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Machine learning methods have improved in recent years and provide increasingly powerful tools for understanding landscape evolution. In this study, we used the random forest method based on Google Earth Engine to evaluate the desertification dynamics in northern China from 1995 to 2020. We selected Landsat series image bands, remote sensing inversion data, climate baseline data, land use data, and soil type data as variables for majority voting in the random forest method. The method's average classification accuracy was 91.6% ± 5.8 [mean ± SD], and the average kappa coefficient was 0.68 ± 0.09, suggesting good classification results. The random forest classifier results were consistent with the results of visual interpretation for the spatial distribution of different levels of desertification. From 1995 to 2000, the area of aeolian desertification increased at an average rate of 9977 km2 yr−1, and from 2000 to 2005, from 2005 to 2010, from 2010 to 2015, and from 2015 to 2020, the aeolian desertification decreased at an average rate of 2535, 3462, 1487, and 4537 km2 yr−1, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are ubiquitous signal transduction components in eukaryotes. In plants, MAPKs play an essential role in growth and development, phytohormone regulation, and abiotic stress responses. The typical recretohalophyte Limonium bicolor (Bunge) Kuntze has multicellular salt glands on its stems and leaves; these glands secrete excess salt ions from its cells to mitigate salt damage. The number, type, and biological function of L. bicolor MAPK genes are unknown. Results: We identified 20 candidate L. bicolor MAPK genes, which can be divided into four groups. Of these 20 genes, 17 were anchored to 7 chromosomes, while LbMAPK18, LbMAPK19, and LbMAPK20 mapped to distinct scaffolds. Structure analysis showed that the predicted protein LbMAPK19 contains the special structural motif TNY in its activation loop, whereas the other LbMAPK members harbor the conserved TEY or TDY motif. The promoters of most LbMAPK genes carry cis-acting elements related to growth and development, phytohormones, and abiotic stress. LbMAPK1, LbMAPK2, LbMAPK16, and LbMAPK20 are highly expressed in the early stages of salt gland development, whereas LbMAPK4, LbMAPK5, LbMAPK6, LbMAPK7, LbMAPK11, LbMAPK14, and LbMAPK15 are highly expressed during the late stages. These 20 LbMAPK genes all responded to salt, drought and ABA stress. We explored the function of LbMAPK2 via virus-induced gene silencing: knocking down LbMAPK2 transcript levels in L. bicolor resulted in fewer salt glands, lower salt secretion ability from leaves, and decreased salt tolerance. The expression of several genes [LbTTG1 (TRANSPARENT TESTA OF GL1), LbCPC (CAPRICE), and LbGL2 (GLABRA2)] related to salt gland development was significantly upregulated in LbMAPK2 knockdown lines, while the expression of LbEGL3 (ENHANCER OF GL3) was significantly downregulated. Conclusion: These findings increase our understanding of the LbMAPK gene family and will be useful for in-depth studies of the molecular mechanisms behind salt gland development and salt secretion in L. bicolor. In addition, our analysis lays the foundation for exploring the biological functions of MAPKs in an extreme halophyte. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared with typical mono-facial photovoltaic (PV) solar modules, bifacial solar modules can make full use of reflected or scattered light from the ground and the surroundings to yield more electrical energy. The electrical energy on the rear side depends on multiple factors, such as the IV parameters of modules, packaging materials, and installation circumstances. In this work, the power generation output is simulated and researched using the PV-SYST software program, based on the different electrical parameters of bifacial solar modules and the installation conditions of the given PV systems. The influencing factors that affect the electrical energy are further analyzed using power-loss diagrams. The results show that improving the surface albedo can raise additional energy by 8.3%, thus behaving significantly better than the mono-facial module. Furthermore, improving the siting height and incidence angle modifier (IAM) of the modules can increase the additional energy by 3.1%. In contrast, adjusting the output current or voltage of the modules adds some energy, while the modules are of the same nominal power value. It was observed that the energy level of a photovoltaic system mainly depends on the installation circumstances, but the electrical parameters of the modules themselves contribute little. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study employs bibliometric analysis through CiteSpace to comprehensively evaluate the status and trends of MANF (mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor) research spanning 25 years (1997–2022). It aims to fill the gap in objective and comprehensive reviews of MANF research. MANF-related studies were extracted from the Web of Science database. MANF publications were quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed for various factors by CiteSpace, including publication volume, journals, countries/regions, institutions, and authors. Keywords and references were visually analyzed to unveil research evolution and hotspot. Analysis of 353 MANF-related articles revealed escalating annual publications, indicating growing recognition of MANF's importance. High-impact journals such as the International Journal of Molecular Sciences and Journal of Biological Chemistry underscored MANF's interdisciplinary significance. Collaborative networks highlighted China and the USA's pivotal roles, while influential figures and partnerships drove understanding of MANF's mechanisms. Co-word analysis of MANF-related keywords exposed key evolutionary hotspots, encompassing neurotrophic effects, cytoprotective roles, MANF-related diseases, and the CDNF/MANF family. This progression from basic understanding to clinical potential showcased MANF's versatility from cellular protection to therapy. Bibliometric analysis reveals MANF's diverse research trends and pathways, from basics to clinical applications, driving medical progress. This comprehensive assessment enriches understanding and empowers researchers for dynamic evolution, advancing innovation, and benefiting patients. Bibliometric analysis of MANF research. The graphical abstract depicts the bibliometric analysis of MANF research, highlighting its aims, methods, and key results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research suggests that long memory can be caused by regime switching and is easily confused with it. However, if the causes of confusion were properly controlled, they could be distinguished. Motivated by this idea, our study aims to distinguish between the long memory and regime switching of financial volatility. We firstly modeled the long memory and regime switching of volatility using the Fractionally Integrated Exponential GARCH (FIEGARCH) and Markov Regime-Switching EGARCH (MRS-EGARCH) frameworks, respectively, and performed a simulation study on their finite-sample properties when innovations followed a non-normal distribution. Subsequently, we demonstrated the confusion between the FIEGARCH and MRS-EGARCH processes using simulations. A recent study theoretically proved that the time-varying smoothing probability series can induce the presence of significant long memory in the regime-switching process. To control