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The University of Oral Medicine with its Dental Medicine School arrives, in 2024, to its tenth anniversary with achievements in the Mexican dentists training. In this period several certifications, the orthodontics specialty and Medical Surgeon's Dentist degree have been given. Among the planned challenges to reach the university excellence stands out the development of flexible study plans that form a more competitive professional, with an enterprising attitude toward work and production to foment creativity, self-learning, sense of responsibility, interdisciplinary exercise and permanent updating. This university has a training experience, where students, professors and graduates demonstrate the training sustainability both in pregraduate and postgraduate courses; although goals are set to extend other careers and postgraduate forms related to dentistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advice provided by forensic psychology professionals to judges and courts on matters related to fundamental rights and freedoms or public security requires enormous professional specialization. Paradoxically, in Spain forensic psychology is not officially recognized despite the fact that as a scientific discipline it has developed exponentially in recent decades. This article presents up to ten arguments to support the urgent creation of the specialty of Forensic Psychology. The specific Spanish legal framework that regulates the skills necessary to carry out assessments in the field of mental health, along with the important legal repercussions associated with mental disorders, requires that this specialty include health skills for forensic psychology professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surgery is a key pillar in medical care, and both the surgical as well as the anesthetic components are essential within the health systems in countries of all levels of development. Every year, close to 230 million surgical procedures are performed worldwide, with pediatric surgery being representative, as around 85% of children require a surgical procedure. However, the issue of education and training of the people involved in pediatric surgery who can provide safe surgical and anesthetic care in medium and low income countries has been absent from the global health debate. The development of anesthesia in pediatrics faces many challenges: it is a relatively new specialty, it has to deal with clinical challenges associated with anatomical, physiological, psychological and procedure-related differences, while it faces the reality of few training opportunities which results in a limited number of duly trained and qualified specialists in pediatric anesthesiology. In Latin America, the possibility of applying to a specialization in pediatric anesthesia is limited. In particular in Colombia it has not been possible to establish a pediatric anesthesia subspecialty, creating the need to promote formal and informal training in this discipline in order to ensure that safe, good quality anesthetic care is provided to children. This article describes the development of pediatric anesthesia training in the world and in Colombia, highlighting the relationship between the incidence of anesthetic complications and the need for training in this discipline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation article describes the level and trend of competitiveness of honey from Mexico in comparison with the main trading countries, 2005- 2020. The objective set out in this study is to demonstrate the level of participation in the honey export market, the capacity to generate excess supply, the degree of international specialization and the way in which this product is inserted into the market. The methodology is developed by applying four of the most used indicators in research on competitiveness in agro-chains, using data on export, import and production volumes, for 21 countries. Among the main conclusions, Mexico stands out as a net exporter, with an excess supply and a high level of specialization, but in terms of positioning and efficiency, which measures market insertion, qualifies it as lost opportunities. As a final product, a ranking was generated that includes all the indices and countries studied, positioning it in the second position worldwide, which qualifies it as one of the most competitive countries in this product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Regional Councils of Medicine are responsible for the first instance evaluation of ethical-professional complaints against physicians in each federation state. The relevance of the study is based on the importance of evaluating the professional profile of the reported physician, the characteristics of the complaints, and the judging body performance. This study assessed 966 complaints against physicians made to the Regional Council of Medicine of Minas Gerais (CRM/MG) from 2012 to 2017. There was no difference in the average age of the professionals or the period of professional practice. Gynecology, Internal Medicine, General Surgery, and Plastic Surgery comprised most of the complaints regarding medical specialties. The non-specialty reports reached 323 (34%) cases and predominated over the years studied. The number of acquittals was relatively high, in a total of 535 cases, in which the Regional Council of Medicine of Minas Gerais (CRM/MG) considered the complaints unfounded. The hypothesis of a certain corporativism of the CRM did not seem viable since thirty cases received harsher punishments, and among them, eight were removed from professional practice. Some professionals were reported more than once. It is worth noting that the number of recidivists and cases progressively decreased from 2012 to 2017. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To analyze the influence of international trade on the specialization and competitiveness of Mexican chicken meat during 1980 to 2017. Methodology: A hypothetical-deductive method was applied; the study is longitudinal with information from secondary sources with which it was developed. a database in Excel in the form of matrices to calculate the competitiveness indices at the macroeconomic level, which are: the Lafay and Balassa index. Results: The results show that Mexico lacks comparative advantages and must generate strategies for infrastructure, health regulation and strengthening of the productive chain to increase production, reduce costs and thereby increase its specialization and competitiveness as a net exporter. Limitations: Is necessary to disseminate, by the institutional route and in collaboration with private and nongovernmental organizations, the best agricultural practices and at the same time, stimulate the development of the improved seed market. Conclusions: It is necessary to carry out actions that increase the advantages and with it the specialization and competitiveness in the commercial poultry farming of chicken meat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze the determinants of productive agglomerates in the State of Paraná, southern Brazil, mainly focusing on the effects of economies of specialization and diversification. To achieve its aim, ten industrial sectors (the most representative in terms of job offer) were selected and through panel