. Findings also show that some students prefer to stay abstinent and make an effort to avoid sexual relations. We argue that expressions of female agency are evident not only in norm-transgressive sexual conduct, but also in norm-conforming strategies of sexual abstinence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term 'diaspora' continues to have purchase, as public and scholarly communities grapple with a world increasingly characterized by transnational flows of people, ideas, and capital. The concept has played a critical role in making these messy constellations of social, political, and economic ties both visible and legible. However, transnational adoptees are often positioned just outside this analytical purview, and their migrations, identity processes, and political projects are rarely examined through a 'diasporic' conceptual lens. Based on 20 in-depth interviews with adult Ethiopian adoptees residing in the US, this paper discusses the points of dis/connection between Ethiopian adoptees and the larger Ethiopian diaspora. We focus on how Ethiopian adoptees navigate their inclusion/exclusion as peripheral actors across social groups, as well as the active work they engage in to negotiate their diasporic identities, belongings and personal politic. This analysis draws our attention to new actors at the edges of diasporic communities, which complicates and enriches mainstream conceptions of diaspora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Antiretroviral treatment failure is a global issue, particularly in developing countries such as Sub-Saharan Africa. Prior research findings were highly variable and inconsistent across areas. As a result, the goal of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the pooled prevalence of treatment failure among children receiving antiretroviral medication in Sub-Saharan Africa. Methods: To find qualifying papers, we searched databases (such as PubMed, Google Scholar, African Journals Online, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library). The data were retrieved using Microsoft Excel and exported to STATA Version 14 for analysis. To check for publication bias, we employed Egger and Begg's regression tests. A random-effects model was used to assess the pooled prevalence of treatment failure due to high levels of variability. Results: Following the removal of duplicated articles and quality screening, a total of 33 primary articles were determined to be appropriate for inclusion in the final analysis for this study. Overall, the pooled prevalence of treatment failure among HIV-infected children was 25.86% (95% CI: 21.46, 30.26). There is great variety across the included studies, with the majority of them being conducted in Ethiopia. Cameroon had the greatest pooled prevalence of treatment failure among HIV-infected children, at 39.41% (95% CI: 21.54, 57.28), while Ethiopia had the lowest, at 13.77% (95% CI: 10.08, 17.47). Conclusions: The pooled estimate prevalence of treatment failure among HIV-infected children in Sub-Saharan Africa was high. The implementation of national and international policies and strategies on ART clinic care services should be given special focus in order to reduce treatment failure in children living with HIV/AIDS. Trial registration: The protocol has been registered in the PROSPERO database under the registration number CRD-429011. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article process-traces Ethiopia's adoption and implementation of the industrial park development strategy from the mid 2000s to the late 2010s. How does policy transfer unfold, and what characterizes China's influence on Ethiopia's Special Economic Zone (SEZ) strategy? Drawing on extensive interviews conducted during multiple field trips to Ethiopia and China between 2017 and 2023, complemented by secondary sources, we argue that policy transfer involves navigating both structural opportunities—providing incentives and resources for individuals—and individual agency to surmount structural constraints. Contributing to the growing body of literature on South-South policy transfer, our study underscores the pivotal role of individual agency in overcoming prevalent structural constraints within South-South contexts, characterized by fluid power relations and less defined policy transfer networks. Additionally, we emphasize the importance of scrutinizing the agency of host-country actors in their engagements with a rising China, rather than assuming China's impacts in a deterministic manner. Our detailed documentation offers a nuanced perspective on China's influence in Ethiopia's industrialization. We show that primary agency in the policy transfer process should be attributed to Ethiopian actors, whereas the roles of Chinese actors range from initiation, facilitation, and occasionally, reluctant responses in this intricate process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: A pronounced burden is evident in individuals with asthma, with approximately half of them not adhering to their prescribed medication. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the pooled prevalence of anti-asthma medications non-adherence in Ethiopia. Data sources: A comprehensive search was conducted across multiple electronic databases including PubMed, Africa Index Medicus, Science Direct, Hinari, and a search engine, Google Scholar from October 5 to 20, 2023. In addition, digital research repositories from Addis Ababa and Bahir Dar University were accessed. Data selection: The eligibility criteria was employed to screen studies after uploading search results to EndNote software to remove duplicates first. Then, two investigators, CT and BBT, independently assessed titles, abstracts, and the full text of all retrieved references to identify potentially eligible studies. Result: This meta-analysis, which was conducted in Ethiopia, and included 11 full-text articles, revealed a pooled asthma medication non-adherence level of 51.20% (95% CI 35.20%, 67.20%) with substantial heterogeneity (I2 = 99.08%). The review has also identified factors predicting non-adherence among asthmatic patients: free (health service) (AOR: 0.31, 95% CI 0.18–0.54), poor knowledge (AOR: 2.85, 95% CI 1.61–5.05), absence of formal education (AOR: 3.01, 95% CI 1.72–5.25), history of previous ADR (AOR: 8.57, 95% CI 1.12–65.3), and the presence of Co- morbidity(AOR: 3.28, 95% CI 2.014–5.68), had shown association with asthma medication non-adherence. Conclusion: Asthma medication non-adherence is notably high in Ethiopia. Addressing medication non-adherence requires a comprehensive approach, including clear communication between healthcare providers, patient education, and addressing financial barriers to ensure better adherence in asthma patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The eder, Ethiopian funeral association, has commonly been seen as a voluntary, mutual-aid association well suited for various development activities. I argue that the eder is of a different order, based on its power to ostracize. The local community is criss-crossed by individually managed relations of reciprocity, while the eder brought new elements of collective action. In this article, I explore neighbourly relations in peasant communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicinal plants and associated indigenous knowledge was surveyed in Gishe Rabel District, Ethiopia, from 60 informants using semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, and guided field walks. Preference rankings, paired comparisons, direct matrix rankings, and informant consensus factors (ICFs) were calculated. Ninety-five medicinal plants from 82 genera and 47 families were identified, five of which were unique to Ethiopia. Sixty-nine species were being used in treating human diseases. The leaves were the most commonly used plant part, followed by the roots. Fibril disease had the highest ICF value (0.84) and Echinops kebericho was the most preferred plant for treating this condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little is known about its prevalence of Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) and its work-based etiology among employed adults in developing countries. To address this knowledge gap, we surveyed a total of 423 Ethiopian textile workers (of whom 313 were non-abstaining) assessing AUD. Using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test or "AUDIT" and categorizing an AUD as any AUDIT score of 16 or greater, the prevalence of AUD was estimated at 4.3% among overall participants and 5.8% among non-abstainers. Logistic regression analysis identified younger age, work-related disability, and stress as significantly associated with AUD. Given the link between these potential work-related risk factors and AUD, the findings suggest that alcohol use prevention programs such as peer-led counseling and/or Employment Assistance