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ABSTRACT Objective Method Results Discussion The present longitudinal study examined sex‐specific, symptom‐level relationships among emotion regulation (ER), interpersonal problems (IP), and eating disorder (ED) psychopathology in a large sample of Chinese adolescents.Data were from a project with four waves of data collection (N = 1540; 710 boys and 830 girls) at 6‐month intervals over 18 months. Questionnaires assessed ED psychopathology, ER, and IP at each wave of data collection. Longitudinal network analyses were conducted separately for boys and girls. Sex differences in the network structures were also examined.The results revealed pronounced heterogeneity in the presentation of ED psychopathology, ER, and IP across Chinese adolescent boys and girls longitudinally and intra‐individually. For example, weight/shape preoccupation in ED psychopathology and awareness in ER emerged as important nodes in the temporal network for boys. However, weight/shape preoccupation and dissatisfaction in ED psychopathology were identified as the most important nodes in the temporal network for girls. Regarding bridge strength, awareness in ER emerged as the node with the highest connectivity in the temporal network for boys. At the same time, weight/shape dissatisfaction in ED psychopathology was the node with the highest connectivity for girls.The current study extended network theory to better understand the longitudinal interplay among ER, IP, and ED psychopathology in Chinese adolescents and their sex differences in the importance of symptoms. Such insights may pave the way for developing targeted prevention and treatment strategies for adolescent boys and girls in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, Bayesian diagnostic classification modeling has been becoming popular in health psychology, education, and sociology. Typically information criteria are used for model selection when researchers want to choose the best model among alternative models. In Bayesian estimation, posterior predictive checking is a flexible Bayesian model evaluation tool, which allows researchers to detect Q‐matrix misspecification. However, model selection methods using posterior predictive checking (PPC) for Bayesian DCM are not well investigated. Thus, this research aims to propose a novel model selection approach using posterior predictive checking with limited‐information statistics for selecting the correct Q‐matrix. A simulation study was conducted to examine the performance of the proposed method. Furthermore, an empirical example was provided to illustrate how it can be used in real scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Near-field radiative heat transfer (NFRHT) between multilayer graphene/hBN heterostructures has been demonstrated to exceed the blackbody limit due to the coupling mechanism of surface plasmon polaritons and hyperbolic phonon polaritons, opening the door to applications in thermal management, thermophotovoltaics, and nanoscale metrology. Recent studies have shown that adding vacuum layers within multilayer structures can effectively promote surface modes and thus enhance NFRHT. However, the influence of vacuum layers on NFRHT between multilayer graphene/hBN heterostructures has not been investigated. Moreover, the influence of vacuum layers on coupled resonance modes excited in multilayer structures is worth discussing. In this work, we study the NFRHT based on multilayer graphene/vacuum/hBN/vacuum structures. The results show that as the gap distance increases from 20 nm to 100 nm, the NFRHT of three-cell and six-cell configurations is enhanced, while that of unit-cell configuration is suppressed. The potential mechanism can be identified as the excitation of surface plasmon-phonon polaritons (SPPPs) and hyperbolic plasmon-phonon polaritons (HPPPs) in multilayer structures. The enhancement factor of the six-cell configurations is up to 4.82 when the gap distance is 80 nm. Moreover, the influences of the chemical potential of graphene and the layer thickness on the NFRHT are discussed. The interesting results in this work indicate the perspectives for future near-field research involving coupling of SPPPs and HPPPs, and shed new light on high-performance devices introducing vacuum layers based on near-field radiative heat transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving the accuracy of zenith tropospheric delay (ZTD) models is an important task. However, the existing ZTD models still have limitations, such as a lack of appropriate vertical adjustment function and being unsuitable for China, which has a complex climate and great undulating terrain. A new approach that considers the time-varying vertical adjustment and delicate diurnal variations of ZTD was introduced to develop a new grid ZTD model (NGZTD). The NGZTD model employed the Gaussian function and considered the seasonal variations of Gaussian coefficients to express the vertical variations of ZTD. The effectiveness of vertical interpolation for the vertical adjustment model (NGZTD-H) was validated. The root mean squared errors (RMSE) of the NGZTD-H model improved by 58% and 22% compared to the global pressure and temperature 3 (GPT3) model using ERA5 and radiosonde data, respectively. The NGZTD model's effectiveness for directly estimating the ZTD was validated. The NGZTD model improved by 22% and 31% compared to the GPT3 model using GNSS-derived ZTD and layered ZTD at radiosonde stations, respectively. Seasonal variations in Gaussian coefficients need to be considered. Using constant Gaussian coefficients will generate large errors. The NGZTD model exhibited outstanding advantages in capturing diurnal variations and adapting to undulating terrain. We analyzed and discussed the main error sources of the NGZTD model using validation of spatial interpolation accuracy. This new ZTD model has potential applications in enhancing the reliability of navigation, positioning, and interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) measurements and is recommended to promote the development of space geodesy techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interwell connectivity assessment in polymer-driven reservoirs is critical for setting appropriate injection rates and improving oil recovery. Traditional deep learning techniques often lack accuracy and reliability when applied to short-term oilfield production data. In response, the A-LSTM algorithm is proposed, which integrates the attention mechanism with a long- and short-term memory network (LSTM). The predictive accuracy of A-LSTM is assessed and juxtaposed with LSTM and support vector regression (SVR) algorithms for short-term single-well daily oil production analysis. The Huber loss function was utilized to quantify the difference between predicted and actual results, resulting in a dynamic production prediction model. An interwell connectivity (IWC) assessment model is then obtained by fusing the dynamic production prediction model with the EFAST method, thus demonstrating the superior prediction accuracy of A-LSTM in oil production prediction and connectivity assessment. Moreover, the credibility of the assessment is further corroborated through numerical simulations and interwell tracer tests. The study results showed that the interwell connectivity evaluation model based on the A-LSTM algorithm and EFAST method is not only capable of accurately predicting the single-well daily oil production using a small sample dataset but also a highly reliable method for interwell connectivity evaluation, and the application of the interwell connectivity assessment model can further guide polymer flooding work in oilfields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to investigate the network structure of depressive symptoms, the interrelationships between individual personality traits and depressive symptoms, and gender differences among Chinese older people aged 60 and above. We performed network analyses with a regularized Graphical Gaussian Model and a case-dropping bootstrap approach. A sample of 4876 older Chinese people aged 60+ was included in the analyses. We investigated the central symptoms in the depression network and the bridge nodes that connect personality facets and depressive symptoms. Gender differences were investigated by testing the global strength, network invariance, and edge weights. S adness and depressed mood were the most central depressive symptoms, while somatic symptoms such as restless sleep were the least central. Neurotic facets, particularly " worry a lot " and " get nervous easily ", played significant bridging roles in the web of personality traits and depressive symptoms. Gender differences were observed in three edges among different personality traits (rude-worried, original-worried, and forgiving-nervous). The study adopts a cross-sectional dataset, and therefore, cannot track the network changes over time or conclude a causal relationship. The study calls for more focus and prioritization on sadness, depressed mood and neurotic traits in the identification of depression among older Chinese people. Future researchers and practitioners should better understand of older Chinese adults' worry and nervousness to develop appropriate practices and policies. • Sadness and depressed mood, not restless sleep, are central symptoms for depression. • Neuroticism plays a critical bridging role between personality and depression. • Gender differences exist between neuroticism and other personality traits including openness and agreeableness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The atmospheric weighted mean temperature (Tm) is a key parameter in global navigation satellite system (GNSS) water vapor retrieval and can convert the zenith wet delay (ZWD) into precipitable water vapor (PWV). However, there are some shortcomings in the existing Tm models, such as the detailed time-varying lapse rate not being considered. Additionally, the spatiotemporal characteristics of Tm need to be further refined. Therefore, we developed a new global high-precision and high-spatiotemporal-resolution Tm model considering time-varying lapse rate using the latest European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts ReAnalysis 5 (ERA5) atmospheric reanalysis data. Firstly, a global multidimensional Tm lapse rate model (NGGTm-H model) was developed using the sliding window algorithm. Secondly, the daily variation characteristics of Tm and its relationships with geographical situation were investigated. Finally, a hybrid-grid global Tm model considering time-varying lapse rate (NGGTm model) was developed. