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This study aims to assess links among chronic stress, food addiction, eating behavior and body weight in adult Algerian population. A total of 210 adult participants were included in the study. Perceived Stress Scale PSS-10 was used to assess chronic stress. Subjects were divided into groups with low, moderate and high levels of stress. The Yale Food Addiction Scale YAFS was used to assess food addiction. To evaluate daily food intake and eating behavior, repeated 24-hour recall and liking questionnaires were employed. Weight, height and waist circumference were measured. In total, 33.8%, 40.7% and 25.2% of subjects were in low, moderate and high-stress groups, respectively. Prevalence of food addiction within high, moderate and low stress groups were respectively 100%, 18.6% and 0%. Intake of energy and score preferences for sweet-fat or salty-fat foods were higher in the high-stress group. Addictive-like foods contributed 10% of total energy and 22% of simple sugars to daily dietary intake. Positive association between stress score and BMI was observed. These findings contribute to our understanding of the factors influencing caloric density food choice, weight gain and the risk of obesity among people in Algeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a context of international thinking on food systems, promotion of indigenous knowledge and recognition as a discipline of food fact study, this study emphasizes the diversity of traditional food in Cameroon and in particular the place of safou (Dacryodes edulis). Through numerous verbatim extracts from directed discussions, safou appears as a food with appreciated nutritional and sensory virtues, a social fruit, an emblematic fruit of a traditional diet rich in advantages to face nutritional transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the impact of varying the holding time following an ad libitum laboratory breakfast on acute dietary behaviour and subsequent intake. Twenty-four participants (20 females (age: 23.4 ± 6.3 years; body mass index: 23.9 ± 3.9 kg·m–2, mean ± SD)) completed 3 trials following a quasi-randomised, crossover design. Each trial (7-day separation) incorporated a defined post-prandial delay (DPD) period of either zero (no delay), 1 or 3 hours following a buffet breakfast consumed over 30 minutes. Dietary intake outcomes included energy, macronutrient and core food group intakes. On completion of the DPD period, participants left the laboratory and recorded all food/beverages consumed for the remainder of the day. One-way repeated-measures ANOVA assessed all outcomes, with post hoc analysis conducted on significant main effects. Energy and carbohydrate intakes were significantly lower on no delay vs. 1-hour (p = 0.014) and 3-hour (p = 0.06) DPD trials (energy intake: 1853 ± 814 kJ vs. 2250 ± 1345 kJ vs. 1948 ± 1289 kJ; carbohydrates: 68 ± 34 g vs. 77 ± 44 vs. 69 ± 43 g; respectively). DPD periods did not influence the time to consume next meal or energy, macronutrient and core food group intakes for the remainder of the day. Delaying participants from leaving a laboratory alters dietary intake at an ad libitum test meal. The post-meal holding period is an important methodological consideration when planning laboratory studies to assess appetite. Novelty: Delaying participants from leaving a laboratory alters dietary intake at ad libitum breakfast meals. The length of the delay period did not affect dietary intake at ad libitum breakfast meals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome (TS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by tics that frequently hide complex spectra with behavioral disorders. Medical intervention should rely on multimodal strategies including nutritional assessment and dietetic support as patients can suffer from impulsive eating and the medications often cause metabolic side effects. We present for the first time the case and treatment of a boy suffering from a severe phenotype of TS who experienced hyperphagia, weight gain, gastrointestinal disturbances, and nutritional delusions. Brief annotations about both differential nutritional assessment and underlying drug-related implications are also offered. The parents were educated on healthy eating, drug-food interactions, and hunger delay techniques. After the symptom-driven personalization of drug therapy, the start of cognitive behavioral therapy, and the escalation of the dietetic plan, the boy managed to lose weight and maintain healthy eating habits at the three-year follow-up. We reaffirm the importance of not only including a nutritionist in the management team of patients with TS, but also of assuring that the nutritional protocol perfectly integrates a comprehensive strategy in order to obtain long-term results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The somatic consequences of the COVID-19 are numerous and often serious, but mental health has been a neglected aspect at least in the first few months of the pandemic. The purpose of this mini-review is to assess the way COVID-19 has impacted populations already weakened by somatic