Search

This study presents an innovative method to predict the mechanical properties of medium‐Mn steel by deep learning (DL). Based on datasets, an artificial neural network (ANN) model serves as a crucial component of DL, demonstrating a coefficient of determination of 0.996, which indicates high accuracy between experimental and predicted values. Meanwhile, the contents of Mn and C, as well as Al and intercritical annealing (IA) conditions, have higher permutation feature importance (PFI) scores, which are 22.37% and 49.22%, respectively. An ANN model predicts that the experimental steel has good mechanical properties with IA at 710 °C for 60 min, with predicted values of ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and total elongation (TE) being 925 MPa and 45.3%, respectively. The experimental values for UTS (937 MPa) and TE (44.8%) closely correspond to the predicted results. The absolute errors between the experimental and predicted UTS and TE are 1.2% and 1.1%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of oven drying (OD) at 50±5°C, sun drying (SD), and fresh leaves (control) of seven selected herbs used in herbal preparation as herbal baths were evaluated. Herbal baths (HB) involve mixing herbs into water and boiling them or simply immersing them in the mixture during a regular bath. The herbs selected were leaves of torch ginger, greater galangal, pandan, citronella grass, henna, betel leaves, and kaffir lime leaves and fruits. The herbs were planted in a plot at the Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia. Physical changes such as HB herbs' colour, aroma, and chemical composition were evaluated. The hydro distillation method was used for the extraction process of HB herbs, where it produced essential oils (EO), essential water (EW), and boiling water (BW), and their chemical composition was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. As a result, the OD herbs possessed brighter and more attractive colours compared to the SD method, which was dull and pale. The colour of EO was yellow, colourless for EW, and reddish for BW. Additionally, OD herbs possessed 80% and only 50% of the scent strength of the SD herbs from extracting fresh herbs. The fresh and dried HB herbs contained chemical constituents mostly from the terpene group. Herbal preparation developed using all treatments retained an appreciable amount of chemical composition studied, thus having the potential for commercial purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we extracted proteins from four edible insect species (Acheta domesticus, Gryllus bimaculatus, Holotrichea sp., and Gryllotalpa orientalis), then evaluated their chemical and functional properties and used the extracts to prepare seasoned rice noodles. The four insect species contained 67–69% moisture, 13–18% protein, 6–10% fat, and 4–5% ash. The insect protein concentrate (IPC) contained 73–77% protein, and had high water solubility and emulsion stability (80–88%), moderate emulsion ability (56–65%), but low water- and oil-holding capacity (19% and 8–9%, respectively). The distinctive amino acid components in the IPC were glutamic acid and aspartic acid. In order to improve the nutritional and textural qualities of seasoned rice noodles, the IPC was added at rates of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10% by weight of rice flour. The results showed that the cooking weight was not significantly different from plain rice noodles; however, the 8% IPC fortified rice noodles had the highest tensile strength, whereas the lightness, yellowness, and redness decreased with an increase in insect protein content. This study demonstrates success in using 2–8% of IPC in rice noodles as a stabilizing or thickening agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malnutrition significantly impacts a child's growth, development, and overall survival. To address this issue beyond the age of six months, this study developed three distinct dietary supplements to complement breast milk for early-age children. Comprehensive multivariate assessments were conducted to evaluate the nutritional quality and safety of these infant diets, employing established standard methods. The findings revealed that the diets exhibited carbohydrate and protein contents ranging from 2.84 to 32.48% and 40.66 to 63.23%, respectively. Importantly, the diets contained low levels of tannins, phytate, and oxalate. Notably, the high corn diet exhibited significantly higher mineral elements, including calcium, magnesium, potassium, and iron (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) in bulk density and swelling capacity, but the medium corn diet displayed higher water absorption capacity and least gelation (p < 0.05). These diets were found to contain essential amino acid and vitamin requirements, conforming to FAO/WHO reference values. The sensory analysis yielded ratings within acceptable limits using a 9-point hedonic scale. Moreover, microbial load assessments complied with international microbiological standards (≤105 cfu/ml). These cost-effective and nutritionally sound dietary options present a pragmatic solution to addressing nutritional challenges faced by infants and children in developing nations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orychophragmus violaceus (L.) O. E. Schulz (Brassicaceae) is widely distributed and plentiful in China and has been widely used for its application in ornamental, oil, ecology, foraging, and food. Recent studies have revealed that the main components of Orychophragmus violaceus include flavonoids, alkaloids, phenylpropanoids, phenolic acids, terpenoids, etc., which have pharmacological activities such as antioxidation, antiradiation, antitumor, hepatic protection, antiferroptosis, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial. In this paper, the nutritional value, chemical compositions, pharmacological activity, and application value of Orychophragmus violaceus are summarized by referring to the relevant domestic and international literature to provide a reference for further research, development, and utilization of Orychophragmus violaceus in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jet fuels are complex mixtures composed of many individual compounds that influence crucial chemical and physical properties. Approximately over the last 20 years, mass spectrometry studies provided important and extensive qualitative and quantitative information of the compounds that make up jet fuels. This review presents these main findings, evaluates the analytical methods utilized, and summarizes the hydrocarbons, nitrogen‐, oxygen‐ and sulfur‐containing compounds characterized in the jet fuels. Potential areas where mass spectrometry may play important roles in the future will also be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xylopia L. is the second largest genus of the Annonaceae family, whose species have long been used as traditional medicine and spice. The chemical constituents obtained from the essential oils (EOs) of certain members of this genus were found to mainly contain relatively equal amounts of oxygenated monoterpenes, monoterpene hydrocarbons, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated sesquiterpenes etc. In addition, The EOs isolated from the Xylopia members have been reported to possess various biological properties. This review was thus aimed to provide an overview of information related to the phytochemical composition and pharmaceutical properties of the EOs isolated from various plant parts of Xylopia plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[ Objective] The present paper aimed to analyze the chemical composition and content of volatile oil in the seeds and leaves of different provenances of Cryptocarya concinna, and to provide theoretical basis for the comprehensive development and utilization of C. concinna. [Method] The volatile oil was extracted from the seeds and leaves of 8 provenances [Jinxiu(JX), Yongfu(YF), Longsbeng (LS), Shangsi (SSl and SS2), Guiping (GP), Longan (LA) and Wuming (WM)] by Soxblet extraction method. The oil content of the seeds was determined. The fatty acid composition of the volatile oil in the seeds was determined by gas chromatography( GC). The chemical composition of the volatile oil in the leaves was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and comparative analysis of chemical constituents of volatile oil from different provenances of C. concinna was conducted. [Result] The average oil content of the seeds from 8 provenances was 1. 70% -4. 67%, and the volatile oil extraction rate of the seeds from YF provenance was the highest. Nine types of fatty acids were detected in the volatile oil of its seeds, all of which were mainly unsaturated fatty acids, with a content of 76. 45 % - 81. 15 %. A total of 89 chemical components were identified from the volatile oil of the leaves of 8 provenances, including 20 alcohols, 2 phenols, 1 aldehyde, 11 ketones,8 alkanes, 24 olefins, 19 esters and 4 other types. There were differences in the composition and content of volatile oil compounds in leaves of different provenances. Among them, the relative content of stigmastan-3, 5-diene was the highest in the volatile oil of SSl, GP and LA provenances, reaching 39. 