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A porous magnetic covalent organic framework, Fe3O4@TPBD-TPA (terephthalaldehyde (TPA) , N, N, N′, N′-tetrakis(p-aminophenyl)-p-phenylenediamine (TPBD)), was synthesized using the Schiff base reaction under mild reaction conditions. This adsorbent exhibited excellent adsorption performance for aflatoxins. The adsorption capacity of Fe3O4@TPBD-TPA for aflatoxins ranged from 64.4 to 84.4 mg/g. A magnetic solid-phase extraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method based on Fe3O4@TPBD-TPA was developed for the efficient determination of four types of aflatoxins in food samples (maize, maize oil, peanut, and peanut oil). The determination coefficients (R2) were ≥0.9972. The method exhibited detection limits ranging from 0.01 to 0.06 μg/kg and spiked recoveries of 80.0 to 113.1%. The intra-day and inter-day precision were less than 6.77%, indicating good repeatability. The adsorbent showed promising prospects for the efficient enrichment of trace amounts of aflatoxins in complex food matrices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multidisciplinary research on human remains can provide important information about population dynamics, culture diffusion, as well as social organization and customs in history. In this study, multidisciplinary analyses were undertaken on a joint burial (M56) in the Shuangzhao cemetery of the Tang Dynasty (618–907 AD), one of the most prosperous dynasties in Chinese history, to shed light on the genetic profile and sociocultural aspects of this dynasty. The archaeological investigation suggested that this burial belonged to the Mid-Tang period and was used by common civilians. The osteological analysis identified the sex, age, and health status of the three individuals excavated from M56, who shared a similar diet inferred from the stable isotopic data. Genomic evidence revealed that these co-buried individuals had no genetic kinship but all belonged to the gene pool of the ancient populations in the Central Plains, represented by Yangshao and Longshan individuals, etc. Multiple lines of evidence, including archaeology, historic records, as well as chemical and genetic analyses, have indicated a very probable familial joint burial of husband and wives. Our study provides insights into the burial customs and social organization of the Tang Dynasty and reconstructs a scenario of civilian life in historic China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ear diseases, especially external auditory canal (EAC) disorders, are rarely reported in paleopathology. This study reports on the archaeological skeletal remains of two adults from the medieval period in China that presented with bony destruction in the external auditory canal (EAC). The observed pathological changes were evaluated macroscopic and microscopic, and micro‐CT (micro‐computed tomography) was used to examine the extent of lesion involvement. The lesions in Case 1 involved the EAC and mastoid process with smooth and regular margins. We, therefore, concluded that EAC cholesteatoma is the most likely diagnosis. In Case 2, the lesion was in the superior and posterior walls of the EAC as well as in the mastoid air cells. In this case, we arrive at the diagnosis of EAC infection. Furthermore, the potential impact of these ear diseases has been discussed. This report addresses the lack of detailed descriptions of EAC diseases in previous paleopathological publications and emphasizes the fact that the diagnosis of ear diseases in this context requires comprehensive observations of lesions as well as of all adjacent structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To overcome the inherent challenge of NOx reduction in the net oxidizing environment of diesel engine exhaust, the NOx storage and reduction (NSR) concept was proposed in 1995, soon developed and commercialized as a promising DeNOx technique over the past two decades. Years of practice suggest that it is a tailor-made technique for light-duty diesel vehicles, with the advantage of being space saving, cost effective, and efficient in NOx abatement; however, the over-reliance of NSR catalysts on high loadings of Pt has always been the bottleneck for its wide application. There remains fervent interest in searching for efficient, economical, and durable alternatives. To date, La-based perovskites are the most explored promising candidate, showing prominent structural and thermal stability and redox property. The perovskite-type oxide structure enables the coupling of redox and storage centers with homogeneous distribution, which maximizes the contact area for NOx spillover and contributes to efficient NOx storage and reduction. Moreover, the wide range of possible cationic substitutions in perovskite generates great flexibility, yielding various formulations with interesting features desirable for the NSR process. Herein, this review provides an overview of the features and performances of La-based perovskite in NO oxidation, NOx storage, and NOx reduction, and in this way comprehensively evaluates its potential to substitute Pt and further improve the DeNOx efficiency of the current NSR catalyst. The fundamental structure–property relationships are summarized and highlighted to instruct rational catalyst design. The critical research needs and essential aspects in catalyst design, including poisoner resistance and catalyst sustainability, are finally addressed to inspire the future development of perovskite material for practical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • For the first time, covalent organic framework molecularly imprinted materials were synthesized and coated on stainless steel plates (SSS@TPBD-TPA@MIPs) as a mass spectrometry ion source for the detection of AFs. • Fast, on-site, high-throughput, highly efficient, and highly selective AFs trace analysis method. • SSS@TPBD-TPA@MIPs, as a mass spectrometry ion source, possess sensitivity comparable to HPLC-MS. Ambient mass spectrometry allows direct analysis of various sample types with minimal or no pretreatment. However, due to the influence of matrix effects, there are sensitivity and issues in analyzing trace analytes in complex food samples. In this work, we developed a spray mass spectrometry platform based on SSS@TPBD-TPA@MIPs (Stainless steel substrate (SSS), terephthalaldehyde (TPA), N , N , N ′, N ′-tetrakis(p -aminophenyl)- p -phenylenediamine (TPBD), molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)), for rapid, in situ, high-throughput, highly enrichment efficiency and highly selective trace analysis of aflatoxins. By simplifying the sample pretreatment and directly applying high voltage for ESI-MS, the analysis can be completed within 1 min. The established method base on SSS@TPBD-TPA@MIPs exhibited high sensitivity and accuracy when determine trace level AFs in maize and peanuts. The results demonstrated a good linear relationship within the range of 0.01–10 μg/L, with the determination coefficient (R2) ≥ 0.9956. The limits of detection (LODs) was 0.035–0.3 ng/mL and limits of quantitation (LOQs) was 0.12–0.99 ng/mL, with acceptable recovery rate of 82.09–115.66 % and good repeatability represented by the relative standard deviation (RSD) less than 17.43 %. Furthermore, SSS@TPBD-TPA@MIPs exhibited excellent reusability, with more than 8 repeated uses, and showed good adsorption performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To meet the increasing demand for efficient and durable catalysts