for its effect, the two-stage two-state FIEGARCH and MRS-FIEGARCH frameworks are proposed. The Monte Carlo studies showed that both frameworks can effectively distinguish between the pure FIEGARCH and pure MRS-EGARCH processes. When the MRS-FIEGARCH model was further employed to fit series generated with the MRS-FIEGARCH process, it outperformed the ordinary FIEGARCH model. Finally, an empirical study of NASDAQ index return was conducted to demonstrate that our MRS-FIEGARCH model can provide potentially more reliable long-memory estimates, identify the volatility states and outperform both the FIEGARCH and MRS-EGARCH models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early euarthropod evolution involved a major transition from lobopodian-like taxa to organisms featuring a segmented, well-sclerotized trunk (arthrodization) and limbs (arthropodization). However, the precise origin of a completely arthrodized trunk and arthropodized ventral biramous appendages remain controversial, as well as the early onset of anterior–posterior limb differentiation in stem-group euarthropods. New fossil material and micro-computed tomography inform the detailed morphology of the arthropodized biramous appendages in the carapace-bearing euarthropod Isoxys curvirostratus from the early Cambrian Chengjiang biota. In addition to well-developed grasping frontal appendages, I. curvirostratus possesses two batches of morphologically and functionally distinct biramous limbs. The first batch consists of four pairs of short cephalic appendages with robust endites with a feeding function, whereas the second batch has more elongate trunk appendages for locomotion. Critically, our new material shows that the trunk of I. curvirostratus was not arthrodized. The results of our phylogenetic analyses recover isoxyids as some of the earliest branching sclerotized euarthropods, and strengthens the hypothesis that arthropodized biramous appendages evolved before full body arthrodization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been widely recognized that there are influences of static friction characteristics in a bolted joint on pre-tightening and service reliability. This study proposed a static friction coefficient model of joint surfaces based on the modified three-dimensional fractal model. A method of measuring the static friction coefficient of joint surfaces was investigated to verify the accuracy of model. The results showed that calculated value of the model and measured value of experiment are highly matched. Furthermore, the influential mechanisms of material, pressure, and surface topography were investigated. The relative error between experimental results and model calculations are all less than 15%. This research provides a theoretical basis for subsequent research on the friction characteristics of joint surfaces and connection reliability of bolted joints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing applications of the planetary roller screw mechanism (PRSM) in mechanical systems particularly machine tools, a comprehensive mathematical model is required to define the kinematic characteristics and relations of the PRSM, such that its performances can be predicted for reliability analysis and design of machine tools. In this paper, the influences of machining and assembly errors on the motion characteristics of the PRSM are analyzed, and the kinematic model of the PRSM is established considering runout errors and elastic deformation. The planetary roller screw mechanism can be considered as a spring-mass system for analysis of the elastic deformation of the ball screw's thread under inertial force. For the spring-mass system, adjacency matrix is introduced to define the relationships between the elastic displacements of the joints and the deformations of the elements. Then, by considering the balance of force and the coordination of deformation, the nonlinear motion model of the double-nut roller screw is established. The effectiveness of the proposed model is verified by comparing the analytical results with the experimental data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tropical cyclones frequently disrupt maritime transportation systems, impacting the normal operation of vessels and causing transportation delays. Analyzing the occurrence and degree of vessel transportation delays under disaster conditions is one of the critical aspects of maritime transportation management. This article, based on Automatic Identification System (AIS) data, examined the real behavioral trajectories of vessels and delay characteristics during tropical cyclones. Taking the example of Tropical Cyclone Veronica, which occurred in the waters off northwestern Australia in 2019, we conducted a comprehensive analysis. This involved numerical simulations of the entire disaster process and the cleaning and matching of trajectory data for all affected vessels in the area. We delved deeply into the relationship between vessel behavior characteristics and tropical cyclones, identified factors contributing to delays, and, based on our findings, constructed a Bayesian network inference model for vessel transportation delays under disaster conditions. This model uses information such as tropical cyclone intensity, vessel basic attributes, behavior choices, and port disaster avoidance measures as its primary nodes. The research results indicate that vessel rerouting, vessel loss of control, and waiting for port entry are the three major sources of vessel delays during disasters. Key influencing factors contributing to these consequences include port closure measures, the duration of vessels being adversely affected by strong winds, vessel tendencies toward loss of control, and risk preferences. To control the extent of vessel delays more effectively, it is crucial to prioritize these sensitive factors and strengthen monitoring and management efforts. This model is driven by real data, providing an objective reflection of real-world scenarios, and its effectiveness has been validated through sensitivity analysis. The research perspective and algorithmic framework presented in this paper offer a novel paradigm and fresh perspective for the study of maritime transportation disasters. The research findings have significant implications for bolstering the resilience of maritime transportation networks, enhancing our comprehension and anticipation of delays, and ensuring the continuity, security, and efficiency of the global supply chain for goods. • The maritime transportation delays resulting from tropical cyclones have been observed and given significant attention. • The delayed behaviors and characteristics of vessels under tropical cyclones are revealed by AIS. • A Bayesian network inference model for vessel transportation delays under tropical cyclones is constructed. • The key influencing factors of ship delay under tropical cyclones are identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the value of the pre-operative amide proton transfer-weighted (APTw) MRI to assess the prognostic factors in rectal adenocarcinoma (RA).This prospective study ran from January 2022 to September 2023 and consecutively enrolled participants with RA who underwent pre-operative MRI and radical surgery. The APTw signal intensity (SI) values of RA with various tumor (T), node (N) stages, perineural invasion (PNI), and tumor grade were compared by Mann–Whitney U-test or t-test. The receiver operating characteristic curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the APTw SI values.A total