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We seek to build up a scriptural concept of image, based on Derridean notion of spacing and its relationships with those of arche-writing and trace. In order to do so, we will point out that Derrida's philosophy, as well as it is not limited to linguistic matters, can also be applied to the dimension of visual experience, without overcoming the immanence of its specific structure. After deepening in the epistemological function of spacing in the multiple fields of experience, we will apply this constitutive multidimensionality to the dimension of artistic images, especially from the work of Jackson Pollock. As a visual modulation of Derridean spacing, Pollockian dripping will provide useful elements to highlight the operativeness -both scriptural and non-verbal-of the image in the visual arts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of spacing on the estimation of the leaf area index (LAI) in Eucalyptus tereticornis and Eucalyptus saligna plantations was evaluated. Three spacings per species were analyzed: 1.0 x 2.0 m, 1.0 x 1.0 m, and 1.0 x 0.5 m. Dasometric variables and the LAI were measured with two indirect methods (LICOR 2000 and digital hemispheric photography, DHP) and a direct method. The results showed no differences between species. On the other hand, spacing significantly influenced the diameter (less spacing, less diameter) and the LAI (less spacing, higher LAI), with variations from 2.11 to 3.96 m².m-2. An evaluation of the indirect methods showed that, by reducing the spacing, the bias in the estimation increased. FDH showed greater accuracy and tended to underestimate the LAI by 7%. In contrast, LICOR 2000 showed a high bias, with a tendency to overestimate the LAI by up to 30%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moringa oleifera has shown innumerable benefits as animal feed. For the expansion of this plant, a large amount of quality seeds is necessary and, to produce them, sowing density and the cultivars used must be considered, among other factors. The objective of this work was to determine the effect of sowing distance on seed yield of four moringa cultivars. The study was carried out at the Experimental Pasture and Forage Station Pastures and Forages (EEPF, in Spanish) of the Institute of Agricultural Research(IIA, in Spanish) "Jorge Dimitrov" in Bayamo, Granma, Cuba. Four cultivars: Plain, Nicaragua, Supergenius, and Criolla, were evaluated on a Fluvisol soil in Cauto Valley. Twelve treatments, combining cultivar and sowing distance: 3x1, 3x2, and 3x3 m, were applied. The variables stem thickness, branches per plant, fruits per plant, fruit length, seeds per plant, and seed yield per plant and per hectare were measured. There was not a significant interaction between cultivar and sowing distance for the studied variables. The best response of yield components was obtained from plants spaced at 3x2 and 3x3 m; however, the highest yield per hectare were reached from plants spaced at 3x1 and 3x2 m. Cultivarr was significant (p≤0.05) on stem thickness, fruit length, and seeds per fruit. For sowing distance, the significant variables (p≤0.05) were: stem thickness, branches and fruits per plant as well as yield per plant and per hectare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to determine the effect of planting density on the morpho-productive traits of Jatropha curcas intercropped with crops under rotation, the following treatments-systems (S) were studied in a completely randomized design: S1 (control): J. curcas at 2,5 x 2,0 m (2 000 plants/ha), S2: 50% of the area with J. curcas at 2,5 x 2,0 m and 50% of the area with crops under rotation (2 000 plants/ha), S3: J. curcas intercropped with crops at 5,0 x 2,0 m (1 000 plants/ha), S4 (control): crops under rotation. To interpret the results of plant height (H), number of primary branches (PB), stem diameter and primary branch diameter, quantity of racemes (NR) and fruit production (FP), a simple classification ANOVA was used and H, PB and NR were correlated; while descriptive statistics was used for the number of fruits per raceme (FR), weight and size of the seeds and crop yield. H and PB were higher for S1 and S2; nevertheless, higher NR was obtained with S3, and this last one did not differ regarding FP (p < 0,05) from the control (S1). There was high and positive correlation (r = 0,84) between H and PB, but they were not correlated with NR. In S3, the yield of the associated crops was 1,023; 4,281 and 0,320 t/ha for beans, sweet potato and sesame, respectively. It is concluded that when using 1 000 plants/ha in association systems, adequate yields and diversity of plant species can be obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In one field of the Agricultural experimental station "Álvaro Barba Machado", located in the Central University "Marta Abreu" of the Villages, an investigation was carried out in the rainy season, with the objective to evaluate the effect of four spacing among furrows on the yield, yield's components and the weight of 