for exhaust aftertreatment system, a mesoporous SiO2‐encapsulated nano‐Co3O4 catalyst was synthesized, which possesses a unique pitaya‐like structure with high CO oxidation activity and thermal stability. Though the silica matrix is inert, the encapsulated Co3O4 exhibits increased oxygen storage capacity, enhanced CO2 desorption behavior and high lattice oxygen reactivity. Additionally, the SiO2‐encapsulated Co3O4 catalyst can be effectively regenerated rather than the supported Co3O4/SiO2 and pure Co3O4. The kinetic results demonstrate that the L−H mechanism is followed over the pure Co3O4 nanoparticles catalyst, while the CO oxidation over the silica‐supported Co3O4 catalysts obey to both L−H and MVK mechanism. The encapsulation structure of the as‐prepared catalyst can effectively restrain the aggregation of Co3O4 during high temperature operations and improves the utilization efficiency of cobalt resources, as well, which would be suitable for practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fast and nondestructive identification of mobile phone cases is a crucial task for law enforcement personnel in the field of forensic science. Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) has been employed in conjunction with feature extraction and deep learning algorithms to develop a method for distinguishing mobile phone cases. As preprocessing steps, multivariate scatter correction and standard normal variate were performed. Feature variables were extracted using the competitive adaptive reweighted sampling and shuffled frog leaping algorithm. Several supervised pattern recognition methods, namely ResNet50, VGG16, and multilayer perceptron (MLP), were utilized for constructing classifiers. The results indicated that the model's performance based on multivariate scattering correction (MSC) with competitive adaptive re-weighted sampling (CARS) surpassed that of other approaches. Notably, the ResNet50 model exhibited superior discriminative ability compared to the VGG16 and MLP models, achieving 100% accuracy in the differentiation of all samples. This designed method represents a potentially rapid and nondestructive approach for identifying mobile phone cases in forensic science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The elimination of propane is particularly important in volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emissions control. We designed a special Cu-type α-MnO 2 with tunnel-restrained Cu2+ chain for propane total oxidation. It can effectively elevate the reaction rate and reduce the apparent activation energy. Cu2+ mainly stabilizes as tunnel [CuO 4 ] configurations, changing the charge distribution and ligand field inside the tunnel, compared to the original ionic [KO 8 ] and [KO 12 ] in α-MnO 2. The covalency between Cu−O as well as exacerbated Jahn-Teller distortion of [MnO 6 ] occur. The resulting charge transfer of Cu−O−Mn units via bridging O atoms further affects the outside-tunnel properties, specifically, facilitating oxygen vacancy formation and lattice oxygen activation. Moreover, abundant oxygen vacancies can promote the dehydrogenation of propane to generate alcohols at low temperatures. The above intermediates undergo successively oxidation with activated lattice oxygen to produce C 3 ∼C 1 carboxylates as temperature elevates. [Display omitted] • Tunnel-restrained Cu2+ chain could improve the propane oxidation activity of α-MnO 2. • Cu2+ facilitates oxygen vacancy formation and boosts lattice oxygen activity. • [CuO 4 ] configurations change the charge distribution and ligand fields inside the tunnel. • The covalency of Cu−O−Mn affects the outside-tunnel properties via bridging O charge transfer. • Abundant oxygen species promote the successive dehydrogenation and oxygenation of propane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A direct redox reaction was constructed between NO and SO2 for simultaneous removal. • The strategy minimized usage of other reductants/oxidants and reduced secondary pollution. • A unique SO2 adsorption route, SO2 disproportionation was triggered at La sites. • Oxidation state of Co had a critical effect on SO2 adsorption route and DeNO x activity. A novel simultaneous removal strategy for NO and SO 2 was proposed to meet the increasingly strict emission requirements, i.e. triggering the direct redox reaction between two pollutants (SO 2 + NO + O2− = SO 4 2− + 1/2N 2), which chemically couples SO x and NO x removal and prevents the possible competition between DeNO x and DeSO x reactions. In this fundamental study, we tailor-made an efficient Pd-La 1.5 Co 0.5 O 3 catalyst that accelerated the designed reaction to an industrially applicable level, achieving a prominent SO 2 adsorption capacity of 2465.2 μmol g−1 and NO reduction capacity of 1891.3 μmol g−1 over 60 min when SO 2 and NO are simultaneously fed at 680 °C. Over this catalyst, SO 2 adsorbed on the La site underwent disproportionation via sulfite intermediate into oxysulfate and sulfide, which gave access to NO reduction. Co in the catalyst played a complex role. The active oxygen species binding to Co3+ in perovskite competed with NO in SO 2 oxidation. However, this generated Co2+ that was found to take part in sulfite disproportionation through forming Co 9 S 8 , which accelerated the disproportionation and NO reduction. The catalyst is promising to be industrially applied as an additive of the FCC catalyst or flue gas aftertreatment catalyst and exhibited 45 % higher DeNO x efficiency and 28 % higher DeSO x efficiency in a simulated catalytic cracking/coke combustion cycle than the commercial additives. The findings open a new avenue for the development of novel environmentally benign and cost-effective simultaneous removal technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Reduced-scale experiments were conducted in a branched tunnel. • Temperature profile and critical ventilation velocity were analyzed. • Ventilation has impacts on smoke allocation and temperature profile. • Model for maximum temperature rise in main tunnel was proposed. • Correlations for critical ventilation velocity was proposed. Reduced scale experiments in a branched tunnel were carried out to study the temperature profile and critical ventilation velocity under different longitudinal ventilation conditions. Branch orientation was upstream and the branch angle was 15°. The results show that when dimensionless ventilation velocity is lower than 0.19, the maximum temperature is lower than that of traditional single tube tunnel because hot smoke could propagate into the branch. When dimensionless ventilation velocity is higher than 0.19, the maximum temperature is close to that of single tube tunnel. Because more heat is blown downstream, which is similar to ventilated single tube tunnel. A new model predicting the maximum temperature beneath the ceiling is developed. With increasing ventilation velocity, the upstream and branch temperature decay factor increase while the downstream temperature factor decrease. Critical ventilation velocity for the branched tunnel is higher than that of single tube tunnel. A correlation of critical ventilation velocity is proposed. The 1/3 power law still holds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: Cytokinins are known to negatively regulate plant root development and phosphorus (P) starvation responses. In this study, two Brassica napus root mutants insensitive to exogenous cytokinin, prl1 (a mutant with an elongated primary root) and lrn1 (a mutant