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This paper proposes that not only the size and component of carbon footprints are relevant to environmental policies but the border-crossing frequency associated with carbon footprints also has important policy implications, especially given that the fragmentation of production across national boundaries has been developing quickly in recent years. Based on the World Input Output Database, this paper traces carbon transfer along cross-border supply chains and proposes both the upstream and downstream decomposition of export rebates of the United States and the European Union. The carbon transfer from the United States and the European Union to other countries or regions is mainly through international trade in intermediate products, which may cross national borders multiple times. The multiple rebate revenue reaches 422.14 million dollars, and the problem of multiple rebates is much more serious for the sectors with a greater degree of global production fragmentation, such as the electrical and optical equipment sector. In addition, export rebates are mainly targeted at the carbon emissions that are generated in the electricity generation sector and embodied in exports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Construct a new decomposition framework distinguishing heterogeneous enterprises. • The carbon emissions from different activities under two frameworks are evaluated. • Define "emissions embodied in foreign direct investment (FDI-related GVC emissions)". • The structure of FDI-related GVC emissions is analyzed. • Driving factors of the changes in FDI-related GVC emissions are given. Multinational enterprises actively participate in global production networks. However, the current global value chain accounting framework fails to consider the emissions originating from the production activities of multinational enterprises in the host country and may underestimate the carbon emissions embodied in global value chain activities. This paper proposed an Inter-Country Input-Output decomposition framework that can distinguish domestic firms and multinational enterprises and recalculated global value chain emissions including emissions embodied in international trade (trade-related GVC emissions), foreign direct investment (FDI-related GVC emissions), and both (trade and FDI related GVC emissions). We found that 1) the carbon emissions originating from global value chain activities were underestimated by about 13.8 percentage points under the original framework in 2016, and a large part was classified as emissions stemming from pure domestic production activities; 2) the FDI-related GVC emissions were notable in high-income economies and high-tech manufacturing sectors; 3) foreign direct investment mainly drove the emissions of upstream domestic firms through the joint domestic production linkage between domestic firms and multinational enterprises, especially in upper-middle-income countries; 4) from 2005 to 2016, the FDI-related GVC emissions increased by approximately 704.6 million tons, which was mainly attributed to the scale effect, whereas the carbon intensity effect caused a reduction. The results of this study exhibit a potential significance for the correct identification of the environmental impacts of global production fragmentation, and support policy decisions on national emission responsibilities and quotas determination, differentiated foreign investment decisions, and cleaner production development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's economic growth slowed down in 2022 due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the corresponding measures. There are great uncertainties in China's economic development in 2023. It is expected that China's medium and long-term economic growth rate will show a wavy downward trend. Based on input-output technology, econometrics, prosperity analysis, expert analysis, and scenario analysis, this study proposes a systematic integrated factor prediction approach on annual GDP growth. Through analysis of China's economic growth in 2022 and the current situation worldwide, China's economic growth rate is predicted to be about 6.0% in 2023, reverting to the normal level. The policy recommendations are further put forward based on the analysis, including strengthening the adjustment of macro-policy, implementing proactive fiscal policy and prudent monetary policy, boosting domestic consumption, increasing employment and promoting investment, striving to stabilize the macro-economic market, preventing and defusing risks in major fields, and leveraging China's advantages in the global industrial chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starches are a major constituent of staple foods and are the main source of energy in the human diet (55-70%). In the gastrointestinal tract, starches are hydrolyzed into glucose by α-amylase and α-glucosidase, which leads to a postprandial glucose elevation. High levels of blood glucose levels over sustained periods may promote type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity. Increasing consumption of starchy foods with a lower glycemic index may therefore contribute to improved health. In this paper, the preparation and properties of several starch-based nanoparticles (SNPs) and cyclodextrins (CDs) derivatives are reviewed. In particular, we focus on the various mechanisms responsible for the ability of these edible nanomaterials to modulate glucose release and the gut microbiome in the gastrointestinal tract. The probiotic functions are achieved through encapsulation and protection of prebiotics or bioactive components in foods or the human gut. This review therefore provides valuable information that could be used to design functional foods for