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Blood vessels play a crucial role in maintaining the stem cell niche in both tumours and developing organs. Cell competition is critical for tumour progression. We hypothesise that blood vessels may act as a regulator of this process. As a pioneer, the secretions of blood vessels regulate the intensity of cell competition, which is essential for tumour invasion and developmental organ extension. Brd4 expresses highly in endothelial cells within various tumours and is positively correlated with numerous invasive genes, making it an ideal focal point for further research on the relationship between blood vessels and cell competition. Our results indicated that the absence of endothelial Brd4 led to a reduction in neural stem cell mortality and compromised cell competition. Endothelial Brd4 regulated cell competition was dependent on Testican2. Testican2 was capable of depositing Sparc and acted as a suppressor of Sparc. Compromised cell competition resulted in the depletion of neural stem cells and accelerated brain ageing. Testican2 could rescue the run‐off of neural stem cells and accelerate the turnover rate of neurons. AD patients show compromised cell competition. Through the cloning of a point mutant of Brd4 identified in a subset of AD patients, it was demonstrated that the mutant lacked the ability to promote cell competition. This study suggests a novel approach for treating age‐related diseases by enhancing the intensity of cell competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overcoming the trade‐off between the graphitization of the carbon substrate and enhanced electronic metal–support interaction (EMSI) and intrinsic activity of Pt‐C catalysts remains a major challenge for ensuring the durable operation of energy conversion devices. This article presents a hybrid catalyst consisting of PtFe nanoparticles and single Pt and Fe atoms supported on N‐doped carbon (PtFeNPs@PtFeSAs‐N‐C), which exhibits improved activities in hydrogen evolution and oxygen reduction reactions (HER and ORR, respectively) and has excellent durability owing to the high graphitization, rich edge defects, and porosity of the carbon in PtFeNPs@PtFeSAs‐N‐C, as well as strong EMSI between the PtFe nanoparticles and edge‐defective carbon embedded with Pt and Fe atoms. According to theoretical calculations, the strong EMSI optimizes the H* adsorption–desorption and facilitates the adsorption OOH*, accelerating the HER and ORR processes. A novel flow seawater‐Al/acid hybrid fuel cell using the PtFeNPs@PtFeSAs‐N‐C cathode can serve as a high‐efficiency energy conversion device that delivers a high power density of 109.5 mW cm−2 while producing H2 at a significantly high rate of 271.6 L m−2 h−1. Moreover, PtFeNPs@PtFeSAs‐N‐C exhibits a remarkable performance (high power density of 298.0 mW cm−2 and long‐term durability of 1000 h) in a flow Zn–air battery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transition metal single atoms anchored on nitrogen‐doped carbon (M‐N‐C) matrix with M‐N‐C active sites have shown to be promising catalysts for both hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Herein, a hybrid catalyst with low‐level loading of atomic Pt and Co species encapsulated in nitrogen‐doped graphene (Pt@CoN4‐G) is developed. The Pt@CoN4‐G shows low overpotential for HER in wide‐pH electrolyte and manifests improved mass activity with almost eight times greater than that of Pt/C at an overpotential of 50 mV. The Pt@CoN4‐G also exhibits a top‐level ORR activity (half‐wave potential, E1/2 = 0.893 V) and robust stability (>200 h) in alkaline medium. Using theoretical calculations and comprehensive characterizations , the strong metal–support interactions between Pt species and CoN4‐G support and synergistical cooperation of multiple active sites are clarified. A flow alkali‐Al/acid hybrid fuel cell using Pt@CoN4‐G as cathode catalyst delivers a large power density of 222 mW cm−2 with excellent stability to achieve simultaneously hydrogen evolution and electricity generation. In addition, Pt@CoN4‐G endows a flow Zn‐air battery with high power density (316 mW cm−2), good stability under large current density (>100 h at 100 mA cm−2), and long cycle life (over 600 h at 5 mA cm−2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of precious‐metal alternative electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is highly desired for a variety of fuel cells, and single atom catalysts (SACs) have been envisaged to be the promising choice. However, there remains challenges in the synthesis of high metal loading SACs (>5 wt.%), thus limiting their electrocatalytic performance. Herein, a facile self‐sacrificing template strategy is developed for fabricating Co single atoms along with Co atomic clusters co‐anchored on porous‐rich nitrogen‐doped graphene (Co SAs/AC@NG), which is implemented by the pyrolysis of dicyandiamide with the formation of layered g‐C3N4 as sacrificed templates, providing rich anchoring sites to achieve high Co loading up to 14.0 wt.% in Co SAs/AC@NG. Experiments combined with density functional theory calculations reveal that the co‐existence of Co single atoms and clusters with underlying nitrogen doped carbon in the optimized Co40SAs/AC@NG synergistically contributes to the enhanced electrocatalysis for ORR, which outperforms the state‐of‐the‐art Pt/C catalysts with presenting a high half‐wave potential (E1/2 = 0.890 V) and robust long‐term stability. Moreover, the Co40SAs/AC@NG presents excellent performance in Zn–air battery with a high‐peak power density (221 mW cm−2) and strong cycling stability, demonstrating great potential for energy storage applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Angelica sinensis (AS) and Chuanxiong rhizoma (CR) are frequently prescribed in clinical settings for their ability to enrich blood, regulate menstrual cycles, and alleviate pain. Despite their widespread use, there is a relative dearth of studies exploring their anti-inflammatory properties. To evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Angelica sinensis - Chuanxiong rhizoma (ASCR) extracts and investigate its anti-inflammatory mechanisms. AS and CR were combined in six ratios and extracted using five solvents. The quality of the resulting ASCR extracts was assessed by determining the content of ferulic acid (FA) using HPLC. The antioxidant effects of the ASCR extracts were evaluated in vitro using the DPPH and ABTS assays, as well as in HUVECs exposed to H 2 O 2 -induced oxidative damage. Additionally, the anti-inflammatory effects of the extracts were investigated in vivo through the assays of ear edema in mice and paw edema in rats. Biochemical markers including NO, MDA, and SOD in paw tissues, as well as PGE2, TNF-α, and COX-2 in rat serum, were measured to further elucidate the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of ASCR extracts. The WA-2-1 was obtained by combining AS and CR in a 2:1 ratio through first water then ethanol extraction, and showed favorable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The