with more lateral roots), were identified and used to evaluate P efficiency, alongside wild type (WT) plants. Methods: Solution and pot culture, RNA isolation, RT-PCR were used. Results: lrn1 produced the highest shoot dry weight (SDW) and root dry weight (RDW) among the three genotypes at both low P (LP) and high P (HP) conditions. prl1 had higher SDW at both P conditions, and higher RDW at LP, in contrast to WT plants. lrn1 not only accumulated more P from the culture medium but utilized it effectively in shoot growth, whilst prl1 just showed higher P use efficiency compared to WT at LP. Trans-zeatin riboside (tZR) and isopentenyl adenosine (iPA) concentration in lrn1 roots were both significantly lower than that in WT roots at both P conditions. Root iPA concentration in prl1 was lower than that in WT under both P conditions, however, root tZR concentration was greater in prl1 than WT under LP condition. Transcription of the P starvation induced genes BnSPX3;1 and BnSPX3;2 were up-regulated in the roots of mutants under both P conditions. Conclusions: These results suggested that an improved root system might be associated with the reduced cytokinin concentration and lead to a significant increase in acquisition and utilization of P nutrient for lrn1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Cactus-like Co 3 O 4 /OMS-2 nanorods are in situ constructed on industrial cordierite monoliths. • Specific macroporous morphology of the catalysts improves soot-catalyst contact efficiency. • Consumption of the nanorod catalysts is saved by ∼13 times than traditional powder-coated catalysts. • Co 3 O 4 -OMS-2 interface interaction induces ∼11 times higher activity improvement than OMS-2 alone. Herein, Co 3 O 4 decorated manganese oxide octahedral molecular sieve (OMS-2) catalysts with cactus-like nanorod morphology are in situ constructed on industrial cordierite monoliths for soot combustion. The specific structure of the catalysts provides sufficient macroporous space to improve the soot-catalyst contact efficiency. Compared with traditional powder-coated catalysts, the consumption of the as-synthesized catalyst is saved by ∼13 times with the same thickness, and the contact area is enlarged by ∼4 times with the same weight. Our findings show that the interface interaction between Co 3 O 4 and OMS-2 promotes the generation of oxygen vacancies. The isotopic 18O 2 results reveal that the number of active sites for soot combustion on the Co 3 O 4 modified catalyst is 3 times larger than that on OMS-2 alone. Additionally, this interaction accelerates the activation of gaseous oxygen, and especially enhances the intrinsic activity, as well. The above advantages improve the apparent soot oxidation activity by ∼11 times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adhesins are virulence factors expressed on the surfaces of pathogenic bacteria that mediate pathogen-host interactions, a critical step in the infection process. Here, we show that the Mycobacterium tuberculosis protease Rv3194c functions not only as an enzyme but as an adhesin. The heterologous Rv3194c protein was purified from Escherichia coli and was shown to bind to hyaluronic acid (HA). The HA-binding site was identified as a 20 amino acid peptide between residues 91 and 110 (P91-110). Rv3194c bound to A549 alveolar basal epithelial cells and the interaction was abolished by the addition of hyaluronidase or P91-110. Experimental infection in vitro revealed that Rv3194c participates in the attachment of recombinant Mycobacterium smegmatis (Rv3194c/MS) to A549 cells, and P91-110 treatment of A549 cells largely inhibited the Rv3194c/MS-A549 cell interaction. To provide in vivo evidence, we constructed a reporter strain of M. smegmatis that expressed a derivative of the firefly luciferase that is shifted to red (FFlucRT) in combination with Rv3194c (Rv3194c + FFlucRT/MS) to infect mice and monitor the progression of the disease. In mice, Rv3194c dramatically enhanced M. smegmatis persistence and induced lesions in the lungs. In addition, treatment of intratracheal Rv3194c + FFlucRT/MS- infected mice with P91-110 significantly suppressed the growth of Rv3194c + FFlucRT/MS in vivo and reduced pathological injury caused by infection of the lung with Rv3194c + FFlucRT/MS. Taken together, these results demonstrate that Rv3194c functions as an HA-binding adhesin and that P91–110 may have the potential for treating and preventing mycobacterial infection. • Rv3194c is a hyaluronic acid (HA)-binding adhesin. • 20 amino acids from 91 to 110 of Rv3194c (P91-110) is responsible for the specific HA-binding site of Rv3194c. • Rv3194c efficiently facilitates mycobacterial-lung epithelial interaction through its HA-binding site. • Peptide (P91-110), promising anti-adhesive drug, efficiently prevents adhesion of recombinant Mycobacterium smegmatis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of fire tests were performed to study the effect of infiltration depth on the burning behavior and fuel residue of porous media bed soaked by liquid fuel. Ethanol was used as liquid fuel and quartz sand was used to naturally stack to form the porous media bed with different infiltration depths within the range of 60–180 mm. Burning rate, internal temperature of porous media bed, flame height, movement speed of fuel vapor zone, and fuel residue percentage was measured and analyzed. Results show that within current test scope, fuel mass loss rate in quasi stable period is negatively correlated with infiltration depth, and the relationship between mass loss rate and infiltration depth can be well characterized by power function. Quasi stable flame height also decreases gradually with the increase of infiltration depth. With the range of 78.5–79.2°C, the temperature growth retardation occurred inside sand bed, and sand bed was hence assessed as a distinct three-zone feature. The movement speed of vapor zone decreases linearly with the increase of infiltration depth, and the maximum measured value is about 0.041 mm/s. Axial temperature distribution of flame and plume can be well characterized based on McCaffery's plume relationship, but the length of continuous flame and intermittent flame zone is shortened to some extent. Within current test range, fuel residue percentage increases with the increase of infiltration depth and particle size, and maximum fuel residual percentage is at 5.29% in the case with 180 mm infiltration depth, which is obviously smaller than previous scholars' results. In addition to the depth of infiltration, the boiling point and viscosity of liquid fuel and the effective thermal conductivity of sand bed are also important influencing factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the proliferation of urban video surveillance systems, the abundance of surveillance video data has emerged as a pivotal asset for enhancing public safety. Within these video archives, the identification of abnormal human actions carries profound implications for security incidents. Nevertheless, existing surveillance systems primarily rely on conventional algorithms, leading to both missed incidents and false alarms. To address the challenge of automating multi-object surveillance video analysis, this study introduces a comprehensive method for the detection and recognition of multi-object abnormal actions. This study comprises a two-stage framework: the coarse detection stage employs an enhanced YOWOv2E model for spatio-temporal action detection, while the precise detection stage