Programs, along with brief interventions, may be useful in addressing potential AUD risk factors, reducing AUD prevalence and associated sequaelae, and treating workers with AUD in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydropolitical relations have long attracted the world of academia, and hydrohegemony and counter-hydrohegemony frameworks have recently become important in analysing power relations between riparian states. However, little attention has been given to the hydrohegemonic situation of the Nile River. This study tries to analyse this status, specifically in the Eastern Nile Basin. The data, elicited through unstructured interviews from purposively selected informants, has been analysed thematically. The findings reveal that Egypt aspires to be a hegemon in the basin but is not. Despite its use of different coercive and subtle mechanisms to induce ideational or hegemonic compliance, these have not been successful: Ethiopia has not consented to or accepted Egypt's claim over the Nile. Concomitantly, since the 1990s, Ethiopia's position has transcended from veiled to overt contest, which anticipates a new order, challenging the monopolistic position of Egypt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indigenous knowledge is the local knowledge that is unique to a given culture or society. It is the basis for local decision-making in agriculture, medicine, food education, environmental management, craft skills, linguistics and conflict management. The study explored mengehacha , an indigenous system of conflict resolution among the Gumuz people in northwest Ethiopia, which aims to restore peace and harmony within the community when conflicts result from natural resource competition, exchange marriage, clan-based conflict and theft. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, non-participatory observation and document analysis, and analysed qualitatively. The indigenous mechanisms of conflict resolution were found to be relatively participatory and supplementary to the state justice system. It is recommended that indigenous systems of conflict management be supported and given equal treatment with the modern court system and that exchange marriage be curbed, since it is becoming a trigger for conflict eruption among the Gumuz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Pollen analysis is vital to determine the geographical and botanical origins of honey. • The pollen percentage is used to distinguish honey as monofloral or multifloral. • The dominant pollen source is identified. • Twenty five percent of the samples exhibited a high diversity index. Melissopalynology plays a pivotal role in identifying and managing the geographical and botanical origins of honey. In this study, forty-five honey samples were collected from three potential districts in the North Wollo zone, Ethiopia. The pollen grains of these samples were analyzed using the procedures outlined by the International Commission for Bee Botany (ICBB) to determine the botanical sources of the honey. Among the samples, twenty-five were classified as monofloral, while the remaining twenty were identified as multifloral honey. Nineteen plant species from twelve different plant families were identified as the honey bee floras in the North Wollo zone. The dominant families, representing over 45% of the pollen grains in the samples, were Asteraceae (9 samples), Myrtaceae (5 samples), Papilionaceae (4 samples), Fabaceae (2 samples), Hypericaceae (2 samples), Acanthaceae (1 sample), Brassicaceae (1 sample), and Ericaceae (1 sample). Bidens spp., Trifolium rueppellianum, and Eucalyptus globulus emerged as the top three honey bee floras in terms of relative percentage and frequency. Furthermore, eleven samples exhibited a high diversity index range (H) of 1.56% in Lasta and 1.01% in the Meket districts, while the remaining thirty-four samples showed a lower diversity index ranging from 0.31 to 0.99. Our findings underscore the importance of conserving bee floras to enhance honey production and ensure sustainability in beekeeping practices in the North Wollo Zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cervical cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in women in Ethiopia. However, data are limited on the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes. Self-sampled vaginal lavages were obtained consecutively from 783 women attending 7 health facilities across Ethiopia. Genotype prevalence was assessed by Multiplex- Papillomavirus-Genotyping which detects and individually identifies 51 genotypes and 3 subtypes. Genotype-specific prevalence was described and associations with known risk factors were analysed. The overall HPV prevalence (age range 18-45) was 33.1% (95% confidence interval (CI) 29.8-36.4). The prevalence of HPV was different in the rural and urban population with 17.6% (95%CI 11.6-23.7) and 36.8% (95%CI 33.1-40.6) (p < 0.001 chi-square test), respectively. The most common high-risk types were HPV 16 (6.6%), followed by HPV 52 (4.3%), 51 and 39 (both 2.9%). Urban women compared to rural women had a higher risk of being HPV positive (odds ratio 2.36 (95% CI 1.47-3.79; p < 0.001). Age at sexual debut ≤15 years and polygamous husband (in urban women) also increased the risk of being HPV positive nearly two-fold. The high prevalence of hr-HPV in Ethiopian women in the reproductive age group shows the need for screening programs. The nonavalent HPV vaccine covers the most prevalent hr-HPV genotypes as found in this study and can therefore be used effectively. Since antenatal care is the bestutilised health service, implementing self-sampled vaginal lavage could be an opportunity for screening in this age group. Screening algorithms and triage still need to be defined to avoid over-treatment in these women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Menstruation is a natural cyclic occurrence experienced by reproductive age females in a good health which deemed a proper management, otherwise, it ends with various health complications and impaired quality of life. The aim of this study was to investigate the menstrual hygiene management practice and its determinant factors among reproductive age females living in the IDPs camps of Shire town, Northern Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 633 reproductive age females in Shire town from May to June 2022. Data were entered, cleaned, and analyzed using SPSS version 23. Descriptive analysis and binary and multivariable logistic regression were conducted to obtain the descriptive findings and to investigate the strength of the association respectively. P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The prevalence of good menstrual hygiene management practice among the reproductive age females was 41.9% (95% CI, 38-45.8%). Menstrual hygiene management practice was significantly (p < 0.05) associated with access to sanitary materials, educational level, availability of continuous water supply and sex-separated latrines. The results of this study demonstrated that more than a half of the reproductive age females did not have good menstrual hygiene management practices. Consequently, it is recommended to work collaboratively to enhance the menstrual hygiene practice, especially in IDPs camps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Malaria is a major disease burden in Ethiopia. Migration can influence malaria transmission dynamics, with individuals relocating from malaria-free highland regions to malarious lowlands potentially facing elevated risks of contracting malaria. Migrants may find it difficult to protect themselves against malaria and have limited access to diagnosis or treatment. Settlers in gold mining sites are one type of migrant and are often neglected in malaria research yet may have particularly high malaria risk. This study was a malaria prevalence survey among settlers in a new gold mining settlement in the highly malarious Gambella Region, Ethiopia. Methods: n = 590 people were surveyed for demographic information and their knowledge and practices of malaria. Participants were tested for malaria using rapid diagnostic tests and microscopy. Using logistic regressions, the influence of demographic characteristics on malaria infections and bed net access were analysed. A sub-sample of participants was interviewed to comprehend settlement living conditions and healthcare accessibility. Results: The overall prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum was 37.5% (CI 32.4–42.3%). Young children were most likely to have malaria, with individuals aged 15–24 having 67% lower odds (aOR: 0.33; CI 0.13–0.86) of infection compared to those aged 1–4 years old. Meanwhile, those age 25-plus had 75% decreased odds of malaria infection (aOR 0.25; CI 0.10–0.65). Individuals with bed nets had ~ 50% decreased odds of testing positive for falciparum malaria than those reporting