of 51 participants were enrolled (mean age, 58 years ± 10 [standard deviation], 26 men). There were 24 in the T1–T2 stage and 9 with positive PNI. The APTw SI max, 99th, and 95th values were significantly higher in T3–T4 stage tumor than in T1-T2; the median (interquartile range) (M (IQR)) was (4.0% (3.6–4.9%) vs 3.4% (2.9– 4.3%), p = 0.017), (3.7% (3.2–4.1%) vs 3.2% (2.8–3.8%), p = 0.013), and (3.3% (2.8–3.8%) vs 2.9% (2.3–3.5%), p = 0.033), respectively. These indicators also differed significantly between the PNI groups, with the M (IQR) (4.5% (3.6–5.7%) vs 3.7% (3.2–4.2%), p = 0.017), (4.1% (3.4–4.8%) vs 3.3% (3.0–3.9%), p = 0.022), and (3.7% (2.7–4.2%) vs 2.9% (2.6–3.5%), p = 0.045), respectively.Pre-operative APTw MRI has potential value in the assessment of T-staging and PNI determination in RA.Pre-operative amide proton transfer-weighted MRI provides a quantitative method for noninvasive assessment of T-staging and PNI in RA aiding in precision treatment planning.The efficacy of APTw MRI in RA needs further investigation.T3–T4 stage and PNI positive APTw signal intensities were higher than T1–T2 and non-PNI, respectively.APTw MRI provides a quantitative method for assessment of T staging and PNI in RA.The efficacy of APTw MRI in RA needs further investigation.T3–T4 stage and PNI positive APTw signal intensities were higher than T1–T2 and non-PNI, respectively.APTw MRI provides a quantitative method for assessment of T staging and PNI in RA.Methods: To investigate the value of the pre-operative amide proton transfer-weighted (APTw) MRI to assess the prognostic factors in rectal adenocarcinoma (RA).This prospective study ran from January 2022 to September 2023 and consecutively enrolled participants with RA who underwent pre-operative MRI and radical surgery. The APTw signal intensity (SI) values of RA with various tumor (T), node (N) stages, perineural invasion (PNI), and tumor grade were compared by Mann–Whitney U-test or t-test. The receiver operating characteristic curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the APTw SI values.A total of 51 participants were enrolled (mean age, 58 years ± 10 [standard deviation], 26 men). There were 24 in the T1–T2 stage and 9 with positive PNI. The APTw SI max, 99th, and 95th values were significantly higher in T3–T4 stage tumor than in T1-T2; the median (interquartile range) (M (IQR)) was (4.0% (3.6–4.9%) vs 3.4% (2.9– 4.3%), p = 0.017), (3.7% (3.2–4.1%) vs 3.2% (2.8–3.8%), p = 0.013), and (3.3% (2.8–3.8%) vs 2.9% (2.3–3.5%), p = 0.033), respectively. These indicators also differed significantly between the PNI groups, with the M (IQR) (4.5% (3.6–5.7%) vs 3.7% (3.2–4.2%), p = 0.017), (4.1% (3.4–4.8%) vs 3.3% (3.0–3.9%), p = 0.022), and (3.7% (2.7–4.2%) vs 2.9% (2.6–3.5%), p = 0.045), respectively.Pre-operative APTw MRI has potential value in the assessment of T-staging and PNI determination in RA.Pre-operative amide proton transfer-weighted MRI provides a quantitative method for noninvasive assessment of T-staging and PNI in RA aiding in precision treatment planning.The efficacy of APTw MRI in RA needs further investigation.T3–T4 stage and PNI positive APTw signal intensities were higher than T1–T2 and non-PNI, respectively.APTw MRI provides a quantitative method for assessment of T staging and PNI in RA.The efficacy of APTw MRI in RA needs further investigation.T3–T4 stage and PNI positive APTw signal intensities were higher than T1–T2 and non-PNI, respectively.APTw MRI provides a quantitative method for assessment of T staging and PNI in RA.Results: To investigate the value of the pre-operative amide proton transfer-weighted (APTw) MRI to assess the prognostic factors in rectal adenocarcinoma (RA).This prospective study ran from January 2022 to September 2023 and consecutively enrolled participants with RA who underwent pre-operative MRI and radical surgery. The APTw signal intensity (SI) values of RA with various tumor (T), node (N) stages, perineural invasion (PNI), and tumor grade were compared by Mann–Whitney U-test or t-test. The receiver operating characteristic curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the APTw SI values.A total of 51 participants were enrolled (mean age, 58 years ± 10 [standard deviation], 26 men). There were 24 in the T1–T2 stage and 9 with positive PNI. The APTw SI max, 99th, and 95th values were significantly higher in T3–T4 stage tumor than in T1-T2; the median (interquartile range) (M (IQR)) was (4.0% (3.6–4.9%) vs 3.4% (2.9– 4.3%), p = 0.017), (3.7% (3.2–4.1%) vs 3.2% (2.8–3.8%), p = 0.013), and (3.3% (2.8–3.8%) vs 2.9% (2.3–3.5%), p = 0.033), respectively. These indicators also differed significantly between the PNI groups, with the M (IQR) (4.5% (3.6–5.7%) vs 3.7% (3.2–4.2%), p = 0.017), (4.1% (3.4–4.8%) vs 3.3% (3.0–3.9%), p = 0.022), and (3.7% (2.7–4.2%) vs 2.9% (2.6–3.5%), p = 0.045), respectively.Pre-operative APTw MRI has potential value in the assessment of T-staging and PNI determination in RA.Pre-operative amide proton transfer-weighted MRI provides a quantitative method for noninvasive assessment of T-staging and PNI in RA aiding in precision treatment planning.The efficacy of APTw MRI in RA needs further investigation.T3–T4 stage and PNI positive APTw signal intensities were higher than T1–T2 and non-PNI, respectively.APTw MRI provides a quantitative method for assessment of T staging and PNI in RA.The efficacy of APTw MRI in RA needs further investigation.T3–T4 stage and PNI positive APTw signal intensities were higher than T1–T2 and non-PNI, respectively.APTw MRI provides a quantitative method for assessment of T staging and PNI in RA.Conclusion: To investigate the value of the pre-operative amide proton transfer-weighted (APTw) MRI to assess the prognostic factors in rectal adenocarcinoma (RA).This prospective study ran from January 2022 to September 2023 and consecutively enrolled participants with RA who underwent pre-operative MRI and radical surgery. The APTw signal intensity (SI) values of RA with various tumor (T), node (N) stages, perineural invasion (PNI), and tumor grade were compared by Mann–Whitney U-test or t-test. The receiver operating characteristic curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the APTw SI values.A total of 51 participants were enrolled (mean age, 58 years ± 10 [standard deviation], 26 men). There were 24 in the T1–T2 stage and 9 with positive PNI. The APTw SI max, 99th, and 95th values were significantly higher in T3–T4 stage tumor than in T1-T2; the median (interquartile range) (M (IQR)) was (4.0% (3.6–4.9%) vs 3.4% (2.9– 4.3%), p = 0.017), (3.7% (3.2–4.1%) vs 3.2% (2.8–3.8%), p = 0.013), and (3.3% (2.8–3.8%) vs 2.9% (2.3–3.5%), p = 0.033), respectively. These indicators also differed significantly between the PNI groups, with the M (IQR) (4.5% (3.6–5.7%) vs 3.7% (3.2–4.2%), p = 0.017), (4.1% (3.4–4.8%) vs 3.3% (3.0–3.9%), p = 0.022), and (3.7% (2.7–4.2%) vs 2.9% (2.6–3.5%), p = 0.045), respectively.Pre-operative APTw MRI has potential value in the assessment of T-staging and PNI determination in RA.Pre-operative amide proton transfer-weighted MRI provides a quantitative method for noninvasive assessment of T-staging and PNI in RA aiding in precision treatment planning.The efficacy of APTw MRI in RA needs further investigation.T3–T4 stage and PNI positive APTw signal intensities were higher than T1–T2 and non-PNI, respectively.APTw MRI provides a quantitative method for assessment of T staging and PNI in RA.The efficacy of APTw MRI in RA needs further investigation.T3–T4 stage and PNI positive APTw signal intensities