diseases or mental disorders, and also triggered the emergence of other mental disorders. We extracted from PubMed database papers addressing in the paediatric population the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health (containment, stress, anxiety, depression), maltreatment, video games, neurodevelopment disorders (Attention-Deficit with Hyperactivity Disorder, Autism Spectrum Disorder and Tourette syndrome). We considered 600 references and retained 140; very few studies were conducted in France. Themes such as the need to develop teleconsultation, sleep disorders, eating disorders and obesity have emerged. Overall, the level of evidence for these studies is low (observational, non-randomized, uncontrolled), but the results question all the more that the consequences on future generations are largely unknown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to estimate the impact of the food practices of high-level judokas on body composition, muscle performance and food habits. Thirteen elite judokas were distributed in two groups: a group with weight-control practice (group D, n = 6) and a group without it (group ND, n = 7). Eating habits, sport performance and body composition were evaluated three times during the experiment: out (ES), pre (PRE C) and post-competitive (POST C) periods. For the D group, we observed a decrease of body mass index, of the sum of skin folds thickness and of circumference of thigh between ES and PRE C periods, and an increase between PRE C and POST C periods. For the ND group, no difference was observed whatever the considered period. For strength tests, there is no difference between groups and between the different periods. Total energy intake and macronutrient intake of the D group decreased between ES and PRE C periods. This decrease concerned mainly fat intake. These parameters increased between PRE and POST C periods. In this study carried out on elite female judoka, changes in body composition and total energy intake had no effect on muscle performance and did not cause eating disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective is to determine the level of physical activity, eating behavior and risk factors associated with sedentariness among obese employees of the Multimodal Freight Management Office of Kinshasa (OGEFREM). Cross-sectional study of the 157 obese employees, of which, 76 (48.4%) men and 81 (51.6%) women, aged 18 to 59 years were randomly selected. The level of physical activity was measured by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and the eating behavior by the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-R 18). The description of the sample was made possible by calculating the proportions and averages. The Student's t -test and Chi-square test were used to compare the variables according to level of physical activity and socio-professional status. Logistic regression was used to identify independent determinants of physical inactivity and sedentary behavior. P < 0.05 was defined the statistical significance level. Of the 157 questionnaires collected, 48.4% of men and 51.6% of women show that 59.2% of the study population has a low level of physical activity, and 58.5% a cognitive restriction. The average values of the following parameters: weight, BMI, Waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, pulsed pressure, blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, total body fat, visceral fat and lean mass are 85 ± 9.7 kg, 32.6 ± 2.9 kg/m2, 99 ± 13.0 cm, 135.6 ± 17.0 mmHg, 92.1 ± 14.5 mmHg, 106.6 ± 14.3 mmHg, 43.5 ± 12.0 mmHg, 129 ± 23.9 mg/dl, 228 ± 18.7 mg/dl, 169 ± 19.5 mg/dl, 39.7 ± 10.8%, 8 ± 8.9% and 28.9 ± 9.4% respectively. The probability of having a low level of physical activity and sedentary behavior was 5 times higher among employees spending more than three hours of time sitting on the computer (OR aj = 5.188; 95% CI (1.389–7.318), P = 0.006), 3 times higher among employees over three hours of time sitting in front of the television (OR aj = 3.042; 95% CI (1.155–8.012), P = 0.02), 3 times higher among employees who spent more than three hours of reading time (OR aj = 3.456; 95% CI (1.294–5.677), P = 0.006 and with cognitive dietary restriction (OR aj = 3.188; 95% CI (1.389–7.318), P = 0.006), cognitive dietary restriction (OR = 3.188; 95% CI (1.389–7.318), P = 0.006) and also 3 times higher among employees with high socio-occupational status (OR aj = 3.57; 95% CI (1.77–6.68), P < 0.015). The obese employees of the Multimodal Freight Management Office of Kinshasa have a low level of physical activity and cognitive food restriction. More than three hours of time spent on the computer increases the risk of becoming inactive and sedentary 5 times. On the other hand, more than three hours of time spent watching television and cognitive restriction as well as the high socio-professional status increases it three times and is positively associated with morphological, physiological, lipidic profiles and body composition. In contrast, they are associated with a decrease in muscle mass and high-density lipoprotein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This