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Nutrient requirements vary across the reproductive cycle, but research on changes in nutritional intake and quality from pregnancy to beyond the lactation period is limited. Thus, we aimed to study nutritional intake and quality changes, among Swedish pregnant participants from late pregnancy to 18 months postpartum and to study the determinants of nutritional quality changes. Participants (n = 72) were studied longitudinally from the third trimester of pregnancy and postpartum (2 weeks 4, 12, and 18 months postpartum). At each visit, participant characteristics and 4‐day food diaries were collected. Nutritional quality was assessed by energy adjusted Nutrient Rich Food Index 11.3. Linear mixed models were used to analyze the determinants of change in nutritional quality. Intakes of carbohydrate energy percentage (E%), fiber, vitamin A, vitamin C, and potassium were higher in the third trimester compared to postpartum, whereas intakes of E% protein and monounsaturated fat were lower. Adherence to recommended intakes was low at all study visits for saturated fat (4%–11%), fiber (15%–39%), vitamin D (8%–14%), folate (0%–2%), and iron (6%–21%). Overall, nutritional quality did not differ significantly from third trimester to postpartum. Shorter duration (<4 months) of lactation was negatively related to nutritional quality changes, whereas higher age was positively related to changes. In conclusion, nutritional intake from pregnancy to postpartum changed, whereas quality remained relatively stable, with age and lactation duration as determinants. Identification of people at risk of adverse dietary changes from pregnancy to the postpartum period should be further addressed in future larger and more diverse study populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Replacing some animal sources of protein with plant foods is encouraged. Nutrient intake may reflect changes in the protein source. The adequacy of habitual nutrient intake among US adults has not been evaluated by the level of animal protein (AP) intake. Objectives: The objective of this study was to compare food consumption and nutrient intake and adequacy among quintiles of percent AP intake. Methods: Dietary intake data of adults 19+ y (N = 9706) from What We Eat in America, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2015-2018 were used. Proportions of protein from animal and plant sources were estimated from ingredients in the Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies 2015-2018, and then applied to dietary intakes. Intakes were classified by Q of percent AP. Food intake was described using the United States Department of Agriculture Food Patterns components. Usual nutrient intakes were estimated using the National Cancer Institute Method and compared with age and gender-specific Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs). Comparisons between quintiles were made using t-tests. Results were considered significant at P < 0.01. Results: Total protein intake was higher as the Q of AP intake increased. Among the higher quintiles of percent AP, <1% did not meet their DRIs for protein than 17% in Q1 and 5% in Q2 (P < 0.01). In quintiles with lower compared with higher percent AP, there were significantly higher percentages not meeting DRIs for vitamins A, B12, choline, zinc, and calcium but meeting recommendations for folate, vitamin C, saturated fat, cholesterol, and fiber (P < 0.01). Among all quintiles, over one-third did not meet DRIs for fiber, vitamins A, C, D, E, K, choline, calcium, and potassium. Conclusions: Replacing protein from animal sources with plant foods may result in lower intakes of protein and some nutrients but a better intake of dietary components associated with reducing chronic disease risk. The current intake of US adults indicates dietary improvements are needed, regardless of protein source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One-carbon nutrients play an important role in epigenetic mechanisms and cellular methylation reactions. Inadequate intake of these nutrients is linked to metabolic perturbations, yet the current intake levels of these nutrients have rarely been studied in Asia. This cross-sectional study surveyed the usual dietary intake of one-carbon nutrients (folate, choline and vitamins B2, B6 and B12) among Thai university students aged 19–30 years (n 246). Socioeconomic background, health information, anthropometric data and 24-h dietary recall data were collected. The long-term usual intake was estimated using the multiple-source method. The average usual intake levels for men and women were (mean ± SD) 1⋅85 ± 0⋅95 and 2⋅42 ± 8⋅7 mg/d of vitamin B2, 1⋅96 ± 1⋅0 and 2⋅49 ± 8⋅7 mg/d of vitamin B6, 6⋅20 ± 9⋅5 and 6⋅28 ± 12 μg/d of vitamin B12, 195 ± 154 and 155 ± 101 μg dietary folate equivalent/d of folate, 418 ± 191 and 337 ± 164 mg/d of choline, respectively. Effect modification by sex was observed for vitamin B2 (P-interaction = 0⋅002) and choline (P-interaction = 0⋅02), where every 1 mg increase in vitamin B2 and 100 mg increase in choline intake were associated with a 2⋅07 (P = 0⋅01) and 0⋅81 kg/m2 (P = 0⋅04) lower BMI, respectively, in men. The study results suggest that Thai young adults meet the recommended levels for vitamins B2, B6 and B12. The majority of participants had inadequate folate intake and did not achieve recommended intake levels for choline. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee at the Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University. This trial was registered at www.thaiclinicaltrials.gov (TCTR20210420007) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study was to compare food and nutrient intakes of young Australian adults (18‐24 years) to national recommendations as per the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating and Nutrient Reference Values. Methods: Dietary intake of 18 to 24 year olds (n = 1005) participating in the Advice, Ideas, and Motivation for My Eating (Aim4Me) study was self‐reported using the 120‐item Australian Eating Survey Food Frequency Questionnaire. Median daily servings of Australian Guide to Healthy Eating food groups, macronutrients and micronutrients were compared to recommendations in the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating and Nutrient Reference Values using t‐tests or Kruskal‐Wallis tests (P <.05). Results: None of the young adults met all Australian Guide to Healthy Eating recommendations. The highest adherence [% meeting recommendations, median (IQR)] was for meat/alternatives [38%, 2.1(1.8)] and fruit [32%, 1.5(1.6)], with <25% meeting remaining food‐group recommendations. The majority (76%) exceeded recommendations for the consumption of discretionary foods [4.0(3.3) vs 0‐3 serves] and 81% had excessive saturated fat intakes. Young adults who met all key Nutrient Reference Values (dietary fibre, folate, iodine, iron, calcium and zinc) (18%) consumed a higher number of serves of all food groups, including discretionary foods. Conclusions: Dietary intakes of contemporary young adults do not align with Australian Guide to Healthy Eating targets, while meeting Nutrient Reference Values is achieved by a higher consumption of all food groups, including discretionary foods. Strategies to increase consumption of nutrient‐dense foods in young adults to achieve the Nutrient Reference Values are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent dietary reference intake workshops focusing on nutrient requirements in chronic disease populations have called attention to the potential adverse effects of chronic medication use on micronutrient status. Although this topic is mostly ill defined in the literature, several noteworthy drug–nutrient interactions (DNIs) are of clinical and public health significance. The purpose of this narrative review is to showcase classic examples of DNIs and their impact on micronutrient status, including those related to antidiabetic, anticoagulant, antihypertensive, antirheumatic, and gastric acid–suppressing medications. Purported DNIs related to other drug families, while relevant and worthy of discussion, are not included. Unlike previous publications, this review is primarily focused on DNIs that have sufficient evidence supporting their inclusion in US Food and Drug Administration labeling materials and/or professional guidelines. While the evidence is compelling, more high-quality research is needed to establish clear and quantitative relationships between chronic medication use and micronutrient status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In pregnant women with type 1 diabetes, a low but sufficient, intake of carbohydrates is important to aim for near normal glycemic control. However, knowledge about the carbohydrate intake in this group is limited. To assess the average quantity and quality of carbohydrate intake in pregnant women with type 1diabetes compared to healthy pregnant women and current dietary reference intakes. A narrative literature search was performed in PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library and by using a snow‐ball search technique to identify papers published on studies conducted in industrialized countries within the last 20 years. Intakes of carbohydrate were assessed qualitatively in relation to the Dietary Reference Intakes recommended by the American Diabetes Association and quantitatively as mean intake of dietary fiber. Five observational studies including 810 pregnant women with type 1 diabetes and 15 observational studies with a total of 118,246 healthy pregnant women were identified. The mean total carbohydrate intake was within the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (45%–64% of energy intake) in both groups. In pregnant women with type 1 diabetes, the average total intake was 218 ± 19 g/day, which was 20% (53 g/day) lower than in healthy pregnant women. Mean intake of dietary fiber in women with diabetes was lower than the recommended adequate intake for healthy women. With the limitations of pronounced heterogeneity across the included studies, pregnant women with type 1 diabetes reported a mean total carbohydrate intake, which was lower than in healthy pregnant women but still within the recommended range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On August 13–14, 2019, the Healthcare Nutrition Council and the ASN held the Medical Foods Workshop: Science, Regulation, and Practical Aspects. Medical food products help patients manage their disease and improve their quality of life. Yet many hurdles exist to getting patients new products. In this workshop, participants addressed some of these hurdles, with specific emphasis on topics like the statutory term distinctive nutritional requirements , the regulatory term modification of the diet alone , the role of clinical guidelines, the requirement that medical foods be used under medical supervision, and differentiation of foods for special dietary use from medical foods, as well as product innovation and future research. Real-world examples were discussed for intractable epilepsy, diabetes, end-stage renal disease, and inflammatory bowel disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND The polishing process plays a key role in determining the beneficial quality of rice. However, the effects of polishing on human exposure to essential and toxic elements are not well reported. This study evaluated the effects of polishing on the levels of essential and toxic elements in rice grains and evaluated the status of their daily intake using probabilistic assessment. RESULTS: The levels of essential elements decreased as the degree of polishing increased. The highest reduction percentages of essential elements [24% of copper (Cu), 26% of nickel (Ni), and 52% of manganese (Mn)] were found after the first polishing step. The highest zinc (Zn) reduction (15%) was found after the fourth polishing step. For toxic elements, polishing significantly reduced the arsenic (As) concentration (15–31%) from that of the whole grains, of which 26% was removed after the first step. CONCLUSION: Polishing removed both essential and toxic elements from rice grains. The highest losses of Cu, Mn, Ni, and As were found after the first polishing step since these elements generally localize in the aleurone layers of rice grains. The last polishing step caused a significant Zn reduction from the grain. Polishing had no significant effect on the cadmium (Cd) concentration in grains. The consumption of all types of rice could not supply sufficient amounts of all microelements except Mn to maintain optimum health. Both As and Cd intake levels were lower than the benchmarks of toxic health effects. Thus, the potential health impacts of both of these elements in rice can be neglected. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To analyze the correlation of pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) with the blood glucose level and dietary reference intake of patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods: 86 GDM patients treated in the hospital from January 2017 to January 2018 were selected as observation group, and 60 pregnant women with normal blood glucose were selected as control group. Observation group was divided into group A (BMI<18.5 kg/m2), group B (18.5 kg/m2≤ BMI<24.0 kg/m2), group C(24.0 kg/m2≤ BMI≤ 28.0 kg/m2), group D (BMI>28.0 kg/m2) according to BMI. The pre-pregnancy BMI, blood glucose level and dietary reference intake were compared among the groups. Results: The pre-pregnancy weight, BMI and energy supply ratio of fat in observation group were higher than those in control group, while the carbohydrate intake and energy supply ratio of carbohydrate in observation group were lower than those in control group (P<0.05); The results of fasting blood glucose, 2 hours postprandial blood glucose, daily energy intake and fat intake showed that: D group>C group>B group>A group, and there were statistical differences among the groups (P<0.05). Conclusions: Pre-pregnancy BMI has certain correlation with blood glucose level and dietary reference intake. Controlling a reasonable weight and maintaining a balanced diet are important for reducing the incidence of GDM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effect of Maccheronccini fortification with different levels (10, 30 and 50 %) of broad bean flour ( Vicia faba) on its nutritional and technological quality. Incorporation of the legume flour significantly increased protein, dietary fibre and mineral contents of produced pasta ( P < 0.05). The mineral and protein dietary reference intake (DRI) contributions were higher in enriched pasta considering an intake of 200 g day person (cooked pasta). Cooking losses were relatively low regardless of the substitution level. Colour parameters of produced pasta indicated comparable brightness and higher redness values for enriched pasta. Higher levels of phytates were also found which could compromise iron bioavailability as was predicted through phytate/mineral molar ratios which remained higher than the inhibitory threshold values for calcium and iron intestinal absorption. Enriched pasta showed significantly lower glycaemic index and slightly greater per cent protein digestibility as regard to the control. Produced Maccheronccini pasta had good technological properties with regard to colour and cooking behaviour. Moreover, contribution to DRIs and nutritional value were enhanced upon broad bean flour addition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gari, a staple food in most West African countries is a processed product of cassava plant. It supplies about 70% of the daily calorie intake in these countries. In this study, levels of lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), calcium (Ca) and iron (Fe) in gari samples that were collected from four major Nigerian cities: Akure, Ondo, Isua and Ore – all located in Ondo State, Southwest, Nigeria were determined. The estimated daily intakes (EDI) of these elements were determined and compared to the recommended dietary intake limits or requirements. The mean concentrations of Pb in gari samples was 0.16 ± 0.09 mg/kg while for essential elements the concentrations were 4.13 ± 0.95, 0.00497 ± 0.00078, 12.98 ± 1.48, 1.01 ± 0.47, 512.6 ± 9.12 and 23.22 ± 2.32 mg/kg for Zn, Mn, Co, Cu, Ca and Fe, respectively. The mean estimated dietary intakes were 0.0333 ± 0.00443, 0.88 ± 0.21, 1.06 ± 0.36, 0.00278 ± 0.00068, 0.22 ± 0.04, 109.7 ± 4.22 and 4.97 ± 1.07 mg/day for Pb, Zn, Mn, Co, Cu, Ca and Fe respectively. The estimated mean Pb dietary intake from gari consumption alone was almost the same as the benchmark dose lower confidence limit (BMDL) for Pb, thus inferring that dietary route is a potential source of Pb contamination for gari consumers in Southwest Nigerian. Also, the data from this study indicated that gari is a good source of some essential elements like Mn, Co, and Cu but not exceptionally rich in Zn, Fe and Ca. It is therefore recommended that gari diets should be complemented with other food substances like beef, vegetables and low fat cheese that are good sources of the deficient elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article a study on the practical application of flavonoid-poor menu meals to a study on the bioavailability of bilberry anthocyanins. Topics discussed include the preparation of 2 daily menu meals using only foodstuffs with less than 0.1 umol flavonoids per dish while meeting the daily reference intakes (DRIs) for the Japanese and the usefulness of flavonoid-poor menus for studying bioavailability of flavonoids in humans as it provides basic and suitable dietary and nutritional condition.