extract demonstrated effective scavenging abilities against DPPH• and ABTS+• radicals while also protecting against H 2 O 2 -induced oxidative damage. Furthermore, in vivo studies revealed that WA-2-1 had significant inhibitory effects on ear and paw edema as well as the ability to decrease NO and MDA levels, enhance SOD activity, and downregulate the expression of COX-2, PGE2, and TNF-α. The combination of AS and CR exhibits favorable anti-inflammatory effects, attributed to its dual actions of mitigating oxidative stress and suppressing the production of inflammatory mediators in serum or tissues during the inflammatory process. [Display omitted] • The Angelica sinensis-Chuanxiong rhizoma (ASCR) extracts exhibited obvious antioxidant and anti-inflammatory abilities. • The quality of ASCR extracts was assessed by the content of ferulic acid using HPLC. • The preferred WA-2-1 decreased NO and MDA, increased SOD in tissues, and decreased COX-2, PGE2, and TNF-α in serum. • The anti-inflammatory mechanism is related to reducing oxidative stress and inhibiting inflammatory mediators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is to investigate the impact of potassium carbonate on quality characteristics of composite starch‐wheat noodles (CSW). The results show that low level of potassium carbonate (0.2–0.4%) enhances the storage modulus (G') of dough and improves gel strength. The peak viscosity of composite flour is increased at low level of potassium carbonate that is confirmed by pasting properties analysis. Cooking loss of noodles decreases significantly due to the increasing hardness and resilience. The thermodynamic analysis indicates that ΔH decreases by increasing the potassium carbonate. The disulfide bonds (9.604–10.399 µmol g−1), β‐sheet (26.9–31.4%), and starch order increases at low concentration of alkali. Based on the confocal laser scanning microscopic observation, the potassium carbonate (0.2–0.4%) causes a strong protein network in composite starch‐wheat noodles and with gelatinized starch granules being well embedded in the network structure. It is observed that 0.4% potassium carbonate promotes protein aggregation and starch stabilization to improve the elasticity of composite starch‐wheat noodles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen (H2) has been utilized as a versatile feedstock or promising energy carrier in a variety of fields, yet the implementation of high‐rate H2 production presents a grand challenge for its readily accessible application. Herein, a newly alkali‐Al/acid hybrid fuel cell (3AHFC) that shows the capability of rapidly producing H2 upon delivering a considerably high energy density is reported, which is set up by paring Al anode in alkaline anolyte with acidic catholyte and a relatively cheap nanohybrid of Ru nanoparticle decorating crumpled reduced graphene oxide (Ru/c‐rGO) as cathode catalysts. It is demonstrated that the 3AHFC can release a power density of up to 240.6 mW cm−2 with a Faradic efficiency of approaching 99% for fast H2 generation (300 mA cm−2). Such hybrid electrolyte H2‐generation fuel cell can also be extended for either seawater anolyte or metallic Mg anode, presenting great promise for the practice feasibility of on‐site H2 production for applications in tough or even extreme environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sensitive and accurate detection of DNA methyltransferase (MTase) is conducive to the understanding of the fundamental biological processes related to DNA methylation, clinical disease diagnosis, and drug discovery. Herein, a new fluorescence transducer based on Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between the donor upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) and the efficient acceptor gold nanorods (AuNRs) for MTase activity analysis and its inhibitor screening is presented. A double-strand DNA linker between UCNPs and AuNRs could be digested by restriction endonuclease HhaI, preventing the FRET process and recovering the upconversion luminescence (UCL) intensity. With the treatment of MTase, the cutting site was disturbed by the methylation of cytosine, blocking the enzyme digestion. The transducer presented here showed an excellent analytical performance toward MTase M.HhaI in the concentration range 0.08~24 U mL−1 with a detection limit of 0.057 U mL−1 calculated according to the UCL intensity changes at 656 nm excited by 980 nm CW laser, which is superior to most of the reported methods. Furthermore, the as-fabricated transducer also demonstrated high testing and screening capability toward enzyme inhibitors' evaluation. The method takes the advantage of low background fluorescence of UCNPs to improve the accuracy of the measurement, which can be developed as a general strategy for the analysis of various disease-related methyltransferase activity and their corresponding inhibitors, offering a promising strategy for high-performance diagnosis, high-efficient drug exploitation, and treatment effectiveness evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Serotonin is one of the important neurotransmitters in human nervous system and associated with central nervous system diseases. Herein, we have prepared a novel electrochemical aptasensor for rapid and sensitive detection of serotonin by using the pre-designed and prepared DNA aptamers. In the absence of serotonin, the electron transfer rate on the aptasensor was faster than that in the presence of serotonin due to the hairpin structure of the aptamer was loose and MB could be closer to the electrode surface. While in the presence of serotonin, the hairpin structure of the aptamer was extended and MB was far away from the electrode surface. The effect of MB labeled sites on analytical performances of the proposed aptasensors was discussed by comparing sensitivity of the aptasensors that MB labeled in the intermediate of the aptamer with that MB labeled at the 3′ end of the aptamer. It was found that sensitivity of the intermediate-labeled aptasensor was much higher than the terminal-labeled aptasensor due to the specific conformational changes before and after aptamer binding to serotonin. The developed aptasensors exhibits a rapid electrochemical response and high sensitivity for the determination of serotonin. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the linear range for serotonin concentrations by the intermediate-labeled aptasensor was 1 pM–10 nM with a detection limit of 0.017 fM (S/N = 3). Moreover, the proposed aptasensor is reusable and shows good reproducibility and selectivity for the detection of serotonin in 100-fold diluted rat cerebrospinal fluid, suggesting a good application prospect in the detection of serotonin in real samples. Scheme: The schematic diagram of the E-DNA sensors with terminal modification of MBmolecule and intermediate modification of MB molecule. Image 1 • Novel electrochemical biosensor based on aptamer of serotonin. • Optimize the label site of the methylene blue (MB) on the aptamer. • The practical application of the aptasensor in diluted rat cerebrospinal fluid. • The aptasensor can be regenerated without loss of sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During embryonic brain development, neurogenesis requires the orchestration of gene expression to regulate neural stem cell (NSC) fate specification. Epigenetic regulation with specific emphasis on the modes of histone variants and histone post-translational modifications are involved in interactive gene regulation of central nervous system (CNS) development. Here, we provide a broad overview of the regulatory system of histone variants and histone modifications that have been linked to neurogenesis and diseases. We also review the crosstalk between different histone modifications and discuss how the 3D genome affects cell fate dynamics during brain development. Understanding the mechanisms of epigenetic regulation in neurogenesis has shifted the paradigm from single gene regulation to synergistic interactions to ensure healthy embryonic neurogenesis. Mammalian neurogenesis is a dynamically regulated process with diverse factors. Epigenetic mechanisms, including histone variants and histone modifications, are involved in the expression of many genes to regulate central nervous system (CNS) dynamics. Histone variants are nonallelic isoforms of core histones that incorporate into nucleosomes and regulate the dynamic changes necessary for neurogenesis. Histone modifications can be dynamically regulated by sets of enzymes that act as epigenetic marks to support cell fate decisions and ensure robust embryonic neurogenesis. The interactions of histone variants and histone modifications are typically characterized in chromatin states that have important roles in the memory and switching of gene expression states during brain development. Hi-C-based high-throughput chromatin conformation capture techniques provide important insights into 3D genome architecture. Multiple factors, such as A/B compartment changes, heterochromatin organization, and enhancer–promoter interactions, affect chromatin interaction dynamics in neuronal development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Additive manufacturing of (quasi−) solid‐state (QSS) electrochemical energy storage devices (EES) highlights the significance of gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) design. Creating well‐bonded electrode‐GPEs interfaces in the electrode percolative network via printing leads to large‐scale production of customized EES with boosted electrochemical performance but has proven to be quite challenging. Herein, we report on a versatile, universal and scalable approach to engineer a controllable, seamless electrode‐GPEs interface via free radical polymerization (FRP) triggered by MXene at room temperature. Importantly, MXene reduces the dissociation enthalpy of persulfate initiators and significantly shortens the induction period accelerated by SO4−, enabling the completion of FRP within minutes. The as‐formed well‐bonded electrode‐GPEs interface homogenizes the electrical and concentration fields (i.e., Zn2+), therefore suppressing the dendrites formation, which translates to long‐term cycling (50,000 times), high energy density (105.5 Wh kg−1) and power density (9231 W kg−1) coupled with excellent stability upon deformation in the zinc‐ion hybrid capacitors (ZHCs). Moreover, the critical switch of the rheological behaviours of the polymer electrolyte (as aqueous inks in still state and become solids once triggered by MXene) perfectly ensures the direct all‐printing of electrodes and GPEs with well‐bonded interface in between, opening vast possibilities for all‐printed QSS EES beyond ZHCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The occurrence of lung cancer is linked with tobacco smoking, mainly through the generation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Elevated activity of cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) plays an important role in the metabolic processing of PAHs and its carcinogenicity. The present work aimed to investigate the role of CYP1A1 gene in PAH-mediated growth and tumor development in vitro and using an in vivo animal model. RNAi strategy was utilized to inhibit the overexpression of CYP1A1 gene using cationic liposomes generated using a lipid film-coated proliposome microparticles. Treatment of PAH-induced human alveolar adenocarcinoma cell line with cationic liposomes carrying CYP1A1 siRNA resulted in down regulation of CYP1A1 mRNA, protein as well as its enzymatic activity, triggering apoptosis and inhibiting multicellular tumor spheroids formation in vitro. Furthermore, silencing of CYP1A1 gene in BALB/c nude xenografts inhibited tumor growth via down regulation of CYP1A1 expression. Altogether, our findings showed that liposome-based gene delivery technology is a viable and stable approach for targeting cancer causing genes such as CY1PA1. This technology facilitated by the use of sugar particles coated with lipid films has demonstrated ability to generate anticancer effects that might be used in the future for therapeutic intervention and treatment of lung cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an article published in Advanced Functional Materials, researchers Zhenhai Wen, Cheng‐Yan Xu, and their team introduce a low-cost and durable catalyst called Pt@CoN4‐G. This catalyst contains atomic Co and Pt species encapsulated in nitrogen-doped graphene and demonstrates excellent performance in both the hydrogen evolution reaction and the oxygen reduction reaction. The catalyst shows promise for use in flow alkali‐Al/acid hybrid fuel cells and Zn–air batteries. The researchers attribute the catalyst's success to the strong metal support interactions between the Pt species and the CoN4‐G support, as well as the synergistic cooperation of multiple active sites. [Extracted from the article]

Manganese contamination of groundwater exists worldwide. Manganese removal is primarily performed through catalytic oxidation by manganese-oxidizing bacteria. In this study, we identified a new manganese(II) oxidase (CopA) from Brevibacillus panacihumi MK-8. The copA gene was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3), and the recombinant strain BL21-pET-copA was able to remove 85.87% of Mn(II) from LB medium containing 1 mM Mn(II) after seven days. The optimum Mn(II) oxidase CopA activity was obtained at 37 °C in 10 mM HEPES buffer (pH 8.0) containing 0.4 mM CuCl2. Purified CopA removed 51.98% of manganese(II) under the optimal conditions. The copA gene-deleted strain (MK-8-ΔcopA) barely oxidized manganese, further demonstrating that the copA gene is the manganese oxidase gene. Biogenic Mn oxides were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Thus, we suggest that the recombinant BL21-pET-copA strain and oxidase CopA have the potential to be used in biological manganese removal technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IrCo single atom alloy catalysts encapsulated in nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes (IrCo@NCNTs) is fabricated. The IrCo@NCNTs catalyst shows excellent HER activity in