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Nutrition labeling supports healthier diets by aiding purchase decisions and stimulating reformulation. This systematic literature review applied Cochrane methods to synthesize and appraise evidence on the effectiveness of nutrient declarations and nutrition and health claims on diet-related outcomes. The search spanned 11 academic databases, from inception to July 2022. Evidence was synthesized using GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) and vote counting. Data were available from 170 studies. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) suggest that nutrient declarations likely improved consumer understanding of the nutritional quality/content of foods (moderate certainty) and may have improved the healthfulness of choices (low certainty) versus no label. RCT evidence also suggests that claims likely increased consumer perceptions of food healthfulness and increased choice and purchases of labeled foods (both moderate certainty), irrespective of nutritional quality. To improve label understanding and avoid misinterpretation, nutrient declarations may incorporate interpretive elements and claims can apply disqualifying conditions for their usage, on the basis of overall nutritional quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Treaties are concluded by States but often impose rights and obligations directly upon private parties. Can private parties contract out of a treaty including States' oppositions without explicit permissions granted by the treaty? The complexity between party autonomy and State sovereignty is reflected in recent cases and unsettled debates regarding the Hague Convention on the Service Abroad of Judicial and Extra Judicial Documents in Civil or Commercial Matters of November 15, 1965 ("HSC"). The HSC contains a large number of oppositions made by 65 Contracting States including China, Germany, India, and Singapore. Combining public and private international law, this paper aims to explore the correlative relationship between party autonomy and State sovereignty in applying the HSC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The underlying argument here is informed by a closer reading of events leading up to Peter's declaration of Jesus as 'the Son of the Living God' in Matthew 16, juxtaposed with the notion of 'Embodied Witness' in Ivan Satyavarta's paper on 'Critical Issues'. Jesus did not see the reality of being the Son for demonstrating his divine power but, for servanthood; for achieving the purpose of God through action in the world. Likewise, for the disciples, the declaration of Jesus exceeds mere perception of divinity or his oral confession but for Christ-like action or embodied practice in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the advantages and disadvantages of large language models(LLMs) and artificial intelligence (AI) in research and education and proposes the urgent need for an international statement to guide their responsible use. LLMs and AI demonstrate remarkable natural language processing, data analysis, and decision‑making capabilities, offering potential benefits such as improved efficiency and transformative solutions. However, concerns regarding ethical considerations, bias, fake publications, and malicious use also arise. The objectives of this paper are to critically evaluate the utility of LLMs and AI in research and education, call for discussions between stakeholders, and discuss the need for an international statement. We identify advantages such as data processing, task automation, and personalized experiences, alongside disadvantages such as bias reinforcement, interpretability challenges, inaccurate reporting, and plagiarism. Stakeholders from academia, industry, government, and civil society must engage in open discussions to address the ethical, legal, and societal implications. The proposed international statement should emphasize transparency, accountability, ongoing research, and risk mitigation. Monitoring, evaluation, user education, and awareness are essential components. By fostering discussions and establishing guidelines, we can ensure the responsible and ethical development and use of LLMs and AI, maximizing benefits while minimizing risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interwar Bessarabia was an unknown territory both for the Moldovan Soviet Socialist Republic and Socialist Romania. Nothing was written on either side of the Prut River. If someone dared to recall an intriguing and much-wanted life between the Prut and Dniester rivers during that period, they were likely to be subjected to lessons of true. At least that was the case in the MSSR. The Democratic Republic of Moldova, established on January 24, 1918, followed by the Declaration of the Country Council on March 27, 1918, breathed fresh air into the region between the Prut and Dniester rivers, a breath that had been absent for over a century. In the very first days of the Great Union, thanks to the warm-hearted Onisifor Ghibu from Ardeal, the greatest musician of all Romanians, George Enescu, arrived in Chisinau from Iasi with his orchestra for a few days' tour. The concerts he presented on March 24, 25, and 28 were events difficult to compare with anything that had occurred over the years, unless we recall the nearly forty concerts given by Enescu himself in various towns of Bessarabia, where, alongside great performers like Nicolae Caravia, he delighted audiences with exceptional music. The significance of these tours is further underlined by the fact that, due to the genius musician, an opera theater was established in Chisinau (premiering " Faust" on August 6, 1918) and the creation of a Conservatory of Music and Dramatic Arts (January 1, 1919). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interwar Bessarabia was an unknown territory both for the Moldovan Soviet Socialist Republic and Socialist Romania. Nothing was written on either side of the Prut River. If someone dared to recall an intriguing and much-wanted life between the Prut and Dniester rivers during that period, they were likely to be subjected to lessons of true. At least that was the case in the MSSR. The Democratic Republic of Moldova, established on January 24, 1918, followed by the Declaration of the Country Council on March 27, 1918, breathed fresh air into the region between the Prut and Dniester rivers, a breath that had been absent for over a century. In the very first days of the Great Union, thanks to the warm-hearted Onisi for Ghibu from Ardeal, the greatest musician of all Romanians, George Enescu, arrived in Chisinau from Iasi with his orchestra for a few days' tour. The concerts he presented on March 24, 25, and 28 were events difficult to compare with anything that had occurred over the years, unless we recall the nearly forty concerts given by Enescu himself in various towns of Bessarabia, where, alongside great performers like Nicolae Caravia, he delighted audiences with exceptional music. The significance of these tours is further underlined by the fact that, due to the genius musician, an opera theater was established in Chisinau (premiering " Faust" on August 6, 1918) and the creation of a Conservatory of Music and Dramatic Arts (January 1, 1919). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with a historiographical review focused on primordial titles elaborated in the viceregal period, as inexhaustible sources in understanding the historical reality of the Indians towns. Likewise, it presents an analysis of the content of the primordial title of Xicalco, which is integrated by pictographs and writing. It has been problematized about the circumstances of its elaboration, based on the historical memory of the ancient foundation and its long-term significance. The originality of this work lies in the fact that the content of this manuscript has not been studied, a discourse that seeks to demonstrate and corroborate the ancestral origin of this third-generation population. The latter forms the narrative that emphasizes the recognition of the space of the people and of the patron saint, both as an instrument of identity and legitimation of its existence as a political corporation. Thus, we have verified that the inhabitants of Xicalco, through the primordial title, dated 1640, and the 2018 Declaration, recovered the historical memory to ensure their power over their land. During the viceroyalty they had to face the advance of the Spanish farmers, on the territory of ancestral inheritance; in the 20th century they faced intra-urban immigration, the sale of land and communal assets that threatened the customs of the inhabitants of Xicalco. For this article we have consulted two primary sources, one of them located in the General Archive of the Nation (agn), the primary title of San Miguel Xicalco, which is part of the branch Collection of Documents and Land Titles that were transferred to this site from the Secretariat of Agrarian Reform of Mexico; the second is the Declaration of the original towns of San Miguel Xicalco. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the second half of the 20th century there was a progressive expansion in the goods included in the phrase "cultural heritage" including those intangible elements such as customs or significant testimonies of a culture. The Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (UNESCO 2003) defines the areas of intangible manifestations and establishes the inventory as an essential legal tool of protection. In Argentina, the inventory and the declaration have been used in the field of historical-artistic heritage since the 1940s. From the analysis of a set of norms, jurisprudence, and intangible heritage surveys conducted at the provincial and national level is it possible to systematize the current state of the legal regime of intangible heritage in this country. This work seeks to record the legal status of intangible heritage in Argentina from the traces that can be traced in the legislation and jurisprudence of recent years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taxes returns are a fundamental part of the Tax Administration in which the income received from the sale of properties or services is reported. The purpose of this work is to analyze the impact of the Covid-19 health emergency on the tax return of the merchants of Pedro Carbo town, which seeks to verify the deficit of the tax values received for the 2020 period, the merchants availed themselves of the provisions given by the COE local, to safeguard and control the spread of the virus in which it was affected the economic income, in the Pedro Carbo canton, the commercial activity was affected where the consumer's income was decreased, a descriptive methodology was carried out where the data tabulation is an important basis to demonstrate and know the impact on the decrease in tax collections, bibliographic that through scientific journals, books, degree reports and normat current taxes contributing to promote this research with bases and legal information, the inductive method allowed us to draw conclusions according to the situations or events that have developed, the results found were verified 46% less tax revenue, March with 39% less and September with a 37% deficit in income from declarations that in general per year fell from 15% les. In which it is concluded that this deficit is due to the health emergency throughout the 2020 period and the restrictions taken by the entities responsible for regulating the emergency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fire safety expertise was in great demand following the Grenfell Tower fire in London in June 2017. The government established a review of building regulations and an expert panel to inform its responses to Grenfell, and many other relevant organisations also formed their own expert panels. However, expert knowledge in fire safety is a highly contested domain, with knowledge claims based on differing sources. Fire fighters can claim expertise based on their experience of fighting fires, scientists and science-based engineers can claim expertise from experimentation, and those who create and enact regulations can claim expertise in what can termed 'codespeak'—the language of regulation. Although distanced from fundamental empirical experience of fire, codespeak is powerful because of its relative clarity and certainty, and legal status. Building users also bring their own form of 'local' expertise—they have first-hand experience of the practicalities of the solutions wrought by the other experts. Policy-makers thus face many competing forms of expert advice on fire safety, and their ability to judge what is most relevant in any particular case rests on the existence of a sufficient range and depth of in-house government expertise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While teaching, the Institute of Animal Nutrition of the University of Zurich (IANZ) noticed that veterinary students, veterinarians and pet owners have significant difficulties in reading and understanding pet food labels (PFL). The authors hypothesized that if PFL are easy to read and understand, 90% of those dog owners (n = 43) polled at a dog exhibition are able to answer a questionnaire after reading an exemplary PFL modified from existing products. About 30.2% of the participants were able to compare the protein content of a canned diet versus a dry diet. About 34.9% were able to estimate and compare the carbohydrate content of two dry diets by reading the composition. About 32.6% identified which of the two dry diets was potentially a complete diet by reading the listed ingredients. The results show that a majority of the participants was overwhelmed with the task of reading and understanding the exemplary PFL. An improvement of public education on the basics of product labelling or additional simplified information on the labels might be helpful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While teaching, the Institute of Animal Nutrition of the University of Zurich (IANZ) noticed that veterinary students, veterinarians and pet owners have significant difficulties in reading and understanding pet food labels (PFL). The authors hypothesized that if PFL are easy to read and understand, 90% of those dog owners (n = 43) polled at a dog exhibition are able to answer a questionnaire after reading an exemplary PFL modified from existing products. About 30.2% of the participants were able to compare the protein content of a canned diet versus a dry diet. About 34.9% were able to estimate and compare the carbohydrate content of two dry diets by reading the composition. About 32.6% identified which of the two dry diets was potentially a complete diet by reading the listed ingredients. The results show that a majority of the participants was overwhelmed with the task of reading and understanding the exemplary PFL. An improvement of public education on the basics of product labelling or additional simplified information on the labels might be helpful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, it is explored the possibility of using La Razón Populista to interpret political phenomena that have nothing to do with classic populist movements, but rather with unquestionably political and historical movements. More specifically, we raise the question of whether Laclau's theory of populism is valid to interpret a historical phenomenon such as the text of a declaration of independence. Thus, the question guiding this essay is: is Laclau's populism, as the author himself indicates, a theoretical framework that can be used to interpret various political phenomena, and not only those related to the images of classical or traditional populism? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shâree (Şari) 'Allah SWT, declared His intentions through His last book, the Qur'an, and the last messenger Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). Therefore, the Qur'an and Sunnah are actually the source of beyan. However, in the history of fıqh method there basically came out of two ecoles which are related to how the Qurân itself and Prophet Muhammad's sunnahs stated. The first of these is the school represented by Hanafi methodologists called Fukahâ. The second is the school represented by Cumhur who is called Mütekellimin. This article is based on the epistemology of the ban theory represented by Hanafis. The Hanafi methodologists, who accept the ban as a "İzhâr (Disclose)" operation, not " Zuhur (Occurrence)", examine it with five classifications, namely, takrîr (declaration), tafsîr (exegesis), taghyîr (alteration), tebdîl (translation) and ve zaruret (obligatory). There are the five declaration theories in the Hanafi Methodology; beyân'-takrîr (declaration- statement) in terms of giving strength to the word by eliminating the possibilities of the metaphors and issues in the word, beyân'-tafsîr (declaration- exegesis) in terms of eliminating the closedness of the closed word and clarifying it, beyân'ı-tağyîr (declaration- alteration)by connecting the beginning and the end of the word with a view to bringing a holistic meaning, beyân'-tebdîl (declaration-translation) in terms of partial or complete elimination of the previous word's verdict with a subsequent word and beyân'ı-zaruret (declaration- obligatory) by saying that a word in need is explained in a way that is not deemed in terms of language rules. According to this theory, there are no words that are not explained or understood in the two main sources of Islam, the Qur'an and Sunnah nasses. Again, according to this theory, Shari 'Allah Teâla has explicitly explicitly the Qur'an and Sunnah for his servants, whose maqam is obliged by his address. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rights of minorities find their legal source in the official texts. Unfortunately, these international texts are too few. The most important of these is the article 27 of the famous "International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights" (1966). This article is the only universal obligatory text for member states despite the critics made about its content. The 1992 "Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Linguistic or Religious Minorities" remains the only official autonomous text emanating from the United Nations specifically concerning minority rights. This declaration is, as such, important but not binding. As for the regional level, "the European framework convention for the protection of national minorities" of 1995 is a treaty relating to "national" minorities located exclusively in Europe. It is certainly binding, but it only contains general principles that cannot be applied directly, except after adaptation to national particularities and official integration into the internal legal system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abrogation was considered important from the sahabi period and was evaluated as a criterion to understand the religion correctly. So, Ulema (scholar) needed to examine this topic from different aspects. One of the ulema who takes the topic from different aspects is Tâcüddîn es_Sübkî who compiled many works in many fields and became prominent with his methodologist personality. He was belong to the shafii sectarian, and also from time to time he asserted different views from tradition, and even in some topics he opposed to the four well-known secterians' general views. One of the fields that he thought different from most scholars is abrogation matter. Especially, the view about haber-i vahid and comparision can abrogate the scripture and mutawatir sunnah