31 %, 32. 61 % and 45. 01 %, respectively. The relative content of (-) -spathulenol was the highest in the volatile oil of YF, LS and WM provenances, which was 23. 98%, 18. 70% and 16. 59%, respectively. The relative content of-y-sitosterol in the volatile oil of SS2 provenance leaves was the highest, which was 23. 45%. The relative content of 16-hentriacontanone was the highest in the volatile oil of JX provenance leaves, which was 30. 91 %. Each provenance had its own unique chemical composition. [Conclusion] The extraction rate of volatile oil from the seeds of C. concinna from YF provenance was the highest; The content of unsaturated fatty acids in the volatile oil of 8 provenances was higher than that of saturated fatty acids. The volatile oils of the leaves of different provenances of C. concinna contained a variety of common chemical components and unique components, but the contents were different. Therefore, in the development of perfume industry, daily chemical industry, pharmaceutical industry and health care products, the appropriate provenances of C. concinna can be selected according to different oil characteristics and chemical composition contents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distiller's grains (DGs) are solid mixtures that remain after the production of alcoholic beverages. A large amount of DGs is produced each year during the brewing process. Currently, they are mostly used as a feedstock or substrate in the feed industry. However, the lack of a comprehensive understanding of the chemical composition of DGs is a major constraint on their further development and application for high-value-added usages. Some studies were published on the bioactive constituents of DGs in several different types of journals. Data were therefore collated to provide a comprehensive overview of these natural products. DGs are rich in phenols, phytosterols, and fatty acids, in addition to general lipid and protein constituents. These compounds and their related extracts possess diverse biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-hyperglycaemic effects. We hope that this review will provide research incentives for the further development and utilisation of DGs to develop high-value-added products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mungbean seeds [Vigna radiata (L.)] are easily damaged by insects during storage, and essential oils (EOs) have proved effective for controlling insect infestation. This research study assessed the bioactivity of EO from Jasminum sambac (L.) Aiton against Callosobruchus maculatus (F.). The chemical composition of EO was analysed by a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). All experiments were conducted following a completely randomised design (CRD) with four replications of the residual contact and seed dressing bioassays. Results indicated that J. sambac EO contained 35 compounds (97.587%), with the main component 3-hexen-1-ol benzoate. Residual contact toxicity LC50 values of this EO on adult C. maculatus at 24, 48, and 72 h were 5.01, 4.00, and 3.13 µL/mL, respectively. J. sambac EO at 8 µL/L showed the highest residual contact efficacy against C. maculatus, killing up to 100% in 72 hours. The highest concentration of J. sambac EO (1 mL/kg) gave optimal protection against C. maculatus within 4 and 5 days with 100% mortality. This concentration showed 100% inhibition of adult F1 progeny emergence, with no seed damage and weight loss of V. radiata L. after 30 days of exposure, and not significantly different from 0.8 mL/kg. Results indicated that J. sambac EO effectively prevented C. maculatus infestation and it could be used as an alternative to commercial chemical insecticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With population and economic development increasing worldwide, the public is increasingly concerned with the health benefits and nutritional properties of vegetable oils (VOs). In this review, the chemical composition and health-promoting benefits of 39 kinds of VOs were selected and summarized using Web of Science TM as the main bibliographic databases. The characteristic chemical compositions were analyzed from fatty acid composition, tocols, phytosterols, squalene, carotenoids, phenolics, and phospholipids. Health benefits including antioxidant activity, prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD), anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, anti-cancer, diabetes treatment, and kidney and liver protection were examined according to the key components in representative VOs. Every type of vegetable oil has shown its own unique chemical composition with significant variation in each key component and thereby illustrated their own specific advantages and health effects. Therefore, different types of VOs can be selected to meet individual needs accordingly. For example, to prevent CVD, more unsaturated fatty acids and phytosterols should be supplied by consuming pomegranate seed oil, flaxseed oil, or rice bran oil, while coconut oil or perilla seed oil have higher contents of total phenolics and might be better choices for diabetics. Several oils such as olive oil, corn oil, cress oil, and rice bran oil were recommended for their abundant nutritional ingredients, but the intake of only one type of vegetable oil might have drawbacks. This review increases the comprehensive understanding of the correlation between health effects and the characteristic composition of VOs, and provides future trends towards their utilization for the general public's nutrition, balanced diet, and as a reference for disease prevention. Nevertheless, some VOs are in the early stages of research and lack enough reliable data and long-term or large consumption information of the effect on the human body, therefore further investigations will be needed for their health benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fuzhuan brick tea, a distinctive dark tea fermented by microorganisms, is a traditional beverage in China throughout history. Recently, it has attracted considerable attention owing to its unique quality characteristics and potential health benefits. The aim of this study was to establish a method for the quality control of Fuzhuan brick tea for stable production. Ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry was used to identify Fuzhuan brick tea, and the major components were chosen for further quantitative analysis. Subsequently, a quantification method was developed using ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple‐quadrupole mass spectrometry, and its reliability was verified through methodological validation. Finally, a total of 30 compounds were identified, including catechins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and fatty acids. The established method was reliable for methodological validation and was applied to the quantitative analysis of Fuzhuan brick tea. This study provides a fundamental basis for the quality control and further studies on the component analysis of Fuzhuan brick tea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate the effect of extraction methods, including cold pressing method, soxhlet method and aqueous enzymatic method, on the quality of walnut oil, and explore the key chemical components affecting the antioxidant activity of walnut oil. The physicochemical properties, chemical compositions and antioxidant activities of the walnut oils extracted by the extraction methods mentioned above were determined. In addition, the antioxidant evaluation model of walnut oil was established through multiple linear regression analysis to analyze the key chemical components, affecting the antioxidant activity of walnut oil. The results showed that the three extraction methods had little effect on the content and compositions of fatty acids and glycerides in walnut oil, but had great influences on the contents of total phenols and flavonoids, physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities of the oils. According to the antioxidant evaluation model of walnut oil, linoleic acid and total phenols were the key chemical components affecting the antioxidant activity of walnut oil. In conclusion, among the three extraction methods, the quality of walnut oil extracted by cold pressing method is the best, followed by that obtained by aqueous enzyme method. However, the yield of walnut oil extracted by aqueous enzyme method was higher than that by cold pressing method. More importantly, aqueous enzyme method can simultaneously produce bioactive peptides during the process of oil extraction, so it is a extraction method with great potential for application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trapiche-like quartz, which is scarcely reported, has a unique texture with a core, six arms, and quartz growth sectors. This study is based on six trapiche-like quartz from the Dongwuqi area, Inner Mongolia, China. Many experiments have been carried out to investigate the basic gemological characteristics, crystal structures, and chemical compositions. Magnification observation has demonstrated that the texture is due to the distribution of white-colored chalcedony in growth sectors. Spherical and black inclusions have been identified as iron oxides by Raman spectra and EPMA. EPMA and LA-ICP-MS data have shown that the samples were grown in an acidic environment with an average medium-high temperature of 325 °C. Combined with the crystal growth theories and infrared experiments, we propose that the trapiche-like texture is the result of dislocation glide, which is caused by the existence of water and changes in temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Danyikangtai powder has a definite therapeutic effect on pancreatitis. However, the internal mechanism is unclear. The purpose of this experiment is to quickly identify the blood components of danyikangtai powder and evaluate its efficacy. 