utilizes a two-stream network for precise action classification. In parallel, this paper presents the PSA-Dataset to address the current limitations in the field of abnormal action detection. Experimental results, collected from both public datasets and a self-built dataset, illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in identifying a wide spectrum of abnormal actions. This work offers valuable insights for automating the analysis of human actions in videos pertaining to public security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The southward expansion of East Asian farmers profoundly influenced the social evolution of Southeast Asia by introducing cereal agriculture. However, the timing and routes of cereal expansion in key regions are unclear due to limited empirical evidence. Here we report macrofossil, microfossil, multiple isotopic (C/N/Sr/O) and paleoproteomic data directly from radiocarbon-dated human samples, which were unearthed from a site in Xingyi in central Yunnan and which date between 7000 and 3300 a BP. Dietary isotopes reveal the earliest arrival of millet ca. 4900 a BP, and greater reliance on plant and animal agriculture was indicated between 3800 and 3300 a BP. The dietary differences between hunter-gatherer and agricultural groups are also evident in the metabolic and immune system proteins analysed from their skeletal remains. The results of paleoproteomic analysis indicate that humans had divergent biological adaptations, with and without farming. The combined application of isotopes, archaeobotanical data and proteomics provides a new approach to documenting dietary and health changes across major subsistence transitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patulin (PAT) is a mycotoxin, usually found in fruit and their products, that can potentially be harmful to human health. In order to achieve rapid detection of mycotoxins and ensure the safety of food. This study reported a novel ratiometric fluorescent aptasensor for PAT detection. In this study, we used aptamer as the recognition element, Hybrid double stranded modified with fluorescent substances as the fluorescent donor, and AuNCs@CGO as the fluorescent acceptor. After the addition of PAT, the ratiometric fluorescence "turn on" response was exhibited. The AuNCs@CGO are obtained by amide reaction between BSA-AuNCs and carboxylated graphene oxide (CGO). The prepared AuNCs@CGO can shorten the time of FRET effect and exhibit highly efficient quenching ability by adsorption effects (π-π stacking and electrostatic gravity) on the Aptamer-modified CDs. When the target PAT bound specifically to the CDs-apt, the fluorescence of the CDs-apt would recover, while the fluorescence of ROX modified cDNA remained unchanged. This ratiometric fluorescence response improved the accuracy of PAT detection. In addition, the proposed had good linearity for PAT in the range of 0.1–50 ng/mL with a limit of detection 0.16 ng/mL. The recovery of standard addition in grapes were 95.9%–105.4 %. An effective fluorescent detection method for PAT was constructed based on aptamer and nanomaterials. This new fluorescent biosensor has the characteristics of simple synthesis, easy operation, high sensitivity, strong selectivity and a low LOD, which may be a promising idea and platform for the detection of food safety hazard factors. [Display omitted] • We propose a FRET-based ratiometric fluorescence detection method for patulin detection. • Ratiomatric fluorescent aptasensor exhibited LOD of 0.16 ng/mL with a linear range of 0.1–50 ng/mL. • AuNCs modified with carboxylated graphene oxide modified with AuNCs were used as a fluorescence quenching agent and has high fluorescence quenching efficiency. • This method utilized adsorption of ssDNA to AuNCs@CGO which led to fluorescence quenching of the probe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of epoxy resin (EP) with high flame retardancy, smoke suppression, and rapid curing capability has attracted significant attention in industrial applications. To reduce the fire hazard and enhance the processability of EP-based materials, a novel hybrid (g-C3N4@NiPS) was synthesized by in-situ growth of flower-like nickel phyllosilicate on the surface of graphite phase carbon nitride. The effects of g-C3N4@NiPS on the thermal stability and combustion properties of EP composites were investigated. The results showed that 5 mass% g-C3N4@NiPS delayed the early-stage decomposition and increased the residual char of the EP composite from 11.3 to 20.8 mass%. The addition of 5 mass% g-C3N4@NiPS reduced the peak heat release rate and peak smoke production rate of the EP composite by 34.5% and 41.9%, respectively. Specifically, the maximum release rates of CO and CO2 decreased by 49.2% and 32.3%, respectively, greatly reducing the fire hazard. The residual char of EP/g-C3N4@NiPS exhibited a high degree of graphitization and displayed an excellent barrier effect, reducing the supply of fuel and the release of toxic fumes during EP combustion. Additionally, the presence of g-C3N4@NiPS showed a beneficial impact on expediting the cure response. This study provides a feasible strategy for the wide application of EP.Graphical abstract: The design of epoxy resin (EP) with high flame retardancy, smoke suppression, and rapid curing capability has attracted significant attention in industrial applications. To reduce the fire hazard and enhance the processability of EP-based materials, a novel hybrid (g-C3N4@NiPS) was synthesized by in-situ growth of flower-like nickel phyllosilicate on the surface of graphite phase carbon nitride. The effects of g-C3N4@NiPS on the thermal stability and combustion properties of EP composites were investigated. The results showed that 5 mass% g-C3N4@NiPS delayed the early-stage decomposition and increased the residual char of the EP composite from 11.3 to 20.8 mass%. The addition of 5 mass% g-C3N4@NiPS reduced the peak heat release rate and peak smoke production rate of the EP composite by 34.5% and 41.9%, respectively. Specifically, the maximum release rates of CO and CO2 decreased by 49.2% and 32.3%, respectively, greatly reducing the fire hazard. The residual char of EP/g-C3N4@NiPS exhibited a high degree of graphitization and displayed an excellent barrier effect, reducing the supply of fuel and the release of toxic fumes during EP combustion. Additionally, the presence of g-C3N4@NiPS showed a beneficial impact on expediting the cure response. This study provides a feasible strategy for the wide application of EP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On-site ammonia decomposition has been considered as a potential candidate to alleviate the challenges of hydrogen storage and transportation by utilizing NH 3 (with a high hydrogen content of 17.6 wt%) as hydrogen carrier, along with the flourish of renewable energy. Although the decomposition of NH 3 into H 2 is thermodynamically favorable at above 400 °C, the reaction kinetics remains sluggish due to the high activation energy for N–H bond cleavage and N 2 desorption. This motivates the design and construction of functional catalysts with high-efficiency and low-cost. To date, a variety of metal-based catalysts have been investigated for NH 3 decomposition, among which Ru often shows the highest activity due to its optimal metal–nitrogen binding energy. Efforts are being devoted to the further improvement of catalytic performance through tuning the morphology, electronic structure, defect/doping and metal–support