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This study aimed to assess the prevalence of inadequate micronutrient intake and its risk factors among women one year after giving birth. 240 women of reproductive age were assessed. Micronutrient intake was assessed from two 24-hour records at three stages (3-6-12 months after childbirth). A generalized linear mixed-effect model was used to assess the factors associated with food intake. A prevalence of inadequate micronutrient intake was observed, with the exception of iron. Intake was lower among food-insecure women (zinc: β -0.13; iron: β -0.09; vitamin C: β -0.44). The postpartum period and food insecurity remained statistically associated with lower food consumption in the explanatory models tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: Although childhood obesity is increasing in low‐income regions, theoretical models cannot be adequately applied due to the lack of prospective studies with under 2‐year‐old children from impoverished populations. Objective: To analyse direct and indirect effects of environmental, maternal, and individual factors on excess weight gain among low‐income children during the first year of life. Methods: We analysed data from a prospective birth cohort conducted in Brazil, which followed infants at birth, 3rd, 6th, and 12th month of life (n = 205). The weight‐for‐age z‐score was used to calculate the conditional weight gain (CWG). Direct and indirect effects on CWG were estimated using structural equation modelling. Results: Children's consumption of ultra‐processed food (UPF) ≥1 time/day, breastfeeding duration >90 days, and maternal obesity showed a statistically significant direct effect on children's CWG. We observed a positive indirect pathway linking the maternal intake of UPF ≥4 times/day to the CWG, given its direct effect on the infant's UPF consumption. Conclusions: In this low‐income population, women who were frequent users of UPF tended to introduce these products more frequently into their children's diets. The early trade‐off trend in children's diet between breastfeeding and UPF was the leading cause of excessive weight gain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of school-based physical activity (PA) and nutritional education (NE) interventions on children's and adolescents' body mass index. METHODS: We conducted a systematic search in fourteen databases until September 2012 for randomised controlled trials on PA and NE, conducted in the school setting, and delivered to children and adolescents. Additionally, we performed a cross-reference check in related papers. The title and abstract review and the quality assessment were performed by two independent researchers. The software EPPI-Reviewer3 was used to store, manage and analyse all data. The meta-analysis was conducted using the random-effects model, and the outcomes were reported as standardised mean difference (SMD). As a secondary analysis, we pooled together the interventions that considered PA or NE alone. RESULTS: Thirty-eight studies met the eligibility criteria. The main analysis showed a SMD between intervention and control groups of -0.03 (95% CI: -0.09, 0.04; n=28,870; I(2)=83%). When we considered all 57 trials, there was no difference between the results of the primary analysis. CONCLUSION: The synthesis of school-based PA and NE interventions showed no statistically significant mean reduction on children's and adolescents' body mass index. The high heterogeneity among studies requires caution in the generalisation of the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the effect of school-based physical activity (PA) and nutritional education (NE) interventions on children's and adolescents' body mass index. Methods: We conducted a systematic search in fourteen databases until September 2012 for randomised controlled trials on PA and NE, conducted in the school setting, and delivered to children and adolescents. Additionally, we performed a cross-reference check in related papers. The title and abstract review and the quality assessment were performed by two independent researchers. The software EPPI-Reviewer3 was used to store, manage and analyse all data. The meta-analysis was conducted using the random-effects model, and the outcomes were reported as standardised mean difference (SMD). As a secondary analysis, we pooled together the interventions that considered PA or NE alone. Results: Thirty-eight studies met the eligibility criteria. The main analysis showed a SMD between intervention and control groups of −0.03 (95% CI: −0.09, 0.04; n=28,870; I2 =83%). When we considered all 57 trials, there was no difference between the results of the primary analysis. Conclusion: The synthesis of school-based PA and NE interventions showed no statistically significant mean reduction on children's and adolescents' body mass index. The high heterogeneity among studies requires caution in the generalisation of the results. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Summary: Context: There is an increasing prevalence of overweight during early childhood in the most impoverished areas in Brazil, although there is a lack of evidence regarding its onset. Objectives: To investigate the incidence and risk factors associated with overweight among low‐income children during their first year of life. Methods: We analysed data from a prospective birth cohort study conducted in Brazil, which followed‐up children at birth, 3rd, 6th and 12th months (n = 196). The overweight incidence (zBMI/A > 2SD) was analysed using the Kaplan–Meier survival estimator and its associated factors by the Coxs regression model. Missing data were addressed with multiple imputations and results on the final adjusted model were calculated by pooling the estimates generated for each imputed dataset. Results: The overweight incidence was 17 events/100 children‐year, and most cases occurred before the 6th month. The final model showed that children exclusively breastfed up to 30 days (vs. >30 days; HR 2.68; 95%CI 1.11–6.49) and whose mothers consumed ultra‐processed foods more than 4 times/day (vs. ≤4 times/day; HR 3.02; 95%CI 1.28–7.13) presented a higher risk of developing overweight. Conclusion: The overweight incidence was high in this impoverished population. Shorter exclusive breastfeeding duration and an unhealthy household food environment provided a short‐term risk increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]