Highlights: [•] We collected tap water samples in 144 homes across the United States. [•] The mineral content of the water samples was determined. [•] The tap water provides only small amounts of minerals to the diet. [•] Tap water provided more than 1% of the DRI for only four minerals, Ca, Mg, Cu, and Na. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Ascorbic acid (AA) is a water-soluble vitamin mainly present in fruits and vegetables. Food Composition Databases (FCDB) provide detailed information on nutritionally important components in foods. However, in some FCDB there is a significant lack of information on vitamin C content. The aim of this study is to produce new data for FCDB by measuring the AA content in 26 types of exotic fruits and to evaluate the nutritional value of these fruits as a source of vitamin C. In this study, the analytical method used to measure ascorbic acid content is an economic, rapid and previously validated High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method. Ascorbic acid content per 100g of edible portion ranged between 0.925±0.018mg for kiwano and 117±1.64mg for arbutus. For all the analyzed exotic fruits and considering a mean daily consumption of 100g/day, twelve of them provide more than 30% of the Dietary Reference Intake. About a quarter of the analyzed exotic fruits are not found in any of the five FCDB considered in this study. The worldwide global market is expanding the production and consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables, mostly exotic, increasing the need of updating the food composition databases with high quality data. The analytical results obtained in this study are an important source of reliable data to be included in the Portuguese food composition database. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Concerns exist about the adequacy of vitamin D in pregnant and lactating women. This review assesses the evidence that maternal vitamin D status influences maternal, fetal, and breast-fed infant bone health; maternal adverse outcomes (preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, obstructed labor, and infectious disease); fetal adverse outcomes (growth, gestational age, and developmental programming); and infant adverse outcomes. The evidence for all of these outcomes is contradictory (except for maternal infectious disease) and lacking causality; thus, it is inconclusive. The 2011 Dietary Reference Intakes for vitamin D and their implications for assessing vitamin D status are discussed. An estimated 5%% to 29%% of American pregnant women may have inadequate vitamin D status, with the higher prevalence in African Americans. Little is known about the prevalence of inadequacy in American lactating women. Research needs are also identified, especially the need for rigorous and well-designed randomized clinical trials to determine the role of vitamin D in nonbone health outcomes in pregnancy and lactation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Increase in fibre intake during pregnancy may reduce weight gain, glucose intolerance, dyslipidaemia, pre-eclampsia and constipation. Few studies have evaluated adequacy of fibre intake during pregnancy. Objective: To assess, through an FFQ, the dietary fibre intake of pregnant women receiving prenatal care from general public practices and compare it with current guidelines. Design and setting: Cross-sectional analyses of a pregnancy cohort study (ECCAGE - Study of Food Intake and Eating Behaviour in Pregnancy) conducted in eighteen general practices in southern Brazil, from June 2006 to April 2007. Subjects: Five hundred and seventy-eight pregnant women with mean (SD) age of 24·9 (6·5) years and mean gestational age of 24·5 (5·8) weeks. Results: The mean energy intake was 11 615 kJ/d (2776 kcal/d). The mean total fibre intake (30·2 g/d) was slightly above the recommended value of 28 g/d (P<0·001), yet 50% (95% CI 46, 54) of the women failed to meet the recommendation. Whole-grain fibre constituted only 1% of total fibre intake in the cereal group. In adjusted Poisson regression analyses, not meeting the recommendation for fibre intake was associated with alcohol intake (prevalence ratio 1·29; 95% CI 1·11, 1·50) and absence of nutritional guidance (prevalence ratio 1·22; 95% CI 1·05, 1·42) during pregnancy. Conclusions: About half of the pregnant women failed to meet the recommended fibre intake, especially those not reporting nutritional guidance during pregnancy. For most women, whole-grain cereal intake was absent or trivial. Taken together, our data indicate the need, at least in this setting, for greater nutritional education in prenatal care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In order to achieve valid assessments of folate status, folate food composition data needs to be expressed in the same chemical form and units as the recommendations for folate intakes. Dietary folate (e.g. both naturally occurring and synthetic folic acid) and supplemental folic acid intakes were assessed twice in a cross-sectional study, using a validated dietary assessment method, the Food Choice Map, and two databases: the Canadian Nutrient File (CNF 2001), where folate was expressed as μg, and an updated version of the CNF 2001, where folate was expressed as dietary folate equivalents (DFEs). A fasting blood sample was used to measure serum folate. Statistically significant mean differences (p <0.05) were observed in the energy adjusted mean daily folate intakes from the original CNF (471±216μg/d; mean±S.D.) versus those obtained from the updated database (648±358μg DFE/d; mean±S.D.). No significant correlation was observed between the folate intakes assessed by the two versions of the database (r =0.1). Folate intakes estimated from either database were significantly correlated irrespective of folate supplement usage. Using the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) as the nutritional cut-off point and serum folate as a biological cut-off point, folate intakes estimated as μg DFEs/d predict folate status better than the μg/d estimation. Assessment of folate nutritional status is incomplete if content values in the food composition database do not account for (1) the differences in bioavailability between naturally occurring folate and synthetic folic acid found as a food fortificant, and (2) folate supplement usage. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