25 blood components were identified by comparing the components with the same mass spectrometry information from in vivo and in vitro samples. The AR42J cells of the pancreatitis model were treated with drug-containing plasma, and the drug efficacy was evaluated by investigating the amylase release rate. This study provides a scientific reference for its pharmacological research and rational clinical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Edible wild fruits have recently attracted increased attention due to their nutritional compositions, phytochemicals, and biological properties that benefit to human health. In this study, eleven wild fruits were investigated after the drying process using tray drying. Carbohydrates are the major component of dried wild fruits ranging from 37.17% to 75.96%. The highest protein content was found in Polyalthia debilis (15.28%) whereas Ficus carica L. was high in fiber (33.26%). The highest total phenolic compounds were found in Irvingia malayana Oliv. (121.57 mg GAE/g), with highest TFC found in Terminalia chebula Retz. Phyllanthus emblica L., showed highest DPPH, ABTS and FRAP values. The most potent anticancer properties against MCF-7 and HepG2 cancer cells were shown by Terminalia chebula and Diospyros mollis, respectively. Highest α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitions were observed in the Canarium subulatum. Results suggested that dried edible wild fruits are a feasible source of nutrients, phytochemicals, with strong antioxidant and biological activities. These findings can be promoted and increased the utilization of wild fruits as a sustainable food source or food ingredient with applications in food formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The dominant pollutant changed from SO 4 2− to NO 3 − in most seasons of Chengdu. • SO 4 2− was likely generated more easily in urban areas due to Mn-catalytic heterogeneous reactions. • OC concentrations were higher in urban areas than in suburban areas, other than EC. • The contribution of combustion origins and secondary aerosols increased from CP to PP. Nowadays, the fine particle pollution is still severe in some megacities of China, especially in the Sichuan Basin, southwestern China. In order to understand the causes, sources, and impacts of fine particles, we collected PM 2.5 samples and analyzed their chemical composition in typical months from July 2018 to May 2019 at an urban and a suburban (background) site of Chengdu, a megacity in this region. The daily average concentrations of PM 2.5 ranged from 5.6-102.3 µg/m3 and 4.3-110.4 µg/m3 at each site. Secondary inorganics and organic matters were the major components in PM 2.5 at both sites. The proportion of nitrate in PM 2.5 has exceeded sulfate and become the primary inorganic component. SO 2 was easier to transform into sulfate in urban areas because of Mn-catalytic heterogeneous reactions. In contrast, NO 2 was easily converted in suburbs with high aerosol water content. Furthermore, organic carbon in urban was much greater than that in rural, other than elemental carbon. Element Cr and As were the key cancer risk drivers. The main sources of PM 2.5 in urban and suburban areas were all secondary aerosols (42.9%, 32.1%), combustion (16.0%, 25.2%) and vehicle emission (15.2%, 19.2%). From clean period to pollution period, the contributions from combustion and secondary aerosols increased markedly. In addition to tightening vehicle controls, urban areas need to restrict emissions from steel smelters, and suburbs need to minimize coal and biomass combustion in autumn and winter. Graphical Abstract [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meeting the increasing demands on part quality and profitability of manufacturing processes despite difficult‐to‐machine materials is only possible with a deep understanding of the process. Herein, knowledge about the process temperature is of critical importance since it affects the material properties, such as hardness or forming behavior, as well as the chemical and physical interactions between the tool, workpiece, and lubricant. A proven thermoelectric method of temperature measurement in machining, forming, and blanking is a tool–workpiece thermocouple. Herein, instantaneous measurement of the temperature development is allowed in this setup during the manufacturing process in situ at the contact area of the tool and workpiece. The accuracy of this method is dependent on the calibration of the thermocouple, for which the Seebeck coefficients of the tool and workpiece material have to be determined. Usually, material samples from different batches are used for this purpose, although the resulting measurement errors due to slight changes in material properties are hardly known. The effects of small changes in the chemical composition and the transformation of the crystal lattice due to hardening on the Seebeck coefficient are investigated for the first time to allow precise quantification of the measurement error resulting from the calibration process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Eryngium foetidum L. grows in the wet zone of Sri Lanka. Despite the fact that this plant is widely used for healthcare purposes and as a culinary spice in tropical regions, limited scientific research has been available. This study aimed to investigate phytoconstituents, essential oil (EO), antioxidative potential (AP), and proximate composition, as well as find a suitable extracting solvent to extract potential constituents using the HPLC-PDA application in order to transform leaves into functional foods as an extended study. Materials and methods. The chemical constituents of the EO in the leaves were identified using the GC-MS analysis after extraction via hydro-distillation. Phytoconstituents of leaves were extracted into five different solvents via maceration with methanol, ethanol, water, acetone, and acetonitrile. Analytical HPLC was applied to compare the phytochemical profile under each solvent. Chemical analysis was used to reveal phytoconstituents in methanolic extract using standard methods. DPPH and FRAP assays were employed to determine AP of EO and the methanolic extract. Results. About 43 compounds were identified in the EO, showing 2-dodecenal (13.7%) and 2,4,5-trimethylbenzaldehyde (13.1%) as major ones. Cyclopropane, nonyl-, butylated hydroxytoluene, octadecane, hexacosane, and tetracosane were found in the EO of E. foetidum leaves for the first time. The HPLC chemical profiling revealed that methanol is a better solvent for extracting optimum phytochemicals compared to other solvents. The AP of the EO has been proven to be 118.16 ±1.32 μL Trolox Eq/L for FRAP, whereas the value of 95.74 ±3.47 mg Trolox Eq/g was shown for methanolic extract of leaves. The saponin level was greater (387.40 ±0.41 mg SE/g) in the solvent extract out of all other phytochemicals, and the leaves showed acceptable proximate compositions. Conclusion. To conclude, the solvent used has an influence on extractable phytochemicals and the technique of HPLC showed a promising method for phytochemical profiling. This is the first detailed study of EO and solvent extract of leaves of E. foetidum, and the finding of this study would be helpful pharmacological applications and be beneficial for functional food development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With pleasant organoleptic properties, aging characteristics and promising medicinal potential, white tea (WT) has been consumed worldwide for a long history, and revived among consumers and researchers in recent decades. Nevertheless, present researches focused on WT are majorly about chemical compositions and bioactivities, which are remaining at infancy. Besides, there is lacking a systematic generalization of the underlying correlations among manufacturing process, characteristic chemicals, sensory traits and pharmacological benefits; as well as explorations on quality amelioration and potential orientations are still insufficient. Simultaneously, the typical aging process of WT also lacks profound recognition. In this review, the latest research progresses of WT were summarized, mainly emphasizing on the investigations within past five years. We systematically review the manufacturing process, bioactive substances, aging characteristics and health benefits of WT, thoroughly discuss the present challenges and deficiency in the researches, and put forward possible orientations and perspectives. Through manufacturing process involving only the two major steps (withering and drying), the active substances in WT such as polyphenols and amino acids, are retained in large quantities, contributing