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed model, the NGGTm model was compared with the Bevis and GPT3 models using the Tm data recorded at 378 radiosonde stations in 2017 and the surface grid Tm data calculated from the ERA5 reanalysis data. The results show that taking the surface grid Tm data of ERA5 as reference values, the average root mean square error (RMSE) value predicted by the NGGTm model was 2.84 K, which was higher with 0.50 K, 0.18 K and 0.06 K than those of the Bevis, GPT3-5 and GPT3-1 models, respectively. Meanwhile, taking the Tm data from the radiosonde stations as the reference values, the mean bias and RMSE of the NGGTm model were 0.10 K and 3.30 K, respectively, which exhibit the best accuracy and stability among the Bevis, GPT3-5 and GPT3-1 models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In recent years, Raoultella ornithinolytica (R. ornithinolytica) have attracted clinical attention as a new type of pathogen. A wide range of infections with these germs is reported, and commonly found in urinary tract infections, respiratory infections, and bacteremia. Case presentation: We report the case of an elderly woman with liver abscess, choledocholithiasis and cholangitis, who developed gastric fistula and abdominal abscess after underwent choledocholithotomy, and R. ornithinolytica were isolated from the abdominal drainage fluid. The patient was treated with meropenem and levofloxacin and had a good outcome. Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, case of isolating R. ornithinolytica from a patient with non-viscerally abdominal abscess was extremely rare. We share a case of a woman with non-viscerally abdominal abscess secondary to postoperative gastric fistula, R. ornithinolytica was isolated from the patient's pus, and the pathogenic bacteria may originate from the gastrointestinal tract. Based on this case, We should be cautious that invasive treatment may greatly increase the probability of infection with this pathogenic bacterium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: As a maternal tissue, the pericarp supports and protects for other components of seed, such as embryo and endosperm. Despite the importance of maize pericarp in seed, the genome‐wide transcriptome pattern throughout maize pericarp development has not been well characterized. Here, we developed RNA‐seq transcriptome atlas of B73 maize pericarp development based on 21 samples from 5 days before fertilization (DBP5) to 32 days after fertilization (DAP32). A total of 25 346 genes were detected in programming pericarp development, including 1887 transcription factors (TFs). Together with pericarp morphological changes, the global clustering of gene expression revealed four developmental stages: undeveloped, thickening, expansion and strengthening. Coexpression analysis provided further insights on key regulators in functional transition of four developmental stages. Combined with non‐seed, embryo, endosperm, and nucellus transcriptome data, we identified 598 pericarp‐specific genes, including 75 TFs, which could elucidate key mechanisms and regulatory networks of pericarp development. Cell wall related genes were identified that reflected their crucial role in the maize pericarp structure building. In addition, key maternal proteases or TFs related with programmed cell death (PCD) were proposed, suggesting PCD in the maize pericarp was mediated by vacuolar processing enzymes (VPE), and jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene‐related pathways. The dynamic transcriptome atlas provides a valuable resource for unraveling the genetic control of maize pericarp development. Significance Statement: This study provides a high temporal resolution transcriptome atlas for unraveling the genetic control of maize pericarp development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary: The creation of effective and inexpensive catalysts is essential for photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Homogeneous molecular catalysts, possessing definite crystal structures, are desirable to study the relationship between catalytic performance and coordination microenvironment around catalytic center. In this report, we elaborately developed three Co(II)‐based molecular catalysts with different coordination microenvironments for CO2 reduction, named [CoN3O]ClO4, [CoN4]ClO4, and [CoN3S]ClO4, respectively. The optimal [CoN3O]ClO4 photocatalyst has a maximum TON of 5652 in photocatalytic reduced CO2 reduction, which is 1.28 and 1.65 times greater than that of [CoN4]ClO4 and [CoN3S]ClO4, respectively. The high electronegativity of oxygen in L1 (N,N‐bis(2‐pyridylmethyl)‐N‐(2‐hydroxybenzyl)amine) provides the Co(II) catalytic centers with low reduction potentials and a more stable *COOH intermediate, which facilitates the CO2‐to‐CO conversion and accounts for the high photocatalytic activity of [CoN3O]ClO4. This work provides researchers new insights in development of catalysts for photocatalytic CO2 reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy metabolism is essential for insect metamorphosis. The accumulation and utilization of energy is still not completely clear during larval–pupal metamorphosis of holometabolous insects. We used metabolome and transcriptome analysis to reveal key metabolic changes in the fat body and plasma and the underlying metabolic regulation mechanism of Helicoverpa armigera, an important global agricultural insect pest, during larval–pupal metamorphosis. During the feeding stage, activation of aerobic glycolysis provided intermediate metabolites and energy for cell proliferation and lipid synthesis. During the non‐feeding stages (the initiation of the wandering stage and the prepupal stage), aerobic glycolysis was suppressed, while, triglyceride degradation was activated in the fat body. The blocking of metabolic pathways in the fat body was probably caused by 20‐hydroxyecdysone‐induced cell apoptosis. 20‐hydroxyecdysone cooperated with carnitine to promote the degradation of triglycerides and the accumulation of acylcarnitines in the hemolymph, allowing rapid transportation and supply of lipids from the fat body to other organs, which provided a valuable reference for revealing the metabolic regulation mechanism of lepidopteran larvae during the last instar. Carnitine and acylcarnitines are first reported to be key factors that mediate the degradation and utilization of lipids during larval–pupal metamorphosis of lepidopteran insects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the process of accessing distributed power sources in microgrid, there will be serious coupling between active power and reactive power, which will lead to significant changes in the inverter outlet voltage and impedance and increase the circulating current phenomenon. The generation of circulating current will accelerate the aging of devices, reduce the inverter efficiency, and threaten the stable operation of the system. In this paper, the mechanism of circulating current generation is analysed, the basic characteristics of circulating current are studied, and an inverter parallel circulating current suppression strategy with adaptive virtual composite impedance and droop control dynamic adjustment algorithm is proposed. The virtual impedance setting can weaken the influence of line difference on system stability, make the system equivalent output impedance resistive, weaken the inductive device characteristics and reduce the circulating current amplitude; the adaptive droop algorithm implantation dynamically correlates the control power with the droop coefficient, enhance the power decoupling accuracy and weaken the circulating current influenced by power changes. The simulation platform and experimental setup established by the large‐scale simulation software PSCAD/EMTDC are used to study the basic scenarios of the inverter under two conditions of equal and unequal capacity, and the rationality of the proposed control strategy is tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the literature of modern psychometric modeling, mostly related to item response theory (IRT), the fit of model is evaluated through known indices, such as χ2, M2, and root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) for absolute assessments as well as Akaike information criterion (AIC), consistent AIC (CAIC), and