data (using spatial panel), regressions were estimated, one for each industry, considering the 399 towns and the period between 2000 and 2015. The results from all sectors showed statistically significant externalities originated in the productive specialization, affecting positively the dynamics of industrial growth in the Paraná towns. Moreover, in many sectors, a spatial effect was observed, with spillover of the industrialization dynamics to neighboring towns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article evaluated the structure of milk production in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, considering the specialization, concentration of milk production and, the sources of growth of this agricultural activity, in 1999-2020 period. For this, the Locational Quotient (LQ), the Locational Gini (LG) and the shift-share method were estimated. Results indicated the growth of specialization and concentration of production, with the Northwest region being the main dairy basin in the state and the micro-regions of Três Passos, Cerro Largo, Guaporé and Santa Rosa being the most specialized. Among the 35 microregions in Rio Grande do Sul, only 11 had LQ equal to or greater than two in the analyzed period, characterizing themselves as highly specialized. This specialization was associated with the increase in the spatial concentration of milk production, measured by the Locational Gini, given that the index increased from 0.39 in 1999 to 0.53 in 2020, demonstrating that, in measure, the most specialized regions have become the most productive, whether due to the favorable dynamics or due to the structural conditions. Furthermore, the advance of the activity occurred associated with the reduction of the herd in lactation and with the increase of productivity, technology and specialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to describe the evolution of disability in cinema via its relationship with the specialized press. We analysed all movies’ data sheets from ‘Filmaffinity’ (n=1,180), together with all the professional reviews highlighted in them (n=2,000). The results show a preponderance of drama over other genres, although it is documentaries that obtain the best reception from cultural press. Women and Anglophone media tend to value these productions more favourably. In addition, the quality of the records, according to these experts, increases year after year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although direct evidence of civic planning is rare among Mesoamerican sites, such features offer great insight into past practices, intentions, and urban transformation. Using data from the transition to the Late Formative period (ca. 400–300 BC), I argue that direct evidence of urban planning is present in the monumental constructions of Yaxuná in Yucatán, Mexico. There, investigators detected a series of carefully rendered incised lines directly on Floor 6 of the E Group plaza. Along with the buildings' exposed surfaces, incised lines served as visual markers for placing rubble and dry-core fill into two categories: large dry-core stones and small compact fill. These visual distinctions informed the location of features built on top of this fill, including Floor 5 and a causeway spanning the plaza's central axis, distinguished from the white floor surface sascab (a durable product of pulverized limestone) by a red-orange color. The incised lines at Yaxuná grant insight into how ancient builders envisioned public works and then implemented and completed features in a step-by-step design process, which required precision and foresight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Higher Education Institutions are considered as organizations that generate knowledge through the research carried out by their academic staff. Organizational mechanisms such as organizational structure regulate the activities of employees, which in organizational learning theory is called Organizational Structure. Among the questions, what is required to attract and retain research professors? What does it take to increase your productivity? Objective: to demonstrate if there is a relationship between some of the variables of the organizational structure with the scientific productivity of the research professors. Material and method: work carried out in a university in the Mexican southeast, with university professors who carry out research as the target population, for which an instrument of 53 items on a Likert scale, in 5 points, was applied, surveying 304 professors, the The method used was quantitative, not experimental, the linear regression statistical tool was used. Results: It was found that the independent variable Specialization of the Organizational Structure explains 46% of the dependent variable Scientific Productivity, and having an ANOVA sig. less than .05, a linear relationship is demonstrated. Although the Departmentalization variable has a linear relationship with Scientific Productivity, they vary in a negative direction -20.9% Conclusions: The Hierarchy, Centralization and Formalization variables have sig values greater than .05, so it was determined that there is statistical evidence of a linear relationship with the dependent variable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to describe the evolution of disability in cinema via its relationship with the specialized press. We analysed all movies' data sheets from 'Filmaffinity' (n=1,180), together with all the professional reviews highlighted in them (n=2,000). The results show a preponderance of drama over other genres, although it is documentaries that obtain the best reception from cultural press. Women and Anglophone media tend to value these productions more favourably. In addition, the quality of the records, according to these experts, increases year after year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The historic scenario of Brazilian public health demands mechanisms for the qualification of professionals working in Primary Health Care (PHC), aiming at the reordering of work processes in the Unified Health System (SUS). From this perspective of reaching competencies, the State University of Health Sciences of Alagoas (UNCISAL) offers the specialization course in health education for SUS professionals. Thus, the present study aims to analyze the contributions of specialization program in health education at UNCISAL to professional practice in PHC. This is a descriptive, quantitative and cross-sectional study, whose sample was composed of 20 trainees, using two validated scales: Expectation Scale in Relation to Training and Motivation Scale to Transfer. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics of absolute and relative frequencies. The specialization presented a multidisciplinary and interprofessional character, consolidating the permanent search for improvement of the students, despite the structural limitations of PHC and the low incentive of managers to carry out educational practices and the qualification of health professionals. It was found that the training process increased students' expectations and motivation to apply the skills acquired in the work routine, in order to overcome daily adversities through the organization of work processes to promote collective health. However, the specialization program in health education at UNCISAL proved to be relevant to the practice of PHC workers, especially through the change in the managerial profile and the strengthening of teamwork. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the history of the Cuban economy over a very long period. Its first part, offered here (the second one will follow soon), is devoted to the period extending from 1492, when the island was "discovered", to 1898, when the War of Independence ended. The period of the conquest of Cuba, followed by the collapse of the indigenous society into chaos and the establishment of a racial division of labour, is presented first. Then it is the turn of the island's plunder and the insertion of its economy into the capitalist world system – an insertion which was characterised by a series of non-industrialisations. The reader's attention then shifts to the period of capitalist slavery and sugar specialisation, up to the crisis of the slave system, the new flows of labour contracts and the transition to wage labour. Finally, Cuba's economic dependence on the United States, beyond Spanish political domination, is studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mica, a mineral resource absent in the Teotihuacán valley, though abundant in the Central Valleys of Oaxaca, was used as a lapidary material that was transformed by specialized pre-Hispanic artisans, thus revealing the complexity of the spheres that make up a socioeconomic unit: production, use-consumption and exchange. The results of the analysis that allowed the identification and description of the micas, and of the possible tools and techniques for their manufacture, are presented herein; as is the spatial distribution of the archaeological evidence discovered in Teotihuacán and in other regions. In conclusion, an explanation is proposed regarding the social dynamics that arose from these productive processes. The temporal parameter to which the analyzed evidences correspond is related to the emergence, the apogee and the collapse of this great city of the Mesoamerican Classic period, together with its links to, and influence on, the outside world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a world characterized by information overload and a multiplicity of channels and platforms, content curation is becoming increasingly important. First emerging approximately 400 years ago, newsletters remain a useful medium through which to disseminate specialized and personalized news. Over the last four years, an upward trend has been observed in the number of users who receive newsletters and informative alerts through their mobile devices. Publishers thus seek to drive more direct traffic to their websites to retain subscribers and attract an audience. Email communication acquired significant value after the state of alarm was declared as a result of the Covid-19 global pandemic. Various media outlets have created specific newsletters on this topic, summarizing and providing updates on the most relevant information and data on this subject on a daily basis. This article analyzes coronavirus-related newsletters from four leading international media: Eldiario.es (Spain), The New York Times (USA), The Guardian (UK), and Observador (Portugal). The content analysis is supported by the vision of five professionals, experts, and academics who have a connection with the topic of study. The aim is to assess the relevance of this format as a new business model in a context of crisis, in addition to analyzing how it relates to the growing trend in modern journalism towards specialization and personalization. The results reveal that the media use Covid-19-specialized newsletters with an informative-strategic purpose, where expert sources prevail and a personalized structure is apparent. Moreover, these are signature newsletters that work as excellent channels to promote user participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article shows a descriptive and analytical investigation of institutional data over time. The proposed objectives are limited to the description of the evolution of the old specialty of Music in the Facultad de Formación de Profesorado de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, as well as the determining factors of this evolution in both qualitative loss, from the curricular point of view, as quantitative in regards to the computation in credits / hours with the arrival of the specializations. On the other hand, the place that the specialization of Musical Education occupies on the whole of the remaining specializations is referenced, both for the Primary and Infant Education degrees. The results clearly show the concept of a specialist teacher against that of a general teacher in legislative evolution. On the other hand, the most notable conclusion is that Music Education has significantly lost a formative space for Music Education in Early Childhood and Primary Education with the new mentions, considering the numbers of new students and comparing them with those of the former Music Specialty degree and those of the other mentions currently offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to describe the Biochemical Engineering, including its university studies creation and development, as precursory antecedent of the Biotechnology in Cuba, it was done a bibliographic research and interviews to teachers and specialists participants or witness in that process. Within 1940 to 1959, the Bioengineering was already applied formally in international scientific researches; here was outstanding (1959/1960) the Cuban Institute for Research in Sugar cane Derivates (ICIDCA). Then in Chemical Engineering was didn't include a formation for industrial scale up of new biologic processes, until the Havana University creates the specialization in Biochemical Engineering. (1960/61) which, later, was developed into career; first it was Food Engineering (1973) and then Biochemical and Food Productions Technology (1982). With an ambitious investment plan, from 1970 to 1989 Cuba developed new industrial enterprises including the fermentative, food and pharmaceutical ones. A new integral Chemical Engineering with wider profile was restructured in 1987 focused also to bioengineering; the study Plan improvement, in 1990, implied a higher methodological "revolution" with the new Integrating Discipline "Process Engineering", but without modification of the chemical-biochemical integrality based on the antecedents of the 1960 decade. The actual chemical engineers are equally competent for the traditional chemical industries and the biochemical-biotechnological ones. The postgraduate level as master programs was also developed and improved; in CUJAE are in: Environment Engineering, Food Engineering (with collaboration of the Research Institute of the Food Industry) and Biotechnological Processes Engineering (with personnel and installations of the Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Center). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To identify medical school characteristics associated with performance in a medical residency admission test. Materials and methods. Performance and selection rates according to type of medical school (Student's t-test, Chi-squared test), accreditation status (Student's t-test) and geographic regions (Anova) were analyzed from a database comprising 153 654 physicians who took the residency admission test Examen Nacional de Aspirantes a Residencias Médicas (ENARM) in the period 2014-2018. Results. Performance was 62.5% for accredited programs and 61.4% for non-accredited programs (p<0.001); public schools reached 62.3% and private schools 62.2% (p<0.001). Northern regions performed above 63% while South-Southeast at 58.9% (p<0.001). Selection rate was 26.2% for accredited programs and 22.9% for non-accredited (p<0.001); 26.6% for public schools and 23.6% for private schools (p<0.001). North-East and North-West reached 31% while South-Southeast 20.7%. Conclusions. Type of school, accreditation status and geographic region may influence performance and selection rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The training of the Cuban pediatrician has gone through different moments through the years. The objective of this article is to characterize the teaching of Cuban pediatrics in the different stages: colony, neo-colony and Revolution in power, in which the teaching went from a biologists and expository character to linking theory with practice. The pediatrics specialty program expresses the system of skills and knowledge that the student must develop in each module, stay or subject. Three types of assessment are applied: assessment in the course of residency, per year, end-of-year assessment, and state examination. New times face challenges that require a comprehensive pediatrician with a high degree of training, autonomy and good decisions, which require didactic intentionality in their orientation, development and assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The transitional experience of nurse residents occurs through intentional changes motivated by the possibility of enhancing their practice. Objective: To analyze the motivations for the transitional experience of former students of the nurse residency program in a municipality in Northeast Brazil. Methodology: Cross-sectional exploratory study carried out with 40 former students of the nurse residency program. The semi-structured interview technique with a guide was used for data collection. Data were analyzed through content analysis. Results: The category Motivations for the transitional experience emerged, which discusses the motivators influencing the transitional experience. Three subcategories also emerged: Need to enhance knowledge and experience clinical practice; Undergraduate training is insufficient; and Previous experience in practical settings. Conclusion: The completion of the nurse residency program is a transitional experience motivated by the possibilities of improving nurses' practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pollinator contribution to the reproductive success of species is made from the transfer of pollen, through the visit rate, which varies according to the expression of certain floral features. Rhytidophyllum lomense (Gesnerieae) is an endemic species of Cuba with tubular flowers and other characteristics that allow to predict the pollination syndrome by hummingbirds. Other species of the tribe with this corolla design, show low reproductive success. The study was directed to three questions: Does the floral design of R. lomense correspond to a specialist pollination system? Are there high levels of pollen limitation associated with the inefficiency of the specialist pollinator? and How does floral biology and reproductive assurance mechanisms determine reproductive success? The studies were carried out in three populations and 11 variables were used to describe the floral morphology. Direct observations were made to the flowers to determine the pollinators. The autogamy capacity was calculated through the self-fertilization index and, as pollinator efficiency measures, the indexes of pollen limitation, fruits/flowers and seeds/ovules were calculated. Chlorostilbon ricordii is the only R. lomense pollinator in concordance to its floral biology. The low visit rate of the hummingbird and the values of the calculated indexes show low efficiency of the pollinator. In addition, the low value of the index of self-fertility and the high levels of hercogamy and dicogamy do not show that R. lomense is in a period of transition a mechanism of reproductive assurance such as self-fertilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The written press remains in Spain the medium that dedicates more space to cultural content. In the context of digital transformation, this article reflects the need to support a specialized, contextual and rigorous cultural journalism that fulfills a prescriptive and relevant mission for the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even today, Rio Grande do Sul is marked by regions that stand out for the economic dynamism and coexist with the regions that are fully retarded. The explanation for these regional differentials lies in Kaldorian Theory about the importance of industry in determining regional income. Therefore, the present study seeks to evaluate the influence of the industrial sector on the nominal income of the municipalities of Rio Grande do Sul in the year 2015. Specifically, empirical evidence is sought of the relationship between the gross domestic product per capita of the municipalities and the productivity of the industry besides variables for locational control. For that, spatial strategies of estimation are applied. The main results reveal patterns of industrial specialization in the northeast of the state. The spatial influence was confirmed and the results of the model corroborate the importance of the industrial sector for the region, testifying in favor of the theoretical propositions proposed by Kaldor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To assess the performance of medical schools (FEM) by analyzing the results of their applicants in the Examen Nacional para Aspirantes a Residencias Médicas (ENARM). Materials and methods. Five performance criteria, two official and three created on purpose, were calculated from the ENARM-2016 and -2017 official databases to assess FEM performance. Results. In 2016 and 2017, applicants registered from 112 and 115 FEM, respectively. Depending on the performance criteria, the FEM in the first place obtained 5 to 20 points more than the one placed second, and 23 to 98 points more than the FEM in the last place. Approximately 25% applicants were classified as "knowledge-deficient," and about 80% of these originated from less than one third of the FEM. Conclusion. The ENARM results provide information on the performance of the FEM. Approximately one of every four applicants obtained scores lower than the approval threshold of any specialty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to analyze the location of the economic sectors and the specialization of the productive structure from southwestern of Paraná municipalities in 2007 and 2017. So, it was used the RAIS/CAGED employment data applied to estimate regional analysis indicators. In 2007, it was verified that the sectors of agriculture, vegetal extraction, hunting and fishing, and public administration presented specialization in most of the municipalities. In contrast, the services sector was concentrated, especially in Pato Branco and Francisco Beltrão. In 2017, the specialization of the manufacturing