were higher than T1–T2 and non-PNI, respectively.APTw MRI provides a quantitative method for assessment of T staging and PNI in RA.Clinical relevance statement: To investigate the value of the pre-operative amide proton transfer-weighted (APTw) MRI to assess the prognostic factors in rectal adenocarcinoma (RA).This prospective study ran from January 2022 to September 2023 and consecutively enrolled participants with RA who underwent pre-operative MRI and radical surgery. The APTw signal intensity (SI) values of RA with various tumor (T), node (N) stages, perineural invasion (PNI), and tumor grade were compared by Mann–Whitney U-test or t-test. The receiver operating characteristic curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the APTw SI values.A total of 51 participants were enrolled (mean age, 58 years ± 10 [standard deviation], 26 men). There were 24 in the T1–T2 stage and 9 with positive PNI. The APTw SI max, 99th, and 95th values were significantly higher in T3–T4 stage tumor than in T1-T2; the median (interquartile range) (M (IQR)) was (4.0% (3.6–4.9%) vs 3.4% (2.9– 4.3%), p = 0.017), (3.7% (3.2–4.1%) vs 3.2% (2.8–3.8%), p = 0.013), and (3.3% (2.8–3.8%) vs 2.9% (2.3–3.5%), p = 0.033), respectively. These indicators also differed significantly between the PNI groups, with the M (IQR) (4.5% (3.6–5.7%) vs 3.7% (3.2–4.2%), p = 0.017), (4.1% (3.4–4.8%) vs 3.3% (3.0–3.9%), p = 0.022), and (3.7% (2.7–4.2%) vs 2.9% (2.6–3.5%), p = 0.045), respectively.Pre-operative APTw MRI has potential value in the assessment of T-staging and PNI determination in RA.Pre-operative amide proton transfer-weighted MRI provides a quantitative method for noninvasive assessment of T-staging and PNI in RA aiding in precision treatment planning.The efficacy of APTw MRI in RA needs further investigation.T3–T4 stage and PNI positive APTw signal intensities were higher than T1–T2 and non-PNI, respectively.APTw MRI provides a quantitative method for assessment of T staging and PNI in RA.The efficacy of APTw MRI in RA needs further investigation.T3–T4 stage and PNI positive APTw signal intensities were higher than T1–T2 and non-PNI, respectively.APTw MRI provides a quantitative method for assessment of T staging and PNI in RA.Key Points: To investigate the value of the pre-operative amide proton transfer-weighted (APTw) MRI to assess the prognostic factors in rectal adenocarcinoma (RA).This prospective study ran from January 2022 to September 2023 and consecutively enrolled participants with RA who underwent pre-operative MRI and radical surgery. The APTw signal intensity (SI) values of RA with various tumor (T), node (N) stages, perineural invasion (PNI), and tumor grade were compared by Mann–Whitney U-test or t-test. The receiver operating characteristic curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the APTw SI values.A total of 51 participants were enrolled (mean age, 58 years ± 10 [standard deviation], 26 men). There were 24 in the T1–T2 stage and 9 with positive PNI. The APTw SI max, 99th, and 95th values were significantly higher in T3–T4 stage tumor than in T1-T2; the median (interquartile range) (M (IQR)) was (4.0% (3.6–4.9%) vs 3.4% (2.9– 4.3%), p = 0.017), (3.7% (3.2–4.1%) vs 3.2% (2.8–3.8%), p = 0.013), and (3.3% (2.8–3.8%) vs 2.9% (2.3–3.5%), p = 0.033), respectively. These indicators also differed significantly between the PNI groups, with the M (IQR) (4.5% (3.6–5.7%) vs 3.7% (3.2–4.2%), p = 0.017), (4.1% (3.4–4.8%) vs 3.3% (3.0–3.9%), p = 0.022), and (3.7% (2.7–4.2%) vs 2.9% (2.6–3.5%), p = 0.045), respectively.Pre-operative APTw MRI has potential value in the assessment of T-staging and PNI determination in RA.Pre-operative amide proton transfer-weighted MRI provides a quantitative method for noninvasive assessment of T-staging and PNI in RA aiding in precision treatment planning.The efficacy of APTw MRI in RA needs further investigation.T3–T4 stage and PNI positive APTw signal intensities were higher than T1–T2 and non-PNI, respectively.APTw MRI provides a quantitative method for assessment of T staging and PNI in RA.The efficacy of APTw MRI in RA needs further investigation.T3–T4 stage and PNI positive APTw signal intensities were higher than T1–T2 and non-PNI, respectively.APTw MRI provides a quantitative method for assessment of T staging and PNI in RA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In recent years, the laser half‐cutting technology for silicon solar cells has gotten much attention from researchers for increasing module power and would become particularly important in the photovoltaic modules domain. Herein, this paper would introduce a kind of new laser cutting process, a thermal laser separation (TLS) cutting technology. In the laser cutting processes, the influence on mechanical and electrical characteristics of bifacial p‐type passivated emitter and rear (PERC) solar cell and module were investigated in considerable detail. We have made a series of research and analyses including the cutting principle, opening length, fracture surface, and hot influence zone. The results reveal that the TLS cutting process could reduce damage more than the regular laser scribing and cleaving (LSC) cutting process. The TLS cutting process would achieve the higher power of a PERC half‐cutting bifacial module and the stronger bending strength of half solar cells than the LSC cutting process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sinisan formula (SNSF), documented in the classic books Shanghan Lun, is known for its ability to regulate liver-qi and treat depression. However, its underlying mechanism, particularly its effects on dynamic real-time neuron activity and circuits remains to be fully elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the antidepressant effect of SNSF and its central nervous system mechanism on depression-like behaviors, focusing on the prefrontal cortex (PFC) to dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) neural circuit in a stress-induced adolescent animal model. SNSF comprised four herbs, the root of Bupleurum chinense DC., the root of Paeonia lactiflora Pall., the fruit of Citrus aurantium L., the rhizome of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., in equal propotions. The adolescent depression animal model was induced by maternal separation (MS) and chronic restraint stress (CRS). In-vivo multichannel physiological electrodes were implanted into the PFC on PND 28 and animals were recorded 5 times during PND 35–46. From PND 47, the behavioral tests were performed to evaluate the antidepressant efficacy of SNSF. Subsequently, brain tissue was collected for Western blot and immunofluorescence staining analysis. Retro virus was injected into the DRN to explore sources of projections received by serotonergic (5-HTergic) neurons. And the PFC-to-DRN circuit was activated or inhibited through chemogenetic techniques to investigate the effects of SNSF on depression-like behaviors. Administration of SNSF for 18 days effectively alleviated depression-like behaviors in MS&CRS adolescent mice. The PFC emerged as the primary glutamatergic projection source of the DRN5−HT neurons. Following SNSF administration for 13/15/18 days, there was an increase in the firing rate of excitatory neurons and excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) ratio in the PFC. MS&CRS stress let to a reduction in the density of 5-HT+ and CaMKII + neurons in the DRN, accompanied by an increase in the density of GAD + neurons in the DRN, while SNSF administration reversed the alterations. Chemogenetic activation of the PFC-to-DRN circuit rescued the depression-like behaviors induced by MS&CRS, whereas suppression of this circuit attenuated the antidepressant effect of SNSF. SNSF significantly mitigated depression-like behaviors in MS&CRS mice. SNSF exerts its antidepressant effects by increasing the E/I ratio in the PFC and enhancing glutamatergic projections from the PFC to the DRN. [Display omitted] • SNSF mitigates depression-like behaviors of adolescent depression model mice. • SNSF reshapes excitatory/inhibitory balance in the PFC region of model mice. • SNSF regulates 5-HT/GABAergic neuron activity in the DRN region of model mice. • SNSF exerts antidepressant effect by activating PFCGlu.