pH-wide electrolyte. The introduction of Ir can low the d -band center and optimize the H* adsorption. [Display omitted] • IrCo single atom alloy catalysts embedded in NCNTs were prepared. • IrCo@NCNTs shows outstanding electrocatalytic HER activity in pH-wide electrolyte. • The introduction of Ir can low the d -band center and optimize the H* adsorption. • A IrCo@NCNTs 3AHFC was set up for generate H 2 and electricity spontaneously. Electrochemical energy storage/conversion by utilizing hydrogen (H 2) an energy carrier is promising for alleviating the energy crisis. As an emerging H 2 production technique, alkali/acid hybrid fuel cell has been reported to exhale H 2 and generate electric power spontaneously, which requires highly effective and economically feasible electrocatalysts for cathodic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Herein, IrCo single atom alloy catalysts (SAACs) encapsulated in nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes (IrCo@NCNTs) was prepared as cathode catalyst for alkali-Al/acid hybrid fuel cell (3AHFC). IrCo@NCNTs with low Ir loading of 2.17 wt% exhibits very low overpotentials for HER in pH-wide electrolytes (pH = 0 and 14) and achieves improved mass activity, which are 8 times and 13 times greater than that of Pt/C in acidic and alkaline medium, respectively. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the high HER activity derives from the lowing of d -band center by introducing Ir, which is favors to tune the electronic structures, leading to the optimized H⁎ adsorption. The assembled IrCo@NCNTs 3AHFC offers a high power density 176.2 mW cm−2, a high hydrogen production rate of 453.0 L m-2 h−1 with high Faradic efficiency of 99.1%, which can compete with those in commercial 20 wt% Pt/C and most reported platinum-free catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The practical applications of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) are challenged by safety concerns using liquid electrolytes (LEs). The gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) are considered as a promising candidate to solve this safety issue. In addition, using high‐mass loading electrodes is essential to achieve high energy density. However, poor interfacial contact between electrode and electrolyte remains a challenging issue, particularly for the high‐mass‐loading electrode. Here, porous channels are constructed in electrodes with high active material loading using the melamine formaldehyde sponge, and then the GPE is penetrated into porous channels of electrodes through an in‐situ thermal induced polymerization. The porous electrode structure with sufficient surface area improves electrolyte percolation and fast ion diffusion kinetics, which enables a uniform distribution of Li‐ion flux and effectively homogenizes the local current density to realize uniform Li deposition. The half cells and anode‐free full cells using the integration of porous electrodes and in‐situ polymerized GPEs exhibit excellent discharge capacity and cycle stability. This integration method is applicable for fabricating batteries with high energy density and safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is highly desirable to develop low-cost and highly-efficiency electrocatalysts toward hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) for implementing full water splitting in developing a sustainable green energy system. Herein, we report a reliable and facile anion-exchange reaction strategy for conversion of one-dimensional (1D) Co 3 O 4 nanowires (NWs) into CoP porous nanowires (PNWs). Notably, such evolution process provides the as-formed CoP PNWs with significantly improved defect sites and thus endows the CoP PNWs with a high electrochemical activity surface area. Accordingly, the CoP PNWs exhibit outstanding catalytic activity toward HER and OER when serving as bifunctional electrocatalysts, achieving a current density of 10 mA cm −2 with low overpotentials of 147 and 326 mV for HER and OER, respectively. We demonstrate the water splitting electrolyzer with such CoP PNWs electrocatalyst as cathode and anode can be driven by a double A battery and a solar panel (1.5 V). The advantages, including facile and low-cost synthetic process, high activity for HER and OER, endow the as-developed CoP PNWs to be one of the most promising candidates for full water splitting system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• RuCo@NG/N-GNs catalyst were fabricated via one-step annealing strategy. • RuCo@NG/N-GNs holds unique structure and plenty of active sites. • RuCo@NG/N-GNs exhibits a top-level acidic OER and alkaline HER performance. • DFT calculations reveals the critical role of Co in enhancing HER and OER. There remain certain critical issues for hydrogen production in both proton exchange membrane (PEM) and alkaline water electrolysis, the former of which faces daunting challenges in the development of high-activity and high-stability catalysts for acidic oxygen evolution reaction (OER), while the latter one strongly demands enhancing the sluggish kinetic of alkaline cathodic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Herein, we reported a facile one-step annealing strategy for fabricating hybrid electrocatalyst with RuCo alloy nanoparticles encapsulated by N-doped graphite loading on N-doped graphite nanosheets (RuCo@NG/N-GNs), which manifests highly desirable electrocatalytic features toward both acidic OER and alkaline HER with impressively high activity, fast kinetic and excellent stability. The optimized RuCo@NG/N-GNs requires a quite low overpotential of 209 mV at 10 mA cm−2 for acidic OER with a quite low Tafel slope of 56 mV dec−1, and demands a striking low overpotentials of 9 mV at 10 mA cm−2 toward alkaline HER with a Tafel slope of as low as 30 mV dec−1. Experiments combined with density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the critical role of Co element in enhancing the HER and OER performance. For HER, the surface Co improves the oxophilicity of catalyst that indirectly aids the proton donation in alkaline; and for OER, surface Co itself acts as active sites to directly aid the reaction. The relatively low-cost electrocatalyst in this work is expected to inspire more innovative researches to step forward the large-scale commercial practice feasibility of PEM and alkaline water splitting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) migrate extensively using blood vessels as physical scaffolds in the developing central nervous system. Although the association of OPCs with the vasculature is critical for migration, the regulatory mechanisms important for OPCs proliferative and oligodendrocyte development are unknown. Here, a correlation is demonstrated between the developing vasculature and OPCs response during brain development. Deletion of endothelial stimulator of interferon genes (STING) disrupts angiogenesis by inhibiting farnesyl‐diphosphate farnesyltransferase 1 (FDFT1) and thereby reducing cholesterol synthesis. Furthermore, the perturbation of metabolic homeostasis in endothelial cells