to its pleasant organoleptic quality and pharmacological benefits. Additionally, WT also has the peculiarity of quality transformation during aging, which brings about altered flavor and pharmacological benefits. This is a full-scale and cutting-edge review about WT, for the first time, the saying about WT that "One year's tea, three years' medicine, and seven years' treasure" is systematically reviewed and evaluated from a scientific point of view, which will enlighten some innovate strategies for further progress of WT industry. [Display omitted] • Manufacturing process of white tea is meticulously elucidated. • Chemical compositions and bioactivities are thoroughly presented. • Quality transformation in aging process are comprehensively analyzed. • Challenges and perspectives of WT are put forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Urinary stones comprise both single and mixed compositions. Knowledge of the stone composition helps the urologists choose appropriate medical interventions for patients. The parameters from the spectral computerized tomography (CT) analysis have potential values for identification of the urinary stone compositions. Purpose: The present study aims to identify the compositions of urinary stones in vivo using parameters from spectral CT and machine learning, based on multilabel classification modeling. Methods: This retrospective study collected 252 urinary stone samples with single/mixed compositions (including carbapatite [CP], calcium oxalate monohydrate [COM], calcium oxalate dehydrate [COD], uric acid [UA], and struvite [STR]), which were confirmed by ex vivo infrared spectroscopy. Parameters were extracted from an energy spectrum analysis (ESA) of the spectral CT, including the effective atomic number (Zeff), Zeff histogram, CT values at a given x-ray energy level, and material densities. These ESA parameters were utilized for composition analysis via a multi-label classification fusion framework, where 250 multi-label models were built and the classification decisions from the top performance models were integrated by a multi-criterion weighted fusion (MCWF) approach in order to reach a consensus prediction. An example-based metric Accexam and label-based metric Acclabel were used for global and labelwise accuracy evaluations, respectively. The top-ranked parameters associated with discriminating the stone composition were also identified. Results: The multi-label classification fusion framework achieved an overall Accexam of 81.2%, with Acclabel of 86.7% (CP), 90.6% (COM), 80.6% (COD), 95.0% (UA), and 94.4% (STR) for each composition on the independent testing cohort 1, and Accexam of 76.4% with Acclabel of 80.5% (CP), 88.7% (COM), 74.9% (COD), 94.4% (UA), and 98.5% (STR) on the independent testing cohort 2. Conclusion: The parameters extracted from the ESA on spectral CT can be utilized to characterize single or mixed stone compositions via multi-label classification modeling. The generalization capability of the proposed methodology still requires further verification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The significant environmental pollution caused by synthetic fibers drew researchers’ attention to the development of eco-friendly reinforcement for composite products. This study seeks to identify an alternative novel natural fiber from the Cryptostegia Grandiflora (CG) plant as a reinforcement material for bio composites. The fiber chemical compositions, X-ray diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy, Thermo Gravimetric Analysis, and tensile test for single fiber are all examined. The fiber had a cellulose content of 79.20% and a crystallinity index of 62%. Thermo Gravimetric Analysis confirms that Cryptostegia Grandiflora fiber (CGF) can withstand temperatures as high as 230°C. It has a density of 1.02 g/cc and a tensile strength of 791 MPa on average. This novel Cryptostegia Grandiflora fiber will undoubtedly be used as reinforcement material in bio-composite materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) is distinguished by its exceptional strength, ductility, and durability, largely due to its dense particle packing and reinforcement with short fibers. However, there is a notable research gap regarding the impact of standard fire exposure on the microstructural alterations, chemical composition changes, durability, and tensile strain-hardening behavior of UHPC. This study embarked on a comprehensive investigation of UHPC materials subjected to ASTM E119 standard fire exposure, reaching temperatures up to 1000 ˚C. The research examined the influence of temperature on the properties of hybrid steel and polypropylene (PP) fiber reinforced UHPC. SEM and XRD analyses unveiled significant microstructural transformations at elevated temperatures, including the decomposition of hydration products, deterioration of interfacial transition zones, and the alteration of quartz phases. A notable increase in water absorption and porosity was observed as temperatures rose, particularly beyond 300 ˚C. SEM analysis highlighted that the incorporation of PP fibers effectively mitigated spalling beyond 300˚C by forming microchannels and radial cracking, which facilitated pressure dissipation. Nonetheless, the inclusion of PP fibers led to a slight increase in water absorption and porosity. Moreover, all UHPC specimens showed enhanced compressive and tensile strengths at temperatures up to 300˚C. The addition of PP fibers not only bolstered the tensile strength at ambient temperature but also played a crucial role in preserving the strength at elevated temperatures. Remarkably, despite the melting of PP fibers at temperatures exceeding 200 ˚C, all UHPC specimens exhibited tensile strain hardening up to 700 ˚C. • C-S-H and CaCO 3 intensities rise until 300 ˚C, then fall from 500 ˚C. • Initial heat-induced microcracks at 100˚ C become more pronounced by 300˚C. • Porosity transitions from isolated to interconnected pores after 300˚ C. • UHPC's compressive strength increases to 300 ˚C; tensile strength peaks at 200 ˚C. • PP fibers at 0.5 % V f show better post-heat durability and strength than at 1.0 % V f. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The temporal variations in source-specific health risks of airborne particles and the differences in estimated source contributions to PM 2.5 mass and PM 2.5 exposure in severely polluted areas with the implementation of control measures remain unclear. In this study, PM 2.5 samples were collected from a city of heavy pollution in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region of China in two autumn-winter seasons during 2017–2019. The dominant species of PM 2.5 was SNA (sum of sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium; 34 %), organic matter (OM; 23 %), and fine soil (15 %). PM 2.5 concentration decreased across the years, whereas trace elements and OM showed the largest increases. A positive matrix factorization model combined with a health risk assessment method identified six sources, and quantified their specific health risks. The major sources of PM 2.5 mass were secondary source (37 %) and coal combustion (20 %). The health risks (non-cancer risk for children, and cancer risk for children and adults) exceeded the guidelines, and were dominated by industrial processes (38 % and 40 %) and coal combustion (22 % and 52 %). The interannual decline in PM 2.5 concentration was mainly due to reductions in biomass burning and soil dust, but the significant increase in health risks was attributed to the enhancement of industrial processes and coal combustion. On clean days, both PM 2.5 mass and health risks were significantly affected by industrial processes and soil dust. As PM 2.5 pollution increased, secondary source and coal combustion contributed significantly to PM 2.5 mass. Coal combustion posed high health risks during pollution and the heating periods, especially in 2018–2019. Mn, Cr, and As were the dominant elements responsible for source-specific health risks. The quantitative result highlights the different responses of PM 2.5 mass and health risks to recent mitigation measures, and suggests that both source concentrations and source-specific health risks should be of concern in the future. [Display omitted] • The responses of PM 2.5 mass and health risks to mitigation measures were different. • Enhanced industry and coal combustion caused the interannual rise in health risks. • Coal combustion posed high health risks during heavy pollution and heating periods. • Industrial processes exhibited the highest non-cancer risk. • Mn, Cr, and As were the dominators of source-specific health risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The impacts of different cooking methods (boiling, steaming, baking, microwaving and frying) on chemical compositions, starch digestibility and antioxidant activity of taro corms were investigated. Compared with raw taro, boiling and frying reduced crude protein and ash contents. Frying significantly increased crude fat and fibre contents but decreased carbohydrate content. All cooking methods reduced oxalate content, especially frying. Among the cooked products, the boiled taro had the highest rapidly digestible starch (RDS) but the lowest resistant starch (RS) contents. In