is remarkable. In our study, we try to determine and analyse Tâcüddîn es_Sübkî's approach to the topic and his opposed views to the general view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United Nations was established on October 24, 1945, under the leadership of the United States. The United Nations' goal is to ensure the permanence of peace, justice, security, economic development and social equality in a global sense. The United Nations, three years after its establishment, declared the United Nations human rights declaration on December 10, 1948, at the 183th General Assembly session in Paris, France. Human rights are important for every individual. It is about how the individual will live as a human being. In this sense, international relations and international law have an extremely important place in protecting human rights. On the other hand, the United Nations' approach to human rights, one of the strongest organizations in the world, is important because the United Nations has the capacity to protect and improve human rights. Provision of world peace can be achieved by protecting human rights. It's insufficient to protect world peace and human rights because of the unfair and double standard of the World order. The aim of this study is the role of international relation and international law in protecting human rights, evaluate the failure of the United Nation in protecting human rights and, lastly, Islamic approach to human rights. However, it's important to mention the United Nation and Islamic approach to the mankind and human rights. For as much as, there is no a problem with designating terms of human rights in the basic sense, but there are problems in implementing it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), by claiming certain inheritances from eighteenth-century American and French rights declarations, simultaneously disavowed others, reshaping the genre of the rights declaration in ways amenable to forms of imperial and racial domination. I begin by considering the rights declaration as genre, arguing that later participants can both inherit and disavow aspects of what came before. Then, drawing on original archival research, I consider the drafting of the UDHR, using as an entry point the reception of the NAACP's Appeal to the World petition, edited by W.E.B. DuBois. I reconstruct conversations within the drafting committee about the right to petition, self-determination, and the right to rebellion, and the separation of the Declaration from the rights covenants, to illustrate the allegiances between US racial politics and French imperial politics, and their legacies for our contemporary conceptions of human rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study confirms and refines prior estimates of under-claiming of workers' compensation benefits and suggests that under-claiming negatively affects the utility of workers' compensation data in injury prevention efforts. A 2017 online poll (N = 2,000) queried the injury and workers' compensation experiences of Alberta workers. Approximately 21.5 percent of respondents reported at least one work-related injury in the previous 12 months, of which 41.8 percent were disabling injuries. Only 31 percent of workers with disabling injuries filed a workers' compensation claim. Under-claiming was more common among women, non-unionized workers, and workers facing relatively fewer hazards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On 12 September 2017, China signed the Hague Convention on Choice of Court Agreements and its ratification is expected in the near future. An immediate issue arises as to how China should implement the Convention. This article is trying to find an answer to this question. Conducting an holistic and in-depth analysis of Chinese law and practice regarding jurisdiction agreements in foreign-related civil cases, and of their consistence with and divergence from the Convention, this article finds that Chinese practice treats foreign jurisdiction agreements in a different way than it does Chinese jurisdiction agreements, an actual connection requirement and prohibition against violation of Chinese courts’ exclusive jurisdiction are imposed on foreign jurisdiction agreements but not on choice of Chinese court agreements. Because of the requirement and prohibition, Chinese law regulating foreign jurisdiction agreements conflicts with the Convention. In addition, Chinese law also precludes parties to submit a purely domestic dispute to foreign courts. Therefore, despite several available options, the best way to implement the Convention in China should be a combination of mild changes to Chinese law and practice with finessed declarations to limit the application of the Convention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Algeria has adopted the freedom of association amended and supplemented constitution in the 1996. However, it has been subject to the regulation of law. The Law, which was promulgated in the context of democratic reform, introduced the statement and the most attenuated version of the preventive regime for the exercise of civil liberties and the most compatible with freedom of association., Unfortunatelly, requiring the association to have subsicribtion receipt from the administration to start business has mislaid their meaning that was transformed into implicit authorization, which restricting exercise the freedom of association. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Already 10 years passed since the declaration of Brisbane in 2007 at the Australian homonymous city where it was agreed, for the first time, the concept of environmental flows. The adoption of ecological and environmental flows ensures the natural share of water renewal necessary for the conservation of ecosystems, for present and future generations, and guarantees the development of productive activities through its efficient use. They recognize nature as the only water supplier. Although their definitions are simple, the major challenge is to accept that the maintenance of ecosystems from healthy rivers, is the basis for human activities development within a watershed. In this way, the ecological and environmental flows are tools built with solid information and based on the consensus among diverse actors for the sustainable management of water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reveals the main theoretical and practical issues related to the integration of Central Asian countries, one of the key problems of national and regional policy since the