→DRN neural circuit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Microviscosity plays a pivotal role in influencing the rapid response of the friction coefficient variation. • Higher microviscosity corresponds to a lower friction coefficient. • The polymer-coated contact region can be divided into a blank region corona region and core region. • The fast response of the friction coefficient is a result of the combination of microviscosity in the core, corona, and blank regions. • The regulation of the friction coefficient can be achieved by controlling the microviscosity in the corona region using different salt ions. Controlling the friction coefficient is crucial for smart friction management and the reduction of energy consumption. The exploration of the mechanisms for regulating friction coefficients is at the core of this issue. In this study, it is proposed that microviscosity plays a pivotal role in influencing the rapid response of the friction coefficient variation in polymer-water-based lubrication systems. The change in microviscosity induced by salt ions was investigated using fluorescent probes and molecular dynamic simulation. The friction contact region was divided into core, corona and blank regions based on functional specificity to investigate microviscosity. The results of the study showed that the microviscosity exhibited by salt ions which are more readily adsorbed in the corona region is the key to determining changes in the friction coefficient. The high microviscosity in the core region of the polymer coating serves as the basis for maintaining a low friction coefficient. The blank region ensures low shear viscosity during friction. Therefore, the regulation of the friction coefficient can be achieved by controlling the microviscosity in the corona region using salt ions. This study not only presents a novel method for characterizing microviscosity but also establishes a theoretical basis for the intelligent regulation of friction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fruiting bodies or mycelia of Hericium coralloides (H. coralloides) contain many physiologically active compounds that are used to treat various diseases, including cardiovascular disorders and cancers. However, the genome of H. coralloides has not been sequenced, which hinders further investigations into aspects, such as bioactivity or evolutionary events. The present study is aimed at (i) performing de novo sequencing of the assembled genome; (ii) mapping the reads from PE400 DNA into the assembled genome; (iii) identifying the full length of all the repeated sequences; and (iv) annotating protein-coding genes using GO, eggNOG, and KEGG databases. The assembled genome comprised 5,59,05,675 bp, including 307 contigs. The mapping rate of reads obtained from PE400 DNA in the assembled genome was 92.46%. We identified 2,525 repeated sequences of 14,23,274 bp length. We predicted ncRNAs of 48,895 bp and 11,736 genes encoding proteins that were annotated in the GO, eggNOG, and KEGG databases. We are the first to sequence the entire H. coralloides genome (NCBI; Assembly: ASM367540v1), which will serve as a reference for studying the evolutionary diversification of edible and medicinal mushrooms and facilitate the application of bioactivity in H. coralloides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temporomandibular joint OA (TMJOA) is a common degenerative joint disease, leads to structural damage and ultimately loss of function. Matrix degradation is one of the first pathogenesis during the progression of OA, it was effective to inhibit matrix degradation to block the development of OA. In this study, an in vivo model (compressive mechanical force) and an in vitro model (IL-1β) were used to induce OA-like changes in TMJ cartilage and chondrocytes. We revealed lysyl oxidase like-2 (LOXL2) play a critical role in TMJOA. LOXL2 expression decreased in mechanical stress/IL-β induced TMJOA-like lesions in both in vivo models and in vitro models. Furthermore, recombinant LOXL2 (rhLOXL2) treatment ameliorated the degenerative changes induced by mechanical stress in vivo, including the thinning cartilage, down-expression of collagen II and proteoglycan, and over-expression of TNF-a, while LOXL2 antibody (anti-LOXL2) treatment exacerbated these changes. Mechanistically, the protection of LOXL2 in chondrocytes was induced partly through activation of the Integrin/FAK pathway. The inhibition of the Integrin/FAK pathway could neutralized the effects caused by rhLOXL2. Collectively, our study suggests that the LOXL2 plays a protective role in mechanical stress induced TMJOA-like changes, and the Integrin/FAK pathway may be a key downstream pathway in this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a new type of star multifunctional polyisoprene liquid rubber 4-arm star hydroxyl terminated polyisoprene (4HTPI-Si) that can be used for rocket solid propellant matrix was designed and synthesized by anionic polymerization method. It was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1H-NMR) and Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC), and the mechanical properties of the cured product obtained by blending with hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) liquid rubber, a traditional solid propellant matrix, were studied. The results show that the aliphatic alkyl lithium initiator with silane-protected hydroxyl group and silicon tetrachloride coupling agent can polymerize isoprene monomers to obtain 4HTPI-Si with narrow molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn = 1.14). The molecular weight of the polymer can be precisely designed, the average functionality is very close to 4. In the polymer synthesized in nonpolar solvent, 1,4- structure accounts for the majority. By proper blending, the tensile strength and elongation at break of the cured product of commercial HTPB can be improved by 281% and 66.7%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) are widely used in lighting and display applications. Carbon quantum dots (CQDs), which have high biocompatibility, high resistance to photobleaching, and full‐spectrum luminescence, have inherent advantages as fluorescent materials for LED devices. Herein, multicolor CQDs are prepared by a new reagent engineering strategy due to the difference of effective conjugate length and the surface electron‐withdrawing groups of CQDs. White CQDs are realized by mixing blue, green, and red CQDs proportionally. Then, the aggregation‐caused quenching phenomenon of CQDs is suppressed through the hydrogen‐bonding network of cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs). Multicolor fluorescent films are prepared from CQDs and CNFs by simple mixing and casting methods. Finally, thin‐film encapsulation based on the photosensitive resin ABPE‐10 coating can be realized and rapidly assembles into