interaction. Meanwhile, advanced techniques are employed to disclose the structure–performance relationship of catalyst. Herein, this review identifies the fundamental principles of catalytic NH 3 decomposition, addresses the advances on current catalyst design, summarizes the strategies to enhancing efficiency, and provides recommendations for further material design. A comprehensive consideration of recent development of noble metal and transition metal catalysts are provided, as well as the promoters and supports. Moreover, the advantage of using bimetallic materials, which offers a synergy to modulate the electronic structure and improve the intrinsic activity, is emphasized. This review may serve as an informative work to inspire the future development of ammonia decomposition catalyst for practical application. [Display omitted] • Ammonia is a promising carrier for long-distance hydrogen transportation. • The key of "H 2 –NH 3 –H 2 " transportation is the design of ammonia decomposition catalyst. • A comprehensive outlook of novel catalysts for ammonia decomposition is provided. • The in-depth mechanism and its principal origin of catalyst is highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ag catalysts supported on cobalt‐aluminum hydrotalcite derivative (CoAlO) nanosheet for CO oxidation are reported. A facile pre‐reduction treatment on reducible CoAlO support was employed to construct more oxygen vacancies for anchoring Ag sites to tune metal‐support interactions (MSI) and improve metal dispersion. The results show that directly loading Ag on CoAlO (Ag/CoAlO) can significantly promote the generation of active oxygen species by three times. Pre‐reduction of CoAlO enhances MSI of the Ag catalyst (Ag/CoAlO‐R), which further enlarges quantity of active oxygen species. Besides, the kinetic results demonstrate that compared with Ag/CoAlO, Ag/CoAlO‐R shows the additional advantages of the lower activation energy, the higher intrinsic activity of Ag sites, and especially the decreased reaction order of O2 from 0.20 to 0. The latter one indicates that enhancing MSI can readily activate gaseous oxygen at the interface of Ag and CoAlO, and the reaction mechanism obeys a typical Mars‐van Krevelen route. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Experiments were conducted in a T-shaped branched tunnel considering branch slope. • A methodology to quantify mass and heat allocation into the branch was proposed. • Model for maximum temperature rise in the main tunnel was developed. • Maximum ceiling temperature rise in branch was correlated with heat allocation. • Longitudinal temperature decay factor can be estimated by mass allocation. Reduced scale experiments in a T-shaped branched tunnel with different branch slopes (0%, 6% and 9%) were carried out to study the variation of temperature profile beneath the ceiling under natural ventilation. Numerical simulation with branch slopes of 0%, 3%, 6% and 9% was also executed. A methodology to estimate the mass and heat flux into the branch was proposed. The results show that the branch slope has limited influence on the maximum temperature beneath the ceiling in the main tunnel when fire locates at the intersection of main tunnel. A correlation for maximum temperature beneath the ceiling in the main tunnel is proposed and agrees well with others' experiments (in full scale and reduced scale). Higher branch slope could transport more hot smoke and heat into the branch. When the branch slope is within 0–9%, about 28–35% of the total released heat enters the branch. When the branch slope is 0%, maximum ceiling temperature in the branch can be well-estimated by Li's model, if the heat flux into the branch is treated as the heat release rate of 'virtual fire source'. The longitudinal temperature decay factor in the branch can be estimated based on the mass flux into the branch. This work could help to understand the flow characteristics of hot smoke of branched tunnels scientically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a three-dimensional simulation has been performed to investigate the potential consequences of flammable vapor explosion in a tunnel with an obstacle, the obstacle with different area blockage ratios (10, 20, 30 and 40%). The blast wave shape, increase in the maximum explosion overpressure, and the arrival time of peak pressure in the vicinity of the obstacle with different blockage ratios have been characterized. The simulation results show that the configuration of the blast wave was remarkably compressed due to the effects of obstacle and the deformation process which can be divided into four stages. The influence of blockage ratio on the maximum overpressure and the arrival time of peak pressure were mainly reflected in the back of the obstacle 1 m from the ground, and the maximum overpressure for this location decreases as the blockage ratio increases. Meanwhile, the maximum overpressure of 10% blockage ratio is 57% higher than that of 40% blockage ratio for the location of the back of obstacle. The arrival time of peak pressures for the location of the back of obstacle is delayed as the blockage ratio increases. The maximum overpressure under the tunnel ceiling showed an opposite trend between the location of the front of the obstacle and the location behind the obstacle. In the front of the obstacle, the maximum overpressure under the tunnel ceiling increases as the blockage ratio increases; however, it decreases as the blockage ratio increases in the back of the obstacle. What's more, the comparison of this paper's data and the results from available are published. It was found that the simulation results in this article are consistent with the experimental results of studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A new model for urban resilience considering adaptability, resistance and recovery was proposed. • Valid factual information during the Morakot was adopted to validate this model. • Critical parameters of the model such as damage intensity, experience coefficient etc. were studied. • Some optimal suggestions were provided to efficiently improve urban resilience. Due to the greater emphasis on cities' preparatory and recover ability for disaster, urban resilience is widely concerned, which is different from the traditional management mode of natural disaster and provides a new theoretical framework for urban security governance. In this paper, considering adaptability, resistance and recovery as the main characteristic factor of urban resilience, an urban resilience model was developed. This model could be used to simulate the resilience of a city under different disaster scenarios. Valid information was collected from Taiwan of China during the Morakot, and the urban resilience model was tested by the practical data, and then the resilience in Taiwan was analyzed by the constructed model. The results show that the model could reflect the resilience change of cities during disasters to some extent. Further, according to the disaster characteristics, five disaster scenarios were set to analyze various resilience characteristics. In addition, the critical parameters of the model were studied. We found that the greater intensity of disaster damage, the more serious damage of urban system function, and the earlier peak time of disaster damage intensity appears, the faster damage rate of urban system function will be. Furthermore, the larger coefficient of external disaster relief capability, the lower loss of urban system function and