Bayesian information criterion (BIC) for relative comparisons. Recent developments show a merging trend of psychometric and machine learnings, yet there remains a gap in the model fit evaluation, specifically the use of the area under curve (AUC). This study focuses on the behaviors of AUC in fitting IRT models. Rounds of simulations were conducted to investigate AUC's appropriateness (e.g., power and Type I error rate) under various conditions. The results show that AUC possessed certain advantages under certain conditions such as high-dimensional structure with two-parameter logistic (2PL) and some three-parameter logistic (3PL) models, while disadvantages were also obvious when the true model is unidimensional. It cautions researchers about the dangers of using AUC solely in evaluating psychometric models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposed Gibbs sampling algorithms for variable selection in a latent regression model under a unidimensional two‐parameter logistic item response theory model. Three types of shrinkage priors were employed to obtain shrinkage estimates: double‐exponential (i.e., Laplace), horseshoe, and horseshoe+ priors. These shrinkage priors were compared to a uniform prior case in both simulation and real data analysis. The simulation study revealed that two types of horseshoe priors had a smaller root mean square errors and shorter 95% credible interval lengths than double‐exponential or uniform priors. In addition, the horseshoe+ prior was slightly more stable than the horseshoe prior. The real data example successfully proved the utility of horseshoe and horseshoe+ priors in selecting effective predictive covariates for math achievement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Near-field radiative heat transfer (NFRHT) could surpass the blackbody limit defined by Stefan-Bolzmann's law by several orders of magnitude, which has potential applications in thermal switching, thermal management, and photovoltaics. To further develop the NFRHT from theory to application, the substrate, which could enhance the stability of the structure, is a critical factor not to be ignored. However, the substrate effect on the NFRHT is still rarely discussed. In this work, we investigate the NFRHT between hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) films with different permittivities of the substrate. Results demonstrate that when the thickness of the film is 1 nm, increasing the permittivity of the substrate will suppress the NFRHT. In contrast, when the thickness of the film is larger (>2 nm), the high-permittivity substrate could enhance the NFRHT. The spectral heat flux (SHF) corresponding to substrates with different permittivities was investigated. The SHF in Type I hyperbolic band of hBN increases with the increase in the permittivity of the substrate, while that in Type II hyperbolic band is completely opposite. This competitive relationship leads to the above-mentioned phenomenon of NFRHT. The underlying physics mechanism can also be explained by the hyperbolic phonon polaritons (HPPs), which are analyzed by the energy transmission coefficients and dispersion relations. The findings in this work will deepen the understanding of the substrate on HPPs and pave a novel way for near-field radiation devices based on hyperbolic materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considered herein is the initial-boundary value problem for a semilinear parabolic equation with a memory term and non-local source w t − Δ B w − Δ B w t + ∫ 0 t g (t − τ) Δ B w (τ) d τ = | w | p − 1 w − 1 | B | ∫ B | w | p − 1 w d x 1 x 1 d x ′ on a manifold with conical singularity, where the Fuchsian type Laplace operator Δ B is an asymmetry elliptic operator with conical degeneration on the boundary x 1 = 0 . Firstly, we discuss the symmetrical structure of invariant sets with the help of potential well theory. Then, the problem can be decomposed into two symmetric cases: if w 0 ∈ W and Π (w 0) > 0 , the global existence for the weak solutions will be discussed by a series of energy estimates under some appropriate assumptions on the relaxation function, initial data and the symmetric structure of invariant sets. On the contrary, if w 0 ∈ V and Π (w 0) < 0 , the nonexistence of global solutions, i.e., the solutions blow up in finite time, is obtained by using the convexity technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Field-induced metasurface is an applicable technique to prevent the high-intensity-radiated-field (HIRF). To improve the measurement accuracy, this article presents the design of a waveguide that forms high-intensity TEM waves within its closed transverse boundaries. The proposed quasi-TEM waveguide adopts two artificial magnetic conductors (AMCs) on the sidewalls of a standard rectangular waveguide. And the construction of the AMC is based on the theory of high impedance surface (HIS), which performs perfect magnetic conductor (PMC) properties at its resonant frequency. Then, a prototype is designed and fabricated to measure the electric field distributions and demonstrate the theoretical analysis and simulation. The measurement results indicate that the proposed waveguide could realize a 1 dB rippled electric-field distribution in more than 90% region, compared to that of 30% in the standard waveguide. Finally, high-intensity-field measurements of a field-induced sample, energy selective surface (ESS), are compared in the proposed waveguide and a standard waveguide. The comparison result has proved that the proposed waveguide could better evaluate the HIRF performance of the field-induced metasurface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Insect metamorphosis from larvae to pupae is one of the most important stages of insect life history. Relatively comprehensive information related to gene transcription profiles during lepidopteran metamorphosis is required to understand the molecular mechanism underlying this important stage. We conducted transcriptional profiling of the brain and fat body of the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) during its transition from last instar larva into pupa to explore the physiological processes associated with different phases of metamorphosis. Results: During metamorphosis, the differences in gene expression patterns and the number of differentially expressed genes in the fat body were found to be greater than those in the brain. Each stage had a specific gene expression pattern, which contributed to different physiological changes. A decrease in juvenile hormone levels at the feeding stage is associated with increased expression levels of two genes (juvenile hormone esterase, juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase). The expression levels of neuropeptides were highly expressed at the feeding stage and the initiation of the wandering stage and less expressed at the prepupal stage and the initiation of the pupal stage. The transcription levels of many hormone (or neuropeptide) receptors were specifically increased at the initiation of the wandering stage in comparison with other stages. The expression levels of many autophagy-related genes in the fat body were found to be gradually upregulated during metamorphosis. The activation of apoptosis was probably related to enhanced expression of many key genes (Apaf1, IAP-binding motif 1 like, cathepsins, caspases). Active proliferation might be associated with enhanced expression levels in several factors (JNK pathway: jun-D; TGF-β pathway: decapentaplegic, glass bottom boat; insulin pathway: insulin-like peptides from the fat body; Wnt pathway: wntless, TCF/Pangolin). Conclusions: This study revealed several vital physiological processes and molecular events of metamorphosis and provided valuable information for illustrating the process of insect metamorphosis from larvae to pupae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scientific use of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) to improve the production capacity of saline–alkali soil is critical to achieve green agriculture and sustainable land use. It serves as a foundation for the scientific use of CMC to clarify the water and salt transport characteristics of CMC-treated soil. In this study, a one-dimensional soil column infiltration experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of different CMC dosages (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 g/kg) on the infiltration characteristics, infiltration model parameters, water and salt distribution, and salt leaching of saline–alkali soil in Xinjiang, China. The results showed that the final cumulative infiltration of CMC-treated soil increased by 8.63–20.72%, and the infiltration time to reach the preset wetting front depth increased by 1.02–3.96 times. The sorptivity (S) in the Philip infiltration model and comprehensive shape coefficient (α) in the algebraic infiltration model showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing with CMC dosage, revealing a quadratic polynomial relationship. The algebraic model could accurately simulate the water content profile of CMC-treated soil. CMC enhanced the soil water holding capacity and salt leaching efficiency. The average soil water content, desalination rate, and leaching efficiency were increased by 5.18–15.54%, 21.17–57.15%, and 11.61–30.18%, respectively. The effect of water retention and salt inhibition on loamy sand was the best when the CMC dosage was 0.6 g/ kg. In conclusion, the results provide a