fluorescent films with different light‐emitting colors into LED devices, leading to have superior thermal performance compared with conventional LEDs. White LEDs have excellent white‐light illumination performance, with Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage color coordinates of (0.33, 0.37), a correlated color temperature of 5688 K, and a color rendering index of 86. This strategy provides a convenient and scalable pathway for low‐cost, environmentally friendly, and high‐performance CQDs‐based LEDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A desirable driving force or dissociation energy greater than 0.300 eV is thought to be the prerequisite for an efficient dissociation of exciton in the organic bulk heterojunction photovoltaic system. This criterion has confronted the challenge in some nonfullerene acceptors (NFAs) based solar cells. Factors that govern the dissociation are still under debate. In this work, it is demonstrated that a large photocurrent can be produced by a NFA organic blend with a negligible driving force (0.070 eV) and a small dielectric constant (ε = 4). By evaluating the magnetic field dependent photocurrent density and photoluminescence, we postulate that the spin-dependent polaron pair dissociation at charge transfer states due to a significant singlet generation may prove critical for the photocurrent production. The driving force that originates from the energy offset may play a negligible role in the exciton dissociation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Currently, diabetes has become one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels that are higher than optimal, even if below the diagnostic threshold of diabetes, can also lead to increased morbidity and mortality. Here we intend to study the magnitude of the genetic influence on FPG variation by conducting structural equation modelling analysis and to further identify specific genetic variants potentially related to FPG levels by performing a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in Chinese twins. Results: The final sample included 382 twin pairs: 139 dizygotic (DZ) pairs and 243 monozygotic (MZ) pairs. The DZ twin correlation for the FPG level (rDZ = 0.20, 95% CI: 0.04–0.36) was much lower than half that of the MZ twin correlation (rMZ = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.62–0.74). For the variation in FPG level, the AE model was the better fitting model, with additive genetic parameters (A) accounting for 67.66% (95% CI: 60.50–73.62%) and unique environmental or residual parameters (E) accounting for 32.34% (95% CI: 26.38–39.55%), respectively. In the GWAS, although no genetic variants reached the genome-wide significance level (P < 5 × 10− 8), 28 SNPs exceeded the level of a suggestive association (P < 1 × 10− 5). One promising genetic region (2q33.1) around rs10931893 (P = 1.53 × 10− 7) was found. After imputing untyped SNPs, we found that rs60106404 (P = 2.38 × 10− 8) located at SPATS2L reached the genome-wide significance level, and 216 SNPs exceeded the level of a suggestive association. We found 1007 genes nominally associated with the FPG level (P < 0.05), including SPATS2L, KCNK5, ADCY5, PCSK1, PTPRA, and SLC26A11. Moreover, C1orf74 (P = 0.014) and SLC26A11 (P = 0.021) were differentially expressed between patients with impaired fasting glucose and healthy controls. Some important enriched biological pathways, such as β-alanine metabolism, regulation of insulin secretion, glucagon signaling in metabolic regulation, IL-1 receptor pathway, signaling by platelet derived growth factor, cysteine and methionine metabolism pathway, were identified. Conclusions: The FPG level is highly heritable in the Chinese population, and genetic variants are significantly involved in regulatory domains, functional genes and biological pathways that mediate FPG levels. This study provides important clues for further elucidating the molecular mechanism of glucose homeostasis and discovering new diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Abscisic acid (ABA) acts as a signaling hormone in plants against abiotic stress, but its function in energy homeostasis under heat stress is unclear. Results: Two rice genotypes, Nipponbare (wild-type, WT) with flat leaves and its mutant high temperature susceptibility (hts) plant with semi-rolled leaves, were subjected to heat stress. We found significantly higher tissue temperature, respiration rate, and ABA and H2O2 contents in leaves as well as a lower transpiration rate and stomatal conductance in hts than WT plants. Additionally, increased expression of HSP71.1 and HSP24.1 as well as greater increases in carbohydrate content, ATP, NAD (H), and dry matter weight, were detected in WT than hts plants under heat stress. More importantly, exogenous ABA significantly decreased heat tolerance of hts plants, but clearly enhanced heat resistance of WT plants. The increases in carbohydrates, ATP, NAD (H), and heat shock proteins in WT plants were enhanced by ABA under heat stress, whereas these increases were reduced in hts plants. Conclusion: It was concluded that ABA is a negative regulator of heat tolerance in hts plants with semi-rolled leaves by modulating energy homeostasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the first-principles calculation, we explore the interfacial characteristics of ZnO monolayer on the Cu(111) surface with and without oxygen vacancy. It is found that electrons transfer from the Cu substrate towards the ZnO monolayer and the different position of O atoms relative to the Cu surface determine the interfacial interaction and then turn a flat graphitic ZnO monolayer into an asymmetrical dumpling structure. The oxygen vacancy is not only the result of substrate stabilisation effect but also strengthen the interfacial interaction to make charge transfer mechanism and dumpling effect dominant to the compression effect, thus resulting in an overall increase of Cu work function and the decreasing of potential step. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excessive manganese (Mn) exposure has been linked to neurotoxicity, cognitive impairments. Neurotrophic Receptor Kinase 1 (NTRK1) encodes Tropomyosin kinase A (TrkA), a neurotrophic receptor, as a mediator of neuron differentiation and survival. Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2), a pivotal member of the insulin gene family, plays a crucial role in brain development and neuroprotection. Despite this knowledge, the precise mechanisms through which NTRK1 and IGF2 influence cell responses to Mn-induced neuronal damage remain elusive. Cell apoptosis was assessed using CCK8, TUNEL staining, and Western blot analysis of cleaved Caspase-3. Lentiviral vectors facilitated NTRK1 overexpression, while small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) facilitated IGF2 knockdown. Real-time Quantitative PCR (qPCR) determined gene expression levels, while Western blotting measured protein expression. The study reveals that NTRK1 inhibits MnCl2-induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells. NTRK1 overexpression significantly upregulated IGF2 expression, and subsequent siRNA- IGF2 experiments confirmed IGF2 's pivotal role in NTRK1 -mediated neuroprotection. Notably, the study identifies that NTRK1 regulates the expression of IGF2 in the neuroprotective mechanism with the involvement of ER stress pathways. The study reveals NTRK1 's neuroprotective role via IGF2 against Mn-induced neurotoxicity and ER stress modulation in SH-SY5Y cells. These findings offer