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Objective: The study analyzes the adoption of the Ecological ICMS in the states located in the Legal Amazon and the instruments mobilized by these regulatory state policies to coordinate the environmental actions in their municipalities. Methodology: The relevant legislation was reviewed and a bibliographical analysis of the Ecological ICMS was carried out in the six states where the policy is in force as they contain part of the Amazon forest: Amapá, Pará, Tocantins, Mato Grosso, Rondônia, and Acre. Originality/Relevance: The originality of the article lies in its comparison of the instruments for coordinating the ICMS-E legislation and its results in the states of the Legal Amazon to improve current legislation while encouraging other states in the country to adhere to this policy. Results: Regulatory and financial coordination instruments guide ICMS-E policies in the Legal Amazon as the essence of this policy is resource allocation according to environmental criteria stipulated by state legislation. However, greater clarity in the ICMS-E objectives could help municipalities adapt their actions to the practices expected by the states. Higher transfer percentages and coordination instruments related to management were also factors identified that could improve the policy's performance. Social/management contributions: The article contributes to the field of regional planning by offering recommendations for improving ICMS-E policies in states that have already adopted it and for those that have not yet implemented it. The study showed that the more coordination instruments used in the ICMS-E policy, the greater the possibility for states to affect municipal choices for improving environmental management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzed the convergence of economic growth and socioeconomic development in the Legal Amazon region. For this, the methodology of Convergence Means was used. To measure economic growth, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita and the Gross Value Added (VAB) per capita referring to the three sectors of the economy were used as variables. Regarding socioeconomic development, the Firjan Index of Municipal Development (IFDM) was used as variables for the dimensions: General, Health, Employment and Income and Education. The results showed that the variables related to economic growth, presented themselves as convergent and showed a great growth in the period. In relation to variables related to socioeconomic development, the level of convergence was significant, with exception of the variable employment and income, which proved to be divergent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research quantified the probable monthly, quarterly, and annual precipitation height and analyzed the synoptic systems intervening over time for an important grain producing region located in the Brazilian legal Amazon. Through stochastic and geostatistical analysis, the study estimated the probable height of rain, showed its seasonality, its spatial behavior and the months with extreme rainfall. For stochastic modelling of rain, the gamma distribution, the maximum likelihood method was used to estimate the parameters, and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test as an adhesion test. For spatialization of rain data, geostatistical modelling was performed using ordinary kriging as an interpolation method. We conclude that: there are two well-defined seasons in the middle north region of Mato Grosso (MNMT), a rainy one between October and April and a dry one between May and September; the months of April and October can be considered as months of transition between the two seasons; the months with the highest probable rainfall are December, January and February; the probable annual precipitation (PPA) in the MNMT region has an average value of 1622 mm, with a minimum of 1341 and a maximum of 1955 mm; the spatial distribution of rain is influenced by latitude and there is a tendency for the total to increase in the SE-NW direction. Finally, spatial analysis shows that the highest rainfall occurs in the north and northwest of the study area. The smallest, however, occur in the south and southeast of the area, mainly in the municipality of Nova Ubiratã. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is considered by the WHO as one of the most neglected diseases in the world. Therefore, we aim to describe a case of VL and its treatment in the city of Porto Franco, Maranhão, Brazil. The suspicion of VL in young people arises from the initiative of the person in charge of performing an ultrasound of the abdomen and complementary exams that found splenomegaly. The results were confirmed by the Leishmania reagent test, Donovani-IGM antibody. Treatment consisted of daily administration of three ampoules of Glucantime/20 days. Therefore, prior diagnosis, medical follow-up and adequate treatment are necessary for the non-clinical evolution of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aimed to identify a typology of municipalities in the Legal Amazon based on indicators of deforestation, economic, agricultural production, development and poverty, basic housing infrastructure and infant mortality. The 760 municipalities that are part of PRODES and a database with 24 variables for the year 2017 were considered. The characterization of the municipalities was carried out based on the implementation of two multivariate methods: factor analysis and cluster analysis. The results of the factor analysis indicated an adequacy of six factors for the analysis, synthesizing information