having no bed net (aOR: 0.47; CI 0.22–0.97). Individuals who relocated from low elevation with high malaria test positivity rate areas were more prone to testing positive for malaria, as were those residing in densely populated households with multiple malaria cases. Conversely, individuals from higher elevations with low malaria test positivity rates, and those living in households with 5–10 occupants and < 2 malaria infections, were more likely to possess bed nets. Conclusions: This gold mining settlement provides an example of an oft-neglected atypical community where malaria is a significant, but under-addressed, health problem. Within this community, future interventions focused on distributing bed nets, particularly to larger households and those with children, have great potential to alleviate the malaria burden. Efforts should also be made to provide affordable, and accessible, early diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Local operative treatments are generally preferred for most dental diseases, with antibiotics only recommended as an adjunct in specific cases. Misuse and overuse of antibiotics has been shown to significantly contribute to the development of resistant bacteria. However, the antibiotic prescribing practices of dentists in Ethiopia have not been thoroughly studied. This study aimed to assess the appropriateness of antibiotic prescribing for patients with dental diseases at dental clinics in Mekelle City, Northern Ethiopia. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in April and May 2020 among patients visiting dental clinics in Mekelle City. Data were collected through patient medical record reviews and dentist interviews. The appropriateness of antibiotic prescription was evaluated based on guidelines from the American Dental Association and the European Society of Endodontology. Data were analyzed using SPSS Statistics, version 29. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed, and the results were presented as odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals. A p value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Two hundred and thirty-one patients with dental diseases participated in the study. The mean age was 30.6 years with a standard deviation of 16.1. Most participants had dental pulp related disease. 89% of patients were prescribed antibiotics, with amoxicillin being the most common. Inappropriate antibiotic prescribing was identified in 175 (75.8%) of the study participants. The most common inappropriate prescribing was unnecessary antibiotic prescribing for dental conditions without systemic signs, assessed in 141 (80.1%) participants. Patients diagnosed with pulp related disease without systemic signs and those who had tooth extractions were significantly associated with inappropriate antibiotic prescription (p value < 0.001). Conclusions: The study findings show that antibiotics are over-prescribed for dental conditions in this resource constrained setting, especially in patients who have had tooth extractions. Dentists need training on appropriate antibiotic use and antimicrobial stewardship interventions should be implemented in dental setting to reduce unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions and prevent antibiotic resistance development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Malaria is a disease transmitted by vectors and caused by unicellular Plasmodium parasites. Malaria pathogenesis is associated with the ABO phenotype. However, there is little information on the frequency of malaria disease and its relationship with the ABO blood group in the study area. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of malaria infection and its association with the ABO blood group at Woldia Comprehensive Specialized Hospital. Method: An institutional‐based cross‐sectional study was conducted from December 3, 2022, to February 30, 2023. Convenient sampling was used for selecting the study participants. To identify malaria parasites, thick and thin blood films were made. Additionally, blood was drawn to identify the ABO blood group type. Before being analyzed with SPSS software Version 27, the data was coded and entered into EpiData Version 3.1. To ascertain the variable's association, a logistic regression was done. Results: Out of 192 patients that attended Woldia Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, 16 (8.3%) were found to be infected with Plasmodium parasites using microscopy. Among them, 9 (4.7%), 5 (2.6%), and 2 (1.0%) had Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, or mixed infections, respectively. As a result, 30.7%, 25.5%, 24.5%, and 19.3% of the participants had blood types A, B, AB, and O, respectively (AOR = 2.359, 95% CI: 1.03–12.289, p = 0.03). Conclusion and Recommendation: The total number of microscopically confirmed malaria parasites was 8.3%. P. falciparum was dominant over P. vivax. Individuals with blood group O were less likely to get severe malaria than those with other blood groups. Based on the findings of this study, we recommend that additional studies investigate the probable relationship between the ABO blood group phenotype and malaria infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The efficacy of vector control tools depends on the behavior of the vector species. Many studies have sought to determine the feeding behavior of Anopheles mosquitoes in different settings of Ethiopia. We have performed a systematic review aimed to generate pooled evidence on the overall and species-specific blood meal sources of Anopheles mosquitoes in Ethiopia. Methods: A search for relevant articles was performed in two electronic databases (PubMed and Science Direct) and three search engines (Google Scholar, Research Gate and Google) between 11 March and 2 April 2024. Following the initial identification of articles, we used EndNote X8 software and removed duplicate articles and screened the remaining articles by careful reading of their titles and abstracts. The full text of articles that passed this screening phase was retrieved, read and evaluated against predetermined selection criteria. The final decision for inclusion in the systematic review was made after a methodological quality check using the JBI critical appraisal checklist. All relevant data were extracted from tables, figures and texts of the included articles using a premade template in Excel, and the data were analyzed using Stata version 14 software. Results: Of the 2431 studies identified, 27 met the inclusion criteria; all were published between 1997 and 2024. At 215 data points (frequency of tests of each Anopheles species by location and method of mosquito collections), 18,771 Anopheles mosquitoes belonging to 23 species or species complexes were tested for blood meal sources. The commonest sources of blood meals for Anopheles mosquitoes were bovine (36.0%, n = 6758) and human (29.4%, n = 5520). Among the tested anophelines, Anopheles (An.) arabiensis accounted for 67.9% (n = 12,741), followed by An. pharoensis, An. demeilloni and An. stephensi at 10.0%, 5.6% and 4.4%, respectively. Overall, there was no difference in the mean proportion of An. arabiensis detected with domestic animal blood (33.4%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 32.4–34.4%) and those detected with human blood (31.8%, 95% CI 30.9–32.8%). However, a greater proportion of the outdoor collected An. arabiensis were found to feed on bovines (47.9%, 95% CI 35.3–60.6) compared to humans (12.9%, 95% CI 0.8–24.9, P < 0.01). The foraging ratio (FR), which accounts for host availability, was greater for bovines (FR = 0.7) than for humans (FR = 0.2) for An. arabiensis, indicating preferential feeding on bovine hosts. This host preference was supported by the host preference index (human:bovine = 0.4). Anopheles pharoensis was detected with a slightly higher human blood index (53.5%, n = 1005) compared to bovine blood index (45.2%, n = 849). In contrast, An. demeilloni, An. coustani and An. marshalli were detected with a higher bovine blood index. Recently invaded urban malaria vector, An. stephensi was found with a higher ovine blood index. Conclusions: Bovine and human hosts are common sources of a blood meal for Anopheles mosquitoes. In terms of host availability, An. arabiensis showed preferential feeding on bovines/cattle. Targeting domestic animals, bovines and ovines with endectocides could supplement current vector control interventions. Study registration: The protocol of this study was registered on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews, registration no. CRD42024515725. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Missed nursing care refers to any aspect of care performed by nursing staff that is omitted or significantly delayed. Even though the potential impact of missing nursing care on maternal and fetal outcomes is significant, there is currently limited evidence regarding the extent of this issue specifically within the maternity wards. Therefore, this study aimed to assess missed nursing care and associated factors in the maternity wards of public hospitals in the Sidama region, Ethiopia 2022. Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 361 nurses and midwives in maternity wards of Sidama region public hospitals from March 28 to April 26, 2022. Simple random sampling was used to select participants. The data was collected using the MISSCARE survey tool and analyzed with SPSS version 26. Simple linear and multiple linear regression analyses were used to identify the factors associated with missed nursing care. Results: The overall mean missed nursing care score was 67 out of 130 (95% CI: 65.92, 68.02) and the average score for each nursing intervention was 2.58 out of 5 (95% CI: 2.54, 2.62). The intention to leave the institution (β = 3.812, 95% CI: 2.285, 5.340) and increasing weekly work hours (β = 0.203, 95% CI: 0.134, 0.272) were factors positively associated with missed nursing care. However, increased work experience (β= -0.963, 95%CI: -1.475, -0.452) and job satisfaction (β= -4.976, 95%CI: -6.431, -3.522) were negatively associated with missed nursing care. Conclusion: This study found that the level of missed nursing care was significant. Factors positively associated with missed nursing care included an intention to leave the institution and an increase in weekly work hours. In contrast, an increase in work experience and higher job satisfaction were negatively associated with missed nursing care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Malaria is an intravascular parasitic-related blood disease that causes bleeding, coagulopathy, and thrombocytopenia. However, limited data shows the effect of Plasmodium species infection on basic coagulation parameters and platelet count. Thus, this study aimed to assess basic coagulation parameters and platelet count among malaria patients. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 240 study participants (120 cases and 120 controls) from June 1, 2021, to February 30, 2022. A convenient sampling technique was employed to select study participants. The blood sample was collected by a trained laboratory technologist for platelet counts, prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), international normalization ratio (INR), blood film, and serological testing. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS version 23. Data were analyzed by the Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal Wallis H, and Spearman's rank-order correlation tests. Descriptive findings were presented through median, tables, and chart. In all cases, a P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The percentage of mild, moderate, and high malaria parasitemia levels per microliter of blood was 21.7%, 20%, and 58.3%, respectively. The overall median malaria parasitemia was 10,304 per microliter of blood. Among malaria patients, 77.5%, 61.7%, and 51.7% had prolonged PT, INR, and APTT, respectively as compared to control. Moreover, 26.7% of Plasmodium-infected participants had mild thrombocytopenia as compared to the control group (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The value of PT, APTT, and INR were significantly elevated, whereas the level of platelet count was inversely reduced when the malaria parasitemia level increased as compared to controls (p < 0.001). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Noroviruses (NoVs) are the leading cause of diarrheal disease among all age groups worldwide, with an increased burden in developing countries. As there is no surveillance, epidemiological data is limited in Ethiopia. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the prevalence and associated factors of NoV infection among patients with diarrhea in the Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia. Methods: A prospective health facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted from May 2021 to November 2021. A total of 550 study participants of all age groups with symptoms of diarrhea were proportionately assigned to the four study areas, area with three health facilities. Study participants were systematically sampled in each health facility. A fecal sample from each case was collected. The RNA was extracted and tested for NoV by one-step RT-PCR. Sociodemographic and other variables were gathered using a pre-tested questionnaire. A descriptive analysis was performed. Both binary and multiple logistic regressions were utilized to identify factors associated with NoV infection. Variables with a p-value < 0.05 in the final model were considered statistically significant. Results: Five hundred nineteen out of 550 samples were analyzed (94.4% response rate). The overall prevalence of NoV was 8.9% (46/519). The positivity rates were higher among the elderly (33.3%) and under-5 children (12.5%). Both genogroup I and genogroup II (GII) were identified, with GII being the predominant, at 82.6% (38/46). Of all participants, only 20% reported a history of vomiting. Norovirus infection was more prevalent among participants from Debre Tabor (AOR = 4, 95%CI: 1.2–14) and Bahir Dar areas (AOR = 3.6, 95%CI: 1.04–11) compared to Debre Markos. Additionally, older adults (AOR = 7, 95% CI: 2–24) and under-5 children (AOR = 3.5, 95% CI: 2.8–12) were disproportionately affected compared to adults. The previous history of diarrhea (AOR = 3.6, 95% CI: 1.7–7) was a significant factor contributing to NoV infections. Moreover, the odds of NoV infection were higher among individuals with a high frequency of diarrhea (AOR = 15.3, 95%CI: 7.6–43) and vomiting (AOR = 3.5, 95%CI: 1.5-8). Conclusions: The prevalence of NoV was considerably high, with the predominance of NoV-GII. The positivity rate was higher among the extreme age groups and varied across the study areas. To obtain a comprehensive understanding of the virus's epidemiology and its genetic diversity, further research is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease that affects over 250 million people, predominantly in impoverished communities, including those in Ethiopia. However, there is currently no available national data regarding its prevalence in Ethiopia or its potential association with anemia. Methods: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA-2020) guideline was followed in our study. A comprehensive search strategy was conducted using international databases (PUB Med, Embase, Scopus, and Science Direct) and websites (Google Scholar and Google) from their date of inception to April 22, 2024. The quality of the retrieved studies was assessed using an adapted version of the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. Publication bias and statistical heterogeneity were statistically assessed. A random effects model was applied, and all analysis was performed with STATA 17 statistical software. Result: The prevalence of schistosomiasis was assessed in twelve studies with 5747 participants. S. mansoni was studied in 11 research papers, while S. hematobium was assessed in one study. Using a random effect model due to high heterogeneity (I2 = 98.46%; P < 0.001), the overall pooled prevalence of schistosomiasis in Ethiopia was 22% (95% CI: 14.3, 29.6). The prevalence of schistosomiasis was about two and a half times higher in rural settings (23%) (95% CI: 15, 31) than in urban areas (10%) (95% CI: 3, 17). The burden of schistosomiasis was 23% between 2020 and 2024, compared to 16% from 2015–2019, with a higher prevalence among pediatric age groups (22%) versus 14% in mixed pediatric and adult age groups. The magnitude of schistosomiasis for good and very good-quality papers was 22% and 17%, respectively. In all the subgroup analyses, there was considerable statistically significant heterogeneity. No study was found to evaluate the association of schistosomiasis with anemia. Conclusion: The study reveals Ethiopia's higher schistosomiasis prevalence. Rural areas have a high burden of schistosomiasis. No eligible study was found to evaluate the association of schistosomiasis with anemia. Therefore, prevention and control measures should focus on rural settings. Trial registration: The registration number at PROSPERO is CRD42024538522. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: E-health systems have the potential to improve healthcare delivery and access to medical services in resource-constrained settings. Despite its impact, the system exhibits a low level of consumer acceptance and intention to use it. This research paper aims to analyze the intention of health service employees to use e-health systems in southwest Ethiopia using the UTAUT-2 model. Method: Institutional-based cross-sectional studies were conducted at four referral hospitals (two private and two public) to examine the acceptance of e-health among consumers. Employees who had previous experience with diagnostic information systems and the health logistic information system were given structured questionnaires based on the UTAUT-2 model. The data were analyzed using the PLS-SEM method to identify the key factors that influence the intention to use e-health systems. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 and SmartPLS 3 software. Result: Out of the 400 surveyed employees, 225 (56.25%) valid questionnaires were collected. The findings indicate that three factors—effort expectancy (β = 0.276, t = 3.015, p = 0.001), habit (β = 0.309, t = 3.754, p = 0), and performance expectancy (β = 0.179, t = 1.905, p = 0.028)—had a significant positive impact on employees' intention to use e-health systems. On the other hand, factors such as social influence, facilitating conditions, hedonic motivation, and price values did not appear as significant predictors of intention to use e-health. The study model was able to predict 63% of employees' intentions to use e-health systems. Conclusion: Effort expectancy, habit, and performance expectancy were significant predictors of employees' intention to use e-health systems among health service employees in southwest Ethiopia. The study supports the ideas that ease of use, experience with information systems, and the role of the systems in improving job performance contribute to employees' intention to use e-health. Policymakers and healthcare organizations in the region can use these findings to develop strategies for successful implementation and adoption of e-health systems, ultimately improving healthcare services and outcomes for the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) of infants during the first 6 months of their life is strongly recommended. Video‐based communication is an innovative method that could promote EBF. The present study is aimed at assessing the effectiveness of video‐based intervention in promoting breastfeeding practices from birth to 6 months postpartum. This was evaluated through maternal reports, as well as EBF of infants at 3 and 5 months of age, using the deuterium oxide dose‐to‐mother (DTM) technique. Methods: In a cluster randomized community trial, 16 communities were assigned to receive a video‐based behavior change communication (Video‐Health) or standard health care messages (Control). Pregnant women in their first trimester (12 ± 2 weeks) were enrolled and followed up, together with their infants, until 6 months postpartum. Data on breastfeeding practices were collected by questionnaire, monthly, in all the participants (n = 508). Human milk intake (HMI) and nonmilk oral intake (NMOI) were measured in a subsample of 60 mother–infant pairs at 3 and 5 months postpartum using DTM. Mixed models and logistic regression were used to examine the difference in continuous and discrete breastmilk practices between the intervention and the control arms, respectively. Results: The majority of mothers initiated breastfeeding early (92.1%), 82.4% reported colostrum feeding, and 17.5% provided prelacteal feeding. No significant differences were found between Video‐Health and Control arms (p > 0.05). The intervention significantly improved reported EBF rates at 4 and 5 months postpartum (p < 0.05). DTM results showed that the proportion of women practicing EBF was 50%–67% less than reported at 3 months for both arms and at 5 months in the intervention arm. The intervention did not significantly affect measured EBF at 3 and 5 months postpartum but did improve HMI at 3 months. Non significant differences in NMOI were observed at 3 months, but at 5 months, there was a significant difference between the study arms. Conclusions: Video‐based behavior change communication did not result in significant improvements in reported breastfeeding practices, except for a higher reported adherence to EBF beyond 3 months. Additionally, the intervention had no effect on EBF as measured by the DTM. Early introduction of non‐breastmilk foods and liquids persisted, despite self‐reported EBF extending up to 6 months postpartum. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04414527 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Societal Impact Statement Summary Arabica coffee grows in the forests and woodlands of Ethiopia. These Arabica coffee populations contain a reservoir of the highest genetic variation of this species, which is extremely valuable from a biodiversity conservation and coffee breeding point of view. Knowledge about the distribution of these populations, including how and to what extent they have been managed by local communities now and in the past, is limited. We reveal insights into the history, distribution, and management of Arabica coffee populations in the remaining forests of Ethiopia, which is essential for developing effective conservation policies for this globally important resource. To guide conservation of forest biodiversity in a broad sense, we need to understand the landscape‐level variation in current and historical management practices of agroforestry systems. We collected data on coffee management practices across a large forested landscape in Ethiopia within Arabica coffee's indigenous distribution, using interviews in 11 villages and field surveys and interviews at 78 coffee sites in the forest. There was a gradient in coffee density (higher), liana cover (lower), and canopy cover (lower) from sites with high management intensity to sites without management. Recently, management intensity has increased in the forest edges. Interviews suggest that substantial areas of currently unmanaged coffee forests are a legacy of reforestation of abandoned (semi‐) open landscapes in the late 19th century. Despite a dynamic history of coffee cultivation across these areas, the conservation of forest biodiversity, including unmanaged populations of genetically diverse Arabica coffee, should be a priority, given the few such remaining areas in Ethiopia and elsewhere in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Empirical evidence underscores the importance of investing in early childhood care to ensure its quality. This study examined the quality of child care in day-care centers in Bahir Dar and Gondar cities, Amhara region, Ethiopia, employing an embedded mixed-methods approach. Utilizing descriptive and inferential statistics, including t-tests, regression analysis, and thematic analysis, the research assessed both distal quality – encompassing environmental and staffing conditions – and proximal quality – focusing on caregiver–child interactions. The findings revealed significant deficiencies in distal quality, including inadequate space, activities, and staff qualifications. Proximal quality was also found to be lacking, with government centers exhibiting higher levels of harshness in caregiver interactions compared to private centers. Key factors influencing interaction quality were staff education, experience, and child-to-worker ratios. Despite existing regulatory standards, their enforcement was found to be inadequate. The study recommends that policymakers enhance and enforce regulations, improve staff training and invest in professional development. Further research should explore regulatory enforcement challenges and assess the long-term impacts of training improvements on care quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the significant influence of patriarchy on the potential acceptance and use of local digital government innovations in resource-constrained countries, building on studies that highlight patriarchy’s impactful role in shaping innovation. The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) was adopted as the evaluation theory (n= 270) using Ethiopia as a case study. The results from structural equation modeling (SEM) reveal that patriarchy moderates the relationship between facilitating conditions and usage behavior. Contrary to conventional assumptions, we found that despite facing systemic barriers, women demonstrated higher engagement levels with the local digital innovation compared to their male counterparts, even when they did not perceive direct job-related benefits. This revelation not only challenges prevailing gender stereotypes but also underscores the resilience of women in circumventing patriarchal constraints. The study significantly contributes to theory by contextualizing the UTAUT model within a patriarchal framework, bringing out how societal norms and gender dynamics shape technology adoption in public sector settings. Practically, our findings advocate for gender-sensitive policies and interventions to bridge digital divides, emphasizing the need for inclusive strategies that account for underlying societal structures. By providing empirical evidence from a resource-constrained setting, this research offers important insights for policymakers, practitioners, and researchers aiming to foster equitable digital engagement