and services industry expanded to more municipalities. However, as in 2007, agriculture, logging, hunting and fishing, and public administration have specialization in most municipalities. Regarding the restructuring of economic activities, it can be seen that Industrial Services of Public Utility, Mineral Extraction and Civil Construction presented a higher Coefficient of Restructuring. However, these sectors combined represented for less than 5% of total employment in 2017. Thus, the results indicate a tiny restructuring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article aimed at analyzing the specialization and concentration in Local Productive Arrangements (LPA) of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in the state of Parana, from 2008 to 2016. Secondary data from the RAIS/MTE have been used concerning the number of establishments and works in the activity. From the collected data the measures of specialization and concentration have been calculates: Location Quotient (LQ), modified Hirschman-Herfindahl index and Relative Participation. The results demonstrated a positive evolution in relation to the number of establishments and jobs and in most cases of LPAs the increase was higher than in the state. The concentration indices demonstrated that in most cases the activity concentration weight in the region of LPAs is moderate and with low indices in relation to the importance of the activity for the region in which they are inserted. In general, the LPAs demonstrated evolution in the period, and even though presenting specialization in some cases, the activity is of less importance for the regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To assess the assumption of 'equity' of Mexico's resident-selection assessment tool, the Examen Nacional para Aspirantes a Residencias Médicas (ENARM). Materials and methods. Official ENARM-2016 and -2017 databases were analyzed. Differences in the absolute number of correct answers (multivariable linear regression) and the number of applicants reaching their specialty minimum score (SMS) per test day (odds ratio [OR]) were calculated. Applicants affected by test-day inequity were estimated. Results. There were 36 114 applicants in 2016, and 38 380 in 2017. In 2016, day-2 applicants had significantly higher scores and more reached the SMS than on days 1-3-4 (OR 1.55), and 5 (OR 3.8); 3 565 non-passing applicants were affected by inequity (equivalent to 44.64% of those selected). In 2017, day-1 and -2 applicants had significantly higher scores and more reached the SMS than on days 3-4 (OR 1.85), and 5 (OR 4.04); 3,155 non-passing applicants were affected by inequity (37.2% of those selected). Conclusion. Analysis of official ENARM databases does not support the official attribution of equity, suggesting the test should be redesigned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The student nurse intern program consists in a lato sensu postgraduate modality focusing on the health field. It is a specialization program characterized by the teaching of services, providing practical, specific and directed guidelines. The proposal in this study aims to disclose the feelings and life experiences of the Student Nurse Interns and how all this influence their formation process. Objective: To identify the expectations, motivations, and perceptions experienced by the student nurse intern in her/his hospital internship in the area of geriatrics at a specific hospital in Rio do Janeiro between 2015 and 2016. Method: This is a research based on a qualitative descriptive approach and the data collection was carried out through semi-structured interviews applied to 18 student nurse interns. Results: Three theme categories stemmed from the data analysis: motivation when choosing a nurse internship program; expectations before entering to the course; and perceptions after starting the nurse internship. Conclusion: A lot of benefits were observed when students choose a specialization program with a service training modality. The study shows that the specialization carried out as a nurse internship provides the student nurse with life experiences in the reality, which nurtures and prepares her/him better to cope with the labor market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a historical account of 30 years of the medical specialty of Health Management of the Universidad Nacional de San Marcos (UNMSM). The specialty was created in 1988 as Integral General Medicine in response to the small numbers of doctors specialized in management. The name of the specialty was kept until 1994, when it was then changed to Integral Medicine and Health Management to emphasize on the managerial aspect of it. In 2002, the curriculum is modified taking into consideration the importance of having an exclusive medical management specialization for the healthcare sector. The specialty is pioneer in a gradual education style in three levels: micromanagement, mesomanagement and macromanagement. The new curriculum opened the possibility of better clinical rotations for residents in public and private institutions. As of 2007, the specialty is named Health Management, its specialists maintain their solid training to perform in the processes of decision making, leading, directing and operability of the healthcare system. The vision of the founders of the specialty is still standing, specialists in Health Management work in different institutions of the healthcare system, contributing with their knowledge and skills, creating an impact on the Peruvian public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies on ministerial recruitment have identified the presence of professional politicians as well as technicians within the Brazilian ministerial cabinet. However, career analyses are restricted to technicians, while studies on political ministers have largely focused on party recruitment criteria. The objective of this article is twofold: to empirically demonstrate the differences and similarities between the careers of political and non-political ministers "technicians" during PSDB and PT presidential administrations between 1995 and 2014; and to explore the main aspects regarding the professionalization of politician ministers based on their experiences in elective and highranking positions in county and municipal administrations. The results indicate that both politicians and nonpoliticians have extensive professional experience, including administrative experience, although non-politicians have greater affinity with the ministerial area for which they were appointed as do ministers affiliated with the president's party when compared to politicians of the allied base. Notwithstanding these nuances, no significant differences were found between PSDB and PT administrations regarding the expertise of their ministers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth and specialization of Cuba's economy since the end of the 18th Century and while slavery was maintained has been studied extensively, but there are perspectives that enjoy little research. One of them, important for its socio-demographic implications, is the linking of economic processes and the settlement and colonization of the island, which took place in parallel, and the consequent regionalization of its offer. This article proposes a preliminary analysis of