improving human health and wellbeing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protein, as the second major component in starchy foods, is crucial for its influence on the physicochemical properties and digestibility of starch. However, the effect of different sources of protein on starch digestibility is still unclear. In this paper, the effects of different sources of proteins (rice protein: RP, soybean isolate protein: SPI, and whey concentrate protein: WPC) on structural features, digestibility, and enzyme activity of extruded rice starch were investigated. The addition of all three proteins reduced the starch digestibility of extrudates. Native SPI and WPC suppressed amyloglucosidase activity, and all three proteins exhibited stronger amyloglucosidase inhibition when hydrolyzed. The rheological properties and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results revealed the exogenous proteins and starch interacted through non‐covalent bonds and improved the ordered structures in the extrudates. The extrusion process also facilitated the formation of a V‐type structure. The sum of SDS and RS content of extrudates was negatively correlated with the content of leached amylose and positively correlated with the ratio of 1047/1022 cm−1. These findings suggest that the inclusion of exogenous proteins during extrusion can affect starch digestibility through mechanisms such as the interaction with starch molecules, as well as the inhibition of amylase activity. Practical Application: This result indicated that the addition of protein during extrusion not only increased the nutritional value of the extrudate, but also decreased the starch digestibility. Extrusion technology can efficiently produce extruded products with protein, expanding further applications of protein in food and providing new healthy staple food options for special populations, such as diabetic and overweight people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of whey protein isolate (WPI) on the digestibility and physicochemical properties of potato starch (PS) after heat treatment. WPI reduced the digestibility of PS and increased the order and aggregation structure of gelatinized PS. Examination of the rheological properties of the PS-WPI mixed system before and after adding different chemicals (sodium chloride, urea, and sodium dodecyl sulfate) indicated an involvement of hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions in the PS-WPI gelatinization system. The pasting properties, swelling power, and thermal properties indicated that WPI suppressed the swelling and gelatinization of PS. The addition of WPI reduced the amylose leaching rate from the starch granules, indicating that the presence of exogenous protein could prevent amylose diffusion from the starch granules. Native WPI and its hydrolysate also inhibited amyloglucosidase activity. These findings indicated that the mechanism by which WPI reduces PS digestion involves hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding between WPI and PS, as well as enzyme activity inhibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work was to study the changes of bacterial cell growth, acetion formation and glucose consumption with fermentation time during batch cultivation. A mathematical model of cell growth, product synthesis, and substrate consumption changes with time during the batch cultivation of acetion was established. By analyzing the fitting curve of the kinetic model, it is found that the calculated value of the model fits well with the experimental value, and the fitting model R2 is greater than 0.98. The kinetic model established in this experiment can better reflect the batch cultivation process of acetion [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vaccinium bracteatum Thunb.leaves (VBTL) are a traditional Chinese herbal medicine with potential natural pigments and antioxidants. Its application information on extrusion is limited. In this study, to increase the usage of foods containing VBTL, rice‐based extrudates with VBTL were investigated. The extrusion was performed at a wide temperature range (60–140°C) and with different VBTL supplementations (3%–10%). The extrudates with 10% VBTL showed a significant decrease in total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity upon extrusion. TPC and TFC increased with the rise of barrel temperature. The VBTL color was stable during the wide‐temperature extrusion process. The bioactivities of the extrudates were positively correlated with the VBTLsupplement (R = 0.943–0.989). In addition, different addition levels of VBTL significantly changed the water absorption index (WAI), water solubility index (WSI), pasting properties, and in vitro starch digestibility of the extrudates. Moreover, extrudates with 3% VBTL showed the highest WAI and peak viscosity but the lowest in vitro starch digestibility. These results may suggest that rice extrudates with a low supplement of VBTL have an acceptable color and may be used as functional additives for high antioxidant and low glycemic response diets. Practical Application: The results showed that the Vaccinium bracteatum Thunb. leaves (VBTL) color and antioxidation were stable during the wide‐temperature extrusion process. Extrusion processing can be used to enlarge the usage of VBTL and simplify its traditional processing method. Applying VBTL to the process of extrusion appears to be a suitable method of producing value‐added and low glycemic response extrudates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial fermentation has become the main method to produce target compound. In this study, a 2-Keto-D-gluconic acid (2-KGA) producing mutant strain was obtained by mutation with rational screening methods. Meanwhile, prodigiosin was produced when the