theoretical basis for the rational application of CMC to improve saline–alkali soil in arid areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of soil conditioners in conjunction with brackish water irrigation is critical for the efficient development and use of brackish water as well as the enhancement of the structure of saline soil and stimulating crop growth. This study investigated the effects of different polyacrylamide (PAM) dosages (0, 0.02%, 0.04%, and 0.06%) on the water flow properties of sandy loam during brackish water infiltration using one-dimensional vertical and horizontal soil column infiltration experiments. The results showed that: (1) PAM could lower the soil infiltration rate and increase soil water retention performance under brackish water infiltration conditions. (2) PAM had a significant effect on the parameters of the Philip and Kostiakov infiltration models. The soil sorption rate S and the empirical coefficient λ were the smallest, and the empirical index β was the largest when the PAM dosage was 0.04%. (3) PAM dosage displayed a quadratic polynomial connection with the soil saturated water content and the saturated hydraulic conductivity. The soil saturated water content was highest when the PAM dosage was 0.04%, the intake suction hd of the Brooks-Corey model increased by 15.30%, and the soil water holding capacity was greatly improved. (4) Soil treated with PAM could absorb more water under the same soil water suction, whereas the soil unsaturated hydraulic conductivity and its growth rate decreased. The soil saturated diffusion rate Ds, as well as the soil water diffusion threshold, rose. Finally, the 0.04% PAM dosage could improve soil hydrodynamic characteristics under brackish water infiltration, which is beneficial for the efficient utilization of brackish water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mammalian cell lines are frequently used as the preferred host cells for producing recombinant therapeutic proteins (RTPs) having post-translational modified modifications similar to those observed in proteins produced by human cells. Nowadays, most RTPs approved for marketing are produced in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Recombinant therapeutic antibodies (RTAs) are among the most important and promising RTPs for biomedical applications. A major limitation associated with the use of RTAs is their aggregation, which can be caused by a variety of factors; this results in a reduction of quality. RTA aggregations are especially concerning as they can trigger human immune responses in humans and may be fatal. Therefore, the mechanisms underlying RTA aggregation and measures for avoiding aggregation are interesting topics in RTAs research. In this review, we discuss recent progress in the field of RTAs aggregation, with a focus on factors that cause aggregation during RTA production and the development of strategies for overcoming RTA aggregation. Key points: • The recombinant antibody aggregation in mammalian cell systems is reviewed. • Intracellular environment and extracellular parameters influence recombinant antibody aggregation. • Reducing the aggregations can improve the quality of recombinant antibodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrated with deep learning algorithms, machine vision techniques have emerged as a robust method for the swift and non-destructive assessment of crop moisture status across extensive agricultural landscapes. Within the agricultural sector, where water serves as a crucial resource, especially for cash crops such as cotton, precise monitoring of water status in fields is paramount. This study presents a novel approach for the evaluation of thermal imagery of cotton crops to predict their water status. The research focused on the application of a methodology that harnesses deep learning architectures in tandem with extant local irrigation practices. A considerable dataset, comprising approximately 5200 images, was collected under conditions of submembrane drip irrigation conditions. Cross-validation was employed to evaluate five deep learning models: VGG16, ResNet-18, MobilenetV3, DenseNet-201, and CSPdarknet53 for training and testing purposes. Experimental outcomes indicated that the MobilenetV3 model outperformed other deep learning architectures. It demonstrated exceptional capability in identifying cotton water stress classes, achieving an F1 value of 0.9990, with an average processing time of 44.85 ms. These results underscore the effectiveness of utilizing deep learning algorithms for accurately assessing water stress in cotton under mulched drip irrigation. This establishes a foundational basis for the development of a precise, cost-effective, and real-time monitoring system for the management of water in cotton fields. • The effects of five CNN models for cotton water deficit recognition were compared. • The identification of cotton water deficit under real conditions was realized. • The analysis obtained the most suitable CNN model for actual field use. • This study is helpful to develop a precise irrigation system by machine vision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Posterior Predictive Model Checking (PPMC) is frequently used for model fit evaluation in Bayesian Confirmatory Factor Analysis (BCFA). In standard PPMC procedures, model misfit is quantified by comparing the location of an ML-based point estimate to the predictive distribution of a statistic. When the point estimate is far from the center posterior predictive distribution, model fit is poor. Not included in this approach, however, is the variability of the Maximum Likelihood (ML)-based point estimates. We propose a new method of PPMC based on comparing posterior predictive distributions of a hypothesized and saturated BCFA model. The method uses the predictive distribution of the saturated model as a reference and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) statistic to quantify the local misfit of hypothesized models. The results of the simulation study suggest that the saturated model PPMC approach was an accurate method of determining local model misfit and could be used for model comparison. A real data example is also provided in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an adaptive high-impedance surface (A-HIS) that can be applied in the prevention of high-intensity wave propagating in $X$ -band waveguide. Once the embedded diodes loaded on A-HIS are switched from OFF- to ON-states by the high-intensity incident wave, the boundary condition of the waveguide’s bottom wall would adaptively change from a perfect electric conductor (PEC) to a perfect magnetic conductor (PMC), and the propagation would be prevented. To demonstrate this nonlinear characteristic, eigenmodes of the periodic unit-cells in two states of diodes were calculated, and the dispersive performance was analyzed. The bandwidth was further derived through the bandgaps between its intrinsic modes. Finally, a prototype with $5\times 10$ elements was designed, fabricated, and measured in a WR90 waveguide. The results indicate that, on condition of incident wave with relatively low power intensity, signals can propagate through the A-HIS with a low insertion loss by no more than 1 dB; in the case of relatively high power intensity, this loaded A-HIS can attenuate the incident wave by more than 10 dB and absorb more than 80% power within its operation bandwidth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim. This study aimed to predict the key targets and endocrine mechanisms of Guizhi Fuling Wan (GZFLW) in treating adenomyosis (AM) through network pharmacology, molecular docking, and animal experiment verification. Methods. The related ingredients and targets of GZFLW in treating AM were screened out using TCMSP, BATMAN-TCM, SwissTargetPrediction, and PubChem Database. Then, the protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis and the network of compound-hub targets were constructed. At the same time, the key targets were uploaded to the Metascape Database for KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. After that, the molecular docking technology of the main active components and hub targets was performed. Furthermore, animal experiments were used to verify the results of network pharmacology analysis. Results. A total of 55 active ingredients of GZFLW and 44 overlapping targets of GZFLW in treating AM were obtained. After screening, 25 hub targets were collected, including ESR1, EGF, and EGFR. Then, the KEGG pathway enrichment analysis results indicated that the endocrine therapeutic mechanism of GZFLW against AM is mainly associated with the estrogen signaling pathway, endocrine resistance, and an EGFR tyrosine kinase signaling pathway. Then, molecular docking showed that the significant compounds of GZFLW had a strong binding ability with ERα and EGFR. More importantly, the animal experiments confirmed that the GZFLW could downregulate the abnormal infiltration of the endometrial epithelium into the myometrium and had no interference with the normal sexual cycle. This effect may be directly related to intervening the local estrogen signaling pathway of the endometrial myometrial interface (EMI). It may also be associated with the myometrium cells' estrogen resistance via GPER/EGFR signaling pathway. Conclusion. The endocrine mechanism of GZFLW in treating AM was explored based on network pharmacology, molecular docking, and animal experiments, which provided a theoretical basis