the topic, for which it proposes a methodology consisting of observing the changes in the main production of each of the regions in which the territory was divided in the census years and preparing a planimetry. The study carried out thus concludes that the specialization was not a linear process, it underwent transformations in time determined by the relative endowment of factors, the effect of international demand and the comparative advantage of the different island areas. The most outstanding thing is that the areas in which coffee was prioritized were the most affected by the extension of the sugar industry, due to the reasons mentioned, but also because in the western half of the country they shared the same spaces. El crecimiento y especialización de la economía de Cuba desde finales del siglo XVIII y mientras se mantuvo la esclavitud ha sido profusamente estudiado, pero hay perspectivas relevantes que gozan de poca investigación. Una de ellas, importante por sus implicaciones espacio-demográficas es la vinculación de los procesos económicos, poblamiento y colonización de la isla, que discurrieron en paralelo, y la consiguiente regionalización de su oferta. Este artículo propone un análisis preliminar del tema, para lo que plantea una metodología consistente en observar los cambios en la producción principal de cada una de las regiones en las que se dividió el territorio en los años censales y elaborar una planimetría. El estudio así efectuado permite concluir que la especialización no fue un proceso lineal, experimentó [End Page 79] transformaciones en el tiempo determinadas por la dotación relativa de factores, el efecto de la demanda internacional y la ventaja comparativa de las distintas áreas insulares. Lo más destacado es que las zonas en la que se priorizó el cultivo de café fueron las más perjudicadas por la extensión de la industria azucarera, debido a las razones referidas, pero también a que en la mitad oeste del país compartieron los mismos espacios. La croissance et la spécialisation de l'économie cubaine depuis la fin du XVIIIème siècle et pendant la période de l'esclavage ont été abondamment étudiées, même si certains de leurs aspects restent encore inexploités. Parmi ces zones d'ombre, on peut penser à la corrélation – importante pour ce qu'elle implique au niveau de l'espace et de la démographie – entre les processus économiques et le peuplement (et colonisation) de l'île, qui eurent lieu de manière concomitante, ainsi qu'à la régionalisation subséquente du marché cubain. Cet article propose une première analyse de ce thème, afin d'établir une méthodologie cohérente portant sur les changements observés dans la production principale de chacune de ces régions, nées du découpage territorial effectué pendant les années de recensement, et en vue d'élaborer une planimétrie. Notre étude permet de conclure que la spécialisation ne fut pas un processus linéaire et qu'elle engendra des transformations dans le temps qui furent motivées par l'apparition de facteurs externes, par la demande internationale et les avantages divers et variés de différents espaces insulaires. Il est intéressant de noter que les secteurs qui priorisèrent la culture du café furent les plus touchés par le développement de l'industrie sucrière par exemple, du fait des raisons précédemment évoquées, mais également que dans la moitié ouest de l'île les deux types de production agricole étaient présents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article I explore the role that Silvio Zavala played in the process of institutionalization and professionalization of history in Mexico. I analyze the historiographical value of his first works produced during his stay in Spain under the guidance of Rafael Altamira y Crevea and the national and international alliances and bonds that he established upon his return to Mexico since 1936. I argue that the prestige as an academic and historian allowed Zavala to be one of the creators of publications such as Revista de Historia de América and fundamental promoter of institutions such as El Colegio de México where he trained multiple generations of students and researchers. The research ends at 1950, his last year as director of the Historical Studies Centre. In this work I use archival and bibliographic sources that have been scarcely studied before. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the survivors in Spain of the free distribution press is the specialized publication Diario Médico, which has been disseminating health issues among professionals of the National Health System for 25 years. We did an exploratory-descriptive study about its origins and current situation, paying attention to its labour in paper, through the printed product, and in Red, through diariomedico.com. The techniques are the interview with its deputy director and the analysis of its products. The mixed format defines Diario Médico: it maintains its commitment to offer information on paper, despite having reduced the periodicity from daily to weekly; leads its paper readers to Orbyt, the digital press kiosk of the promoter group, Unidad Editorial, where it offers seven pages a day in pdf format with information for subscribers, and on the Web, with an edition that opens to the participation of the user. The informative tone of its contents and its usefulness for society, together with the growing interest of the non-specialized public in medicine and health, lead to Diario Médico, in our opinion, to have a double objective public: society in general and professionals of the System in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internal Medicine is the specialty responsible for the care, diagnosis and treatment of adult diseases. Next, the development of internal medicine will be described as well as the importance of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) in the strengthening of this specialty. The Division of Postgraduate Studies of UNAM, with the creation of the Unique Plan of Medical Specializations (for its abreviature in Spanish PUEM), has consolidated the medical specialization courses, supported by the seminars on research, education and medical attention and the medical care work. UNAM has 32 of the 103 specialization courses in Internal Medicine at the national level, with a staff of approximately 900 trainers in all courses with a recognition of UNAM. Up to December 2017, 4 of the 32 courses of Internal Medicine were registered in the National Postgraduate Program in Quality of CONACyT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reducing the capture of small fish, discarded fish, and bycatch is a primary concern of fisheries managers who propose to maintain high yields, species diversity, and ecosystem functions. Modified fishing gear is one of the primary ways to reduce by-catch and capture of small fish. The outcomes of gear modification may depend on competition among fishers using other similar resources and other gears in the same fishing grounds and the subsequent adoption or abandonment of modified gears by fishers. We evaluated adoption of modified gear, catch size, catch per unit effort (CPUE), yield, and fisher incomes in a coral reef fishery in which a 3-cm escape gap was introduced into traditional traps. There were 26.1 (SD 4.9) fishers who used the experimental landing sites and 228(SD 