[Display omitted] • Content of 230Th and 232Th in calcium and magnesium supplements was investigated. • Risk to human consumers from radioactive exposure was estimated. • The supplements could be considered as an additional source of radionuclides in diet. • Studied supplements are safe for consumers from the radiological point of view. The article presents a study on the content of radiotoxic thorium radionuclides, alpha-emitting 230Th and 232Th, as a possible additional source of these radioisotopes in the human diet in the most popular calcium and magnesium supplements available for adults in Poland. It was also examined whether the supplements impact the value of effective radiation doses to the consumers. The analyzed pharmaceuticals contained different organic or inorganic calcium or magnesium compounds, and some of them were of natural origin, while most of the organic compounds were synthetic. Based on the study, the 230Th concentrations in natural origin calcium and magnesium supplements were significantly higher than in synthetic. The results showed that the highest value of 230Th activity was found in natural origin pills produced from chalk and equalled 6.20 ± 0.17 m Bq/g, while the highest 232Th activity concentration was determined in the dolomite sample and determined at 0.58 ± 0.05 m Bq/g. The evaluation showed that calcium and magnesium supplements could contribute to an annual effective radiation dose of less than 3 μSv, but the amount is much than the annual radiation dose from 230Th and 232Th decay ingested with daily food (0.3 μSv). For this reason, the consumption of these supplements may increase the annual effective radiation dose received by a human. Notwithstanding, the exposure is considered low from the radiological and toxicological points of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study on the molybdenum and chromium concentrations of breast milk of Japanese breast-feeding mothers using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). Milk samples from 79 Japanese breast-feeding mothers were put in nylon bag, stored in freezer and undergone dry incineration. The study reveals normal distribution among milk samples but shows no regional variations and significant association. Various reports related to the study are also discussed.

Calcium is important for bone health. Over the last 15 years, reference calcium intakes in Western countries have been revised upwards for maximizing bone mass at skeletal maturity and for prevention of osteoporotic fractures. Some of these reference figures have also been adopted for use in Asian countries. However, the scientific data based on for revising reference calcium intakes in the West was largely based on Caucasians. Limited human studies relating to calcium requirements and bone mineralization have been conducted in Asians in Asia. In children and adolescents, a trial has confirmed no effects of calcium supplementation on bone gains in adolescent girls after 7 years. A meta-analysis has also revealed that calcium supplementation has little beneficial effects on bone gain. Given that genetic factors, hormonal status, body size, bone structure, diets, physical activity, vitamin D status and adaptation could modify calcium retention and bone integrity, these factors need to be considered collectively to promote bone health in Asian populations. Furthermore, studies to identify indigenous foods rich in calcium and high in bioavailability are needed to widen sources of dietary calcium. Ethnic differences in calcium retention, hormonal status, bone structure, bone mineral accretion and peak bone mass are evident among Asians, Caucasians and Blacks in USA. Hence, reference calcium intakes for Asians are likely to be unique and different from those of Caucasians. More research has to be conducted in Asian populations in order to develop appropriate reference calcium intakes for the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dietary reference intakes (DRIs) for Vitamin D (VitD) have been traditionally established based on plasma 25-OHD concentration sufficient to prevent rickets and osteomalacia. While nutritional rickets is still prevalent in developing countries, hypovitaminosis D is becoming widespread around the world regardless the latitude. Emerging evidence has unravelled the physiological roles of VitD beyond calcium homeostasis. Hypovitaminosis D has been linked to cancers, diabetes, CVD, periodontal diseases and influenza. Hypovitaminosis D is multifactorial and is related to VitD scarcity in foods, latitude, solar-irradiation, atmospheric-pollution, skinpigmentation, clothing, sunscreen-use and indoor activities, etc. Plasma 25-OHD concentration range from 25-138 nmol/L. A higher plasma 25-OHD concentration is linked to higher bone-mass in adolescents, pre- and post-menopausal women. Plasma 25-OHD ≥75 nmol/L has been shown to enhance calcium absorption, suppress PTH elevation, reduce the risks of bone loss and fractures, and certain extra-skeletal diseases. VitD supplementation with 10ug/d is insufficient to lower fracture risks. Combined VitD and calcium supplementation in higher doses has been found superior to VitD alone to increase bone-mass in adolescents and to reduce nonvertebral fractures in postmenopausal women. In future, DRIs for VitD are likely to be established beyond its skeletal roles to include multiple health outcomes. However, the desirable level of VitD has yet to be defined. Furthermore, redefining the upper-tolerable-level of VitD intake is necessary to prevent hypercalcemia and toxicity. There is also a urgent need to harmonize laboratory methods in VitD