for the clinical application of GZFLW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the Modelling‐Ongrowing fish farms‐Monitoring B investigation system (MOM‐B), we discussed the effects of deep sea cage (DSC) and traditional sea cage (TSC) fish mariculture on benthic environments in the Yellow Sea, China. Macrofauna, and chemical and sensory parameters were evaluated at 10 field stations surrounding a traditional sea cage farm in 2016–2017 and 10 field stations surrounding a deep sea cage farm in 2018–2019. Benthic macrofauna were found in all samples, and biological parameters were universally rated acceptable or better. In spring and winter, the pH and redox potential values near the DSC farm were within the score 0, while in summer and autumn, values were within the score 1. In TSC farm, most scores were in the score 0 in spring and autumn and in the score 1 in summer. Chemical parameter results showed the DSC and TSC farms were all in condition 1, whereas the sensory parameters near the DSC farm were in condition 1, and the TSC farm in condition 2. Finally, the results demonstrate benthic environments near the DSC farm were better than those near the TSC farm. MOM‐B system provides a practical environmental assessment tool that is simple, cheap and easy to implement and can be performed by moderately trained personnel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ovarian cancer (OC) remains the leading cause of cancer‐related death among gynecological cancers. The present study examined the role of collagen type V alpha 1 (COL5A1) and the characteristics of COL5A1 as an oncogenic protein in OC. The association of COL5A1 with paclitaxel (PTX)‐resistance and stemness in OC was also studied and the multidatabase and big data analyses of the prognostic value, coexpression network, genetic alterations, and tumor‐infiltrating immune cells of COL5A1 were elucidated. We found that COL5A1 expression was high in OC cells and tissues. Knockdown of COL5A1 inhibited the proliferation and migration of OC cells. Further study also showed that COL5A1 was overexpressed in PTX‐resistant OC cells compared to respective PTX‐sensitive cells. Additionally, COL5A1 was more enriched in OC stem cell‐like cells. Silencing COL5A1 expression decreased the OC cell resistance to PTX and inhibited the ability of OC‐spheroid formation. Survival analysis predicted that the elevated COL5A1 expression was associated with a worse survival outcome and correlated to the tumor stage of OC patients. The estimating relative subsets of RNA transcripts (CIBERSORT) algorithm analysis also unveiled the correlation of several tumor‐infiltrating immune cells with the expression of COL5A1. Taken together, our data demonstrate that COL5A1 is a biomarker to predict OC progression and PTX‐resistance and represents a promising target for OC treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental quality assessment is an important way to promote the improvement of urban environmental quality. Environmental performance is usually used to evaluate the improvement of environmental quality, and residents' satisfaction with environmental quality is also an important method to evaluate environmental improvement. At present, in many cities in China, the results of the two evaluation methods vary greatly. Residents' environmental satisfaction is not high in some cities with good environmental performance; however, in cities with poor environmental performance, residents' environmental satisfaction is higher. Here, based on the environmental subjective assessment of more than 4,600 independent samples from 56 cities in 2014, this paper constructed an index between subjective and objective scores for each sample and its city, separating the total samples into two groups. In order to analyze the differences between groups, firstly, the important factors driving the differences were extracted by random forest. Secondly, the key individual characteristics were identified by the model based on conditional inference tree. Finally, the regional heterogeneity was analyzed by nonmetric multidimensional scaling. The results show that population density is the main factor that affects the difference between subjective and objective evaluations. Furthermore, in those cities with low population density, investment increasing in transportation infrastructure helps to improve urban air quality, which can bring about more perceptual environmental optimization to people. As individuals, education is the key factor for residents when it comes to environment evaluation, but it is not a simple linear relationship. In terms of regional heterogeneity, the consistency of important factors among regions is not obvious, and the situation that "neighboring" cities share the same factors is not significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Screening for eating disorders (EDs) is an essential part of the prevention and intervention of EDs. Traditional screening methods mostly rely on predefined cutoff scores which have limitations of generalizability and may produce biased results when the cutoff scores are used in populations where the instruments or cutoff scores have not been validated. Compared to the traditional cutoff score approach, the diagnostic classification modeling (DCM) approach can provide psychometric and classification information simultaneously and has been used for diagnosing mental disorders. In the present study, we introduce DCM as an innovative and alternative approach to screening individuals at risk of EDs. To illustrate the practical utility of DCM, we provide two examples: one involving the application of DCM to examine probable ED status from the 12-item Short form of the Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire (EDE-QS) to screen probable thinness-oriented EDs and the Muscularity-Oriented Eating Test (MOET) to screen probable muscularity-oriented EDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A portion of carbon produced from shellfish and kelp cultivation is buried in sedimentary environment, and mariculture carbon sequestration potential is an important part of marine carbon sink and has attracted worldwide attention. Total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN) and their stable isotopes (δ13C and δ15N), as well as the mass distribution of these size-fractionated particles were determined in order to study the distribution and sources of TOC in Sanggou Bay. Results showed that sediment organic matter has complex sources from kelp (30.4 %), marine phytoplankton (25.6 %), shellfish (23.7 %), terrestrial input (20.3 %), and mariculture activities of shellfish and kelp was the major component in surface sediment. Approximately 44–69 % of TOC was associated with the 16–32 μm fraction. Low δ13C (−22.1 to −15.1‰) and high δ15N (5.0–5.7‰) were observed in fine particles (<16 μm), indicating relatively high contribution of marine phytoplankton and mariculture derived organic carbon. On the contrary, relatively higher δ13C (−20.2 to −9.2‰) and lower values δ15N (−4.7 to 5.2‰) in coarse particles (>32 μm) suggested that sedimentary organic carbon might be influenced by some additional sources from terrestrial input or seaweed. The mass distribution, δ13C and δ15N of size-fractionated particles in sediments indicated that sediment was obviously redistributed under the condition of mariculture, and further suggested that mariculture derived organic matter have modified the distribution and sources of sedimentary organic matter. This study provided great insight into distribution and source of sedimentary organic carbon from the perspective of size-fractionated particles in mariculture area. • The mass composition of the size-fractionated particles was determined to access the impact of mariculture on sediment. • The sources of sedimentary organic carbon were quantitative analyzed according to isotopic values and C/N ratio. • We innovative studied the effect of mariculture on organic carbon source from the perspective of particle size spectrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reducing CO2 emissions and increasing carbon sinks are basic approaches to achieve carbon neutralization in China. China is the largest mariculture country in the world. China's mariculture industry is dominated by non-fed culture type and characterized by rich species, diverse nutrition levels, and advanced farming technology. Therefore, mariculture has huge potential for the development of ocean negative carbon emissions (ONCE). However, the ONCE process of bivalves and seaweed farming is complicated, and the scientific principles, process, mechanisms, monitoring and evaluating methods, and approaches of increasing carbon sink are gradually being recognized and yet to be resolved. This study discusses the research progress of fishery carbon sink, existing problems and possible impact of global climate change on ONCE of mariculture. It then proposes technological approachs and policy suggestions to implement ONCE, which include expanding mariculture space and increaseing unit yield, green development of mariculture based on carrying capacity regulatory regime, integrated multi-trophic aquaculture, blue carbon engineering of ocean ranching, and marine artificial upwelling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play significant roles in the carcinogenesis and progression of human tumors. The aim of this work was to evaluate the expression level of lncRNAs in adult acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients and to explore the function of candidate lncRNA PCAT18 in clinical diagnosis and prognosis of AML. Methods: Noncoding RNA screening was performed by second‐generation sequencing on adult newly diagnosed AML patients and healthy controls. GO and KEGG pathway analysis were performed for functional analysis of differentially regulated lncRNAs. The expression of candidate lncRNA PCAT18 was detected by real‐time PCR. In K‐562 and THP‐1 cells, proliferation, and cell cycle analysis were performed using CCK‐8 assay and Cell Cycle Assay Kit. Results: The lncRNA expression profile of AML patients and healthy controls showed that six upregulated (>5‐fold) and eight downregulated (<0.2‐fold) lncRNAs. The candidate lncRNA PCAT18 showed higher expression in AML patients with NPM1 mutation and favorable‐risk. RT‐PCR revealed a significant increase of PCAT18 expression comparing to control cells. PCAT18 overexpression obviously promoted cell proliferation and PCAT18 knockdown decreased cell proliferation. The fraction of the S phases was increased in the PCAT18 overexpression group and decreased in the PCAT18 knockdown group. Conclusions: The candidate lncRNA PCAT18 in our study was firstly found upregulated in AML samples, that its overexpression promoted cell proliferation and G1/S transition. Further study of PCAT18 and its target mRNAs are needed to confirm the mechanism of PCAT18 in AML. PCAT18 may act as diagnostic and prognosis biomarker for AML. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Berk.) is an entomopathogenic fungus endemic to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. It parasitizes and mummifies the underground ghost moth larvae, then produces a fruiting body. The fungus-insect complex, called Chinese cordyceps or "DongChongXiaCao," is not only a valuable traditional Chinese medicine, but also a major source of income for numerous Himalayan residents. Here, taking advantage of rapid advances in single-molecule sequencing, we assembled a highly contiguous genome assembly of O. sinensis. The assembly of 23 contigs was ∼110.8 Mb with a N50 length of 18.2 Mb. We used RNA-seq and homologous protein sequences to identify 8,916 protein-coding genes in the IOZ07 assembly. Moreover, 63 secondary metabolite gene clusters were identified in the improved assembly. The improved assembly and genome features described in this study will further inform the evolutionary study and resource utilization of Chinese cordyceps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Repeated cycles of post-remission high-dose cytarabine (Ara-C) have been suggested to improve survival in core binding factor (CBF) acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). High-dose Ara-C used for induction regimens has also been reported to be associated with increased treatment-related mortality (TRM). Few data are available about intermediate-dose Ara-C serving as induction therapy. The aim of our study was to compare the tolerance and outcomes of standard- and intermediate-dose levels of Ara-C as induction in CBF AML and to analyse the clinical heterogeneity of the two AML entities under these induction settings. We retrospectively investigated the outcomes in adults with CBF AML induced with regimens based on standard-dose Ara-C at 100 to 200 mg/m2 or intermediate-dose Ara-C at 1,000 mg/m2. In total, 152 patients with t(8; 21) and 54 patients with inv(16) AML were administered an induction regimen containing anthracyclines plus either standard- or intermediate-dose Ara-C. After a single course of induction, the complete remission (CR) rate in the inv(16) cohort was 52/52 (100%), higher than the 127/147 (86.4%) in the t(8; 21) cohort (P = 0.005). Intermediate-dose Ara-C (HR = 9.931 [2.135–46.188], P = 0.003) and negative KITmut (HR = 0.304 [0.106–0.874], P = 0.027) independently produced an increased CR rate in the t(8; 21) cohort. Positive CD19 expression (HR = 0.133 [0.045–0.387], P = 0.000) and sex (male) (HR = 0.238 [0.085–0.667], P = 0.006) were associated with superior leukaemia-free survival (LFS) in the t(8; 21) cohort independently of KITmut status or the induction regimen. We conclude that intermediate-dose Ara-C is superior to standard-dose Ara-C for induction of remission in t(8; 21) AML, and CD19 status and sex independently confer prognostic significance for LFS. The KITmut status alone does not have an independent effect on survival in t(8; 21) AML. More intensive induction therapy is unnecessary in inv(16) AML. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A considerable number of empirical studies have led researchers to identify key characteristics that indicate effective professional development (PD). However, few studies have attended to teacher perceptions of PD characteristics across international contexts. This article reported on an exploratory study utilising latent class analysis (LCA) to identify similarities and distinctions in teacher perceptions regarding commonly agreed-upon characteristics of effective PD. Data used in this analysis were from the Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS) 2018, which consisted of 113,667 lower secondary (e.g., grade 7 through 9) teachers from 45 education systems. The LCA identified four classes of teachers who shared similarities in their perceptions. The researchers labelled the four categories as Low-Perception-Space/Time Rater (37.66%), High-Perception Rater (31.35%), Mixed-Perception Rater (15.55%), and Low-Perception Rater (15.44%). Results showed that a significant discrepancy existed in teacher perceptions of PD programmes that were school-embedded and extended. Additionally, cross-nation analyses revealed an evident difference in the distribution of class membership across education systems. Considering these findings, we provide implications for future research investigating how to design PD that supports personalised learning experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a typical energy-intensive industry, the primary aluminum industry (PAI) is the third largest source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, followed by the electricity and steel industries. GHG emissions of PAI exceed those of the other non-ferrous metal sectors, accounting for more than 3 % of total global emissions. As the largest producer and consumer of primary aluminum (accounting for 57 % of the global amount), China bears an important responsibility for energy conservation and emission reduction. This review aims to discuss low-carbon strategies and technology improvement related to PAI, with an emphasis on their potential, cost, and development prospects. This study established an analytical framework, based on life cycle assessment (LCA) that considered factors reported in related literature, for the design of strategies for reducing GHG emissions in China's PAI. The LCA-based carbon dioxide-equivalent (CO 2 e) emissions per ton (t) of primary aluminum and secondary aluminum were estimated to be 14.98 t and 0.32 t, respectively. This indicated that the CO 2 e emission of recycling process was only approximately 2 % of that of normal process. China's PAI exhibits considerable potential for emission reduction, with its peak being scheduled to be achieved by 2030. The potential to be tapped mainly includes clean energy, waste aluminum recycling, and low-carbon technology. This study suggests that the focus of China's PAI should be on cost-effective technology improvement in the short term, on power decarbonization and aluminum-scrap recycling in the medium term, and on technologies with a higher cost but better emission reduction in the long term. • The LCA-based CO 2 e emission of recycling aluminum was only approximately 2 % of that of primary aluminum in China. • Both 600 kA electrolysis cell and inert anode show excellent technology application prospects. • Unreasonable power structure and raw material access should be paid attention to. • Both power decarbonization and aluminum-scrap recycling exhibit considerable potential for emission reduction. • In the short term, the focus of China's primary aluminum industry should be on cost-effective technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an energy selective surface (ESS) for high-power microwave (HPM) protection in waveguide, which has a nonlinear transmission response and can adaptively react to the power intensity of an incident wave. A prototype of four unit cells loaded with p-i-n diodes is designed and fabricated in $L$ -band. The nonlinear and adaptive transmission characteristics are demonstrated by the waveguide measurements both in the time domain and frequency domain. On condition of signal power below 35 dBm, the wave in the interested band can propagate through waveguide with a low insertion loss down to 1 dB; while on condition of signal power above 47 dBm, high power would render the ESS into a high-impedance surface, and the incident wave would be reflected and dissipated with a transmission coefficient of less than −10 dB, thereby providing the HPM protection ability. Furthermore, the subsequent simulations illustrate that the inserted ESS will not worsen the radiation patterns of the following horn antenna and the induced high-order modes in waveguide keep negligible values below −65 dB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) has been widely used in chemically enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes. However, the sensitivity to salinity limited the utility of HPAM polymers