case series describes and examines the outcomes of a remote culinary coaching program aimed at improving nutrition through home cooking. Participants ( n = 4) improved attitudes about the perceived ease of home cooking ( p < 0.01) and self-efficacy to perform various culinary skills ( p = 0.02); and also improved in confidence to continue online learning of culinary skills and consume healthier food. We believe this program might be a viable response to the need for effective and scalable health-related culinary interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined effects of 12 weeks of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on eating behaviour, food cravings, and weekly energy intake and expenditure in inactive men. Eleven healthy men (mean ± SD: age, 26 ± 5 years; body mass index, 24.6 ± 3.8 kg·m−2; maximum oxygen uptake, 43.1 ± 7.4 mL·kg−1·min−1) completed the 12-week supervised exercise programme. Body composition, health markers (e.g., blood pressure), eating behaviour, food cravings, and weekly energy intake and expenditure were assessed before and after the exercise intervention. There were no intervention effects on weekly free-living energy intake ( p = 0.326, d = −0.12) and expenditure ( p = 0.799, d = 0.04) or uncontrolled eating and emotional eating scores ( p > 0.05). However, there was a trend with a medium effect size ( p = 0.058, d = 0.68) for cognitive restraint to be greater after the exercise intervention. Total food cravings ( p = 0.009, d = −1.19) and specific cravings of high-fat foods ( p = 0.023, d = −0.90), fast-food fats ( p = 0.009, d = −0.71), and carbohydrates/starches ( p = 0.009, d = −0.56) decreased from baseline to 12 weeks. Moreover, there was a trend with a large effect size for cravings of sweets ( p = 0.052, d = −0.86) to be lower after the exercise intervention. In summary, 12 weeks of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise reduced food cravings and increased cognitive restraint, but these changes were not accompanied by changes in other eating behaviours or weekly energy intake and expenditure. The results indicate the importance of exercising for health improvements even when reductions in body mass are modest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Notre rythme de vie actuel a entraîné une diminution progressive du temps alloué au sommeil. En France, une personne sur 3 dormirait moins de 7 heures par nuit. Dans le même temps, le nombre de patients souffrant d’obésité a augmenté. De nombreuses études épidémiologiques soulignent le lien entre la faible durée du temps de sommeil et la prise de poids. En parallèle, les études expérimentales ont observé que la privation de sommeil modifiait le comportement alimentaire en augmentant la sensation de faim et la prise alimentaire. Le cycle nycthéméral induit par l’alternance lumière–obscurité a une influence majeure sur le sommeil mais aussi sur le comportement alimentaire : la lumière agit sur les noyaux suprachiasmatiques, puis secondairement sur les noyaux préoptiques et les noyaux latéraux de l’hypothalamus d’où l’augmentation des orexines. Plusieurs théories tentent d’expliquer l’augmentation de la prise alimentaire : la première, phylogénétique, serait liée aux variations de la durée du sommeil au cours des saisons ; la deuxième concernerait l’adaptation anticipatoire face à l’éveil ; la dernière serait liée à une modification du contrôle hédonique de la prise alimentaire. De nombreuses pathologies altèrent la relation physiologique sommeil–comportement alimentaire, comme par exemple le syndrome d’apnée du sommeil. Il est donc nécessaire de mieux comprendre cette relation pour améliorer la prise en charge des personnes obèses et pour prévenir le développement du surpoids par le respect d’un rythme du sommeil adapté à l’enfant. Our current lifestyle leads to a gradual reduction in the time allocated to sleep. In France, one in three people is sleeping less than 7 hours a night. In parallel, the number of patients suffering from obesity increases. Numerous epidemiological studies emphasize the link between short sleep duration and weight gain. They highlight a number of factors that can influence this relationship including age, female gender or genetic factors. Experimental studies have also found that sleep deprivation altered feeding behaviour by increasing the feeling of hunger, food intake and plasma levels of ghrelin. The circadian cycle due to the alternation of light/darkness has a major influence on sleep but also on eating behaviour. Light acts on suprachiasmatic nuclei and then on preoptical as well as on lateral nuclei of the hypothalamus by increasing the secretion of orexins. Several theories have been advanced in order to explain the increase in food intake: the first, phylogenetic, would be linked to changes in sleep duration over the seasons; the second concerns anticipatory adaptation face to the awakening; the last to be related to the hedonic regulation of food intake. Many pathologies act by changing the sleep–eating behaviour relationship. Therefore, it is necessary to better understanding this relationship to prevent nutritional