early 1990s. The position of Kazakhstan, the creation of a single economic space and the Union of the Central Asian region is outlined. The main milestones of the integration process in Central Asia on the transition from the complex development of a single country to the integrated development of the region are indicated. Objective and subjective factors that impede the integration of Central Asian countries are analyzed, the basics of the functioning of integration processes as well as the prospects for their development are revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Our study aimed to highlight the epidemiological profile of patients compensated for occupational asthma in the Tunisian Center, to identify their professional characteristics and to determine compensation practices for this occupational disease. Methods: We conducted an exhaustive retrospective study over a period of eight years. This case study included workers with occupational asthma diagnosed and compensated in the Tunisian Center by the only two medical commissions empowered to set rates for permanent partial disability caused by either a work-related injury or an occupational diseases in the seven central governorates. Results: A total of 129 workers, with average age of 40.6 ± 7.75 years were compensated for occupational asthma during the study period. Sex ratio was 0.66. The most incriminated etiologic agents were vegetable dust pollution in the textile industry (75.2%), wood dust, flour and isocyanates. Nonspecific bronchial hyperreactivity was found in 38% of cases, a high rate of IgE in 14% of cases and positive skin prick test in 10.9% of cases. The average rate of permanent partial disability was 25.6 ± 14.2%. On the basis of the analytical study, this rate was related to patient's age and to the medical commission which had set this rate. Conclusion: This study of workers compensated for occupational asthma provides relevant data about epidemiological and clinical features of diagnosed patients and committee practices in particular, in term of application of the voluntary indicative scale, but it does not allow an assessment of the prevalence of this pathology which is often underestimated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A conflict of interest (CoI) can occur between public duty and private interest, in which a public official's private-capacity interest could improperly influence the performance of their official duties and responsibilities. The most tangible and commonly considered CoI are financial. However, CoI can also arise due to other types of influence including interpersonal relationships, career progression, or ideology. CoI thus exist in academia, business, government and non-governmental organisations. However, public knowledge of CoI is currently limited due to a lack of information. The mechanisms of managing potential conflicts of interest also remain unclear due to a lack of guidelines. We therefore examined the independence of academic experts and how well potential CoI are identified and addressed in four government and non-governmental organisations in the UK responsible for the development of food policy.Methods: Policy analysis. We developed an analytical framework to explore CoI in high-level UK food policy advice, using four case studies. Two government policy-making bodies: Department of Health 'Obesity Review Group' (ORG), 'Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition' (SACN) and two charities: 'Action on Sugar' (AoS), & 'Heart of Mersey' (HoM). Information was obtained from publicly available sources and declarations. We developed a five point ordinal scale based upon the ideology of the Nolan Principles of Public Life. Group members were individually categorised on the ordinal ConScale from "0", (complete independence from the food and drink industry) to "4", (employed by the food and drink industry or a representative organisation).Results: CoI involving various industries have long been evident in policy making, academia and clinical practice. Suggested approaches for managing CoI could be categorised as "deny", "describe", or "diminish". Declared CoI were common in the ORG and SACN. 4 out of 28 ORG members were direct industry employees. In SACN 11 out of 17 members declared industry advisory roles or industry research funding. The two charities appeared to have equally strong academic expertise but fewer conflicts. No HoM members declared CoI. 5 out of 21 AoS members declared links with industry, mainly pharmaceutical companies. We were unable to obtain information on conflicts for some individuals.Conclusions: Conflicts of interest are unavoidable but potentially manageable. Government organisations responsible for policy development and implementation must institutionalize an approach to identify (disclose) and manage (mitigate or eliminate) perceived and actual CoI to improve public confidence in government decision-making relevant to food policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotic resistance is increasing worldwide and has become a very important threat to public health. The overconsumption of antibiotics is the most important cause of this problem. We created a World Alliance Against Antibiotic Resistance (WAAAR), which now includes 720 people from 55 different countries and is supported by 145 medical societies or various groups. In June 2014, WAAAR launched a declaration against antibiotic resistance. This article describes the process and the content of this declaration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today the international community consists of numerous organizations in which countries as subjects of international law are taking participation. Numerous regulations of these organizations are norms of the entire international community. Among these standards there are many for human rights that are well defined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of the United Nations (1948) and the European Convention on Human Rights (1950). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The molecular techniques (C-PCR, RT-PCR) in the detection and quantification of allergic substances of hazelnut in various categories of food commodities, e.g. breakfast cereals, chocolates and biscuits, frequently involved in allergic outbreaks was implemented. For the detection of hazelnut a gene coding the major allergenic protein Cor a1 was selected. In some instances, the presence of hazelnuts is not declared on the label and the products may carry no warning for potentially allergenic substances, usually referred to as "traces". A total of 150 samples were collected from local supermarkets and analysed for the purpose of the study. From these, a total of 38 (25.3%) specimens contained hazelnut, 30 (20.0%) contained "traces" of hazelnut, 26 (17.3%) contained a label warning for the possible presence of "traces" of allergenic substances, and 56 (37.3%) specimens contained no food allergy labels. Among them, using the C-PCR, 36 (94.7%), 10 (33.3%), 5 (19.2%), and 5 (8.9%) specimens were detected as positive, respectively. Using the RT-PCR, 38 (100%), 15 (50%), 7 (26.9%) and 8 (14.3%) specimens were detected as positive, respectively. Finally, by combining both methods, 38 (100%), 17 (56.7%), 9 (34.6%), and 10 (17.9%) specimens were identified as positive, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The MV Arctic Sunrise, a vessel bearing the flag of the Netherlands, was detained by Russian authorities. The Netherlands instituted Annex VII arbitral proceedings against the Russian Federation and requested the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea to prescribe provisional measures for the immediate release of the vessel and its crewmembers. On January 22, 2013, the Philippines instituted arbitral proceedings to challenge China's claims over the South China Sea and the underlying seabed. Both China and Russia claim that the tribunal in question does not have jurisdiction, and neither of them appeared before the tribunal. This article offers an analysis of the facts and reasoning in the Arctic Sunrise case concerning Russia's declaration and its nonappearance. Furthermore, this article explores the relevant provisions of UNCLOS and relevant views, as well as attitudes of ITLOS towards certain issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotic resistance is increasing worldwide and has become a very important threat to public health. The overconsumption of antibiotics is the most important cause of this problem. We created a World Alliance Against Antibiotic Resistance (WAAAR), which now includes 720 people from 55 different countries and is supported by 145 medical societies or various groups. In June 2014, WAAAR launched a declaration against antibiotic resistance. This article describes the process and the content of this declaration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author of the text found in "Polish Declaration of Admiration and Friendship for the United States" a complete list and signatures of 56 students of the Public Teachers Preparanda in Uniejów from the school year 1925/1926. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), long considered diseases of little significance to global health, represent the greatest threat to economic development and human health. The main NCDs--diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and chronic respiratory disease--are the world's number one killer and bear the greatest burden on the poor. On September 19-20, 2011, the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) convened a high-level meeting (HLM) on the Prevention and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases. The only other HLM held on a health issue in the past had been in 2001 for HIV/AIDS and resulted in ambitious targets, global surveillance, and billions of dollars in aid. The 2011 HLM for NCDs did not measure up to the previous meeting in funding, targets, or advocacy but gave birth to a series of commitments in the form of a political declaration. In this article, we discuss the extent to which NCD is effecting the global population, what has and has not transpired since the 2011 HLM, and what lies ahead if we are to successfully tackle this growing burden of disease before it grows beyond our reach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The International Children's Palliative Care Network (ICPCN) held its first international conference on children's palliative care, in conjunction with Tata Memorial Centre, in Mumbai, India, from 10-12 February 2014. The theme of the conference, Transforming children's palliative care--from ideas to action, reflected the vision of the ICPCN to live in a world where every child who needs it, can access palliative care, regardless of where they live. Key to this is action, to develop service provision and advocate for children's palliative care. Three pre-conference workshops were held on 9 February, aimed at doctors, nurses, social workers, and volunteers, and focused around the principles of children's palliative care, and in particular pain and symptom management. The conference brought together 235 participants representing 38 countries. Key themes identified throughout the conference included: the need for advocacy and leadership; for education and research, with great strides having been taken in the development of an evidence base for children's palliative care, along with the provision of education; the importance of communication and attention to spirituality in children, and issues around clinical care, in particular for neonates. Delegates were continually challenged to transform children's palliative care in their parts of the world and the conference culminated in the signing of the ICPCN Mumbai Declaration. The Declaration calls upon governments around the world to improve access to quality children's palliative care services and made a call on the Belgian government not to pass a bill allowing children to be euthanised in that country. The conference highlighted many of the ongoing developments in children's palliative care around the world, and as she closed the conference, Joan Marston (ICPCN CEO) challenged participants to take positive action and be the champions that the children need, thus transforming children's palliative care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Quran, which the Prophet has taken from Allah through the revela-tion, is sententious in literary aspects as well. The prophet, who has the responsibility of explaining and describing the sententious expressions of Allah, benefited from the expression opportunities of the Arabic language and used a literary language in places while performing his epistle task. While transferring the universal messages of the religion, our prophet both used direct speech and narrative styles of Arabic language such as metaphor, simile, methapor, representation, allegory and etc. In this ar-ticle, Hz. Muhammad's narrative style and allegorical narrative examples in Hadiths will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In order to help the analysis of adverse effects of transfusion, factsheets have been written by working groups of the French agency for the safety of health products ANSM. Each factsheet deals with a blood transfusion side effect and is composed of five parts, including pathophysiological mechanisms, diagnostic criteria, management recommendations, etiologic investigations and rules for filing the notification form to ANSM. Since 2006, 11 factsheets have been published on the French haemovigilance network website. The major characteristics of the two last sheets published “post-transfusion purpura” and “non erythrocyte incompatibility reaction” are presented, followed by the updated card for “allergy”. These factsheets give relevant guidelines allowing better evaluation of recipients’ adverse reactions, particularly their diagnosis, severity and accountability. They also could initiate studies among European and international haemovigilance networks. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The paper describes how has been developed the annual executive meeting of the International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD), what has been concluded on it, what activities are currently being developed by the different technical committees in which have participated the members of the Spanish National Committee on Large dams (SPANCOLD), and finally, are summarized the topics tried on the International Congress on Large Dams and what has been the degree of participation of the Spanish delegation on them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Since 1994, adverse effects of transfusion transmitted to the French haemovigilance network are registered on “e-fit”, the database of the French agency for the safety of health products (Afssaps). In order to improve their analysis, guidance supports have been made by Afssaps working groups. Each support deals with a blood transfusion side effect and is composed of five parts including pathophysiological mechanisms, diagnostic criteria, management recommendations, etiologic investigations and rules of filing the notification form on e-fit. The major characteristics of sheets published or soon-to-be published are presented: transfusion-related acute lung injury, transfusion-transmitted bacterial infection, non-haemolytic febrile reaction, allergic reaction, transfusion-associated circulatory overload, hypotensive transfusion reaction, alloimmunization, erythrocyte incompatibility reaction and hemosiderosis. These new supports give relevant guidelines allowing a better analysis and evaluation of recipients’ adverse reactions, particularly their diagnosis, gravity and accountability. They could also initiate studies in European and international haemovigilance and transfusion networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Surveillance of serious adverse events in transfusion has recently been enforced in all European Union member states, and in France in 2007. This is an important expansion of the field of haemovigilance towards risk management in transfusion from donor selection to recipients follow up. Participation in this notification system is mandatory for all health professionals. They have to report immediately all serious adverse events to the haemovigilance officer of their hospital or transfusion centre. In accordance with a national procedure, the latter has to notify all serious adverse events to regional and national competent authorities using a web-based application. They also have to perform a root case analysis and propose corrective measures. However, as the definition of the seriousness of adverse events is still imprecise, there is a dramatic heterogeneity in the notification level among regions. Therefore, basic criteria of evaluation of surveillance systems, such as sensitivity or representativeness, are not fulfilled. Next step will be the introduction of a more precise definition of seriousness, through a list of events to be notified, in order to achieve a quality level similar to that of transfusion adverse reactions surveillance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is the final result of an investigation. This article seeks to analyse the discourse elaborated by the Colombian Government concerning the adoption of the text of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples within the General Assembly, on September 13th, 2007. In doing so, Stephen Edelson Toulmin and Michael Scriven's methods of argument analysis will be proposed, basically stressing on the clarification of some meanings, the (un)stated conclusions, the (un)stated assumptions, and an overall evaluation of the discourse. The main purpose of this document is to analyse the relationship between texts, co-texts, and contexts, and their influence within politics and international law. The analysis of these interactions would help policy-makers and academics gain more room for manoeuvre in regard to problem and priority-setting scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article offers new evidence about Henry Booth, 2nd Lord Delamere and then 1st earl of Warrington. It focuses on (and reproduces) a manuscript in which an archetypal true whig, who was publicly hostile to James II in and after 1688, suggests how the whigs and James might be reconciled and how James might return to England. The article places the piece in the context of Warrington's other writings, his sense of betrayal and lost opportunity, the extent to which he agreed with ‘whig jacobites’ and Warrington's commonwealth principles. It finishes by linking this to the legacy left by Geoffrey Holmes and relating it to some recent research on the state and officeholding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The climate negotiations up to Copenhagen will need to elaborate on measurable, reportable and verifiable (MRV) mitigation commitments and actions as part of the future of the climate regime. The conceptual, political, scientific, financial and institutional principles for MRV are explored for (1) mitigation commitments in developed countries, (2) mitigation actions in developing countries, supported by (3) means of implementation. For developed countries, the procedures in Articles 5, 7, 8 and 18 of the Kyoto Protocol will be critical in order to ensure comparability of commitments, both in effort and compliance. Outcomes should be reportable and verifiable through Annex I national communications and in-depth review. Existing procedures could be enhanced and need to apply across Protocol and Convention. MRV