for many potential EOR applications in high-salinity reservoirs. To overcome the HPAM salinity sensitiviy shortcoming, the authors developed anti-salt polymers (ASPs) with high salt-tolerance to be used for mobility-control. ASP is an electrolyte-responsive terpolymer of an acrylamide (AM) with 2-acrylamido-methylpropane-sulphonic acid sodium salt (NaAMPS) and a monomer that is much like N-(4-benzoylphenyl) acrylamide (BPAm). Generally, for reservoirs that have high total dissolved solids (TDS) in water, ASP solutions are projected to generate a high-viscosity injected fluid. However, debates are ongoing as to whether ASP can be successfully applied to low-permeability reservoirs if produced water is used as the polymer mixing water. In this study, produced water taken from block 2 of the Pubei Oilfield development zone in Daqing with a TDS of 12910 mg/L was used to prepare and dilute the polymer aqueous solutions. Comparative experiments with ASPs and HPAM were conducted in regard to their viscosity, stabilities, hydrodynamic radii, and core flooding feasibilities. ASPs had better thickening ability compared with HPAM in produced water. Even with low retention rates, ASP aqueous solutions still held a favorable viscosity after aging for 15 days. Core flooding experiments demonstrated that ASPs has good propagation in porous media and acceptable behavior as a displacing fluid. Improved oil recoveries of 9.54, 13.34, and 15.64% were achieved during the injection of ASP solutions and subsequent water flooding. Furthermore, the result from the pilot test showed that ASP was successfully used in block 2 of the Pubei Oilfield development zone in Daqing, which provides a reference for other oilfields' mobility-control. Highlights • Anti-salt polymer have good thickening behavior when being mixed with produced water. • Anti-salt polymer solution shows acceptable transportation in low-permeability cores. • Anti-salt polymer can significantly improve the oil recovery. • Anti-salt polymer achieved success in pilot test in Pubei development zone in Daqing oil field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Developed a scallop production model coupling DEB and ROMS. • Successfully assessed carrying capacity in the largest scallop ranching in China. • Food and temperature are main factors determining optimal densities in studied area. Abstract A production model has been developed to estimate scallop bottom culture carrying capacity. The model coupled pelagic system, scallop energetics and population dynamics with hydrodynamics. The methodology considers temperature and particle organic carbon (POC) were used to determine the carrying capacity through scallop growth, production and economic benefit. The model was applied to the Zhangzidao culture area in the North Yellow Sea, the largest marine ranching of Japanese scallops Patinopecten yessoensis in China. The studied area was divided into four boxes according to the temperature and depth gradients. The results showed that the model could successfully capture the main characteristics of the observed environmental variables, POC concentrations and biological behaviour of the cultured scallops. The food availability showed seasonal variations. The low temperature had also a great effect on the growth of the scallops in the south area during period of January to July. In contrary, the high temperature would cause high mortality rate of the scallops in the north area in September. Based on the production and profit, the optimal seeding densities were estimated to be 82,500, 105,000, 82,500, 60,000 in. ha−1, respectively in the Boxes1, 2, 3 and 4. There is the potential to increase the seeding density in the northeast area (Box 2), while the southwest area has already exceeded its capacity. The successful application of the model suggests that it could be used as a management tool for estimating the production carrying capacity in the bottom culture systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The performance of batteries, in their lifespan, efficiency, and safety, is affected by the uniformity of temperature within the batteries. Therefore, battery thermal management is crucial in the development in electric vehicles. In this paper, a novel battery pack with a wedge‐shaped runner is proposed. A 2‐dimensional computation fluid dynamics model was built, and the battery pack structure was optimized, including changes in the positions of the inlet/outlet, the width of the wedge‐shaped flow path, the inclination angle of the batteries, and the clearance between the batteries. Finally, the structure is studied and simulated under different ambient temperature and air velocity. The results indicated that the temperature distribution exacerbated with the increase of the inlet temperature and improved with the increase of the inlet velocity. Furthermore, the inlet temperature had little result on the temperature consistency, and the inlet velocity had a greater result on the temperature consistency. The conclusions drawn in this research are expected to play the part of good guidance for the future design of a new battery thermal management system. In our paper, a novel flow channel structure is proposed. Wedge‐shaped flow channels are used in the top and bottom parts of the battery case. In addition, that optimal structure is found by changing the position of the cooling air inlet and outlet and changing the arrangement mode of the battery pack. Finally, the structure is studied and simulated under different ambient temperatures and air velocities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3D structured materials have received increasing attention due to their attractive properties in various applications. Herein, we have developed an effective ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA)-assisted method to elaborate a series of ZnS 3D hollow microspheres. The as-synthesized materials were systematically characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UV–vis diffuse reflection spectroscopy, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. XRD reveals the cubic phase structure of the ZnS products, while SEM and TEM analyses demonstrate a 3D hollow architecture of ZnS assembled from nanoscale building blocks. A plausible formation mechanism is proposed, based on the experiment results. The hollow microspheres of ZnS show remarkable photocatalytic activity toward methyl blue (MB) degradation, including good stability and reusability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a numerical scheme is presented to solve the non-dissipative Degasperis–Procesi equation based on the u-p formulation. The cubic B-spline quasi-interpolation coupled with the finite difference method is applied to approximate the spatial derivatives and an optimal third order TVD Runge–Kutta method to estimate the time derivative of the dependent variable. The accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed method are validated by six classical problems. Numerical results indicate that the proposed scheme is simple, easy to implement with high accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinity stress can impede development and plant growth adversely. However, there is very little molecular information on NaCl resistance and volatile emissions in Lycopersicum esculentum . In order to investigate the effects of salt stress on the release of volatile compounds, we quantified and compared transcriptome changes by RNA-Seq analysis and volatile constituents with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) coupled with solid-phase microextraction (SPME) after exposure to continuous salt stress. Chemical analysis by GC-MS analysis revealed that NaCl stress had changed species and quantity of volatile compounds released. In this research, 21,578 unigenes that represented 44,714 assembled unique transcripts were separated from tomato leaves exposed to NaCl stress based on de novo transcriptome assembly. The total number of differentially expressed genes was 7210 after exposure to NaCl, including 6200 down-regulated and 1208 up-regulated genes. Among these differentially expressed genes (DEGs), there were eighteen differentially expressed genes associated with volatile biosynthesis. Of the unigenes, 3454 were mapped to 131 KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathways, mainly those are involved in RNA transport, plant-pathogen interactions, and plant hormone signal transduction. qRT-PCR analysis showed that NaCl exposure affected the expression profiles of the biosynthesis genes for eight volatile compounds ( IPI , GPS , and TPS , etc.), which corresponded well with the RNA-Seq analysis and GC-MS results. Our results suggest that NaCl stress affects the emission of volatile substances from L. esculentum leaves by regulating the expression of genes that are involved in volatile organic compounds’ biosynthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is the global leader in mariculture production. Increasing sequestered marine carbon (also known as blue carbon) via mariculture activities is a promising approach for mitigating climate change and promoting the development of a low-carbon economy. Mariculture blue carbon is also considered an important component of China's 'sea granary'. In addition to shellfish and macroalgae yields, which represent carbon removed from mariculture environment, blue carbon also includes other important components, which have been largely neglected in the past, such as