on the degree of Deforestation and conditions, Average development, Rural scale, Economic scale, Housing infrastructure and Infant mortality in the municipalities. The cluster analysis identified four distinct groups. One of the groups would be more related to a profile associated with the highest level of deforestation, together with the highest values of GDP, population, agricultural production and more positive development, education, employment and housing indicators and lower poverty and infant mortality rate. However, another group of municipalities was also identified, characterized by high deforestation, with a level lower than that group, associated with lower values of GDP, agricultural production, and development indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, we conducted an extensive long-lasting inventory of the fishes, using different collection methodologies, covering almost the entire Pindaré River drainage, one of the principal tributaries of the Mearim River basin, an area included in the Amazônia Legal region, northeastern Brazil. We reported 101 species, just three of them being non-native, demonstrating that the composition of this studied fish community is majority composed of native species. We found a predominance of species of the orders Characiformes and Siluriformes, corroborating the pattern usually found for the Neotropical fish fauna. Similar to other studies, this inventory was mainly dominated by small characids, representing 21% of the species herein recorded. When comparing the present survey with other species lists published for this region (including the States of Maranhão and Piaui), we can conclude that the freshwater fish fauna of the State of Maranhão is probably still underestimated. We reported 41 more species, and one more species than Soares (2005, 2013) and Abreu et al. (2019) recorded for the entire Mearim River basin, respectively. We believe, however, that the number of species presented by Abreu et al. (2019) is overestimated. We compared our results with all other freshwater fish species inventories performed for the hydrological units Maranhão and Parnaíba sensu Hubbert & Renno (2006). With these comparisons, we concluded that our results evidenced that a high effort was put in the inventory here presented. The two works including more species recorded from coastal river basins of the hydrological units Maranhão and Parnaíba were the works published by Ramos et al. (2014) for the Parnaíba River basin, one of the main and larger river basin of Brazil, and the compiled data published by Castro & Dourado (2011) for the Mearim, Pindaré, Pericumã, and upper Turiaçu River drainages, including 146 and 109 species, respectively. Our survey recorded only 45 less species than Ramos et al. (2014), and eight less species than Castro & Dourado (2011). However, it is essential to emphasize that the number of species presented by Castro & Dourado (2011) is probably overestimated since they did not update and check the taxonomic status of the species of their compiled data. In several cases, they considered more than one name for the same species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cities of Araguaína / TO, Imperatriz / MA and Marabá / PA are part of the Legal Amazon, are characterized as medium-sized cities and are designated as regional capitals C by IBGE. Each of them is a reference in their respective intermediate and bordering geographic regions. The objective of the work is to demonstrate which the three locations, despite presenting strong economic and demographic growth, suffer from social and structural problems that reduce the quality of life of their population. For this purpose, secondary data from IBGE sources - Cities, Atlas of Human Development, Instituto Brazil, IPEADATA and Comex Stat were used, referring to demographic growth, exports, HDI, GDP, homicides, Cadastro Único, Bolsa Família, access to water, sewage collection and treatment. As a result, it is perceived that there is a demographic growth for the Amazon; therefore sanitation, homicides, and population data on the single registry present that the economical aspects have not been converted into social welfare. Thus, it can be conclude that the data induce the understanding even considering that economic growth, instrumental and substantive freedoms are still relegated and that one of the possibilities for overcoming lies in a more integrated perspective of the three cities in geographical and administrative terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article tries to verify if in the decade 2004 to 2014 the economic growth experienced in the legal Amazon region can be considered pro-poor, that is, if it benefited more the poorest. From a recent perspective in the literature on pro-poor growth, the methodology used was the income-poverty elasticity, estimated through the use of econometric models of panel data. The results showed that although the majority of the states in the region performed below the country average in reducing the poverty indicator, the estimated income-poverty elasticity for the region was sufficient to configure growth in the pro-poor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study shows the phytosociology and floristics of a Dense Ombrophilous Forest fragment under forest management in Portel city, Pará State. Six conglomerates were sampled, divided into secondary and tertiary plots totaling 120 sample units of 0.4 hectares each, in which all trees with diameter at breast height (130 cm above ground; DBH) above 10 cm were measured. These individuals were botanically identified, and evenness and