contrast, the fried taro provided the lowest RDS but the highest RS contents. All cooking methods reduced the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of taro. The boiled taro had the lowest antioxidant activity but the fired taro provided the highest. Frying was able to retain most of the health‐promoting compounds with the lowest oxalate content; however, the high consumption of high‐fat fried taro may adversely affect human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out during two successive seasons 2021 and 2022 on the Thirteenth-year-old Mango (Mangifera indica L.). cv. Keit cultivar trees grafted on sokary stone and grown in Al-Busaili - Central Laboratory for Agricultural Climate of the Agricultural Research Center at the North West of the Nile Delta, Rashid Center, Beheira governorate, Egypt. The trees are grown in a greenhouse to impact the soil application of farmyard manure, pigeon wilt and humic acid on vegetative growth, yield and fruit quality of “Kiet” mango cultivar. The distance between trees was 2.0 m and the distance between rows is 2.0 meters. This factorial experiment consisted of thirteen treatments arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) design with five replicates for each treatment and one tree for each replicate. The treatment consisted of 13 treatments (control, farmyard (5, 10 and 15kg), mixture of farmyard with pigeon wilt and humic acid). Results showed that the treatment of OM at 15 kg + 1/2 kg HA+ 3.5 kg Pio. recorded the best values of fruit weight, the number of fruit and yield/plant, physical characters i.e. (fruit length, fruit width, pulp weight and fruit firmness), and all chemical compositions i.e. (TSS, TSS/ acidity, vitamin C content, total sugars, reducing sugar and nonreducing sugar percentage), as compared with the control treatment which recorded the minimum values of this studied characters, during both seasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cockroaches are among the most adaptive creatures to the environment; they dwell on the earth's surface for the past millions of years. The presence of cockroaches is posing serious health issues in many countries of the world. Searching for an effective natural repellent agent has become a highly important attempt to control these insects. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the chemical compositions of essential oil from Sudanese Cyperus rotundus rhizomes and determine their repellent activity against American cockroaches (Periplaneta americana). The obtained essential oil was radish yellow in color, the oil content was 0.73% and forty-four constituents were identified. The most major components were: Isolongifolol (7.63%), longiverbenone (5.61%), ß-cadinene (5.54%), and longifolenaldehyde (5.16%). The oil was characterized by sesquiterpenes abundance 52.45% (oxygenated sesquiterpenes 30.72% and sesquiterpenes hydrocarbons 21.73%); whereas, monoterpenes comprised 8.43% (oxygenated monoterpenes 6.81%, and monoterpenes hydrocarbons 1.62%). The experiment showed that the essential oil possesses promising results as a repellent against P. americana. Therefore, conducting more research on isolation, identification of active compounds and extensive tests on other types of cockroaches are priorities in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, 123 PM2.5 filter samples were collected in Wuhan, Hubei province from December 2014 to November 2015. Water- soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs), elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC) and inorganic elements were measured. Source apportionment and back trajectory was investigated by the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model and the hybrid single particle lagrangian integrated trajectory (HYSPLIT) model, respectively. The annual PM2.5 concentration was 80.5 ± 38.2 μg/m3, with higher PM2.5 in winter and lower in summer. WSIIs, OC, EC, as well as elements contributed 46.8%, 14.8%, 6.7% and 8% to PM2.5 mass concentration, respectively. SO42−, NO3− and NH4+ were the dominant components, accounting for 40.2% of PM2.5 concentrations. S, K, Cl, Ba, Fe, Ca and I were the main inorganic elements, and accounted for 65.2% of the elemental composition. The ratio of NO3−/SO42− was 0.86 ± 0.72, indicating that stationary sources play dominant role on PM2.5 concentration. The ratio of OC/EC was 2.9 ± 1.4, suggesting the existence of secondary organic carbon (SOC). Five sources were identified using PMF model, which included secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA), coal combustion, industry, vehicle emission, fugitive dust. SIA, coal combustion, as well as industry were the dominant contributors to PM2.5 pollution, accounting for 34.7%, 20.5%, 19.6%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of processing with water (H2O, 2.5 l/kg), calcium oxide (CaO, 160 g/kg), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 57 mL/kg), and sodium hydroxide (NaOH, 50 g/kg) on the nutritional value of green pea (Pisum sativum) residues (GPR). Chemical composition of GPR samples was determined using the standard methods of AOAC. Ruminal degradability trial was carried out using nylon bag technique. Gas production test was performed to estimate in vitro fermentation parameters. In vitro digestibility of the samples was determined by batch culture method. Results demonstrated that the chemical composition of GPR was affected by the processing method (P<0.05). Ash content was increased by CaO, H2O2, and NaOH treatments compared to the control treatment. All treatments led to a decrement in crude protein (CP) content with the least CP amount in CaO treatment. Acid detergent fiber (ADF) content of CaO treated samples was also lower than other treatments. The treatments, except CaO, caused an increase in effective rumen degradability (ERD) of dry matter (DM) at rumen outflow rates of 0.02, 0.05, and 0.08 h-1 (P<0.05). The greatest ERD was observed in H2O2 treatment. The potential of gas production (b fraction) was increased by processing with H2O2 and NaOH as compared to the control (P<0.05). Processing with NaOH andH2O2 increased (P<0.05) the concentration of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and metabolizable energy (ME) content. The DM digestibility (DMD) and organic matter digestibility (OMD) rates were greater in H2O2, NaOH, and CaO treatments as compared to the control (P<0.05). All treatments, except H2O, increased the partitioning factor (PF) and efficiency of microbial biomass (EMB) of GPR samples (P<0.05). In conclusion, considering nutritional value and in vitro degradability parameters, processing GPR with NaOH and H2O2 was more beneficial compared to the CaO and control treatments [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to evaluate the appropriate factors for producing better quality and quantity essential oils (EOs), we performed a comparative study between the yields and the chemical compositions of the EOs of four Thymus species, spontaneously growing in six different locations in northeastern Algeria. EOs hydrodistillation gave yields that ranged from 0.9% to 2.35%. The highest yield (2.35%) was obtained from Dekma's Thymus algeriensis oils. GC/MS analyses revealed the presence of 61 compounds, representing 93.6 to 98.23% of the total EOs composition. The hierarchical cluster analysis allowed the six EOs populations to be grouped into two chemotypes: one with thymol and the other with α-pinene. The ANOVA test showed significant differences between the yields and chemical compositions of essential oils; the plant species factor had no significant effect on the variability of these two parameters. Therefore, the variability highlighted was related to the significant impact of abiotic factors. Altitude and soil type were the most influential factors in the secretion of EOs and the emergence of various chemical profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical content, mechanical capability, and dimensional stability of bamboo fibers (BFs) are all directly related to the hygroscopic behavior, which is crucial for industrial applications. To support the utilization of BFs, the structural and chemical composition of BFs with different opening times after mechanical rolling were investigated in this study, and the Guggenheim–Anderson–de Boer (GAB) model was selected to predict their moisture-adsorption properties. The results showed that the length and diameter of the fibers gradually decreased with the increase in the number of openings, and the fibers gradually separated from bundles into single fibers. It was also observed that the treated BFs exhibited different equilibrium moisture contents (EMCs). BFs with a smaller number of openings had a higher hemicellulose content and more exposed parenchyma cells on the fibers, which increased the number of water adsorption sites. As the number of openings increased, the parenchyma cells on the fibers decreased, and the lignin content increased, which reduced the number of fiber moisture-adsorption sites and decreased the EMC of the fibers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 6016 aluminum alloy has good plasticity but low strength. In this work, Al-Ti-Sc master alloy was prepared by thermite reduction method in order to obtain