consequences by an optimal dietary management and by learning healthy lifestyle in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the place of fats in young children's diet. Firstly, it shows on the one hand the important contribution that fats should have to total dietary intake of children younger than 2 years, because of their interest for neural development and their putative protective effect against the further development of obesity; on the other hand it underlines the low contribution of fats to total dietary intakes in French children, according to the available data, with a minority of children with adequate fat intake. Secondly, it reports available knowledge regarding the sensory control of fat intake. In newborns and infants, some works have looked at preference for fats and indicate the absence of a fat preference. In children, a higher fat content in foods is sometimes (but not always) associated with a positive effect on liking, often with an optimal content, but it is not associated with a higher intake of the food. High fat content in foods have two effects on eating behaviour learning. In children younger than 3 years, tripling the energy density of a food by adding fat is associated with the development of a conditioned satiation for this food; in older children, doubling the energy density by adding fat is associated with an increase in the liking for the flavours associated with fat. Perspectives for future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gustation is a dynamic system able to rapid physiological adaptations in response to on-going environmental changes that characterize our feed (rhythm, quality, quantity). Based on the modulation of taste sensitivity thresholds, this homeostatic system contributes to build the feeding behavior by driving the food choices. Therefore, a dysfunction of this regulatory system might impact on dietary habits and thus, ultimately, on health. Consistent with this assumption, recent data report that a diet-induced obesity is associated both with a dysfunction of the oral fat detection system and a preferential consumption of fat-rich diets in rats and mice. In humans, a study from our laboratory indicates that obese subjects, in which the oro-sensory detection of lipids is defective, over-consume fatty foods. These murine and human data raise a fundamental question: what are the relationships between dietary lipids, obesity and taste disorders? This aim of this mini-review is to explore this issue in the light of our current knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contrary to a strictly medical approach to anorexia, which views it as a behavioral disorder, this study focuses on relationships with others and with the body that are the expression of its food deprivation. Highlighting the contribution from phenomonelogy, which sees that expression as a way of being-with-the-world-and-others, the author uses Kafka's A Hunger Artist to show that anorexia is not only or essentially linked to the ideal of thinness. It is a question of autonomy based in the duality of mind/body that is characteristic of modern rationalism, and thus reflected in social representations. A feminist approach to anorexia can explain why the majority of anorexics are women. It is not only important to emphasize the social roles that clarify how today's women seek to respond to canons of thinness, but to analyze their forms of expression of the self within contexts that make autonomy an unachievable ideal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Objectifs L’usage de compléments alimentaires à visée ergogénique se développe parmi les sportifs. Cette consommation n’est pas sans risque. Le but de ce travail est de connaître la prévalence de la consommation de ces produits parmi les militaires français en opération, leurs motivations, et l’influence du départ en mission sur leur consommation. Matériels et méthodes Nous avons procédé à une étude chez les militaires français en opération en Afghanistan entre avril et septembre 2012. Ceux-ci ont participé volontairement à un sondage par questionnaire anonyme. Les données ont été saisies puis analysées grâce aux logiciels Epi data™ v3.1 et Epi info™ v3.5.1, en utilisant le test du Chi 2 (χ 2 ), et l’analyse de la variance (Anova). Résultats Mille trois cent quatre-vingt-onze réponses ont été obtenues. La prévalence de la consommation est de 20,6 % (IC95 % = 18,5 %–22,8 %). Parmi les utilisateurs, 75,9 % ont débuté leur consommation en mission, 71,1 % n’en consomment pas en métropole. Les principales motivations sont la recherche du gain de volume musculaire (62,5 % des cas), d’une meilleure récupération (57,7 %), de l’amélioration des performances sportives (56,5 %) et de l’image corporelle (56 %). Seuls 22,9 % rapportent une amélioration de leurs capacités opérationnelles. Conclusion La consommation d’aides ergogéniques concerne 20,6 % des militaires interrogés. Cette consommation est sensiblement liée à leurs départs en mission. Ces résultats conduisent à mettre en œuvre une véritable politique de prévention et d’information objective sur ces produits au sein des armées. Summary