floristic similarity were calculated. There were 3,586 individuals distributed in 42 families, 121 genera, and 174 species. Families Fabaceae, Lecythidaceae, and Sapotaceae were the ones that obtained the highest IVI and the highest representativity of individuals. Species Eschweilera coriacea (DC.) S.A.Mori, Vouacapoua americana Aubl., and Tetragastris altissima (Aubl.) Swart were the ones with the highest IVI. Among the ten highest results, we highlight Syzygiopsis oppositifolia Ducke and Manilkara dardanoi Ducke, with great potential for timber production. The Shannon diversity index averaged 3.83 between the plots, and the Pielou evenness averaged 0.84, showing that the area presents high floristic diversity and great potential for forest management activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The karst environment is considered a haven for biodiversity, with the presence of elements of fauna and flora, almost natural. Ecological diversity of this environment includes a mineral wealth important from an economic point of view, so the exploitation of these areas has grown significantly. Important to note that the Neanderthal environment is quite fragile and susceptible to severe environmental impacts. Even so, they are targets for implementation of highly impactful projects that may bring irreversible consequences to this ecosystem. The large enterprises located in the Legal Amazon are part of a development policy for the region that deprecates the Amazon socio environmental greatness, including the karst environment. Despite subtle differences the large enterprises deployed in the Legal Amazon use the same strategy in a national development perspective, with significant socio environmental damage and neglect of mitigating measures. The developments in karstic areas almost always has as main objective the exploitation of mineral components present in the rocks. However, other projects are implemented with objective only: spetial as the construction of railroads and dams. In this way, the object of this study is the analysis of the implementation of the large enterprises in the karst areas in the Legal Amazon, having cut the spatial cut the State of Tocantins. Based on a systemic and interdisciplinary methodology by analyzing three enterprises in three phases of the environmental licensing. The results indicate that the development model implemented in the analyzed enterprises follows the logic of other projects for the Legal Amazon where is noticeable the lack of planning and of environmentally appropriate management of these areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper has as the main goal present the recent evolution of the eucalyptus silviculture over the agriculture border of Legal Amazon in the State of Maranhão. It's considered the propagation of historical appropriation and commodification models of the area by large economical projects based on oreagriculture- export, specially, the increase of the eucalyptus plantation due to the installation of the plant from the company Suzano, Paper and Cellulose in the city of Imperatriz, Maranhão State, in 2009. The methodology is to present the cartographic production and the productive chain of the paper and cellulose over the Maranhão State, we present data regarding the evolution of the eucalyptus monoculture plantation. The data obtained suggest the reproduction of the historical model of enclave economy, perpetrated by the large agroextractivist ventures in the Amazon, aimed at the production of export commodities from the unrestrained plundering of natural resources with little local socioeconomic return. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The great environmental disasters in the various areas of the world, because the human interventions, for the advancement of capitalism, have brought to the fore the discussions about natural resources in terms of quantity and quality and the relationship between society and nature. The different ways of appropriating natural resources and the non-conformity of uses in different societies can generate conflicts. Most of the time the conflict is generated because the scarcity of natural resources. But what about the Amazon, which is rich in natural resources, why conflict can happen? The main objective of this article is to discuss the environmental policy in the context of water and water resources in the Legal Amazon and the factors that generate Water Conflicts. The information used on water conflicts in the legal Amazon were extracted from the reports of the Comissão Pastoral da Terra for the years 2007 to 2015, making it possible to construct spatial representations of conflicts. The theoretical reference on politics, environmental issue and water is essential to unravel the issues that generate conflicts over water in the Legal Amazon region. It is believed that negotiated management is an element to equalize the social impacts of water use in the State and in the Legal Amazon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expansion of Protestantism in Brazil during the twentieth century has been an increasingly important phenomenon although the understanding gaps due to the complex, distinctive and asymmetric dynamics in space and time. Taking for granted the featured discussion, this study aims to contribute to a pioneering approach about the macroregionalized diffusion pattern of Protestantism in the country especially in the Amazon. Based on a deductive logic, this article was structured through an exploratory and descriptive study of quali-quantitative nature that combined multidisciplinary reading and working with primary data provided