assay in different laboratories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Background: Individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) and pancreatic insufficiency (PI) are at risk for fat-soluble vitamin deficiency, including vitamin A. Recent evidence suggests current practices of vitamin A intake results in elevated serum retinol. Methods: Serum retinol was assessed in 78 subjects (8 to 25 years old) with CF and PI by high performance liquid chromatography, and compared to the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data of subjects of similar age and gender. Vitamin A intake, anthropometry and FEV1 were measured, and their relationship to serum retinol status was assessed. Results: Median (range) serum retinol was 80 μg/dL (33 to 208) in subjects with CF; 58% were above the NHANES reference range (30 to 72 μg/dL). Total vitamin A intake from diet and supplements was high (608+431% Recommended Dietary Allowance). Serum retinol was not correlated with vitamin A intake, age or gender, and was inversely correlated with weight and height z scores (r=−0.28, p <0.05) in the subjects with CF. Conclusions: Both vitamin A intake and serum retinol were elevated in subjects with CF and PI, corroborating recent evidence of elevated serum retinol in preadolescent children with CF. These findings indicate the need for further study of dosing and monitoring care practices of vitamin A, to ensure adequacy and to avoid toxicity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The aim of the study was to evaluate diet quality and nutrient intakes in Croatian university students, which are missing for the past 15 years, and also to report the prevalence of overweight/obesity and underweight. The subjects were 663 students (average age 22 years), representing 0.6% of all Croatian university students. The Quantified Food Frequency Questionnaire, checked for reproducibility and validity, was used for dietary assessment. Students on average had an adequate number of daily meals and snacks, but consumption of breakfast was irregular, particularly for men. The average energy intake was 130.1% of the dietary reference intake and the protein intake was more than double the dietary reference intake in 64.3% students. Dietary fiber, iron (in females), calcium, zinc, folate, and vitamins C, A and E intake were below recommendations in both genders. Only 3.8% of females and 21.9% of males were overweight/obese (body mass index >25 kg/m(2)). Nutrient intakes significantly differed according to gender and better macronutrient but not micronutrient intakes were observed in females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: to compare nutrients intake apparent adequacy through reference values of Dietary Reference Intake (DRIs) of 35 children of a charity daycare center in two instances, when they enrolled (instance 1) and six months after (instance 2). Methods: socio-demo graphic assessment was performed through a questionnaire collecting information pertaining to income, school level, living conditions and basic sanitation. To assess food consumption at enrollment, dietary history was informed through an interview with the parent, family member or guardian on the usual intake of the child at home. Following a six month period the weighed food record method (in the daycare center) was performed complemented by the food intake of the child at home. Nutrient analysis such as proteins, iron, calcium and vitamin C in addition to food fibers was performed by specific software. To compare nutrients' adequacy in the two instances of the study the paired Student test (t) (p < 0.05) was used. Results: a significant improvement in the median intake for all nutrients and fiber six moths after child's attendance to the daycare center was determined. No child reached the level of fiber apparent adequacy of the ingestion at the two moments of the study, despite the significant difference. Conclusions: results suggest that daycare centers can have an important role in the improvement of lower income children nutritional status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although many animal studies have reported that dietary excess of methionine causes toxic changes including growth suppression and hemolytic anemia, the biochemical mechanism and biomarkers for methionine toxicity have not been well elucidated. The present study aimed to identify toxicity biomarkers from plasma metabolites in rats fed excessive methionine. Young growing rats were fed graded doses of additional methionine for 2 wk. Cluster analysis of multivariate correlations was performed on the physiological and toxicity variables with plasma metabolites detected by GC/MS, amino acid analyzer, and thiol-specific analysis. Indicative variables for hemolysis such as splenic nonheme iron content and plasma bilirubin were grouped in the same cluster as many methionine metabolites. Homocysteine and some undefined metabolites in this cluster were found to be strong discriminators between nontoxic and toxic levels of methionine intake. Product-to-precursor ratios of each methionine metabolite demonstrated that excessive methionine intake caused a marked decrease only in the ratio of cystathionine to homocysteine, suggesting that metabolism from homocysteine to cystathionine would be rate limiting in the disposal of excessive methionine. Collectively from these results, homocysteine appeared to be the most plausible biomarker to assess methionine excess as a surrogate marker both for toxicity and for setting a metabolic upper limit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The USDA issued the Food Guide Pyramid(FGP) to help Americans choose healthy diets. We examined whether adherence to the 1992 and 2005 FGP was associated with moderate energy and adequate nutrient intakes. We used data for 2138 men and 2213 women > 18 y old, from the 2001–2002 U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Quadratic