Background The consumption of nutritional supplements has increased in various sports. This overuse might be dangerous for health. The aim of this work is to assess the prevalence of supplement use among French soldiers based in Afghanistan, and relationship between consumption and military deployment. We investigated also the reasons for taking such supplements. Methods Between April and September 2012, French soldiers were invited to complete an anonymous survey while regulatory activities. Data were keyed into the Epi data™ v3.1 entry software; statistical analyses were conducted using the Epi info™ v3.5.1 software. Chi square (χ 2 ) analysis and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used. Results One thousand three hundred and ninety-one French soldiers completed the survey. The prevalence of supplement use was 20.6% (IC95% = 18.5%–22.8%). Also, 75.9% of consumers started during deployment. Among them, 71.1% did not use any dietary supplement in France. The top reported motivations were muscle gain (62.5% of users), improved recovery (57.7%), sport performance (56.5%) and physical appearance (56.0%). Only 22.9% of users considered that their job performance was enhanced. Conclusions Among the French soldiers, 20.6% use ergogenic aids during their deployment, and this consumption was associated to this new military environment. Esthetical motivations are as important as sport motivations. Prevention and information messages should be provided to soldiers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This article shows the second part of results from the “Behaviour” chapter of fourth edition of Feeding in French infants and young children Survey conducted by SFAE, in 2005, concerning mothers of 713 infants and young children from the age of 1 to 36 months. This survey, conducted every 8 years since 1981, shows that feeding behaviour of young children has improved, especially since 1997, with meals taken in family, postponement of diversification. It confirms that mothers need counselling for feeding their child, and especially from the medical profession. On the other hand, the transition to adult feeding is too fast since 1 year old; an early introduction of certain food as French fries, and cooked pork meat, early television viewing, a lack of sports are observed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Stress is often a subjective idea. Clinical data suggest that stressful situations may exert an influence upon the weight. Many epidemiological studies have shown a link between stress and weight gain; this may be in accordance with a symbolic stress such as social or mental stress from working conditions. A relationship occurs between socio-economic class and obesity and could be due to the social stress. The mechanisms which are involved are dietary behaviour and food intake, in case of stressful situations changes, particulary in restreint subjects. Many other data are concerning the hypothalamo pituitary adrenal axis and the nervous sympathic system which are stimulated by stress. Although the plasma cortisol concentrations are normal in obesity, there is an overproduction and an high reactivity of cortisol in obesity. The loco-regional synthesis of cortisol in the visceral adipose tissue with the 11 beta-hydroxysteroid-deshydrogenase may contribute to increase the adipocyte differenciation and proliferation. This may particularly explain the higher metabolic and cardiovascular risk in stressed subjects. Other hormonal disturbances including leptin, resistine, melanocortin are observed. The permanent sympathic stimulation may induces a beta adrenergic desensitization effect. Omega 3 fatty acids may be useful for decreasing stress and some metabolic effects of stress. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objective To determine the association of different feeding patterns for infants (exclusive breastfeeding, predominant breastfeeding, partial breastfeeding and no breastfeeding) with mortality and hospital admissions during the first half of infancy. Methods This paper is based on a secondary analysis of data from a multicentre randomized controlled trial on immunization-linked vitamin A supplementation. Altogether, 9424 infants and their mothers (2919 in Ghana, 4000 in India and 2505 in Peru) were enrolled when infants were 18-42 days old in two urban slums in New Delhi, India, a periurban shanty town in Lima, Peru, and 37 villages in the Kintampo district of Ghana. Mother-infant pairs were visited at home every 4 weeks from the time the infant received the first dose of oral polio vaccine and diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus at the age of 6 weeks in Ghana and India and at the age of 10 weeks in Peru. At each visit, mothers were queried about what they had offered their infant to eat or drink during the past week. Information was also collected on hospital admissions and deaths occurring between the ages of 6 weeks and 6 months. The main outcome measures were all-cause mortality, diarrhoea-specific mortality, mortality caused by acute lower respiratory infections, and hospital admissions. Findings There was no