by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). The results and conclusions of the research point to the understanding of Protestant expansionism in Brazil as a unique phenomenon highlighted in the dynamics of Christianity that does not have homogeneous characteristics but rather growing trends of fragmentation and coverage, including a suis generis diffusion pattern of ecclesiastic networks in the Brazilian Amazon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low quality drinking water has been directly correlated to the occurrence of waterborne illnesses in northern Brazil. To minimize health risks related to the water supply, the Ministry of Health has proposed the implementation of the National Program for the Surveillance of Drinking Water Quality (VIGIAGUA) in Brazilian municipalities. Focusing on the Legal Amazon region, the present study demonstrates a historical account of the percentage of municipalities included in the VIGIAGUA program in place, which in 2013 reached 45.1% of the region municipalities. This study also identifies vulnerable areas in terms of the water quality in the states of Amapá, Amazonas and Maranhão. With this analysis of the current status of the drinking water supply, this study intends to support and direct the strategic efforts of environmental health monitoring in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brazilian Legal Amazon has about 60% of Brazilian territory and 15% of total population and possess the biggest biodiversity on the planet. Besides the Brazilian Government effort, especially from the MCTI and CAPES, only 5 to 7% from the Federal financial resources reaches the region for education and technology purposes. The Brazilian Amazon has the lowest HDI in the country and the high deforestation rate, despite its important decline last year. There is a consensus that the Amazon development should be by means of enhancement of its bioindustrial sector, adding value to its biodiversity in a sustainable manner, conserving the ecosystems, and by a socially just way as Current procedures allow efficiently bioprospecting and biotechnology from biodiversity to discover new substances and from these developing new bio products thereby adding value to biodiversity. The Amazon biodiversity has great potential to develop new medicines, cosmetics, foods, insecticides, herbicides, dyes, aromatizing, just to mention some. Several important programs/projects aiming the biodiversity knowledge, conservation and biotechnology were or are under way in the Brazilian Amazon and have a crucial role to establish infrastructure and qualified people to work with biodiversity, however this is rather insufficient if taken in consideration that this bioindustrial sector need to be build and has to be competitive. Besides it, the Brazilian regulatory framework shows to be hostile to this desired industrial development, particularly for the bioindustry in Amazon. In this article were identified and discussed important bioindustrial areas that can be developed in Amazon, as well as the infrastructure and the human resources available. Also is discussed, the current environment for innovation, limiting factors and proactive efforts needed to a sustainable development in the Brazilian Amazon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Legal Amazonia (AL) possesses evident social inequity, which is expressed by different indexes, including human resource qualification and STI production. From the viewpoint of graduate education, whereas the Southeast Region offers 46.6% of the graduate programs in Brazil, only 5.27% of these programs are located in the Northern Region. The AL is characterized by an ethnic and cultural mosaic and by possession of the most significant biological diversity of the planet. Therefore, the AL should be included in public policy proposals focused on reducing its social inequities. Thus, aiming to contribute to the expansion of STI in the AL, through the training of teachers, researchers and technicians in the region, the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz) has offered a variety of graduate courses in partnership with local, Amazonian institutions. This article proposes to report and discuss the Fiocruz experiences, particularly those developed in the Brazilian states of Amazonas and Rondonia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to determine the flight height of species of Bostrichidae family, as well as determine the faunistic index of species collected in Tropical Semideciduous Forest, in the period to April of 2000 at March of 2001, in Maracaí farm, located in the municipality of Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Seven heights with 21 ethanolic traps were tested, with three traps by height. The bait used was the commercial alcohol and the collects were proceeded every fifteen days, and latter on monthly. The material collected was identified by comparison with specimens of the Forest Protection laboratory collection, from the Federal University of Mato Grosso. Were collected 141 individuals from five species: Bostrychopsis uncinata, Micrapate brasiliensis, Micrapate germaini, Xyloperthella piceae and Xyloprista praemorsa. The collects of most species of Bostrichidae, were significantly higher at 30 meters. The most frequent and dominant species captured was X. picea. This species presented the higher peak of occurrence in June and February, significantly different from the other species. In the studying period, it was not observed significant correlation between climate and the occurrence of the studied species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]