the carbon transformed by microbes, dissolved organic carbon (mainly referred to as recalcitrant dissolved organic carbon), and sedimentary particulate carbon. Hence, from different aspects, a comprehensive study on the formation processes and mechanisms of carbon sequestration is of great significance for comprehensively unveiling the carbon sequestration capability in coastal mariculture environment, which will contribute to the sustainable development of the fishery economy and construction of an ecological civilization. Moreover, it may add significant economic benefits to the future carbon-trading market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mercury (Hg) pollution not only poses a threat to the environment but also adversely affects the growth and development of plants, with potential repercussions for animals and humans through bioaccumulation in the food chain. Maize, a crucial source of food, industrial materials, and livestock feed, requires special attention in understanding the genetic factors influencing mercury accumulation. Developing maize varieties with low mercury accumulation is vital for both maize production and human health. In this study, a comprehensive genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted using an enlarged SNP panel comprising 1.25 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 230 maize inbred lines across three environments. The analysis identified 111 significant SNPs within 78 quantitative trait loci (QTL), involving 169 candidate genes under the Q model. Compared to the previous study, the increased marker density and optimized statistical model led to the discovery of 74 additional QTL, demonstrating improved statistical power. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis revealed that most genes participate in arsenate reduction and stress responses. Notably, GRMZM2G440968, which has been reported in previous studies, is associated with the significant SNP chr6.S_155668107 in axis tissue. It encodes a cysteine proteinase inhibitor, implying its potential role in mitigating mercury toxicity by inhibiting cysteine. Haplotype analyses provided further insights, indicating that lines carrying hap3 exhibited the lowest mercury content compared to other haplotypes. In summary, our study significantly enhances the statistical power of GWAS, identifying additional genes related to mercury accumulation and metabolism. These findings offer valuable insights into unraveling the genetic basis of mercury content in maize and contribute to the development of maize varieties with low mercury accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the physiological effects of copper (Cu) excess on changes in Lycopersicum esculentum plant growth parameters, lignin accumulation, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, mineral homeostasis, and antioxidant enzyme activities were studied in seedlings grown in nutrient solution supplemented with CuSO 4 −induced oxidative stress. Dose-dependent reductions in growth (dry biomass of root and shoot, and root elongation) were observed with increasing concentrations of Cu, but there were no significant differences in biomass with the extension of processing time. Greater Cu 2+ concentrations (up to 50 μM) dramatically reduced the primary root growth, but increased the density of short lateral roots. The results showed that Fe and Mn concentrations increased, Mg remained almost constant in roots, and K decreased at day 1 and day 4 as determined by an elemental analyzer (ICP-MS). Peroxidase and catalase activities were significantly stimulated by Cu 2+ in a dose-independent manner during the initial 4 days of storage and then decreased, unlike in the control. Finally, a split-root system experiment emphasized the local toxicity of Cu 2+ to the root system. Taken together, these results indicate that many metabolic processes induced by Cu 2+ excess, in particular, changes in mineral homeostasis, plant biomass, root growth, enzyme activities, and lignin deposition, may be involved in the root system architecture remodeling. Furthermore, excess Cu 2+ exposure affected the expression levels of some heavy metal transporter-associated genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The memristor has drawn a significant interest in the fields of neuromorphic circuits because the nanoscale memristor is a strong candidate to become the critical element of novel ultra-high density low-power non-volatile memories. In the present paper, we focus on networks of FitzHugh-Nagumo neuron circuits employing memristor. First, we build the memristor-based circuit of FitzHugh-Nagumo model. The details of the chaotic phenomena of the memristor-based FitzHugh-Nagumo circuit under external stimuli have been found with use of computer simulations, i.e., we have numerically calculated waveform diagrams, phase portraits, Lyapunov exponents and bifurcation diagram. And we also confirm these results of theoretical analyses and numerical calculations by circuit simulation experiments of the actual analog circuit realization using Multisim modeling. Then the synchronization of coupled memristor-based chaotic neurons with memristor synapse is discussed, and synchronization mechanism is also found. Finally, we have also derived the sufficient conditions of chaotic synchronization in unidirectional coupled neuron circuits and bidirectional coupled neuron circuits respectively, which are that the parameter of memristor synapse must meet certain conditions. These results of theoretical analyses have been confirmed by numerical simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigated the antifungal activity and potential antifungal mechanisms of volatile compounds (i.e., E-2-hexenal) against Penicillium cyclopium, one of the main tomato postharvest pathogens, which was obtained and purified from postharvest tomato surface. Experimental data suggested that the volatile compound exhibited strong antifungal activity against the targeted pathogens, with minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum fungicidal concentration of 160 μL/L and 320μL/L for E-2-hexenal, respectively. The membrane permeability of the P. cyclopium increased with increasing concentrations of E-2-hexenal, as evidenced by cell constituent release, leakage of potassium ions, and extracellular conductivity. Moreover, E-2-hexenal could induce a decrease in total lipid content and extracellular pH. These results suggest that the anti-fungal activity of E-2-hexenal against P. cyclopium can be attributed to the disruption of the cell membrane integrity, the increase of membrane permeability and the leakage of cell components. Practical Applications Penicillium cyclopium was isolated from the surface of tomato fruits after harvest. E-2-hexenal had an inhibitory effect on the hyphae and spores of P. cyclopium. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum fungicidal concentration were determined by using different concentrations of E-2-hexenal against P. cyclopium. The study results indicate that the antifungal activity of E-2-hexenal against P. cyclopium can be attributed to the disruption of the cell membrane integrity, the increase of membrane permeability and the leakage of cell components. The study results provided a reference for extending the storage of tomato fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tomato is a widely cultivated fruit and vegetable and is valued for its flavor, colour, and nutritional value. C 6 -aldehydes, such as (E)-2-hexenal, not only have antibacterial and antifungal properties but also function as signaling molecules that control the defense mechanisms of plants, including tomatoes. In this study, we used liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and RNA sequencing techniques to generate metabolome and transcriptome datasets that elucidate the molecular mechanisms regulating defense responses in tomato leaves exposed to (E)-2-hexenal. A total of 28.27 Gb of clean data were sequenced and assembled into 23,720 unigenes. In addition, a non-targeted metabolomics approach detected 739 metabolites. There were 233 significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (158 up-regulated, 75 down-regulated) and 154 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) (86 up-regulated, 69 down-regulated). Most nucleotides and amino acids (L-Phenylalanine, L-Asparagine, L-Histidine, L-Arginine, and L-Tyrosine) and their derivatives were enriched. The analyses revealed that mitogen-activated protein kinase (MPK), pathogenesis-related protein (PR), and endochitinase (CHIB) were primarily responsible for the adaptation of plant defense responses. Therefore, the extensive upregulation of these genes may be associated with the increased plant defense response. These findings help us comprehend the defense response of plants to (E)-2-hexenal and improve the resistance of horticultural plants. • The transcriptome of 28.27 Gb of clean data was sequenced, which was assembled into 23,720 unigenes. • A total of 739 metabolites were detected by metabolomic analysis using non-targeted metabolomics approach. • There were 233 significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (158 up-regulated, 75 down-regulated). • There were 154 significantly differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) (86 up-regulated, 69 down-regulated). • When fumigated with (E)-2-hexenal, most amino acids and their derivatives accumulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]