and harness the full potential of digital government innovations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly in countries with limited resources. The two hepatotropic viruses have common mode of transmission. Hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus are the main causes of Cirrhosis, liver cancer and death. To determine the Seroprevalence of HBsAg and anti-HCV antibodies among clinically suspected cases of viral hepatitis visiting Guhalla Primary Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. A hospital-based retrospective study was conducted at Guhalla Primary Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. The study included serology registration logbook data from all patients who visited the hospital and were tested using a rapid test kit between September 1st, 2017 to August 30, 2021. Data were entered, cleaned, and analyzed using SPSS version 26 software. Bivariate analysis was computed and a multivariable analysis was conducted to provide an adjusted odds ratio (AOR). p-value < 0.05 at a 95% confidence interval was considered statistically significant. In this study, a total of 883(883 for HBV and 366 for HCV) study participants were included. The overall prevalence of HBsAg and anti-HCV were 124/883(14%) and 73/366 (19.9%), respectively. The prevalence of HBV and HCV among males from the total HBV and HCV screened was 70/410 (17.1%) and 53/366(14.4%) respectively. In this study, being female (AOR 1.53, 95% CI 1.03–2.27, p = 0.003) and age group of 31–40 years (AOR 2.85; 95% CI 1.56, 5.17, p = 0.001) were statistically significant factors to HBV infection. Similarly, being female (AOR 1.97, 95% CI 1.10–3.53, p = 0.02), age group of 21–30 years (AOR 2.71; 95% CI 1.15, 6.40, p = 0.02) and age group greater than 40 years (AOR 3.13; 95% CI 1.31, 7.44, p = 0.01) were significantly associated with HCV infection. In our study, high seroprevalence of HBV and HCV infection was detected among clinically suspected patients. Females and the age groups between 31 and 40 were more affected. Community awareness of the prevention and transmission of viral hepatitis infection should be strengthened through herd immunization and health education. The prospective study should be conducted in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly in countries with limited resources. The two hepatotropic viruses have common mode of transmission. Hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus are the main causes of Cirrhosis, liver cancer and death. To determine the Seroprevalence of HBsAg and anti-HCV antibodies among clinically suspected cases of viral hepatitis visiting Guhalla Primary Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. A hospital-based retrospective study was conducted at Guhalla Primary Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. The study included serology registration logbook data from all patients who visited the hospital and were tested using a rapid test kit between September 1st, 2017 to August 30, 2021. Data were entered, cleaned, and analyzed using SPSS version 26 software. Bivariate analysis was computed and a multivariable analysis was conducted to provide an adjusted odds ratio (AOR). p-value < 0.05 at a 95% confidence interval was considered statistically significant. In this study, a total of 883(883 for HBV and 366 for HCV) study participants were included. The overall prevalence of HBsAg and anti-HCV were 124/883(14%) and 73/366 (19.9%), respectively. The prevalence of HBV and HCV among males from the total HBV and HCV screened was 70/410 (17.1%) and 53/366(14.4%) respectively. In this study, being female (AOR 1.53, 95% CI 1.03–2.27, p = 0.003) and age group of 31–40 years (AOR 2.85; 95% CI 1.56, 5.17, p = 0.001) were statistically significant factors to HBV infection. Similarly, being female (AOR 1.97, 95% CI 1.10–3.53, p = 0.02), age group of 21–30 years (AOR 2.71; 95% CI 1.15, 6.40, p = 0.02) and age group greater than 40 years (AOR 3.13; 95% CI 1.31, 7.44, p = 0.01) were significantly associated with HCV infection. In our study, high seroprevalence of HBV and HCV infection was detected among clinically suspected patients. Females and the age groups between 31 and 40 were more affected. Community awareness of the prevention and transmission of viral hepatitis infection should be strengthened through herd immunization and health education. The prospective study should be conducted in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil-transmitted helminths (STH) are neglected parasites more prevalent in the tropics. Periodic mass distribution of albendazole, is one key strategy to control STHI in endemic areas. However, benzimidazoles have low efficacy against STHI, and there is a lack of information on the magnitude of the problem in Ethiopia. Articles were searched from PubMed using MeSH words, Google Scholar, Web of science, EMBASE and Scopus database to retrieve the data published and available until December 30, 2022. Totally, 107 published articles were retrieved. Only studies conducted in English that reported the efficacy of albendazole against STHI in any year and studies with more than fifty positive cases were included in the present study. The efficacy of albendazole was estimated by its cure rate and egg reduction rate. Excel software was used to extract the name of the authors, the total sample size, number of cured participants, treatment assessment time, STH parasite involved, the study area, and the year of publication. The pooled efficacy of albendazole against STHs was analyzed using comprehensive meta-analysis version 2.2 software. A total of 14 studies (13 for hookworm, 12 for Ascaris lumbricoides, and 12 for Trichuris trichiura) fulfilled the inclusion criteria for the present systematic review and meta-analysis. The total positives for hookworm, A. lumbricoides, and T. trichiura were 1253 (24.9%), 1570 (29.5%), and 1647 (30.6%), respectively. The overall pooled efficacy of albendazole was 92.2% (95% CI 86.2–98.9%) against hookworm, 97.7% (95% CI 96.3–98.6%) against A. lumbricoides, and 38.6% (95% CI 31.0–46.9%) against T. trichiura. In subgroup analysis, the efficacy of albendazole against hookworm was 93.4% (95% CI 85.1–97.2%) in Oromia, 96.7% (95% CI 93.8–98.2%) in Sidama, and 77.2% (95% CI 64.4–86.4%) in Amhara region. Its heterogeneity was high (I2 = 89.418). The efficacy of albendazole against A. lumbricoides was 98.3% (95% CI 97.0–99.0%) in Oromia and 96.63% (95% CI 93.2–98.3%) in Sidama region. Its heterogeneity was moderate (I2 = 41.5%). Albendazole efficacy against T. trichiura was 39.0% (95% CI 30.4–48.5%) in Oromia and 37.8% (95% CI 21.8–56.9%) in Sidama region with high heterogeneity (I2 = 90.6%). In the present review, albendazole is effective against hookworm and A. lumbricoides but less effective against T. trichiura. Albendazole should therefore be used as a treatment option in hookworm and A. lumbricoides endemic areas. However, alternative drugs should be sought for T. trichiura. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil-transmitted helminths (STH) are neglected parasites more prevalent in the tropics. Periodic mass distribution of albendazole, is one key strategy to control STHI in endemic areas. However, benzimidazoles have low efficacy against STHI, and there is a lack of information on the magnitude of the problem in Ethiopia. Articles were searched from PubMed using MeSH words, Google Scholar, Web of science, EMBASE and Scopus database to retrieve the data published and available until December 30, 2022. Totally, 107 published articles were retrieved. Only studies conducted in English that reported the efficacy of albendazole against STHI in any year and studies with more than fifty positive cases were included in the present study. The efficacy of albendazole was estimated by its cure rate and egg reduction rate. Excel software was used to extract the name of the authors, the total sample size, number of cured participants, treatment assessment time, STH parasite involved, the study area, and the year of publication. The pooled efficacy of albendazole against STHs was analyzed using comprehensive meta-analysis version 2.2 software. A total of 14 studies (13 for hookworm, 12 for Ascaris lumbricoides, and 12 for Trichuris trichiura) fulfilled the inclusion criteria for the present systematic review and meta-analysis. The total positives for hookworm, A. lumbricoides, and T. trichiura were 1253 (24.9%), 1570 (29.5%), and 1647 (30.6%), respectively. The overall pooled efficacy of albendazole was 92.2% (95% CI 86.2–98.9%) against hookworm, 97.7% (95% CI 96.3–98.6%) against A. lumbricoides, and 38.6% (95% CI 31.0–46.9%) against T. trichiura. In subgroup analysis, the efficacy of albendazole against hookworm was 93.4% (95% CI 85.1–97.2%) in Oromia, 96.7% (95% CI 93.8–98.2%) in Sidama, and 77.2% (95% CI 64.4–86.4%) in Amhara region. Its heterogeneity was high (I2 = 89.418). The efficacy of albendazole against A. lumbricoides was 98.3% (95% CI 97.0–99.0%) in Oromia and 96.63% (95% CI 93.2–98.3%) in Sidama region. Its heterogeneity was moderate (I2 = 41.5%). Albendazole efficacy against T. trichiura was 39.0% (95% CI 30.4–48.5%) in Oromia and 37.8% (95% CI 21.8–56.9%) in Sidama region with high heterogeneity (I2 = 90.6%). In the present review, albendazole is effective against hookworm and A. lumbricoides but less effective against T. trichiura. Albendazole should therefore be used as a treatment option in hookworm and A. lumbricoides endemic areas. However, alternative drugs should be sought for T. trichiura. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Distal femur fractures account for 6% of femur fractures. The treatment of distal femur fractures is challenging. Historically, nonoperative management has been the mainstay of management, which has evolved to operative management. There is no single implant used for all types of distal femur fractures. The implant evolves with time. The introduction of a distal femur locking plate (DF LCP) has had a great impact on the treatment. In developing countries like Ethiopia, there is scarcity of studies on functional outcome of operative treatment. So, this study aimed to assess the functional outcome of distal femur fractures treatment using distal femur locking plate. Methods: This prospective cohort study was carried out among adult patients with distal femur fractures treated using distal femur locking plate at Tibebe Ghion Specialized Hospital from august 2022 to July 2023. A total of 60 patients with AO Type A and Type C fracture were included. All patients were followed for 6 months. Functional outcomes were assessed using Neer's scoring system. Data was entered and analyzed using SPSS 27. Frequency, mean and cross tabulation were used to summarize descriptive statistics. Multinomial logistic regression was used to test the associations. Results: In our study out of 60 patients ,48.3% (29) had excellent functional outcomes, 30% (18) had good functional outcomes, 10% (6) had fair functional outcomes and 11.7% (7) had unsatisfactory functional outcomes according to Neer's scoring system. Patients with closed distal femur fractures had 5 times higher probability of excellent functional outcome than those patients with open distal femur fractures (AOR (2.49(5.8 ,1.07)). Patients who had regular follow up had 7 times higher probability of excellent functional outcome than those who had no regular follow up (AOR 7.16(1.11,46.22)). The average union period was 4.63 months, with only 2 patients experiencing delayed union. Conclusion: Closed fracture and regular follow up were determining factors for better functional outcomes. Closed fractures preserve the biological environment, which facilitates early fracture healing. The regular follow up helped patients to assess their rehabilitation status and pick any complication early. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: According to a report from the WHO, an estimated 1.13 billion people worldwide have hypertension. Medication therapy management (MTM) service is a clinical service based on the theoretical and methodological framework of pharmaceutical care practice, which aims to ensure the best therapeutic outcomes for the patient by identifying, preventing, and resolving drug therapy problems (DTPs). Purpose: The goal of this study was to determine the impact of MTM on hypertension management in Ethiopia. Methods: A pre-post interventional study design was used. Descriptive statistics, linear regression, and logistic regressions were employed to present and analyze data. Results: The final analysis included 279 patients out of 304, with a 7.8% attrition rate. The prevalence of drug therapy problems (DTPs) reduced from 63.4% at baseline to 31.5% during the post-intervention phase. Polypharmacy (AOR = 2.46; 95% CI: 1.27-4.77) and complications (AOR = 0.52; 95% CI: 0.27-0.99) were substantially associated with DTPs at the start of the study. The MTM resulted in a significant reduction in mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) (AOR = 5.31, 95% CI (3.50-7.11), P <.001), as well as a significant increase (P <.001) in the number of study patients who reached a target BP. At the end of the MTM intervention, non-adherence was linked with DTP (AOR = 2.40; 95% CI: 1.33-4.334) and living outside Addis Ababa (AOR = 1.73; 95% CI: 1.38-1.88). On average, treatment satisfaction was 86.55% (+SD) 10.34. Conclusion: To resolve DTPs and improve clinical outcomes, the MTM service was critical. The majority of patients were found to be compliant with a high treatment satisfaction score. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Breast cancer is currently the most frequently detected cancer in women and the primary cause of cancer‐related deaths globally. The incidence of breast cancer has significantly increased in countries across sub‐Saharan Africa, counting Ethiopia. There are multiple determinants of breast cancer, a few of these can be changeable whereas others are not. Evidence suggests that breastfeeding, which is a changeable determinant, reduces breast cancer risk. However, there is a lack of evidence specifically linking the duration of breastfeeding to breast cancer risk. To date, no study has been conducted on the association between the duration of breastfeeding and the likelihood of breast cancer among Ethiopian women. Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between breastfeeding duration and breast cancer risk in Ethiopian mothers who had breastfed, taking into account other significant determinants. Methods. A hospital‐based case‐control study was carried out in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, involving 203 women (70 cases and 133 controls). Face‐to‐face interviews were performed using a standardized, validated questionnaire that assessed various sociodemographic, reproductive, lifestyle, and dietary characteristics. Differences between cases and controls were evaluated using the chi‐square test. The associations among factors were examined through bivariate and multivariable binary logistic regression, with results presented as odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Results. The multivariable investigation revealed that an inverse relationship between breastfeeding duration and breast cancer risk. Mothers who breastfed for a longer period had a 93% lower risk of breast cancer (AOR = 0.07; 95% CI: 0.021–0.21) compared to those who breastfed for a shorter duration. Younger mothers had a 95% lower likelihood of developing breast cancer (AOR = 0.05; 95% CI: 0.003–0.91) than older mothers. Additionally, mothers with sedentary behaviour were 10.53 times more likely to develop breast cancer (AOR = 10.53; 95% CI: 5.21–21.36) than those who were moderately or highly active. Mothers who experienced chest therapy were 6.43 times more likely to develop breast cancer (AOR = 6.43; 95% CI: 3.20–13.90) compared to those who had not. Conclusions. Interventions such as breastfeeding counselling and promoting the recommended duration of breastfeeding are crucial in minimizing the risk of breast cancer. Enhancing physical activity should also be viewed as a vital approach for lowering breast cancer risk. Additionally, healthcare professionals need to limit exposure to chest radiation therapy to reduce the likelihood of breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cervical cancer is a significant global health challenge, with the majority of cases and deaths occurring in low-resource regions like sub-Saharan Africa including Ethiopia. Women living with HIV (WLHIV) in this area face a six-fold higher risk of cervical cancer compared to women living without HIV Both the availability of screening services and their utilization remain low, particularly among WLHIV, hindering efforts to reduce the cervical cancer burden in this vulnerable population. Objective: This study aimed to synthesize the current research on the prevalence of cervical cancer screening utilization and the associated factors among women living with HIV in Ethiopia. Method: We conducted a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis, searching databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library for relevant studies published from 2015 up to 2023 and the search period for these relevant articles was from April 1 up to April 30, 2024. Data from included studies was extracted, organized in Excel, and then analyzed using STATA 17. The overall effect across all studies was calculated using a random-effect model. Potential publication bias and heterogeneity in the results between studies were assessed using Egger's test, forest plot, and I² statistic, respectively. Result: According to the systematic review and meta-analysis, the overall prevalence of cervical cancer screening utilization among women living