the better recovery capability. The higher coefficient of disaster experience, the richer the disaster response experience, the more perfect urban infrastructure of disaster response, and the smaller loss of urban system function. Based on our results, we analyze the characteristics of urban resilience and provide some optimal suggestions to efficiently improve urban resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural production is one of the crucial contributors to energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Understanding the various planting behaviors of farmers, instead of taking them as one, can be very helpful for improving crop management efficiency. This information can be used to relieve the pressures of direct and indirect energy use and GHG emissions. In this study, we took Jiangsu Province as an example to estimate the energy and GHG performance of the rice-wheat rotation system from a life-cycle perspective based on a large-scale behavior investigation of 409 samples in 2016. We further studied the influences of regional farmers' planting characteristics on energy and GHG performance by regression models. The results indicated that farmers' agricultural inputs varied widely among individuals and regions. Indirect energy consumption and GHG emissions, which are mainly caused by the use of fertilizers and pesticides and vary among farmers, contribute most to the life-cycle energy use and GHG emissions of the crop system in Jiangsu. The life-cycle energy consumption and GHG emissions of rice systems in Jiangsu can be effectively reduced by increasing the planting scales. Statistically, by controlling household characteristics such as the number of farmers involved in agricultural activities, age and education level of the household head, a 1-ha increase in the planting scale would lead to approximately 14.07 J/kcal and 1.676 kg CO 2 -e/kcal decreases in life-cycle energy consumption and GHG emissions, respectively, in Jiangsu. Policy implications are proposed to reduce and rationally use fertilizer as well as to enlarge the planting scale for sustainable agricultural development in Jiangsu. • Energy use and GHG emissions of the rice-wheat rotation system are studied. • Data from field investigation of farmers' planting behavior in Jiangsu is used. • Fertilizers contribute a substantial share of life-cycle energy use and GHG emissions. • Increasing the farm size can reduce life-cycle GHG emissions of rice systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The active oxygen on Pd/Sn 1−x Ce x O 2 (Ce-rich) is mainly lattice oxygen. • The active oxygen on Pd/Sn 1−x Ce x O 2 (Sn-rich) is mainly chemisorbed oxygen. • The active oxygen on Sn-rich oxide has better mobility than that on Ce-rich oxide. The properties of Sn-Ce solid solution have a significant effect on the CO oxidation performance of the Pd/Sn 1-x Ce x O 2 catalyst. Herein, we compared the effects of Sn-rich and Ce-rich supports on the catalytic performance of the Pd/Sn 1-x Ce x O 2 catalysts. Our results show that the active oxygen species on the Ce-rich and Sn-rich supports are mainly the lattice oxygen species and the chemisorbed oxygen species, respectively. Although the active oxygen species on the Ce-rich supports have higher intrinsic activity, the active oxygen species on the Sn-rich supports have better mobility. It leads to an interesting phenomenon that the change trend of the activity of the Pd/Sn 1-x Ce x O 2 catalysts with temperature is consistent with that of their supports. Compared with the Ce-rich supports and the corresponding supported Pd catalysts, the catalytic activity of the Sn-rich supports and the corresponding supported Pd catalysts increased faster with the increase of temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Hierarchically meso-macroporous nanostructured monolithic catalysts are constructed. • Addition of cobalt to CeO 2 nanosheets enhances the redox ability of catalysts. • Co 3 O 4 /CeO 2 monolithic catalysts exhibit high catalytic activity and stability. • Co-Ce interaction generates active surface adsorbed oxygen for soot combustion. Herein, we facilely synthesized the Co 3 O 4 /CeO 2 nanosheets on monolithic Ni foam (Co/Ce-NS) via the tandem hydrothermal and impregnation methods. The constructed hierarchically meso-macroporous nano-structures increase the soot-catalysts contact chances, and promote mass transfer of gaseous reactants and products in catalytic soot combustion. The deposition of Co 3 O 4 nanoparticles onto CeO 2 nanosheets enhances the redox properties of the catalysts, because the Co-Ce interaction generates active surface adsorbed oxygen species for soot combustion. Our results reveal that the adsorbed oxygen species on the Co-Ce interfaces are more active than these on surface CeO 2 or Co 3 O 4. The 0.6Co/Ce-NS catalyst with the optimal cobalt loading has more superficial Co2+-□-Ce3+ couples than other catalysts, consequently generating more active surface adsorbed oxygen species for catalytic soot oxidation. The 0.6Co/Ce-NS catalyst exhibits comparable catalytic activity with the 1%Pt/Al 2 O 3 catalyst under the loose contact condition. Moreover, the 0.6Co/Ce-NS catalyst has the excellent thermal stability and water resistance. Therefore, the hierarchically meso-macroporous Co 3 O 4 /CeO 2 nanosheet monolithic catalysts have potential industrial application in catalytic soot elimination and other related heterogeneous catalytic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Characteristics of large area fire ascribed to multiple fuel source in tunnel were analyzed. • An extended three-part model was proposed to predict the temperature of this type fire. • The fitting correlations for the model were obtained based on a series of experiments. • Ceiling temperature of tunnel by the large fire could be predicted well by the proposed model. Abstract Recently, the serious heavy haul railway tunnel fire that always resulted in the enlarger of the fire area have attracted much attention due to its great threat to people's life and property. As to this type of large area fire ascribed to multiple fuel source in tunnel, its burning always controlled by the ventilation, and it could be generally divided into three major regions: fuel-rich and hypoxic central zone, reaction zone, and burned out zone near the entrance due to the lack of the oxygen in the middle of the tunnel, however, the temperature distribution of this type fire in tunnel could not be reflected by the existing empirical models well. In order to predict the temperature distribution induced by the large area fire in tunnel well, an extended three-part model was proposed on the basis of the analysis of the special fire characteristic. And the fitting correlations for ceiling temperature of the continuous multiple fire sources were obtained based on a series of experiments. What's more, the revised vertical temperature correlations based on the McCaffrey's model were also obtained. It can be seen that the vertical temperature in the centerline of the tunnel remained nearly constant as the number of fire sources increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Based on MODIS, three indicators (NDVI, TVDI and LST) were studied; • The correlation between above three indicators (NDVI, TVDI, and LST) and the wildfires was analyzed; • A fire danger index assessment method was proposed to analyze the short-term wildfire danger. • Case study in Xiangxi, China, was carried to provide a valuable reference for the