increases interleukin 17D production which mediates the signal transduction from endothelial cells to OPCs, which inhibits oligodendrocyte development and myelination and causes behavioral abnormalities in adult mice. Overall, these findings indicate how the endothelial STING maintains metabolic homeostasis and contributes to oligodendrocyte precursor cells response in the developing neocortex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A sophisticated Ru/3DNCN catalyst were prepared through the template-assisted method. • Ru/3DNCN holds unique 3D porous interconnected structure and plenty of active sites. • Ru/3DNCN exhibits a top-level HER activity and robust stability in a wide pH range. • A Zn-H 2 fuel cell was assembled for hydrogen evolution and electricity generation. The rational design of a highly active, stable and Pt-free electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is critical to the development of renewable energy conversion systems but extremely challenging. Herein, a facile top-down strategy is presented to synthesize ultrafine Ru nanoparticles confined in three-dimensional (3D) porous nitrogen-doped carbon nanosheets (Ru/3DNCN). Compared with the state-of-the-art Pt/C catalyst, the Ru/3DNCN exhibits significantly boosted HER activity and stability over a wide pH range, which only requires the overpotential as low as 37 mV, 66 mV, and 17 mV to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm−2 in 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 , 1.0 M PBS, and 1.0 M KOH, respectively. Moreover, an alkali-acid Zn-H 2 battery is assembled by using the Ru/3DNCN as acid cathode and Zn plate as alkaline anode. Such hybrid battery can fulfill simultaneously hydrogen evolution and electricity generation, thanks to harvesting energy from both neutralization and Zn oxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• V 8 C 7 /CoP were prepared through pyrolysis and a subsequent phosphidation. • V 8 C 7 /CoP exhibits a splendid electrocatalytic activity toward HER, OER and UOR. • A V 8 C 7 /CoP-AAAE was set up for energy-saving electrolytic hydrogen production. Hydrogen production via water electrolysis for large scale application is still limited majorly by the huge energy consumption and high cost of catalyst materials. In this work, with rationally designing V/Co metal-organic framework (V/Co-MOF) as a precursor, a series of V 8 C 7 decorating CoP nanosheets-assembled microspheres (V 8 C 7 /CoP) was synthesized via pyrolysis and a subsequent phosphidation. Thanks to the synergistic effect between V 8 C 7 and CoP, the optimized V 8 C 7 /CoP as trifunctional catalysts exhibit remarkable performance toward hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and urea oxidation reaction (UOR). More importantly, we propose an acid-alkaline asymmetric-electrolyte electrolyzer (AAAE) by using the optimized V 8 C 7 /CoP electrode as both acidic cathode for HER and alkaline anode UOR, respectively. The optimum AAAE system only needs an applied voltage of 0.8 V to reach an electrolytic current density of 10 mA cm−2 for hydrogen production, which significantly reduces the energy consumption for hydrogen production owing to the assistance of electrochemical neutralization energy (ENE) and electrochemical urea oxidation energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), a life-threatening zoonosis caused by hantavirus, poses significant mortality risks and lacks specific treatments. This study aimed to delineate the transcriptomic alterations during the recovery phases of HFRS. Methods: RNA sequencing was employed to analyze the transcriptomic alterations in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HFRS patients across the oliguric phase (OP), diuretic phase (DP), and convalescent phase (CP). Twelve differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were validated using quantitative real-time PCR in larger sample sets. Results: Our analysis revealed pronounced transcriptomic differences between DP and OP, with 38 DEGs showing consistent expression changes across all three phases. Notably, immune checkpoint genes like CD83 and NR4A1 demonstrated a monotonic increase, in contrast to a monotonic decrease observed in antiviral and immunomodulatory genes, including IFI27 and RNASE2. Furthermore, this research elucidates a sustained attenuation of immune responses across three phases, alongside an upregulation of pathways related to tissue repair and regeneration. Conclusion: Our research reveals the transcriptomic shifts during the recovery phases of HFRS, illuminating key genes and pathways that may serve as biomarkers for disease progression and recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Aqueous zinc batteries (AZBs) are promising for large-scale energy storage. However, severe side reactions and Zn dendrite growth are challenging. "Water-in-salt" and organic/aqueous hybrid electrolytes address these problems but compromise the high ionic conductivity, superior safety, low cost, and good sustainability. Herein, an asymmetric acceptor–donor small organic molecule (NMU) is proposed to boost Zn anodes without compromising the advantages of AZBs. It is found that NMU molecules alter the H-bonding network and reconstruct Zn2+ solvation sheath. Besides, NMU additives tend to be absorbed on the Zn surface to build a water-poor electrical double layer and can in-situ form a robust solid-electrolyte interphase layer that protects the Zn anode. The Zn (0 0 2) plane can be predominately guided by NMU. Consequently, the lifespan of the Zn||Zn cell using NMU can maintain over 3000 h and the average Coulombic efficiency of the Zn||Cu cell reaches 99.7 % throughout 1800 cycles. Additionally, our strategy can be applied in highly-stable and versatile full cells with MnO 2 , activated carbon and conversion-type I 2 (capacity retention: 92.5 % throughout 10,000 cycles) cathodes under practical electrode ratios. The Zn||I 2 pouch cell with NMU also presents good cycling stability over 1100 cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We offer a new methodology for the construction of annual population stocks over the very long run. Our method does not require the assumption of a closed economy, and can be used in situations in which local annual gross flows are obtainable. Combining gross flows with intermittent census-type data, it is possible to arrive at local, regional and national population stock estimates at annual frequencies. We provide an application to early modern and nineteenth century Portugal, using a large sample of parish-level statistics up to the first modern census of 1864. All six major regions of the country are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although monomethoxy(polyethyleneglycol)-poly (D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid)-monomethoxy (PELGE) nanoparticles have been widely studied as a drug delivery system, little is known about their toxicity in vivo. Here we examined the subchronic toxicity and immunotoxicity of different doses of PELGE nanoparticles with diameters of 50 and 200 