nitrogen source in the medium was changed to peptone and its fermentation conditions were evaluated to achieve high-efficient accumulation. The mutant strain SDSPY-136 was firstly identified as Serratia marcescens by morphological observation and 16S rDNA sequencing. The 2-KGA synthetic capacity of S. marcescens SDSPY-136 was evaluated by shake fermentation with 110 g/L glucose as substrates. For fermentation, 2-KGA yield, conversation rate and purity of SDSPY-136 reached 104.60 g/L, 95.10%, 99.11% in 72 h. The red pigment was extracted from the fermentation broth using acidic methanol and identified as prodigiosin by FT-IR. The optimal conditions were as follows: glycerol 20 g/L, peptone 20 g/L, MgSO415 g/L, pH 6.0, a 2% (v/v) inoculum, 30 °C and 200 rpm of shaking culture. Eventually, prodigiosin reached a yield of 9.89 g/Lafter shake culturing for 50 h under this condition. The mutant S. marcescens SDSPY-136 was shown to be promising for 2-KGA and prodigiosin production and a suitable object for prodigiosin metabolism research of S. marcescens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is the world's largest exporter and may release lots of air pollutants to produce exported commodities due to taking coal as its main source of energy. Processing exports play a significant role in Chinese exports, yet previous studies of embodied air pollutants in Chinese exports failed to distinguish processing exports from normal exports. This paper investigates the effect of trade heterogeneity on the estimation of embodied emissions by re-examining the embodied air pollutants in Chinese exports based on an extended non-competitive input-output table that distinguishes processing from normal exports. The results show that processing exports generate 22.81% of the value added embodied in gross exports and 16.48% of the emissions embodied in gross exports. The embodied air pollutants in Chinese exports would be overestimated by 12%–22% without accounting for trade heterogeneity. Unequal distributions of export-related air pollutants and value added exist among different sectors. In particular, Manufacturing of Electronics and Communication Equipment sector induces 39.56% of embodied emissions in processing exports, and 41.78% of which are generated by Production and Supply of Electric Power and Steam Hot Water sector. China's restrictions on processing exports should focus not only on the direct emissions generated by each sector but also on the emissions embodied in domestic supply chains. • Embodied air pollutants are reexamined by accounting for trade heterogeneity. • Flows of embodied emissions for both processing and normal exports are tracked. • Export-related air pollutants and value added are analyzed from sector level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To revisit global net carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions transfers by international trade for year 2007, this study employs a new world-wide, multiregional input-output (MRIO) table in which China's production is separated into domestic use, processing exports, and nonprocessing exports. The results show that processing exports in China involves relatively lower CO2 emissions than other production types for the same output levels. Therefore, if processing exports are not appropriately distinguished, net CO2 emission exports from China to other regions will be distorted; the relative bias occasionally reaches 15%. Net emission exports from regions other than China are also distorted, particularly for regions that use considerable Chinese processing exports as intermediates, such as the United States, European Union (EU), and East Asia. Given that processing exports prevail in a large number of developing countries, such as Mexico and Vietnam, one should carefully interpret measurements of net emission transfers by international trade by utilizing the ordinary world-wide MRIO model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of removing non-starch components on the surface microstructure, water migration and glucose diffusion rate of highland barley starch (HBS) were systematically studied to reveal the models that affect the digestibility of HBS. The results of scanning electron micrographs, confocal laser scanning microscopy, polarization cross and particle size distribution showed that there were two particle size ranges in highland barley flour, large (73.99–591.90 μm) and small (<73.99 μm). Partial β-glucan and proteins form a compact and continuous matrix on the surface of HBS granules; lipids can partly be adsorbed on the surface of HBS granules, while other lipids, proteins and β-glucan are scattered around HBS granules. After the removal of non-starch components, the ratio of large particles decreased and the starch granules were more exposed, especially proteins and β-glucan. The results of low-field nuclear magnetic resonance investigation showed that the water migration rate was accelerated after the removal of β-glucan, and partial free water was transformed into weakly bound water, while the opposite effect was observed for the removal of proteins and lipids. The glucose diffusion rate in vitro was unchanged after the removal of lipids, while the removal of β-glucan significantly accelerated the diffusion of glucose in vitro. This study reveals that the effective models of HBS inhibited by non-starch components is the compact matrix mainly formed by proteins and β-glucan on the surface of HBS granules. Additionally, the rate of glucose diffusion across the small intestinal wall could be considered as one of the means of constructing slowly digestible starch. [Display omitted] • The continuous matrix formed by proteins and β-glucan were found on HBS granules. • Removing β-glucan accelerated water migration and glucose release