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Contemporary globalisation and urbanisation continue to play a significant role in how the youths (re)create and (re)define urban spaces in Africa. Major cities across the continent are becoming active sites for social and cultural transformation. With the economic slowdown and increased rate of unemployment, youths are seeking ways to adapt to these realities while at the same time staying true to their urban identity. The present study uses participatory observation to examine two of the emerging youth practices in Nairobi, which are, the baze and gengetone music, to underscore how the youths in Nairobi Eastlands engage these practices both as sites for bolstering their urban identity and as alternative spaces for earning a livelihood. The study reveals that both the baze and gengetone music are available platforms which city youths use to construct their urban identities while dealing with local social challenges such as alcoholism, drug abuse and negative ethnicity, as well as harsh economic realities such as unemployment and a high cost of living. Further examination shows that discourse spaces created by these practices afford them a chance to participate in matters of national interest where they can contest and challenge social orders that are oppressive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the historical development context of the trigonometric network point types in Slovenia from 1810 onwards is presented. Examples of different trigonometric point types still seen in the field are shown, with regard to the institution that carried out the field marking of the specific state trigonometric network. The city trigonometric network of Ljubljana, which was established in 1955–1956, is also presented. Furthermore, triangulation and comparator bases are mentioned as well, which remain marked with permanent pillars. As examples of the oldest still-standing trigonometric points, the following are mentioned: 303 Veliki Javornik (2nd order) with the engraved year 1823 and 329 Limberk (2nd order) with the engraved year 1903. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The identification and protection of Alliance for Zero Extinction sites at the national level is of great importance to safeguard biodiversity and achieve the targets of the Convention on Biological Diversity for 2020. Here we identify priority species and sites for the Brazilian flora. We evaluated the protection status of each site, taking into account whether or not it was located within a protected area, and the anthropogenic pressure on the site, using human density and gross domestic product as surrogates. We identified a total of 234 trigger species at 140 sites. Most of the sites are located in the Atlantic Forest and the Cerrado; only 21 are within protected areas. There was no relationship of human density and annual gross domestic product per capita with the level of site protection. The low proportion of Alliance for Zero Extinction sites protected shows that Brazil is lagging behind in global conservation efforts to protect such sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aim. Dental impressions present a negative imprint of intraoral tissues of a patient which is, by pouring in gypsum, transferred extraorally on the working cast. Casting an accurate and precise working cast presents the first and very important step, since each of the following stages contributes to the overall error of the production process, which can lead to inadequately fitting dental restorations. The aim of this study was to promote and test a new model and technique for in vitro evaluation of the dental impression accuracy, as well as to asses the dimensional stability of impression material depending on the material bulk, and its effect on the accuracy of working casts. Methods. Impressions were made by the monophasic technique using the experimental master model. Custom trays with spacing of 1, 2 and 3 mm were constructed by rapid prototyping. The overall of 10 impressions were made with each custom tray. Working casts were made with gypsum type IV. Measurement of working casts was done 24 h later using a coordinate measuring machine. Results. The obtained results show that the working casts of all the three custom trays were in most cases significantly different in the transversal and sagittal planes in relation to the master model. The height of abutments was mainly unaffected. The degree of convergence showed certain significance in all the three custom trays, most pronounced in the tray with 3 mm spacing. Conclusion. The impression material bulk of 1-3 mm could provide accurate working casts when using the monophasic impression technique. The increase of the distance between abutment teeth influences the accuracy of working casts depending on the material bulk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For using urban mapping in the interwar period in European countries, a network of check points was formed applying the triangulation method, i.e. by means of the network of evenly arranged points shaping triangles. It was first designed for Kaunas in 1924 using 36 check points fixed on a locality and measured by engineer Z.Bačelis. The network used to satisfy the territories of the former areas of Vilijampolė, Aleksotas, Žaliakalnis, Naujamestis and Ž. Šančiai. When Kaunas became a temporary capital, the city grew rapidly. The ongoing triangulation did not fit in due to the following reasons: a big part of check points in the locality had not been preserved, the city expanded twice as much and due to the applied tools, the accuracy of check points remained unsatisfactory. The new network was designed so that to satisfy one check point, on average, 1 sq. km of the city area should be applied and ensure limited accuracy of 10 cm of the approved check points. The benefits of implementing the second triangulation of Kaunas city are attributed to the experts of the Measurement division of the City Municipality - the director J.Deksnys and his deputy J.Ašmonas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]