insights into potential therapies for neurodegenerative disorders related to Mn exposure and NTRK1 dysfunction, driving future research in this domain. [Display omitted] • NTRK1 Shields Nerve Cells from Manganese-Induced Neurotoxicity and Apoptosis. • IGF2-Mediated Neuroprotection: NTRK1 Safeguards Against MnCl2-Induced Neuronal Damage. • Precision in Stress Management: NTRK1 Coordinates ER Stress Alleviation via IGF2 Modulation During MnCl2 Treatment. • Decoding NTRK1's Intricate Role: Unraveling Mechanisms for Manganese-Induced Neuronal Preservation and ER Stress Mitigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long-term static storage of the ball screws result in interactive degradation of the grease and the friction interface, affecting the safety of equipment operation. In this study, the physical structure of the grease under static storage was found to be a sensitive factor for degradation. Subsequently the interaction mechanism between degradation of grease and the evolution of interface property was revealed. The aggregation and adsorption behaviors of thickener-base oil, thickener-metal interface, and base oil-metal interface were investigated by the molecular dynamic simulation. Further, interface characteristics and grease degradation respectively affect the value and duration of the growth phase of friction. This study can provide guidance for the phenomenon of increased starting torque of equipment relying on ballscrew after long-term standby. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To explore the association between cesarean section (CS) and the risk of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS).Methods: We searched PubMed, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov database for studies related to the association between CS and the risk of neonatal RDS up to 25 August 2018. The pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using a random-effects model (REM).Results: A total of 26 studies from 25 available articles were included in this meta-analysis. For the association between CS and the risk of neonatal RDS, the pooled OR was 1.76 (95% CI 1.48-2.09). The pooled OR of the risk of neonatal RDS was 2.38 (95% CI 1.89-2.99) for elective CS and 1.85 (95% CI 1.34-2.56) for emergency CS.Conclusion: This meta-analysis suggested that CS, elective CS, and emergency CS were associated with an increased risk of neonatal RDS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexspline is the most vulnerable component of harmonic drives, and its wear is likely to induce failure. Therefore, this study investigated the tribological properties of three typical flexspline materials with lubricating grease. The evolution of two oxide forms (amorphous FeOOH and crystalline Fe 2 O 3) on a frictional interface was proposed as the wear mechanism, and this mechanism was confirmed using co-analyses of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Amorphous FeOOH generated during sliding was observed to enhance the oxide layer, resulting in compact structure and improved toughness that reduced friction at the interface, whereas with insufficient amorphous FeOOH, the frictional crystalline Fe 2 O 3 tended to strip under shear force, destabilizing the oxide layer. The formation ratio of FeOOH/Fe 2 O 3 during sliding regulated the oxide film characteristics and the tribological properties of the materials. Crystalline Fe 2 O 3 partly evolved from amorphous FeOOH is mainly dependent on heat generated during sliding. The grease adsorption properties of tribo-pairs significantly affected the temperature of the frictional contact interfaces. The characteristics of this wear mechanism can be leveraged to reduce wear in future drive designs. Image 1 • A wear mechanism for flexspline materials is proposed, whereby the wear is regulated by two oxide forms evolving. • The amorphous FeOOH generated during sliding gives the oxide layer a more compact structure, reducing friction. • The frictional crystalline Fe 2 O 3 partly evolves from the amorphous FeOOH, triggering severe wear. • The formation ratio of FeOOH/Fe 2 O 3 during sliding regulates oxide film characteristics and tribological properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Sb 2 Se 3− x S x is considered a promising absorber material for solar cell applications because of its tunable band gap. However, theoretical research on Sb 2 Se 3− x S x is still limited. In this research, the crystal structure, electronic structure and photoelectric properties of Sb 2 Se 3− x S x (x = 0 , 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75) were determined using first-principles calculations based on density functional theory. The band gap is affected by the structural distortion and covalence of Sb 2 Se 3− x S x with increasing S concentration. From x = 0 to x = 0.75 , the covalence of Sb 2 Se 3− x S x gradually increases. While for x = 0.125 and x = 0.25 , the structural distortion are more severe than the others. Combining with the affects of both, the band gap decreases first and then increases with increasing S concentration. By calculating the carrier effective masses and optical characteristics of Sb 2 Se 3− x S x , it can be found that Sb 2 Se 3− x S x (x = 0.5) shows the optimized photoelectric properties. The results provide some guidance for the further development of Sb 2 Se 3− x S x solar cells by adjusting band gap. Graphical abstract The band gap of Sb 2 Se 3− x S x decreases first and then increases with S concentration, and Sb 2 Se 3− x S x (x = 0.5) possesses the optimized photoelectric properties. fx1 Highlights • The band gap of Sb 2 Se 3− x S x decreases first and then increases with S concentration. • Band gap change is affected by the structural distortion and covalence of Sb 2 Se 3− x S x. • The carrier effective mass of Sb 2 Se 3− x S x (x = 0.5) is the smallest. • Sb 2 Se 3− x S x (x = 0.5) has the optimized photoelectric properties as absorber material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Here, a simple two-step solvothermal approach has been employed to synthesize Pt Fe alloy (or Pt)/CeO 2 /C with Pt Fe (or Pt) selective loading on CeO 2 nanoparticles. In addition, the selective loading of Pt Fe alloy or Pt nanoparticles on the surface of CeO 2 is achieved under weak alkaline environment, which is mainly attributed to the opposite electrostatic force between H+ enriched on the surface of CeO 2 particles and OH− covered with carbon supporters. As-prepared Pt Fe alloy (or Pt)/CeO 2 /C catalysts with two-stage loading structures show more excellent electro-catalytic efficiency for methanol oxidation as well as duration compared with commercial Pt/C and Pt CeO 2 /C with random loading structure. Further, single-cell assembly based on Pt 3 Fe/CeO 2 /C as the anode catalyst exhibits a maximum power density of 31.1 mW cm−2, which is 1.95 times that of an analogous cell based on the commercial Pt/C. These improved performances with considerable low Pt content (<0.3 mg cm−2) are mainly ascribed to the abundant three phase interfaces (Pt CeO 2 carbon) induced by the selective and efficient dispersion of Pt nanoparticles on ceria. Graphical abstract Pt Fe alloy/CeO 2 /C with Pt Fe selective loading on CeO 2 could be obtained in alkalescent environment and exhibit superior performance in direct methanol fuel cell. Image 1 Highlights • Pt Fe alloy (or Pt)/CeO 2 /C catalysts are provided with selective loading structures. • A simple two-step solvothermal approach has been employed. • The selective loading behavior shows susceptibility to the