of sample gels. • Removing non-starch components decreased large particle ratio (73.99–591.90 μm). • The particle size distribution of large particles changed less during digestion. • The proteins on HBS surface still block amylase after limited gastric digestion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unique network structure of hydrogels enables very high levels of hydrophilicity and biocompatibility, while at the same time exhibiting the soft physical properties associated with living tissue, making them ideal biomaterials. Stimulus-responsive hydrogels are particularly effective. Stimulus-responsive hydrogels can respond to the external environment (including light, pH, temperature, electricity, etc.), thus conducting and controlling material properties. In recent years, stimulus-response hydrogel has become a hot-spot. However, there are limited applications of stimulus-responsive hydrogel in food field, which needs to be further explored. This review identified and discussed a variety of response methods that have been developed, including temperature, pH, chemical, optical, electrical and other responsive hydrogels. In addition, the fabrication of stimulus-responsive hydrogels and the current and future applications of these hydrogels in the field of food are reviewed. [Display omitted] • Stimulus-responsive hydrogels can respond to the external environment, thus conducting and controlling material properties. • The different types of stimulus-responsive hydrogels are introduced. • The fabrication of stimulus-responsive hydrogels are summarized. • The applications of stimulus-responsive hydrogels in the food field are emphasized. • The future outlook of stimulus-responsive hydrogels are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extrusion-pretreated Apios fortunei was used for yellow wine fermentation. To investigate the effect of thermostable α-amylase on the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of extruded A. fortunei , we used different enzyme concentrations (0–5‰). Enzymatic extrusion increased the degree of gelatinization (84.23–99.99%), water solubility index (28.09–62.75%), reducing sugar content (74.82–263.39 mg/g) and decreased water absorption index (3.25–2.09 g/g) and viscosity (<20 cP) of A. fortunei, these may be beneficial for fermentation. X -ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy detected that the ordered degree of starch structure decreased with increased enzyme concentration. Molecular-weight analysis indicated that enzyme concentrations of more than 0.5‰ had limited promotion on starch degradation. Scanning electron microscopy observed the eroded surface and holes caused by enzymolysis in enzymatically extruded samples. Enzymatic extrusion increased the phenolic content and antioxidant properties of the samples. Relatively high fermentation efficiency (74.23%) and antioxidant properties (75.87, 76.21 and 203.32 mg of Trolox equivalents/L for DPPH, ABTS and FRAP values, respectively) were observed in wines fermented by extruded samples with 5‰ enzyme. The results indicated that the advantages of enzymatic extrusion in starch degradation and improving the antioxidant properties of A. fortunei could be extended to yellow wine fermentation. • The ordered degree of starch structure decreased with increased enzyme addition. • Enzyme concentrations more than 0.5‰ had limited promotion on starch degradation. • The enzyme increased phenolic content and antioxidant properties of Apios fortunei. • Apios fortunei treated by enzymatic extrusion was more suitable for fermentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trade-related CO 2 emissions has been widely studied in existing research and them have mainly calculated the CO 2 emissions embodied in overall trade; however, China's domestic value chain (DVC) has developed rapidly, and different regions have different emissions effects due to different trade patterns. This study divides Chinese interregional trade into four trade patterns from the perspective of domestic production fragmentation. Then we develop a decomposition model of the interregional trade-related CO 2 emissions and pollution heaven hypothesis (PHH) of different trade patterns based on China's interregional input-output table for 2002 to 2010. Finally, we explore the influencing factors of the changes of environmental effects using structural decomposition analysis method. The results show that from 2002 to 2010, the volume of CO 2 emissions embodied in interregional trade increased significantly with the share of CO 2 emissions induced by traditional trade in intermediate products always representing a major proportion but which still underwent a downward trend. Interregional trade activities increase China's CO 2 emissions, and the PHH holds at the national level. Among them, trade in final products is conducive to reducing national CO 2 emissions while the other three patterns of interregional trade are opposite. In particular, the balance of avoided CO 2 emissions (BAC) in trade related to the DVC is positive, meaning that the DVC is polluting. In addition, domestic trade activities of the central region, northwestern region, and northern coast are not conducive to reducing regional and national CO 2 emissions while the southern coast and northeastern region are opposite. • We develop a decomposition model of the interregional trade-related CO 2 emissions. • The domestic trade activities increase China's CO 2 emissions, and the PHH holds. • The trade in final products is conducive to reducing national CO 2 emissions. • The other three trade in intermediate goods promote the increase in CO 2 emissions. • The domestic value chain generated from internal production division is polluting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]