with HIV in Ethiopia was 24% (17 − 32%). Several factors were independently associated with cervical cancer screening utilization, including age (40–49) years (OR = 3.95, 95% CI: 3.307–4.595), age (18–29) years (OR = 5.021, 95% CI: 1.563–9.479), education level greater than college (OR = 3.293, 95% CI: 1.835–4.751), having good knowledge (OR = 3.421, 95% CI: 2.928–3.915), early initiation of sexual intercourse (OR = 3.421, 95% CI: 2.928–3.915), awareness of cervical cancer (OR = 3.551, 95% CI: 2.945–4.157), having information about cancer (OR = 3.671, 95% CI: 2.606–4.736), CD4 count less than 500 cell/mm3 (OR = 4.001, 95% CI: 1.463–6.539), government employee (OR = 5.921, 95% CI: 1.767–10.076), and perceived susceptibility (OR = 2.950, 95% CI: 2.405–3.496). Conclusion: This systematic review and meta-analysis show that the pooled prevalence of cervical cancer screening rates among Women living with HIV in Ethiopia is notably low, at only 24%. Factors influencing service utilization include age, education level, knowledge about cervical cancer, early sexual initiation, awareness of the disease itself, and HIV-related conditions. To enhance screening rates, interventions must target these factors and address systemic healthcare deficiencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Globally, about 45 million under-five children have suffered from wasting where Asian and African countries have the major share of these wasted children. Despite wasting is affected all types of populations, the long and short term effect is more severe and sensitive in under-two aged children. Hence, this review was intended to assess pooled prevalence and associated factors of wasting among under-two children in Ethiopia. Methods: The search was done using electronic data bases (Hinari, PubMed, Google scholar, Scopus) and research repositories from June 19–22/2023. The review included articles published between January 2013 and December 2023.The study included Cross-sectional/case control studies which report the prevalence and associated factors of wasting in under-two aged children. The quality of included studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) quality assessment checklists for observational studies. The presence of heterogeneity between included studies was evaluated using Cochrane Q-test and the I2 statistics. Publication bias was checked through graphical and statistical test. Associated factors were estimated by random effect model using DerSimonian-Laird model weight. Results: The pooled prevalence of wasting among under-two children was 10.91% (95% CI: 8.97–12.85; I2 = 86.36%). Absence of maternal antenatal follow up (OR; 3.23: 95%CI: 1.20–5.26), no exclusive breast feeding until six months (OR; 5.30; 95%CI: 1.17–9.43), current illness of the child (OR; 2.58: 95%CI: 1.78–3.37), large family size (OR; 12.38; 95%CI: 1.37–26.13) and low wealth status of the households (OR; 3.91; 95%CI: 1. 54-8.36) were significant factors of wasting among under-two children. Conclusions: This study disclosed that the pooled prevalence of wasting among under- two children were high in Ethiopia. Absence of maternal antenatal follow up, no exclusive breast feeding, low wealth status of the households, large family size and current illness of the child were significant factors of wasting. Strictly adherence of maternal antenatal follow up, counsel the parents to feed only breast milk until six months, limit the number of family size to the level of the household income and early treatment of the sick child were recommended. Furthermore, scale up the wealth status and living standard of the family can address the agenda of reducing and eradicating all forms of malnutrition. This review registered at PROSPERO with registration number CRD42023414914 (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/#myprospero). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: Although the goal of translational research is to bring biomedical knowledge from the laboratory to clinical trial and therapeutic products for improving health, this goal has not been well achieved as often as desired because of many barriers documented in different countries. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the challenges and opportunities of translating animal research into human trials in Ethiopia. Methods: A descriptive qualitative study, using in-depth interviews, was conducted in which preclinical and clinical trial researchers who have been involved in animal research or clinical trials as principal investigator were involved. Data were analyzed using inductive thematic process. Results: Six themes were emerged for challenges: lack of financial and human capacity, inadequate infrastructure, operational obstacles and poor research governance, lack of collaboration, lack of reproducibility of results and prolonged ethical and regulatory approval processes. Furthermore, three themes were synthesized for opportunities: growing infrastructure and resources, improved human capacity and better administrative processes and initiatives for collaboration. Conclusion and recommendations: The study found that the identified characteristics/features are of high importance either to hurdle or enable the practice of translating animal research into human trials. The study suggests that there should be adequate infrastructure and finance, human capacity building, good research governance, improved ethical and regulatory approval process, multidisciplinary collaboration, and incentives and recognition for researchers to overcome the identified challenges and allow translating of animal research into human trials to proceed more efficiently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Length of stay in the emergency department is used as a quality indicator to gauge the overall efficiency of emergency care. The performance measure was used to evaluate the quality of care provided in the emergency department. Objective: To assess the length of stay and associated factors among pediatric patients admitted to the pediatric emergency unit of Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: An institution-based prospective cross-sectional study design was employed. A systematic random sampling technique was used to select the study participants. Data were collected via semi-structured, interviewer-administered questionnaires and chart reviews. Analysis was performed via the Statistical Package for Social Science software version 27. Binary logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify variables associated with the length of stay. The study was conducted in the Pediatric Emergency Unit of Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, from March 15 to April 15, 2023. Results: A total of 268 patients participated in the study, with a response rate of 97.81%. The majority of the participants were male (157, 58.6%), with a median age of 3 years. The study revealed that 180 participants (67.2%) experienced a prolonged length of stay. The variables significantly associated with prolonged length of stay included residency (AOR = 2.04, CI: 1.03, 4.025), triage category (AOR = 3.25, CI: 1.08, 5.974), number of investigations (AOR = 2.381, CI: 1.038, 5.462), and waiting for imaging (AOR = 4.230, CI: 1.638, 10.93). Conclusion: Many pediatric patients stayed in the emergency room for more than 24 h because of factors such as residency, triage category, number of investigations, and the need for imaging. To address this, we recommend streamlining triage processes, increasing imaging resources, providing additional staff training, developing integrated care pathways, and advocating for policy changes to increase emergency room efficiency and improve patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing research suggests that natural resources, domestic markets, and decisive political influence attract China to build relationships with African countries. However, why China sought to deepen its relationship with Ethiopia since the mid-1990s despite its lack of these endowments? This article aims to address this empirical puzzle by combining theoretical perspectives from development economics and fragmented authoritarianism to analyse the driving factors behind China’s Ethiopia policy and its formulation and implementation process. Examining China’s diplomacy towards Ethiopia from 1995–2019, it finds that Ethiopia’s stable society and abundant labour force made it a key destination for China’s industrial transfer. And China’s need for industrial restructuring has driven its Ethiopia policy, with private enterprises playing a crucial role by proposing projects. These findings enrich the understanding of the motivations and processes behind China’s influence in Africa from an industrial restructuring perspective, offering insights into China’s diplomacy and its impact on Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]