15.7) fishers who used the control landing sites annually over 7 years. The size of fish increased by 10.6% in the modified traps, but the catch of smaller fish increased by 11.2% among the other gears. There was no change in the overall CPUE, yields, or per area incomes; rather, yield benefits were redistributed in favor of the unmodified gears. For example, estimated incomes of fishers who adopted the modified traps remained unchanged but increased for net and spear fishers. Fishers using escape-gap traps had a high proportion of income from larger fish, which may have led to a perception of benefits, high status, and no abandonment of the modified traps. The commensal rather than competitive outcome may explain the continued use of escape-gap traps 3 years after their introduction. Trap fishers showed an interest in negotiating other management improvements, such as increased mesh sizes for nets, which could ultimately catalyze community-level decisions and restrictions that could increase their profits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Specialization Program in Medical-Surgical Nursing is a postgraduate program that confers the title of specialist, which is recognized by the Portuguese Order of Nurses. Objective: To analyze specialist nurses' professional expectations after completing the Specialization Program in Medical-Surgical Nursing in Portugal. Methodology: A qualitative study was conducted using semi-structured interviews. The nonprobability convenience sample consisted of 10 specialist nurses. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed according to Laurence Bardin's content analysis technique. Results: No changes were found in the professional career after the program. The program improved nurses' knowledge and practice and, consequently, their professional competence. Conclusion: Despite the lack of change in their careers, nurses considered that the program improved their competence in delivering care in their area of specialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To describe and compare patterns of specialty choice among physicians in Honduras before and after completing mandatory social service; and to identify and compare salary perceptions and factors that may influence their career choice. Methods. A quantitative methods approach was used on a cross-sectional questionnaire survey applied to 106 physicians completing social service in September 2015. Statistical analysis was performed using chi-square and factor analysis. Results. Interest in family medicine was low and declined from 2.2% before social service to 0.9% after. Median annual expected income was 19.5% lower overall compared to the beginning of social service, and in particular, for primary care specialties (US$ 17 733), it was significantly lower than for other specialties (US$ 27 281). Participants reported that the most important factors influencing career choice were: income potential (23.3%), making a positive difference in people's lives (19.4%), challenging work (10.7%), and perceived prestige (7.8%). Two factors were significantly associated with a preference for specialties other than primary care: the opportunity to teach (P= 0.008) and "makes positive difference in people's lives" (P = 0.005). When all categories were compared, "makes positive difference in people's lives" (P = 0.043), and opportunities to practice with independence (P = 0.036) were factors significantly associated to career decision. Conclusion. Since interest in primary care among physicians decreased during social service and salary perception increased in favor of non-primary care careers, offering greater incentives for this specialty should be explored. Additional research to identify factors that might support the choice of a career in primary care are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This exercise has estimated economic competitiveness for the 32 federal states of Mexico for 2013. The exercise was made in previous article with 2003 and 2008 data. Method: We take 81 activities that represent more than 96% of total GNP in 2013 and we calculated competitiveness based on two dimensions: labor productivity and wages. With a cluster analysis it is possible to group two types of Mexican states: the competitive states and non competitive states. Results: There are two types of Mexican states. The 13 competitive states are more diversified and show higher levels of both productivity and wages. They are also better integrated to the international economy, and comprise mostly industrial mature states such as Nuevo León, Central Mexico (Ciudad de México, Querétaro, Estado de México), Jalisco and other Border states. More recently also Guanajuato and San Luis Potosí in central Mexico. For the other 19 states, the lack of productivity is compensated through lower salaries. These include Southern and Southeastern states, and most in the lower Pacific coast. Conclusions: These conditions have remained the same over the recent years. In short, we can not expect convergence merely by the effect of time, in despite that two states of the Bajio region reached now the competitive group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper reflections related to the pedagogical process of postgraduate in the medical specialization, made by the authors after having read the essential statements in the article "Reflections on the Final Paper of th e Specializations", published by Medisur. A deep analysis of the above-mentioned work raised the need to expose, in a synthetic way, some particular considerations about the topic, not aimed at replying, but with the purpose of clarifying some invariant issues corresponding to the object of study in which it is inscribed, in this case the pedagogical process of postgraduate in specialization, its purposes and essential characteristics according with the most updated theoretical studies about the theme, from which some answers to the questions made by the author of the cited publication are derived. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cuban educators conceive programs and processes using the cultural-historical approach to human development, since this is the theory that, thanks to its founder Lev Semiónovich Vygotsky, could overcome the approaches that fragmented the analysis and understanding of the human development. Such currents of thought hyperbolized the different conditioning factors of this development and ignored the dialectical relationship between them in terms of personality formation and development, its processes, and properties. By using the conceptual and methodological apparatus of dialectical materialism, Vygotsky developed different concepts: the genetic law of development (internalization), the zone of proximal development, the social situation of development, the mediated nature of mental processes, as well as the concept of lived experience, and the relationship between education and development. The aim of this paper is to highlight the importance of the cultural-historical approach in the pedagogical process carried out in graduate medical education, specifically in the Comprehensive General Medicine specialization. For this purpose, we conducted a theoretical and methodological systematization with important implications for a practice conceived with an emerging vision based on