100 seeds of two soybean cultivars: Incasoy-24 and Incasoy-27. In both cultivars was observed that the plants spaced at 0.45 and 0.60 m had better agronomic response in the yield components: number of legumes and seeds per plant, the 100 seeds weight didn't perform statistical differences in none of the assessment spacing and yield reached values more than 2 t ha-1 in those plants sowed in the smaller spacing selected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the rainy season (May 2007) an investigation was developed on a Brown soil (Inceptisol), with the objective of assessment the influence of spacing among rows variation on indexes of growth of the soybean cultivars Incasoy-24 and Incasoy-27. In four spacing the height of the plant was measured and the foliar area, foliar area index, rate of net assimilation and photosynthetic potential were calculated. It was observed that the maximum values of height of the plant and foliar area index were obtained in the smaller spacing utilized (0.45 y 0.60 m), while the best results in the foliar area index and the rate of net assimilation is variable in the selected spacing according to the different assessment moments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work was developed at Los Palacios Rice Research Station for three years and later at small-scale producers' areas belonging to a non-specialized system (popular rice) as an agricultural extension. The study consisted of determining the effect of seedling age, plant spacing and seedling number per site on agricultural yield. Results showed a seed amount reduction in the nursery, to the value of 5 kg.ha-1.year-1, which represent between 35 and 40 % of that used in the traditional transplanting system. In addition, agricultural yields increased up to 2.0 t.ha-1; there was a greater tillering and root system development per plant compared to the check control. On the other hand, when crop irrigation was discontinued for 21 days, 3 300 m³.ha-1.year-1 of water were saved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the objective of determining the effect of planting density on the initial growth of mulberry, during the establishment stage, three planting frames were studied: 1 m x 0,80; 1 m x 0,40; and triple rows separated at 0,5 m between rows x 0,40 m between plants and at 1 m between triple rows (12 500; 25 000 and 37 500 plants/ha, respectively). For this a completely randomized design was used. The period of evaluation was 10 months. Five plants were randomly selected in each plot and the height and number of branches were measured monthly. In the data processing a factorial analysis was used, by means of the option One-Way ANOVA corresponding to the statistical pack SPSS version 10.0. In the comparison of means Duncan's multiple range test was used, for a significance level at P<0,05. The results indicated statistical differences in each variant regarding plant height. With the density of 25 000 plants/ha the highest height was reached (90,8 cm); while for 12 500 and 37 500 plants/ha no statistical differences were found. Regarding the number of branches, the highest values were found when using the lowest planting density. The densities studied were concluded to influence significantly the establishment of the mulberry crop; to continue the study during the exploitation stage of the crop is recommended, aiming to evaluate the influence of this factor on the yield and bromatological composition of the plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is aimed at setting the spacing among drips of 4 and 8 L/h to irrigate beds with 2 rows of horticultural crops and only one line of emitters on a Red Ferralitic compacted soil. For developing this experiment pairs of drips were placed on a lateral separate 2 m, whit a spacing among emitters of 10; 20; 40; 60; 80; 100; 120; 140 and 160 cm. Moisture samples at 10; 20 and 30 cm of depth were carried out to know the content of moisture in the central zone among emitters using the gravimetric method in order to determine the real humidity in each point sampled. The results indicate the convenience of placing drips of 4 L/h spacing between 20-40 cm and the 8 L/h ones 40-60 cm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For More than ten years, the functioning of the sub-surface drainage pilot area, in the Consolación del Sur Cultivos Varios Enterprise, in the Pinar del Rio province, has been observed. Since the first three years of functioning of the system, it is known, that the 30 and 60 m of spacings between pvc drains, buried at 1,40 m of profundity, are the more advantageous distances, because its functioning efficiency and the yielding levels that they offered. In the present paper, it is shown that this spacings give the possibility of more yield of the investments, when potato is planted; and less, when maize and sweet potato are cultivated, as is show by the economical indicators obtained. All the plantings were carried out in a quartzitic soil, with an impervious stratum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]