an effective grain refiner with a simplified preparation process and a reduced cost. The refining effects of the ternary master alloy on the 6016 aluminum alloy were checked to improve the strength and plasticity simultaneously. The chemical reactions during the preparation process of the Al-Ti-Sc master alloy was studied by thermodynamic software of HSC 6.0. The content of Sc and Ti in the master alloy reaches 2.48 wt% and 1.4 wt%, respectively, on proper experimental conditions, and the main phases of the master alloys are α-Al and Al 3 (Sc,Ti) phase. In the refined alloys, the average grain size can reach 27 μm, and the ultimate tensile strength and the elongation after fracture reaches 280 MPa and 35% in cast state, respectively. Compared to the pristine 6016 aluminium alloy, the significantly enhanced strength and good plasticity of the refined alloys contribute to the combined effects of grain refinement and precipitated phase strengthening. For the fracture of low doped alloys, originates from cleavage fracture mechanisms, and for the ones with high dosages, ductile fracture becomes dominant. [Display omitted] • A series of ternary Al-Ti-Sc master alloys were prepared by thermite reduction of Sc 2 O 3 and TiO 2. • The effects of technical factors on Sc and Ti contents were researched during the thermite reduction process. • The main second phase in Al-Ti-Sc master alloys is a well-matched Al 3 (Sc,Ti) solid-solution phase. • Both strength and plasticity of 6016-based alloys are improved significantly by addition of Al-Ti-Sc master alloys. • The strengthening mechanisms of the refined 6016-based alloys by Al-Ti-Sc master alloys were clarified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cigarette smoke is a dynamically changing aerosol system and the operando measurement of its complex chemical compositions is challenging. In this work, the gas- and particle-phase components of combustion cigarette smoke aerosols, which usually have different adverse influences on environment and human health, have been separated and their individual compositions are measured online by using a novel vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photoionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The gas-phase compositions are clearly identified and ascribed to low-mass volatile organic compounds (VOCs), while the particle-phase are more complicated and dominated with abundant semi- or non-volatile organics. The present results demonstrate that some compositions only present in gas- or particle-phase, but some can exist in both phases. In addition, the signals of the gas- and particle-phases increase with the puff number of smoking and their dynamical processes are discussed. The puff-by-puff increase of the gas-phase components is more obvious than that of the particle-phase, implying their different mechanisms involved in the smoking. • Operando measurements of gas/particle phases of combustion cigarette smoke aerosol. • Gas-phase dominates with VOCs, while particle-phase to semi-/non-volatile organics. • Some species only present in gas or particle phase, while some exist in both phases. • Gas and particle phase releases increased with puff number, but at different rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a detailed physical, chemical, and mechanical investigation of bone substitute (β-TCP/DCPD-PHBV) was carried out. In fact, it is composed of biocompatible materials such as ceramic phosphocalcic, consisting of tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) and dihydrated dicalcium phosphate (DCPD) and 3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate (PHBV) polymer having a weight fraction 40%/60%. For these analyses, diverse techniques were used, including SEM-EDS, mercury porosimeter, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, and, finally, uniaxial compression test machine. A morphological investigation of biomaterials using MEB revealed uneven particle shape and size, as well as a rough surface with a porous and microcracked structure. In fact, this architecture promotes the development of bone within biomaterials. Compositional studies applying FTIR technology, also, revealed the existence of chemical components, comparable to those found in the mineral phase of bone (Ca2+, PO43−, and HPO42−). The following compounds prove the bioactivity of β-TCP/DCPD -PHBV. Furthermore, mechanical investigations revealed that this biomaterial has a satisfying mechanical strength (195.21 MPa), closer to bone. Nevertheless, another significant benefit of combining the two biocompatible materials used in this work is that the ductility of PHBV restricts the brittleness of β-TCP/DCPD -PHBV, compared to pure β-TCP/DCPD. The obtained results demonstrate the beneficial properties of β-TCP/DCPD -PHBV and approve the possibility of using this biomaterial as a viable material for future implantology applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Particulate matter (PM) pollution in high emission regions will affect air quality, human health and climate change on both local and regional scales, and thus attract worldwide attention. In this study, a comprehensive study on PM 2.5 and its chemical composition were performed in Yuncheng (the most polluted city of Fen-Wei Plain of China) from November 28, 2020 to January 24, 2021. The average concentration of PM 2.5 was 87.8 ± 52.0 μg/m3, which were apparently lower than those observed during the same periods of past five years, attributable to the clean air action plan implemented in this region. NO 3 − and organic carbon (OC) were the dominant particulate components, which on average contributed 22.6% and 16.5% to PM 2.5 , respectively. The fractions of NO 3 −, NH 4 +, OC and trace metals increased while those of crustal materials and elemental carbon decreased with the degradation of PM 2.5 pollution. Six types of PM 2.5 sources were identified by the PMF model, including secondary inorganic aerosol (35.3%), coal combustion (28.7%), vehicular emission (20.7%), electroplating industry (8.6%), smelt industry (3.9%) and dust (2.8%). Locations of each identified source were pinpointed based on conditional probability function, potential source contribution function and concentration weighted trajectory, which showed that the geographical distribution of the sources of PM 2.5 roughly agreed with the areas of high emission. Overall, this study provides valuable information on atmospheric pollution and deems beneficial for policymakers to take informed action to sustainably improve air quality in highly polluted region. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the characteristics of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM 2.5) and its chemical compositions in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region of China during the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) lockdown, the ground-based data of PM 2.5 , trace gases, water-soluble inorganic ions, and organic and elemental carbon were analyzed in three typical cities (Beijing, Tianjin, and Baoding) in the BTH region of China from 5-15 February 2020. The PM 2.5 source apportionment was established by combining the weather research and forecasting model and comprehensive air quality model with extensions (WRF-CAMx). The results showed that the maximum daily PM 2.5 concentration reached the heavy pollution level (>150 μg/m3) in the above three cities. The sum concentration of SO 4 2−, NO 3 − and NH 4 + played a dominant position in PM 2.5 chemical compositions of Beijing, Tianjin, and Baoding; secondary transformation of gaseous pollutants contributed significantly to PM 2.5 generation, and the secondary transformation was enhanced as the increased PM 2.5 concentrations. The results of WRF-CAMx showed obviously inter-transport of PM 2.5 in the BTH region; the contribution of transportation source decreased significantly than previous reports in Beijing, Tianjin, and Baoding during the COVID-19 lockdown; but the contribution of industrial and residential emission sources increased significantly with the increase of PM 2.5 concentration, and industry emission sources contributed the most to PM 2.5 concentrations. Therefore, control policies should be devoted to reducing industrial emissions and regional joint control strategies to mitigate haze pollution. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is a major air pollutant worldwide. Characterizing its chemical compositions and source contributions is a critical prerequisite for effective control of PM2.5 pollution. This paper systematically reviews the sampling methods, chemical compositions, and source apportionments of PM2.5. Sampling methods have significant influences on the identification of chemical compositions and source contributions, with Quartz and Teflon filters being the most widely used. Receptor models are commonly adopted for identifying the sources of PM2.5, such as positive matrix factorization, chemical mass balance, principal component analysis, and UNMIX models, which have their respective advantages and limitations that determine their applications. The variations of PM2.5 compositions and sources in the past two decades in Beijing are also reviewed, which is the political, economic, and cultural center of China and is experiencing severe haze pollution events frequently. It was found that organic matters were the largest component (28.2%) in PM2.5, followed by sulfate (15.1%) during 2004–2013, which was overtaken by nitrate (14.9%) after 2013. Each PM2.5 source demonstrated significant seasonal and annual variations due to changes in climatic conditions and anthropogenic activities. Future research on the impacts of these external factors is urgently needed. This review is expected to provide valuable advice and evidence for those fast-growing megacities like Beijing to identify and control their PM2.5-related air pollution problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a detailed physical, chemical, and mechanical investigation of bone substitute (β-TCP/DCPD-PHBV) was carried out. In fact, it is composed of biocompatible materials such as ceramic phosphocalcic, consisting of tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) and dihydrated dicalcium phosphate (DCPD) and 3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate (PHBV) polymer having a weight fraction 40%/60%. For these analyses, diverse techniques were used, including SEM-EDS, mercury porosimeter, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, and, finally, uniaxial compression test machine. A morphological investigation of biomaterials using MEB revealed uneven particle shape and size, as well as a rough surface with a porous and microcracked structure. In fact, this architecture promotes the development of bone within biomaterials. Compositional studies applying FTIR technology, also, revealed the existence of chemical components, comparable to those found in the mineral phase of bone (Ca2+, PO43-, and HPO42-). The following compounds prove the bioactivity of β-TCP/DCPD-PHBV. Furthermore, mechanical investigations revealed that this biomaterial has a satisfying mechanical strength (195.21 MPa), closer to bone. Nevertheless, another significant benefit of combining the two biocompatible materials used in this work is that the ductility of PHBV restricts the brittleness of β-TCP/DCPD-PHBV, compared to pure β-TCP/DCPD. The obtained results demonstrate the beneficial properties of β-TCP/DCPD-PHBV and approve the possibility of using this biomaterial as a viable material for future implantology applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents the green and effective aqueous enzymatic process assisted microwave extraction (AEME) to preparate macadamia nut oil (MNO). The conditions of the extraction process are optimized (extraction temperature 50 °C, extraction time 64 min, enzyme concentration 1.60% (w/w), and irradiation power 450 W). An oil yield of 58.09 ± 0.63% is achieved under these optimal conditions. The scanning electron micrograph (SEM) analysis of nuts before and after extraction illustrates that AEME promotes the emancipation of oil stored within the organelles. Gas chromatography‐flame ionization detector (GC‐FID) analysis reveals the fatty acid compositions of MNOs obtained by AEME and the Soxhlet extraction (SE) are similar and mainly dominated by monounsaturated fatty acids beneficial to human health which is higher in MNO than in any other known food. Moreover, gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) analysis reveals higher amounts of more odoriferous oxygenated terpenes is present in the MNO extracted by AEME in comparison with SE. The physicochemical properties of AEME oil are more excellent than those of SE oil. Moreover, AEME oil exhibits superior antioxidant capacities. In conclusion, green AEME gives relatively satisfactory yield and better retains the fragrance and functionality of MNO. Practical Applications: The present study provides a green extraction method and valuable data for the process design as well as industrial scale‐up applications. In addition, compared to the nonsustainable and environmentally nonfriendly traditional method, AEME preserves the initial composition of the flavor substances and enhances the extraction of healthy beneficial compounds in MNO. Therefore, AEME oil can be used to develop functional edible oils or even in medicinal, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical preparations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Firing temperature is an essential indicator for the level of the manufacturing technology of ancient ceramics. Current techniques for measuring the firing temperature of ceramics are generally destructive and very complex. In this work, a series of celadon fragments were prepared at different firing temperatures (from 900 to 1,300°C) and studied by Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray fluorescence (XRF), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The XRD results show that raw materials were dissolved and melted completely to form the glass matrix of a glaze above 1,100°C. Besides, the results of XRF and Raman tests demonstrate that CaO amounts in the glaze decrease significantly with the increase in firing temperatures, which is the main factor to influence the Si–O linkages, adjust Q1, Q2, and Q3–4 components, and modify the structure of the glass matrix during the firing process. The area ratios of the Si–O bending over stretching envelopes (A500/A1,000) of the glassy matrix have a negative correlation to the CaO amount. In contrast, the value has an apparent positive correlation to the firing temperature. The A500/A1,000 value of the glass matrix increases from 1.29 to 2.40 as the firing temperature increases from 1,100°C to 1,300°C. These results prove that Raman spectroscopy could be used as a feasible and reliable nondestructive method to establish a more accurate relationship between Raman spectral polymerization index and the firing temperature in order to identify the firing temperature of ancient ceramics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Termitomyces clypeatus is a fungus species, which has been used as food and medicinal mushroom. In the current study, submersed fermentation of the fungus in a stirred-tank bioreactor was determined for its culture biomass and nutrient contents. T. clypeatus obtained its highest biomass after from 13 to 15 days of cultivation, when the dry biomass of its mycelium system was more than 6%. Agitation speeds of 150 or 180 rpm were the most suitable for the fungus. The determination of chemical compositions showed that the dry biomass of its mycelium system had high protein content, with 57.8% on its dry-weight basis. Besides, 11 types of amino acids higher than 0.1% of wet weight culture were found in fermentation products. Moreover, dried mycelia of the fungus contained 27.4% carbohydrates. The protein and carbohydrate containing in the mycelium and fruit body of T. clypeatus were not statistically different. These results showed that a stirred-tank bioreactor could be applied to culture the fungus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clitoria ternatea L., belonging to the family Fabaceae and subfamily Papilonaceae, is an herbaceous perennial legume valued for its medicinal importance. Pharmacological investigations on this plant have shown it has a variety of medicinal properties, including antibacterial activities, antitumor activities, antioxidant activities, memory enhancing activities, wound healing activities, antipyretic activities and antiasthmatic activities. However, there are few studies on the chemical constituents of C. ternatea. The present research reviewed the chemical constituents and biological activities of C. ternatea to provide references for further research on this plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apios Americana Medicus (AM), a potential staple food substitution characterized as mass production, abundant nutrition and low cost, has been consumed with a long history in eastern North American. Nowadays, AM have been cultured, consumed and studied worldwide. Nevertheless, present studies focused on AM are mainly about its nutritional values, chemical compositions and biological activities, whereas these studies only remain at their infancy, and investigations concerning AM's deep processing and application are still insufficient. Besides, current studies have dedicated to learn edible AM tuber (AMT), while less studies paid attention other parts, such as flower, leaf and vine. In this review, we comprehensively reviewed and analyzed the current research progress of AM based on the literature published from 1924 to 2021, then systematically categorized and summarized the bioactive substances in different parts, presented and exemplified their biological activities. Furthermore, we have also thoroughly discussed the present shortage and challenges that AM faces, and predicted AM's possible orientation and perspectives in the future. AM has abundant bioactive chemicals in different parts, and demonstrates remarkable bioactivities in antioxidant, anti-inflammation, anti-diabetes, anti-atherosclerosis, anti-hypertension, immunoregulation, anti-tumor and improvement in post-partum uterine involution. Therefore, it is suggested that AM shows potential to become future staple food candidate with diverse bioactivities, which would enlighten some innovate ideas on increasing farmers' income, and provide potential promising strategies to solve global