nm (PELGE50 and PELGE200) in rats. Neither size of PELGE nanoparticles showed obvious subchronic toxic effects during 28 d of continuous intravenous administration based on clinical observation, body weight, hematology parameters and histopathology analysis. PELGE200 nanoparticles showed no overt signs of immunotoxicity based on organ coefficients, histopathology analysis, immunoglobulin levels, blood lymphocyte subpopulations and splenocyte cytokines. Conversely, PELGE50 nanoparticles were associated with an increased organ coefficient and histopathological changes in the spleen, increased serum IgM and IgG levels, alterations in blood lymphocyte subpopulations and enhanced expression of spleen interferon-γ. Taken together, these results suggest that PELGE nanoparticles show low subchronic toxicity but substantial immunotoxicity, which depends strongly on particle size. These findings will be useful for safe application of PELGE nanoparticles in drug delivery systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of flexible zinc‐air batteries (FZABs) has attracted broad attention in the field of wearable electronic devices. Gel electrolyte is one of the most important components in FZABs, which is urgent to be optimized to match with Zn anode and adapt to severe climates. In this work, a polarized gel electrolyte of polyacrylamide‐sodium citric (PAM‐SC) is designed for FZABs, in which the SC molecules contain large amount of polarized −COO− functional groups. The polarized −COO− groups can form an electrical field between gel electrolyte and Zn anode to suppress Zn dendrite growth. Besides, the −COO− groups in PAM‐SC can fix H2O molecules, which prevents water from freezing and evaporating. The polarized PAM‐SC hydrogel delivers a high ionic conductivity of 324.68 mS cm−1 and water retention of 96.85 % after being exposed for 96 h. FZABs with the PAM‐SC gel electrolyte exhibit long cycling life of 700 cycles at −40 °C, showing the application prospect under extreme conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of flexible zinc‐air batteries (FZABs) has attracted broad attention in the field of wearable electronic devices. Gel electrolyte is one of the most important components in FZABs, which is urgent to be optimized to match with Zn anode and adapt to severe climates. In this work, a polarized gel electrolyte of polyacrylamide‐sodium citric (PAM‐SC) is designed for FZABs, in which the SC molecules contain large amount of polarized −COO− functional groups. The polarized −COO− groups can form an electrical field between gel electrolyte and Zn anode to suppress Zn dendrite growth. Besides, the −COO− groups in PAM‐SC can fix H2O molecules, which prevents water from freezing and evaporating. The polarized PAM‐SC hydrogel delivers a high ionic conductivity of 324.68 mS cm−1 and water retention of 96.85 % after being exposed for 96 h. FZABs with the PAM‐SC gel electrolyte exhibit long cycling life of 700 cycles at −40 °C, showing the application prospect under extreme conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitosan is a kind of polysaccharide cationic polymer, which has excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability and biological activity. In recent years, chitosan has been widely used as medical materials because of its non-toxicity, non-immunogenicity and rich sources. This paper reviews chitosan chemistry, the basic principles and influence of electrospinning technology, the blending of chitosan with polyethylene oxide, polyvinyl alcohol, polycaprolactone, polylactic acid, protein, polysaccharide and other polymer materials, the blending of chitosan with oxides, metals, carbon-based and other inorganic substances for electrospinning, the application of chitosan electrospinning nanofibers in medical field and its mechanism in clinical application. In order to provide reference for the in-depth study of electrospinning technology in the field of medical and health. [Display omitted] • The chemical reactions for the modification of chitosan were summarized. • The fundamentals and parameters of electrospinning technology were classified. • The blending electrospinning of chitosan with different polymers was reviewed. • The blending electrospinning of chitosan with different inorganics was examined. • Applications and mechanism of chitosan-based nanofibers in medical field were summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this review, the key issues that how to observe, understand, design, and use catalytic effect in Li-S batteries are systematically discussed. A research paradigm for catalytic effect is further proposed, which will enlighten the future development of Li-S batteries and other next-generation batteries based on conversion reactions. [Display omitted] Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries with high energy density have been considered one kind of promising next-generation energy storage system. However, the shuttling effect of polysulfides caused by the intrinsic sluggish reaction kinetics severely hinders their commercialization. The catalytic effect, a powerful solution towards polysulfides shuttling by accelerating the conversion of polysulfides, has aroused great attention. Numerous catalysts have been developed and proved to have catalytic effects in the past years. More importantly, many advanced in-situ characterization technologies and electronic structure analyses have been combined to study the "black box" of the catalytic process, which promotes the practical application of Li-S batteries entering a new stage. In this review, instead of summarizing recent achievements in catalyst materials and structural designs, the key issues that how to observe, understand, design, and use catalytic effect in Li-S batteries are systematically discussed. In-situ techniques are summarized to see the actual catalytic process. Band theory is applied to understand the electronic structure, thus deciphering design principles and strategies of catalytic effect. Subsequently, how to use the catalytic effect to realize Ah-level Li-S pouch cells is analyzed. Last, we propose a research paradigm for catalytic effect, which will enlighten the future development of Li-S batteries and other next-generation batteries based on conversion reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To identify the intention of Chinese pregnant women to undertake physical activity (PA) using the theory of planned behaviour. Design: A cross‐sectional survey. Methods: From April – October 2017, a cross‐sectional questionnaire was completed by 746 pregnant women from the Health Birth Cohort in Wuhan, China. The theory of planned behaviour variables as well as sociodemographic characteristics was recorded, and the Pregnancy PA Questionnaire was together used to assess their PA during pregnancy. Results: Only 11.3% of the women met the international guideline. The intention to undertake PA was found it to be positive in 63.9% of pregnant women. Structural equation modelling analysis revealed that behavioural attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control (PBC) influenced PA by directly influencing the behaviour intention. Both behavioural attitude and subjective norms influenced PA by indirectly affecting the behaviour. Overall, the model described 60% variance of the behavioural intention to undertake PA during pregnancy. Conclusion: PBC was confirmed to be a prominent factor in determining behavioural intention to undertake PA during pregnancy. Pregnant women should be helped and appropriately guided by health providers to overcome barriers to PA. Effect: This study investigates the effect of perceived behavioural control (PBC) on the intention to undertake physical activity (PA). The findings suggest that nurses' and midwives' attention should be focused on how to promote the improvement of perceived behavioural control ability of pregnant women to improve pregnant women's PA intention. The attitude of pregnant women on taking up PA and their ability to control behaviours can be improved with support from family or healthcare providers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microglia are highly heterogeneous as resident immune cells in the central nervous system. Although the proinflammatory phenotype of microglia is driven by the metabolic transformation in the disease state, the mechanism of metabolic reprogramming in microglia and whether it affects surrounding astrocyte progenitors have not been well elucidated. Here, we illustrate the communication between microglial metabolism and astrogenesis during embryonic development. The transcription factor BTB and CNC homology 1 (Bach1) reduces lactate production by inhibiting two key enzymes, HK2 and GAPDH, during glycolysis. Metabolic perturbation of microglia reduces lactate-dependent histone modification enrichment at the Lrrc15 promoter. The microglia-derived LRRC15 interacts with CD248 to participate in the JAK/STAT pathway and influence astrogenesis. In addition, Bach1 cKO-Cx3 mice exhibit abnormal neuronal differentiation and anxiety-like behaviors. Altogether, this work suggests that the maintenance of microglia metabolic homeostasis during early brain development is closely related to astrogenesis, providing insights into astrogenesis and related diseases. [Display omitted] • Transcription factor Bach1 is essential for microglia metabolic homeostasis and histone lactylation • Decreased H4K12la levels in microglia reduce histone lactylation enrichment at the promoter of Lrrc15 • Microglia-derived LRRC15 participates in astrogenesis through the JAK/STAT pathway • Microglia Bach1 -deficient mice show anxiety-like behavior Wang and Wang et al. reported that BACH1 can orchestrate astrogenesis by influencing microglia metabolic homeostasis. Absence of BACH1 leads to decreased lactate-dependent histone modification at the Lrrc15 promoter, which affects astrogenesis through the CD248-JAK-STAT signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A hypotoxic molten-salt-assisted method was developed to synthesize Co 2 P (t-Co 2 P). • The t-Co 2 P can spontaneously transform into CoOOH in alkaline solutions. • The t-Co 2 P can effectively electrocatalysis acidic hydrogen evolution reaction. • CoOOH can effectively electrocatalysis alkaline sulfite (SO 3 2–) oxidation. • A hybrid acid-alkali electrolyzer was built for H 2 generation and sulfite removal. Co 2 P has been widely applied in a variety of applications yet still faces challenges in implementing hypotoxic and large-scale synthesis. We here report a scalable synthetic route to produce tussock-like nanostructured Co 2 P (t-Nano Co 2 P), which exhibits high-performance electrocatalytic properties toward acidic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Such t-Nano Co 2 P can evolve to CoOOH nanoplates that show excellent electrocatalytic activity for sulfite oxidation reaction (SOR) in alkaline solution. The findings encourage us to construct a hybrid acid/alkali electrolyzer with t-Nano Co 2 P and its CoOOH derivative as catalysts of acidic cathode for HER and alkaline anode for SOR, respectively, which performs excellently with capability of synchronous generation of H 2 and sulfate in an industrial-level rate at a relatively low applied voltage. The proof-of-concept electrolyzer, by virtue of the viability of scalable synthesis and high-production yield, holds great promise for co-production of H 2 and sulfate in an energy-effective and environmentally-friendly manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel anti-tumor candidate drug, 5-chlorogenic acid (5-CQA) injection, was used for the treatment of malignant glioma in clinical trial (phase I) in China. The isolation and identification of the metabolites of 5-CQA injection in humans were investigated in the present study. Urine and feces samples obtained after intramuscular administration of 5-CQA injection to healthy adults have been analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass and multiple-stage mass spectrometry (HPLC-HRMS/MS). No metabolite was detected in human feces; however, in human urine, a total of six metabolites were identified including isomerized 5-CQA (P1 and P2), hydrolyzed 5-CQA (M1and M2), and methylated 5-CQA (M3 and M4). Among them, M3 and M4 were the main metabolites and target analytes for human mass balance study. Additionally, the structure of M3 and M4 was characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography-solid phase extraction-nuclear magnetic resonance (HPLC-SPE-NMR), and the results demonstrated that the methoxy group of M3 and M4 was exclusively attributed to C-3′ and C-4′, respectively. Due to the unavailability of commercial reference, the pure products of M3 and M4 were synthesized by 5-CQA methylation and followed by isolation and purification. Moreover, the potential activity of M3 and M4 on malignant glioma was predicted using a reverse molecular docking analysis on eight malignant glioma-related pathways. The results showed that M3 and M4 had various interactions against malignant glioma-related targets. Our study provides an insight into the metabolism of 5-CQA injection in humans and supports the clinical human mass balance study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ammonia is a vital chemical raw material for both industry and agriculture, the current ammonia synthesis process is based on the Haber-Bosch process yet faces issues of high-energy consumption and high CO 2 emission. Electrochemical nitrite reduction reaction (NO 2 −RR) has been considered as one of the alternative paths for ammonia synthesis. Here, we develop a large-scale viable route for synthesis of 2H–MoS 2 nanosheets (MoS 2 NSs), which show high activity as electrocatalyst for high-efficiency conversion of NO 2 −RR to ammonia, the yields of NH 3 production rate reaches as high as 8.99 mg cm−2 h−1 with a faradaic efficiency of 93.52%. A hybrid electrolytic cell is constructed by coupling MoS 2 NSs as NO 2 −RR cathode in neutral electrolyte with oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline solution, which can operate stably for more than 120 h with the capability of continuously producing ammonia at the production rate of 38.79 mg cm−2 h−1. • Scalable molten-salt-assisted synthesis MoS 2 nanosheets (MoS 2 NSs). • MoS 2 NSs can effectively electrocatalysis nitrite to NH 3 in neutral media. • The Faradaic efficiency from nitrite to NH 3 catalyzed by MoS 2 NSs reaches 93.52%. • Neutral/alkaline electrolyzer was built for NH 3 production (stability: >120 h). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manganese contamination has become a serious environmental problem in the world and bacterial removal plays an important role in global cycling of manganese. In this study, microorganism distribution within samples from a manganese mine was analyzed with PCR-DGGE technology. The results suggested that Manganese oxidizing bacteria (such as Bacillus , Hyphomicrobiaceae and Erythrobacter ) were dominant in the soil. In addition, a Lysinibacillus sp. Isolate, strain MK-1, revealed robust growth at high Mn(II) concentrations up to 1 mM. At that concentration, 55.94% of added Mn(II) was oxidized and 36.23% of the Mn(II) was adsorbed by MK-1(total manganese removal reached 94.67%) after 7 days of culturing. By measuring its metabolic process, the great role of biological adsorption was found. Additionally, the spectroscopic result demonstrated that Mn(III) was an intermediate during the biological oxidation process. These findings increase the knowledge of biological manganese removal mechanisms and show some potentials to the operation of manganese treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This paper analyzes the microstructure and electrical insulation characteristics at the interface of 500 kV XLPE cable factory joints for EHVDC application. • Microporous defects are observed at the interface and the #1000 roughness is the threshold beyond which the trend of each parameter is reversed. • Degassing treatment promotes the orderly folding and recrystallization of the molecular chains arranged the amorphous region and significantly reduces the microporous defects at the interface. • An interfacial microscopic model and a charge transfer model are proposed to analyze the mechanism of material properties under different roughnesses and electric fields. This paper analyzes the microstructure and electrical insulation characteristics at the interface of 500 kV cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) cable factory joints for extra high voltage direct current (EHVDC) application. The interface between two layers was polished by different grit sandpapers (80, 400, 1000, 2000, and 0000 (unpolished)). The samples (#1000) polished by 1000 grit mesh at the interface were degassed at 70°C for 0, 12, 36, 90, and 200 h, respectively. Physico-chemical and electrical experiments were performed on the prepared test samples. It is found that increasing the number of sandpaper grit meshes reduces the average lamellae thickness at the interface and increases the crystallinity. Moreover, microporous defects are observed at the interface. The parameters viz elongation at break, current density, and the number of microporous defects increase initially and then decrease. However, the space charge accumulation, threshold electric field strength, and DC breakdown decrease initially and then increase. Notably, the #1000 roughness is a turning point. On the other side, degassing treatment promotes the orderly folding and recrystallization of the molecular chains arranged the amorphous region and significantly reduces the microporous defects at the interface. The mechanical properties are affected to a certain extent. The improved microstructure reduces the space charge accumulation and the current density of the sample, and increases the DC breakdown strength. An interfacial microscopic model and a charge transport model are proposed to analyze the mechanism of material properties under different roughnesses and electric fields. The results indicate that the ultra-smooth interface and degassing treatment strengthen the molecular chain linking at the interface. Moreover, they significantly reduce the microporous defects at the interface and improve the insulation properties of the factory joint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A tri-profitable electrochemical cell for energy saving, hydrogen production, gluconate production. • Bifunctional high-activity electrocatalyst of Fe 0.1 -CoSe 2. • Acidic hydrogen evolution and alkaline glucose oxidation. • Electrochemical neutralization energy assisted aqueous electrochemical system. Electrolytic synthesis shows great promise to address the pressing environmental and energy issues by synergy with the ever increasing renewable energy. In this article, we report a tri-profitable alkaline-acidic asymmetric electrolytic cell (3A-EC) by coupling glucose oxidation reaction (GOR) in alkaline anode with hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in acidic cathode. We design and fabricate bifunctional electrode with iron doped cobalt diselenide nanowires on conductive carbon cloth (Fe 0.1 -CoSe 2 /CC), which shows highly attractive electrocatalytic activity and stability for GOR in alkali and HER in acid, respectively. The as-built 3A-EC only requires an applied voltage of 0.72 V to achieve an electrolytic current density of 10 mA cm−2 for H 2 and gluconate generation, thanks to successfully harvesting electrochemical energy from both glucose oxidation and neutralization. The present work presents an innovative strategy of killing three birds with one stone for saving energy and generating two value-added products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glioblastoma is an aggressive tumor that is associated with distinctive infiltrating microglia/macrophages populations. Previous studies demonstrated that chlorogenic acid (5-caffeoylquinic acid, CHA), a phenolic compound with low molecular weight, has an anti-tumor effect in multiple malignant tumors. In the present study, we focused on the macrophage polarization to investigate the molecular mechanisms behind the anti-glioma response of CHA in vitro and in vivo. We found that CHA treatment increased the expression of M1 markers induced by LPS/IFNγ, including iNOS, MHC II (I-A/I-E subregions) and CD11c, and reduced the expression of M2 markers Arg and CD206 induced by IL-4, resulting in promoting the production of apoptotic-like cancer cells and inhibiting the growth of tumor cells by co-culture experiments. The activations of STAT1 and STAT6, which are two crucial signaling events in M1 and M2-polarization, were significantly promoted and suppressed by CHA in macrophages, respectively. Furthermore, In G422 xenograft mice, CHA increased the proportion of CD11c-positive M1 macrophages and decreased the distribution of CD206-positive M2 macrophages in tumor tissue, consistent with the reduction of tumor weight observed in CHA-treated mice. Overall these findings indicated CHA as a potential therapeutic approach to reduce glioma growth through promoting M1-polarized macrophage and inhibiting M2 phenotypic macrophage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]