programming was used to generate diets with minimal departure from intakes reported for the NHANES 2001–02. We examined the effect of the number of servings/d of Food Pyramid groups set at 1992 and at 2005 FGP recommendations for 1600, 2200, and 2800 kcal (1 kcal = 4.184 kJ) levels. We calculated energy and nutrients provided by different FGP dietary patterns. Within current U.S. dietary practices, following the 1992 FGP without sodium restriction may provide 200 more kcal than recommended for each energy level. Although it can meet most of old nutrient recommendations (1989), it fails to meet the latest dietary reference intakes, especially for the 1600 kcal level. The 2005 FGP appears to provide less energy and more adequate nutrient intakes, with the exception of vitamin E and potassium for some groups. However, without discretionary energy restriction, Americans are at risk of having excessive energy intake even if they follow the 2005 FGP food serving recommendations. Our analysis suggests that following the 2005 FGP may be associated with lower energy and optimal nutrient intake. Careful restriction of discretionary calories appears necessary for appropriate energy intakes to be maintained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes were investigated in plasma metabolites and physiological and toxicological variables in rats fed for 2 wk on a basal diet or diets with 1.5, 5, 10, 15, and 30% added leucine. In the same experiment, the changes in gene expression in livers of rats fed the basal diet or diets with 5% and 15% added leucine were investigated using DNA microarrays. Cluster analysis of multivariate correlations of metabolites and physiological and toxicological variables indicated that the variables associated with excess nitrogen clustered together with leucine and α-ketoisocaproate. The gene expression data, although preliminary, indicated that there was little change in the expression of enzymes of the catabolic pathways for leucine but that there were changes in enzymes associated with nitrogen metabolism and other pathways downstream of leucine catabolism. The data seem consistent with excess leucine exerting its effects through the overloading of nitrogen metabolism and that urea or α-ketoisocaproate could be an early marker for the upper limit of adequate intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVES:: To measure daily energy expenditure (DEE) with indirect calorimetric facilities in sedentary and active subjects. To estimate daily energy needs with the FAO/WHO/UNU (1985) procedures (EDEE) and estimated energy requirement (EER) with the dietary reference intakes 2002 (DRI) in healthy adults with sedentary or high-activity conditions. To compare estimated daily energy needs with their measured values. DESIGN:: Two groups of healthy subjects were tested under sedentary or high-activity conditions. In both groups, resting energy expenditure was measured after a 12-h overnight fast. DEE and basal metabolic rate (BMR) values were also measured with indirect calorimetry and compared to the relevant predicted values. Physical activity level and BMR were also estimated. SUBJECTS:: A total of 45 sedentary (26 men and 19 women) and 69 active subjects (43 men and 26 women) aged 18-30 and 30-60?y. RESULTS:: Measured daily energy expenditure (MDEE) was significantly lower than EDEE in sedentary men and women and in active men for the two age groups considered (P<0.05). EER was significantly lower than EDEE in both sedentary and active subjects of each subgroup (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS:: The FAO/WHO/UNU (1985) procedures may overestimate daily energy needs, particularly in sedentary individuals. However, DRI (2002) are probably more adapted to estimate real daily energy needs in sedentary and active subjects in comparison to the FAO/WHO/UNU (1985) procedures.European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2004) 58, 1125-1131. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601940 Published online 31 March 2004 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2000 release of new Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for Americans and Canadians redefines vitamin E activity based solely on naturally occurring α-tocopherol and 2R-stereoisomeric forms of synthetic α-tocopherol. This definition contrasts with the previous measure of vitamin E, α-tocopherol equivalents (α-TEs), which includes all forms of α-tocopherol and contributions from other tocopherols. The Nutrition Data System for Research (NDS-R) developed by the Nutrition Coordinating Center at the University of Minnesota is used to calculate nutrient intakes for studies investigating relationships between diet and health. The new DRIs required NDS-R database changes for recalculation of vitamin E activity, while retention of original values was required for comparability with data collected in the past. New nutrient fields were added to the database to separate α-tocopherol values into natural and synthetic forms, each with a different level of vitamin E activity. In unfortified foods, all α-tocopherol was considered to be the natural form. For foods fortified with synthetic vitamin E, product formulations were used to calculate first the amount of natural vitamin E in the food; the remainder of vitamin E on the product label was attributed to synthetic α-tocopherol. For analysis of trends, the new nutrient fields for vitamin E were added to previous versions of the database and to deactivated foods, and α-TE was maintained in the current database. Researchers using the NDS-R have the option of calculating vitamin E using the new measures of activity or using the prior α-TE values for comparison of current data with previously published values. New values for vitamin E were added to all 18 000 foods in the database. To determine the difference between the new and previous measures of vitamin E expected in a daily diet, menus typical of American adults were calculated using NDS-R. Vitamin E measured as α-tocopherol ranged from 63% to 90% of α-TE with menus higher in vegetable oils and fortified foods showing the largest difference between the two measures. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Risk assessment of essential trace elements examines high intakes resulting in toxicity and low intakes resulting in nutritional deficiencies. This paper analyzes the risk assessments carried out by several U.S. governmental and private organizations for eight essential trace elements: chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, and zinc. The compatibility of the toxicity values with the nutritionally essential values is examined, in light of recently derived values, termed Dietary Reference Intakes, set by the U.S. Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine. The results show that although there are differences in the values set by the different organizations, increased coordination has resulted in values that are more compatible than revealed in past evaluations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Zinc is an essential mineral which plays a key role in several important biological processes in the human body. The determination of its level in food matrices can contribute to the food quality characterization and to the adequacy of the diet. Animal food products generally have a higher zinc content compared to vegetables. Among them, dairy products consumption can provide a great contribution to the zinc reference intakes. In this study, different Italian cheeses (38 Protected Denomination of Origin and 9 Traditional) were evaluated for their zinc content. Cow cheeses generally showed the highest zinc content (1.83–7.75 mg/100 g cheese), followed by sheep cheeses (1.34–3.69 mg/100 g), and cheeses from mixed milk (0.39–4.54 mg/100 g). The only cheese from buffalo milk (Mozzarella di Bufala Campana PDO) showed a zinc content of 2.14 mg/100 g. The great variability in the zinc content observed among the samples is the result of the influence of several factors, such as the feeding system, the species (cow, sheep, goat, and buffalo), and the cheese-making. Most of the samples resulted in a great contribution (>10%) to the zinc Daily Reference Intake set by EU (10 mg/day), with only two samples contributing to less than 4%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Peppers, tomatoes and eggplants are highly variable for fruit composition profile. • Peppers had the highest content in total sugars, acids, β-carotene, vitamin C and Fe. • Eggplants were higher in protein, sucrose, malic, chlorogenic acid, K, Mg and Cu. • A diverse array of antioxidants was found, the most abundant being vitamin C, chlorogenic acid, rutin and quercetin. The study of the diversity within and between major Solanaceae crops (pepper, tomato, eggplant) is of interest for the selection and development of balanced diets. We have measured thirty-six major fruit composition traits, encompassing sugars, organic acids, antioxidants and minerals, in a set of 10 accessions per crop for pepper, tomato and eggplant, grown under the same cultivation conditions. The aim was to evaluate the diversity within species and to provide an accurate comparison of fruit composition among species by reducing to a minimum the environmental effect. Pepper, tomato and eggplant had a clearly distinct composition profile. Pepper showed the highest average content in total sugars and organic acids. Fructose and glucose were the major sugar compounds in the three species, although in pepper and tomato sucrose was present only in trace amounts. Citric acid was the major organic acid in pepper and tomato, while in eggplant it was malic acid. Pepper and eggplant had the highest total antioxidant activity. Vitamin C content was much higher in pepper than in tomato and eggplant, while eggplant accumulated high concentrations of chlorogenic acid. Furthermore, eggplant was the species with higher content in most minerals, particularly for K, Mg and Cu, while pepper was the richest in Fe. Due to their complementary nutritional profiles, a combined regular consumption of the three vegetables would supply more than 20% of the Dietary Reference Intake of several of the analysed phytochemicals. The large diversity within each species is of interest for selecting varieties with better nutritional and organoleptic profiles, as well as for breeding new cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Macro and micronutrient laboratory analysis did not match the label data in many cases. • Mineral bioaccessibility results showed mean dialyzability percentages between 2–16%. • Protein determination agreed with labels through Dumas and not with Kjeldahl method. • The probabilistic assessment showed sufficiency of all micronutrient Dietary Reference Intakes. Ten enteral nutrition formulas were analyzed to determine their macro and micronutrient (trace element) composition. Protein and fat content ranged between 3.7–8.0 and 1.3–11.9 g / 100 mL respectively. Trace element concentrations ranged between 7.2–15; 2.0–6.8; 0.6–1.6; 1.1–1.5; 0.2 – 0.3; 0.3–1.7 mg / 100 mL for Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn respectively; revealing that in many cases they do not match the label values. Trace element bioaccessibility analysis showed dialyzability percentages between 2–16 %. Furthermore, a negative correlation was found between protein content and dialyzed Mg content (r = -0.644, p < 0.05); and between protein content and dialyzed Fe content (r = -0.679, p < 0.05). In contrast, a positive correlation (r = 0.801; p < 0.05) was found between dialyzable Ca and dialyzable Mg, displaying a synergistic interaction between both elements. Finally, a probabilistic assessment showed that the analyzed enteral nutritional formulas meet the Dietary Reference Intakes of all micronutrients assessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]