wildfires prevention. Wildfire is a significant threat that can result in severe injuries and economic damage. Conducting wildfire danger assessments in specific areas is necessary to mitigate the negative consequences associated to them. A useful tool to achieve them is satellite remote sensing technology, which provides global observations of the earth surface and enables wildfire danger assessment, hotspot detection, and flame monitoring. Based on this, a fire danger index assessment method for short-term wildfires based on the Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) was proposed. The fire danger composite index (FDCI) could be obtained by using the Normalized Differential Vegetation Index (NDVI), Land Surface Temperature (LST), Temperature Vegetation Dryness Index (TVDI), and forest vegetation types (VT). A fire danger rating and a fire danger map of wildfires can be developed, which could identify high and low danger areas. Additionally, it can be found that NDVI in Xiangxi was at a relatively high level, reflecting good vegetation conditions during 2014–2018. The study also showed that NDVI, TVDI, LST, and VT were key parameters affecting wildfire danger. Low FDCI values indicated a low wildfire danger and vice versa. Furthermore, a case study in Xiangxi was conducted in September 2018. The application shows that there is consistency between the actual high danger areas and the calculated high danger areas by this method. The case study reflects that the method benefits the danger classification, prediction, and rescue of wildfires in specific areas to some extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The identification of interlayer types is the key to improve the geological model to study the characteristics of oil and water distribution. The Donghe Sandstone in Hade Oilfield is used as the research object to calibrate the interlayer type and location by means of the outcrop, core, conventional logging curves and electrical imaging data. However, the logging response characteristics of different types of interlayers are similar, which is difficult to be accurately characterized by the conventional method. Therefore, a Random Forest (RF) intelligent method based on the Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD) and Hilbert Huang Transform (HHT) is proposed to identify the type of intercalation layer. The model consists of two parts: firstly, EEMD-HHT is used to automatically identify the location of the interlayer, secondly, RF is used to classify the interlayer type. The results show that the EEMD-HHT-RF model corresponds to the results of core identification of interlayer, which can achieve rapid identification and accurate prediction in the block. • A data-driven for intelligent identification of interlayer location and type based on EEMD-HHT-RF model. • Based on EEMD, the geological information of logging wells is deeply explored. • The IMF component transient features are calculated based on HHT to study the characteristic of different interlayer types. • The RF model has good ability in identifying the type of interlayer and can be applied to the prediction in the Hade oil field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trajectory data uploaded by mobile devices is growing quickly. It represents the movement of an individual or a device based on the longitude and latitude coordinates collected by GPS. The location based service has a broad application prospect in the real world. As the traditional location prediction models which are based on the discrete state sequence cannot predict the locations in real time, we propose a Continuous Time Series Markov Model (CTS-MM) to solve this problem. The method takes the Gaussian Mixed Model (GMM) to simulate the posterior probability of a location in the continuous time series. The probability calculation method and state transition model of the Hidden Markov Model (HMM) are improved to get the precise location prediction. The experimental results on GeoLife data show that CTS-MM performs better for location prediction in exact minute than traditional location prediction models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A proportional-integral-derivative (PID) electronic control system for seed meters was developed to improve the planting quality and operation efficiency of conventional planters with ground wheel and chain driven system. A PID algorithm was used for controlling seed plate rotation speed. In addition, the PID controller incorporated integral separation of the integral term to increase the response time and reduce the occurrence of overshoot when the set point was far away from the current rotation rate. The final tuned PID parameter values were Kp=16, Ki=0.05, and Kd=36. The response time, overshoot, and steady error for a seed plate rotation speed step response from 0 to 24 r/min were 0.4 s, 1.56%, and 0.75%, respectively. Experiment results showed that the Singulation index (SI) of seed meter could receive to 98.4%, and the Multiple index (UI) and Miss index (MI) were not more than 1% even at the highest planting speed of 12 km/h, which indicated that the seed meter with the developed control system and tuned PID parameters could obtain better planting quality and higher planting speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maize harvesting is one of the most important filed operations of maize production. As the accelerating development of maize industry, mechanized maize harvesting is widely accepted and used by farmers in the world. According to the harvesting methods, maize harvesters could be classified into two types, one is maize-for-grain harvesters, including pickers and grain harvesters, the other is whole plant harvesters, including forage harvesters and combined grain-stover harvesters. Structure characteristics, appropriate areas and relative technologies of those harvesters are described in this paper, i.e., pickers are suitable for multi-crop areas, Grain harvesters are mainly for one-crop areas when grain moisture content is lower than 25%, combined grain-stover harvesters are applicable in agro-pastoral ecotone, and forage harvesters are capable in large-scaled animal husbandry farming areas where large amount of silage are required. Meanwhile, the future development trend of the different harvesters is predicted. Big horsepower engines, enhanced working efficiency, automation and intelligence are required by large scaled farms. As maize breeding development, more varieties that are suitable for grain harvesting are put into practice, so grain combine harvesters will be popular in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MicroRNAs are known to regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. However, the immunological mechanism and role of microRNA9-3 (miR9-3) are unknown. This study used CRISPR/cas9 technology to knock out miR9-3 to modulate its expression level. FACS results showed that the absolute number of total B cells declined in miR9-3-deficiency in the spleen (Sp), bone marrow (BM), and lymph node (LN) to different levels compared to the wild-type. Also, the absolute numbers of Fo, T1, and T2 cells decreased both in Sp and LN. The absolute numbers of total T cells in Sp and LN declined sharply; CD4+ and CD8+ T cells showed a dramatic decrease in Sp, LN, and Th (thymus) of the miR9-3− group. In BM, the cells number of immature B cells, pro-pre-B cells, pro-B cells, and pre-B cells reduced to different levels, while mature B cells were comparable