hunger. [Display omitted] • Apios Americana Medicus (AM) can be served as a potential staple food. • Different parts of AM regarded useless possess future applications. • Chemical components and bioactivities are comprehensively presented. • Challenges and perspectives of AM are thoroughly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bark of Pteroceltis tatarinowii is one of the main raw materials for the manufacturing of Xuan paper. In order to guide the production of Xuan paper, the anatomical properties and chemical compositions of the bark and branch wood from P. tatarinowii at different years of age were analyzed in this study. The results from a variation analysis of the anatomical properties indicated that the ratio of the length to width of the bark and branch wood was greater than 30, while the ratio of the lumen diameter to the wall thickness was less than 1. Furthermore, there were significant differences in the length and the ratio of length to width of the bark and branch wood. The results from a variation analysis of the chemical composition indicated that the lignin content of branch wood at various ages (years) was greater than the lignin content of bark. Additionally, the cellulose extractive and pentosan contents of the branch wood was less than the contents in the bark. Based on the analysis of the anatomical and chemical composition, barks that were 2 to 3 years old were the most suitable raw materials for the manufacturing of Xuan paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As chemical-intensive products, plastics are potential sources of emerging contaminants and pose risks to the ecosystem. However, knowledge on the inventory and emissions of chemicals in plastics remains scarce, prohibiting the lifecycle assessment of their environmental exposure. Herein, full compositions of plastic protective nets (PPNs, one globally used plastics) were analyzed via nontarget screening with mass spectrometry, optical emission spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. Nontarget screening identified 861 non-polymeric organic chemicals, which were classified by network-like similarity analysis into 9 communities, dominated by phthalates (PAEs), aliphatic/oxalic esters and branched alkanes. Notably, around 80.8% (696) of the chemicals were first observed in plastics, suggesting aplenty plastic additives have previously been overlooked. Quantification results indicated PPNs contained higher levels of priority chemicals, including detrimental lead (1.17 × 104 ng/g), benzotriazoles ultraviolet stabilizers (6.66 × 103 ng/g) and PAEs (1.87 × 104 ng/g) than other plastics commonly reported. Emission projections revealed that dibutyl phthalate in PPNs had an annual release (1.83 × 103 kg) comparable to that from greenhouse films in China. These findings suggest PPNs are a significant but neglected "reservoir" for priority chemicals, which could inform future research on resolving plastic compositions, so as to promote sound chemical management. [Display omitted] • Polymers, heavy metals and organic chemicals were identified and quantified in PPNs. • Around 80.8% of the identified chemicals were first observed in plastic products. • PPNs contain higher levels of priority chemicals than other common plastics. • PPNs have an annual emission of dibutyl phthalate comparable to that from greenhouse films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The microstructure of Nb 30 Ti 35 Co 30 Fe 5 eutectic alloy was investigated by using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The alloy exhibits typically lamellar eutectic structures which are composed of uniformly arranged nano-scale bcc-(Nb) phases and B2–Ti(Co, Fe) phases. 5 at% Fe partially substituting Co induced the composition modification of bcc-(Nb) phase such as the increasing Ti/Nb ratio and existing Fe solutes, which contributes to the enhanced hydrogen permeability. Nb 30 Ti 35 Co 30 Fe 5 eutectic alloy shows strong sustainability during hydrogen permeation under continuous hydrogen pressure and thermal cycles, and the hydrogen permeation flux can restore when the hydrogen pressure or temperature recovered again. No hydrogen induced fractures were found during hydrogen permeation. The present work demonstrates that Nb 30 Ti 35 Co 30 Fe 5 eutectic alloy exhibits excellent sustainability under the conditions of changing temperature and feed hydrogen pressure, which is very promising to be an alternative for Pd used for hydrogen separation and purification. • Nb 30 Ti 35 Co 30 Fe 5 consisted of uniformly arranged nano-scale dual phases. • Fe substitution leads to the optimized composition of bcc-(Nb) phase in eutectic. • Nb 30 Ti 35 Co 30 Fe 5 shows excellent sustainability under pressure and thermal cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional Chinese medicine "Shanju", the dry stem of Piperaceae plant Piper hancei Maxim, is mainly distributed in southern China. Historically, P hancei has been used as a substitute for the traditional Chinese medicine "Haitengtong" to treat rheumatism, joint pain, and asthma. At present, chemical constituents of it have been reported. In order to review the advances in chemical and pharmacologic studies and discuss the potential prospects for future investigation, the report summarized over 92 compounds isolated from P. hancei, including alkaloids, organic acid, sterol, aglycone, lignans, volatile oil and others. These compounds exhibited a wide range of bioactivities, such as anti-inflammation, inhibition of platelet aggregation, insecticidal effects and bactericidal activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An ultra high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with linear ion trap‐Orbitrap mass spectrometry method had been used to identify chemical constituents in Yinchen Qingjin Granules. A total of 117 chemical constituents were tentatively identified based on the molecular weight, the mass fragmentation behavior, and the comparison with retention time and accurate mass of reference standards. Meanwhile, an ultra high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry method has been developed to evaluate the quality of Yinchen Qingjin Granules through a simultaneous determination of ten components, namely gallic acid, shanzhiside, neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, geniposide, liquirition, isoliquirition, glycyrrhizic acid, and rhein. Altogether, content levels of each compound ranged from 0.228 to 8.712 mg/g. At the same time, a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography combined with UV for the quantification of sarmentosin in Yinchen Qingjin Granules is presented and its content was from 5.608 to 6.200 mg/g. The linearity, accuracy, and precision of these two validation methods were satisfactory. The both determination methods were successfully used for the analysis of six batches of Yinchen Qingjin Granules samples made in China and could be as suitable analytical method for quality control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wax accumulation on the sorghum surface plays an important role in drought tolerance by preventing non-stomatal water loss. Thereby, the effect of post-flowering drought stress (PFDS) on the epicuticular wax (EW) amount, relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll, and grain yield in sorghum drought contrasting genotypes were investigated. The experiment was conducted as a split-plot based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two water treatments (normal watering and water holding after 50% flowering stage), and three genotypes (Kimia and KGS23 as drought-tolerant and Sepideh as drought-susceptible). Scanning electron microscopy and GC-MS analyses were used to determine the wax crystals density and its compositions, respectively. In addition, based on literature reviews and publicly available datasets, six wax biosynthesis drought stress-responsive genes were chosen for expression analysis. The results showed that the amounts of EW and wax crystals density were increased in Kimia and Sepideh genotypes and no changed in KGS23 genotype under drought stress. Chemical compositions of wax were classified into six major groups including alkanes, fatty acids, aldehydes, esters, alcohols, and cyclic compounds. Alkanes increment in drought-tolerant genotypes led to make an effective barrier against the drought stress to control water losses. In addition, the drought-tolerant genotypes had higher levels of RWC compared to the drought-susceptible ones, resulted in higher yield produced under drought condition. According to the results, SbWINL1, FATB , and CER1 genes play important roles in drought-induced wax biosynthesis. The results of the present study revealed a comprehensive view of the wax and its compositions and some involved genes in sorghum under drought stress. • Wax accumulation on the sorghum surface plays an important role in drought tolerance by preventing non-stomatal water loss. • The drought-tolerant genotypes had higher levels of RWC compared to the drought-susceptible ones. • SbWINL1, FATB , and CER1 genes play important roles in drought-induced wax biosynthesis. • Increment of CER1 gene expression caused to raise the alkanes in sorghum wax. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]