the invariant core of the cultural-historical approach that prevails over traditionalist practices and increases the multiple potentialities of the training of these professionals in our medical universities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecological networks are becoming increasingly used as a framework to study epiphyte–host interactions. However, efforts to quantify the properties of epiphyte–host networks have produced inconsistent results. Epiphyte–host interactions in New Zealand and Chilean temperate forests were quantified to test for non-random patterns in nestedness, negative co-occurrences, number of links, and network specialisation. Results showed that three out of five New Zealand networks were significantly more nested than null model expectations, compared with just one out of four Chilean networks. Epiphytes co-occurred more often than null model expectations in one New Zealand network and one in Chile. In all cases, the number of links maintained by each epiphyte and host species was consistent with null model expectations. Lastly, two New Zealand networks and one in southern Chile were significantly less specialised than null model expectations, with all remaining networks returning low specialisation scores. As such, aside from the tendency for greater nestedness in New Zealand networks, most epiphyte species were distributed on their host trees at random. We attribute the result of nestedness in New Zealand to the abundance of large nest epiphytes (Asteliaspp. in particular), which may facilitate the sequential colonisation of epiphyte species on developing host trees. The lack of negative co-occurrences suggests that negative species interactions are not an important determinant of species assemblage structure. Low network specialisation scores suggest that epiphytes are selecting for specific host traits, rather than specific host species for colonisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Specialized health journalism is a necessity for society. Health information is one of the most sensitive issues that exists. Communicating and reaching the public should be done by experience professionals in the field. An incorrect or misinterpreted piece of information produces great alarm or could provoke a health problem. GOALS This article is a historic review of specialized journalism spanning from its origins to today. Although there are references to other countries, the article focus on Spain. CONCLUSION The economic crisis has negatively impacted this field as is shown by the disappearance of several specialized publications and programs. However, in the last months, new types of media have appeared, which focus on health, especially in the area of the editorials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dentro de las líneas de investigación de género, memoria e identidad, el libro de Ann Marie Leshkowich, Essential trade: Vietnamese women in a changing marketplace ofrece una profunda perspectiva etnográfica de cómo modernidad colonial, revolución socialista, y reformas de mercado han afectado la cultura, vida cotidiana, en especial la cultura familiar y concepciones populares de la moda y el comercio, modificando también las nociones de lo que la condición de mujer y comerciante debería parecer. Leshkowich muestra los espacios liminares en que deben operar y las formas en que las mujeres de Ben Thanh negocian las ventajas y desventajas de los esencialismos de género. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work has been raised with the aim of analyzing the level of efficiency "benchmarking" and its explanatory factors of consulting audit firms in Spain. We have applied a semi-parametric model following the methodology of Simar and Wilson (2007).The main results show that five companies have been part of the definition of the frontier (best practice) Deloitte, Price Wa-terhouseCoopers, Ernest & Young, Audihispana Grant Thorton and Laplaza for the period 2006-2009. Market concentration, size, and specialization of the activities have proven to be factors explaining efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What crime recurs with recidivism? This paper analyses the patterns of recidivism among the population sentenced to imprisonment in Chile. For this purpose, subgroups of offenders who specialize in each type of crime are identified. The analysis is based on data of imprisonment between 2007 and 2010 provided by the Chilean Gendarmerie. The results indicate that 65% of the recidivist population will specialize in some criminal category. Three of seventeen possible categories (burglary, theft and nonviolent robbery) concentrate 50% of criminal specialization. There were statistically significant differences in levels of specialization by age and gender of the offender. Finally, the probability that an offender is specialized in one type of criminal category tends to one after his third recidivism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article estimates the level of competitiveness for the 32 federal states of Mexico taking into account production, productivity, employment and wages. There are two types of Mexican states in respect of competitiveness. The competitive states are more diversified and show higher levels of productivity and better human capital in terms of higher wages. This group comprises economically mature states such as the Federal District (known as D. F.), Querétaro, the State of Mexico, Jalisco, and the northern border states. The other less competitive states heavily depend on just a few locally important activities, and their lack of productivity is compensated through lower salaries. Their relative backwardness is worsened by the absence of skilled labor to revert this downgrading process. The relative importance of productivity and wages by state remains constant over the period 2003-2008. In other words, productivity gains and higher salaries are consolidated and transmitted in more modern and homogeneous economic environments, creating a better-off scenario for the competitive states that is highly superior to the moderate improvements achieved by the other group of states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The specialisation of journals derives from their classification in databases and the terms used by journals to describe themselves (title, scope and target audience). A journal's specialisation is manifested in the image it promotes, which is decisive for its selection and consideration by authors. In addition, the specialisation reflects the journal's degree of consolidation in a particular field of knowledge. Method. This study incorporates the perspective of strategic communication and is based on the content analysis of the Spanish journals of communication's websites and on their classification in the databases IN-RECS, Dialnet, Carhus Plus+, RESH, DICE, MIAR and ISOC. The sample of Spanish journals is composed of 63 publications. Results and conclusions. Most journals (80%) use general descriptors from the field of communication, while 57% mentions specific sub-disciplines and reflects a greater degree of specialisation. The terms used by the different databases to refer to the scientific field and area of knowledge are not uniform and do not reflect common criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]