to wild-type. These data illustrated that miR9-3-deficiency impaired the development of B cells in BM. Also, the development of T cells was severely impaired. In Th, the numbers of DN and DP cells were remarkably reduced in the miR9-3 mutant mice. Also, the numbers of DN-1, DN-3, and DN-4 cells decreased. The absolute number of cells in the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) system such as LT-HSC (long-term HSC), ST-HSC (short-term HSC), MPP (multipotent progenitor), GMP (granulocyte-macrophage progenitor), CMP (common myeloid progenitors), MEP (megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor), and CLP (common lymphoid progenitor) all were decreased in miR9-3 deficient mice. These results showed that miR9-3 deficiency initiated the damage to the entire hematopoietic system. Moreover, the absolute number of myeloid cells in both Sp and BM decreased in mutant mice. The cells number of NK cells showed a sharp reduction in Sp whereas the change was not significant in BM. The above results suggest that miR9-3 participates in the immune regulation of B cells, T cells, and the HSC system, highlighting its regulatory roles. • Knock out miR9-3 gene by CRISPR/cas9. • miR9-3-deficiency reduced total B cell in spleen, lymph node and bone marrow. • miR9-3-deficiency severely impaired T cell development • miR9-3-deficiency impaired the development of the pro/pre and immature B cells in the BM • miR9-3-deficiency resulted in the blockage of HSC differentiation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concerning the emissions of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and other N-bearing air pollutants from the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) regeneration units, this paper has conducted a comprehensive testing and surface characterisation of four industrial spent catalysts, aged catalysts and hard coke sample in three different schemes, Ar-TPD, O 2 -TPO and rapid heating to elaborate the transformation of N upon the influence of the heterogeneity of coke and N speciation. In the Ar-TPD scheme, the surface N is responsive for the emission of gaseous NH 3 from pyrrolic N-5 and HCN from both pyridinic N-6 and quaternary N-Q. The removal of soft coke is beneficial in promoting the surface exposure of hard coke, thereby increasing the HCN emission dramatically. In the O 2 -TPO scheme, the oxygen accessibility is the principal factor governing the emission of HCN. The external soft coke is able to access the bulk O 2 firstly, the combustion of which in turn provides heat back to promote the cracking of internal hard coke from the same and neighbouring particles to release more HCN. The induction effect of bulk O 2 is also superior over the spent catalyst properties in formulating a nearly identical trend of HCN emission for all the four spent catalysts tested. Finally, for the use of rapid heating scheme that is typical in a commercial FCC regenerator, it is effective in accelerating the volatilisation of soft coke quickly, thereby promoting the oxygen accessibility to hard coke and the internal N-bearing precursors so as to mitigate the emission of HCN effectively. The use of a large superficial velocity of gas is further effective in sweeping the volatiles including HCN away from the catalyst, promoting their oxidation extent accordingly. [Display omitted] • Surface pyridinic and quaternary N are responsive for the emission of HCN in TPD. • Progressive oxidation of surface coke promotes HCN out from internal coke. • Both intra- and inter-particle interaction occur between the soft and hard coke. • Rapid heating promotes the volatilisation of coke and oxygen accessibility to N. • Emission of HCN is the least in the rapid heating and oxidation scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An extended floor field cellular automata model considering pedestrian panic was proposed to investigate pedestrian dynamics under the threat of artificial attack. In the model, a new parameter D was introduced to reflect quantitatively the extent of the impact of panic on pedestrian evacuation. Besides, pedestrian movement is governed by the static, attack threat and herding floor field. And some modifications were made to introduce the influence of panic on the decision-making of the individual. Further, the motion and assault of the artificial attacker and the death of pedestrians were taken into account simultaneously. The simulation results show that the proposed model can reproduce some real characteristic features of escape panics, such as (1) Pedestrians become less rational. (2) At exits, arching and clogging are observed. (3) People show a tendency towards mass behavior, i.e., pedestrian herding. (4) Alternative exits are overlooked or not efficiently used. As the extent of the panic increases, pedestrians spend more time to escape from the room and are more sensitive to the movement of the crowd and the action of the attacker. The phenomenon of pedestrian herding and jamming can be clearly observed as D increases. And the results also indicate that the tension caused by moderate panic can help reduce casualties, whereas excessive panic will increase casualties. Besides, enhancing pedestrian initiative, i.e., the ability that pedestrian finds the exit independently in panic, is beneficial to the evacuation. In addition, more pedestrians would lose their lives due to attack and the evacuation efficiency would be reduced if the attacker starts the attack from the positions of the exits, so the security forces near the exits should be strengthened. • An extended evacuation model considering panic in artificial attack is proposed. • Pedestrian panic and three panic behaviors in artificial attack are investigated. • The interaction between the attacker and pedestrians is studied. • Moderate panic can help reduce casualties. • More people will be killed if the attacker starts the attack from the exits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The kinetic model of crystal planes of CeO 2 is established for soot oxidation. • The kinetic model is based on the distributed activation energy model. • (1 0 0) planes of CeO 2 exhibit the low E a and high TOF in soot oxidation. • Abundant exposed (1 0 0) planes on CeO 2 nanocubes induce the high soot oxidation activity. Soot oxidation is a triple-phase reaction system involved in solid soot, solid catalyst and gaseous oxidant, which makes its kinetic behavior difficult to be determined. Herein, we report the kinetic behavior of crystal planes on the CeO 2 catalysts with various morphologies for soot oxidation. We establish a kinetic model of crystal planes of CeO 2 in soot oxidation by means of the distributed activation energy model (DAEM). Through analyzing the distribution function of apparent activation energies (f (E a)) under loose contact condition, we discover that the E a of the exposed (1 0 0), (1 1 1) planes and non-catalytic gaseous O 2 on soot oxidation distributes in the range of 60–100, 100–150, and 150–250 kJ mol−1, respectively. Our findings show that compared with other catalysts, CeO 2 nanocubes exhibit the higher intrinsic activity (turnover frequency, TOF) under loose contact condition, because of the higher f (E a) value of abundant active exposed (1 0 0) planes located at the lower E a range. Our work develops a methodology of kinetic analysis to investigate the soot oxidation reaction, which could be potentially extended to other complex oxidation systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]