significant difference in the risk of death between children who were exclusively breastfed and those who were predominantly breastfed (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 1.46; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.75-2.86). Non-breastfed infants had a higher risk of dying when compared with those who had been predominantly breastfed (HR = 10.5; 95% CI = 5.0-22.0; P < 0.001) as did partially breastfed infants (HR = 2.46; 95% CI = 1.44-4.18; P = 0.001). Conclusion There are two major implications of these findings. First, the extremely high risks of infant mortality associated with not being breastfed need to be taken into account when informing HIV-infected mothers about options for feeding their infants. Second, our finding that the risks of death are similar for infants who are predominantly breastfed and those who are exclusively breastfed suggests that in settings where rates of predominant breastfeeding are already high, promotion efforts should focus on sustaining these high rates rather than on attempting to achieve a shift from predominant breastfeeding to exclusive breastfeeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective We estimated the global burden of disease attributable to low consumption of fruit and vegetables, an increasingly recognized risk factor for cardiovascular disease and cancer, and compared its impact with that of other major risk factors for disease. Methods The burden of disease attributable to suboptimal intake of fruit and vegetables was estimated using information on fruit and vegetable consumption in the population, and on its association with six health outcomes (ischaemic heart disease, stroke, stomach, oesophageal, colorectal and lung cancer). Data from both sources were stratified by sex, age and by 14 geographical regions. Findings The total worldwide mortality currently attributable to inadequate consumption of fruit and vegetables is estimated to be up to 2.635 million deaths per year. Increasing individual fruit and vegetable consumption to up to 600 g per day (the baseline of choice) could reduce the total worldwide burden of disease by 1.8%, and reduce the burden of ischaemic heart disease and ischaemic stroke by 31% and 19% respectively. For stomach, oesophageal, lung and colorectal cancer, the potential reductions were 19%, 20%, 12% and 2%, respectively. Conclusion This study shows the potentially large impact that increasing fruit and vegetable intake could have in reducing many noncommunicable diseases. It highlights the need for much greater emphasis on dietary risk factors in public health policy in order to tackle the rise in noncommunicable diseases worldwide, and suggests that the proposed intersectoral WHO/FAO fruit and vegetable promotion initiative is a crucial component in any global diet strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Childhood obesity increases in our society. Comprehension of nutritional behaviors is very important for prevention. This work describes 278 children from the Fleurbaix Laventie Ville Sante´ II study. (FLVS II). Food consumption, food preferences, activity during meals but also body weight perception, sleep, activity out of school was presented. Among children, there are a lot of differences between girls and boys. Boys have higher energy intake than girls, but nutrients repartition is identical. Girls consume more fruits than boys do. The most appreciated foods are pasta and French fried potatoes. In this population, children dislike cheeses and margarine. Girls dislike meat more often than boys do. Girls have appreciation of their body weight not so good than boys have. Thus, among girl’s 12 years old 50% think they need to lose weight. Boys think eating more quickly than other children and they take another helping more often than girls do. Girls and boys watch TV as much as boys but girls read more than boys do. Out of school, boys practice sport more often than girls do. Showing differences is very important in terms of prevention because among children boys and girls are already different. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This round table debate begins with a presentation by Pierre Ancet of the University of Burgundy in which he evokes the negative identity internalised by many elderly that can lead to poor eating behaviour. Social context and experience can also play a positive or negative role in eating. Monique Ferry, geriatrician and nutritionist with Inserm, elaborates in the complexity of the act of eating, all the more so for as we age and physiological changes in perception (taste, smell, etc.) come into play. Béatrice Dorigny of Nutricia then explains the challenge of testing products developed specifically for seniors among this group that often has difficulty verbalising what they feel. Cécile Bonhomme of Lactalis reminds us of the importance of paying close attention to the notion of pleasure and indicates that developing purely senior products is culturally difficult in countries such as France where attempts at senior 'identification' are often rejected by these consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]