mitigation actions by developing countries should result in measurable deviations below baseline. Inventories will be important to measure, and enhanced national communications for reporting. The challenge will be to make mitigation actions verifiable, and options include verification by domestic institutions working to internationally agreed guidelines. A critical distinction is to be made between unilateral mitigation actions and those with international support. MRV applies to the provision of the means of implementation, including technology and finance. Investment in technology can be measured, so that institutional arrangements for technology and finance should be aligned. Verification of funds raised at international level would be simpler than raising funds nationally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The program of support for judicial exploration is aimed at victims which are especially vulnerable. This program began in 1997, and only in 2007, 266 judicial explorations were made in Barcelona. The aim of this program is to collect the witness-victim's statement: a) Favoring the quality of the judicial exploration of witnesses and the application of the victim's rights (avoidment of secondary victimization). b) Achieving the declaration in a professional framework of emotional continence and reduction of stress. c) Application of the technique of witness' credibility. This judicial exploration is made by 2 psychologists from the team, in a room with an unidirectional mirror. At the other side of the mirror are present those people who are necessary to keep up the process guarantees. The declaration is recorded in video and it will be used whenever a new declaration of the victim-witness is needed (if accepted by the judge as a preconstituted proof). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The object of this article is to analyze the Declaration on the Rights of the Indigenous Populations of the United Nations and the Project of the American Declaration of the Indigenous Rights of the Organization of American States, created by means of the legislative technique of the Soft Law and used by the State to regulate the Indigenous Rights. The investigation is descriptive and the documentary observation in primary and secondary sources is applied. One concludes that such Declarations do not have a formal binding character for the States members of these international organisms, nevertheless, due to the necessity to protect the Human Rights of the natives the Venezuelan State has incorporated in his internal Law the norms contained in these Declarations, having demonstrated that these have a moral force that grants exigibility and acceptance to them on the part of the State. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Graz Declaration on Disability and Ageing, which was promulgated at the June 2006 European Conference on Ageing and Disability, was commissioned by the Austrian European Union Presidency and was produced by a network of European ageing and disability nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), with the support of two Austrian disability NGOs. Based on a framework of the principles of inclusion and human rights, the declaration is an integrated document on disability and ageing, uniting matters of concern, clarifying common variances, and emphasizing special requirements for older people with disabilities. The declaration was developed to serve as a political statement, produced by a collective of key stakeholders from among both the ageing and disability communities, that would enable a new European coalition to emerge, working with a common voice, which would advocate more effectively for a quality life for older people with disabilities, strengthening their fundamental rights as well as social cohesion, and thus strengthening overall European social capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Health care is entering the Information Society. It is evident that the use of modern information and communication technology offers tremendous opportunities to improve health care. However, there are also hazards associated with information technology in health care. Evaluation is a means to assess the quality, value, effects and impacts of information technology and applications in the health care environment, to improve health information applications and to enable the emergence of an evidence-based health informatics profession and practice. Objective: In order to identify and address the frequent problems of getting evaluation understood and recognised, to promote transdisciplinary exchange within evaluation research, and to promote European cooperation, the Exploratory Workshop on “New Approaches to the Systematic Evaluation of Health Information Systems” (HIS-EVAL) was organized by the University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology (UMIT), Innsbruck, Austria, in April 2003 with sponsorship from the European Science Foundation (ESF). Methods: The overall program was structured in three main parts: (a) discussion of problems and barriers to evaluation; (b) defining our visions and strategies with regard to evaluation of health information systems; and (c) organizing short-term and long-term activities to reach those visions and strategies. Results: The workshop participants agreed on the Declaration of Innsbruck (see ), comprising four observations and 12 recommendations with regard to evaluation of health information systems. Future activities comprise European networking as well as the development of guidelines and standards for evaluation studies. Conclusion: The HIS-EVAL workshop was intended to be the starting point for setting up a network of European scientists working on evaluation of health information systems, to obtain synergy effects by combining the research traditions from different evaluation fields, leading to a new dimension and collaboration on further research on information systems’ evaluation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Denominational Response to ELCA Interreligious Statement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the conclusion of the 13th World Congress on Pain in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) hosted an International Pain Summit on September 3, 2010, to address the tragedy of unrelieved pain in the world. At the conclusion of the Summit, the delegates adopted a Declaration that Access to Pain Management is a Fundamental Human Right. That Declaration is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]