pH value. • Pt 3 Fe/CeO 2 /C catalyst exhibits optimal performances in MOR and DMFC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexspline wear is a critical factor leading to harmonic drive failure. This study investigates the tribological properties of five typical flexspline materials under dry friction conditions. A wear mechanism regulated by micro-metallographic structure is proposed. Tempered sorbate was confirmed to be the desired metallographic structure from a tribological perspective. Additionally, a suitable cementite content could promote the anti-wear characteristics of friction interfaces. However, the metallographic structure of granular ferrite was found to be unfavorable. Tribological experiments under start-stop conditions were conducted to analyze the impact effect during harmonic drive operation. The grain level and speed-dependent properties of the flexspline materials were determined. This research provides important information for avoiding flexspline wear and consequent failure of harmonic drives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, fluorescent materials composed of carbon dots (CDs) have attracted increasing attention in diverse fields, including the environment, food, biology, and medicine. Cellulose has emerged as a promising class of materials for carriers due to its low cost, fascinating biodegradability, and various morphologies, especially in available different dimensions. By taking advantage of the respective superiority of fluorescent materials and cellulose carriers, the performance of fluorescence composite materials can be optimized and their application may be extended. In this review, the study emphasizes the synthesis and applications of cellulose-based fluorescent materials with different dimensions. Moreover, some effective strategies and potential challenges for further development of cellulose-based fluorescent materials are discussed. A deeper understanding will provide a guide for the materials with ideal fluorescent performances. • Cellulose-based CDs composites with different dimensions are advanced. • The preparation of composites in different dimensions is reviewed. • The applications of composites in different fields are summarized. • The future development and research trend of the composites are prospected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Neuropathic pain is a prevalent and highly debilitating condition that impacts millions of individuals globally. Neuroinflammation is considered a key factor in the development of neuropathic pain. Accumulating evidence suggests that protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) plays a crucial role in regulating neuroinflammation. Nevertheless, the specific involvement of PTP1B in neuropathic pain remains largely unknown. This study aims to examine the impact of PTP1B on neuropathic pain and unravel the underlying molecular mechanisms implicated. Methods: In the current study, we evaluated the paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) of male rats following spared nerve injury (SNI) to assess the presence of neuropathic pain. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms, western blotting, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy techniques were employed. Results: Our results showed that SNI significantly elevated PTP1B levels, which was accompanied by an increase in the expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers (BIP, p‐PERK, p‐IRE1α, and ATF6) and phosphorylated NF‐κB in the spinal dorsal horn. SNI‐induced mechanical allodynia was impaired by the treatment of intrathecal injection of PTP1B siRNA or PTP1B‐IN‐1, a specific inhibitor of PTP1B. Moreover, the intrathecal administration of PTP1B‐IN‐1 effectively suppressed the expression of ER stress markers (BIP, p‐PERK/p‐eIF2α, p‐IRE1α, and ATF6), leading to the inhibition of NF‐κB, microglia, and astrocytes activation, as well as a decrease in pro‐inflammatory cytokines, including TNF‐α, IL‐6, and IL‐1β. However, these effects were reversed by intrathecal administration of tunicamycin (Tm, an inducer of ER stress). Additionally, intrathecal administration of Tm in healthy rats resulted in the development of mechanical allodynia and the activation of NF‐κB‐mediated neuroinflammatory signaling. Conclusions: The upregulation of PTP1B induced by SNI facilitates the activation of NF‐κB and glial cells via ER stress in the spinal dorsal horn. This, in turn, leads to an increase in the production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, thereby contributing to the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain. Therefore, targeting PTP1B could be a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of neuropathic pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paraffin wax (PW) is a solid-liquid organic phase change material (PCM). However, the low thermal conductivity and poor light-heat conversion performance limit its feasibility in solar thermal storage applications. In this paper, CuS-decorated carboxyl multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/PW light-heat conversion composite PCMs were prepared by one step. The structure and properties of the composite PCMs were studied by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimeter, thermogravimetric analysis, coefficient of thermal conductivity, UV-visible-near infrared spectrometer and light-heat conversion testing. The results showed that the light-heat conversion performance of CuS-MWCNTs/PW composite PCMs were better than that of MWCNT/PW composite PCMs with the same mass fraction. Therefore, it is expected that this research will open up new avenues of study for the creation of advanced composite PCM with excellent light-heat conversion performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are suspected to be a contributing factor in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Here, we assess the altered expression of miRNAs and the effects of miR‐124 in astrocytic differentiation in neural stem cells of ALS transgenic mice. Differentially expressed miRNA‐positive cells (including miR‐124, miR‐181a, miR‐22, miR‐26b, miR‐34a, miR‐146a, miR‐219, miR‐21, miR‐200a, and miR‐320) were detected by in situ hybridization and qRT‐PCR in the spinal cord and the brainstem. Our results demonstrated that miR‐124 was down‐regulated in the spinal cord and brainstem. In vitro, miR‐124 was down‐regulated in neural stem cells and up‐regulated in differentiated neural stem cells in G93A‐superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) mice compared with WT mice by qRT‐PCR. Meanwhile, Sox2 and Sox9 protein levels showed converse change with miR‐124 in vivo and vitro. After over‐expression or knockdown of miR‐124 in motor neuron‐like hybrid (NSC34) cells of mouse, Sox2 and Sox9 proteins were noticeably down‐regulated or up‐regulated, whereas Sox2 and Sox9 mRNAs remained virtually unchanged. Moreover, immunofluorescence results indicated that the number of double‐positive cells of Sox2/glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and Sox9/glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was higher in G93A‐SOD1 mice compared with WT mice. We also found that many Sox2‐ and Sox9‐positive cells were nestin positive in G93A‐SOD1 mice, but not in WT mice. Furthermore, differentiated neural stem cells from G93A‐SOD1 mice generated a greater proportion of astrocytes and lower proportion of neurons than those from WT mice. MiR‐124 may play an important role in astrocytic differentiation by targeting Sox2 and Sox9 in ALS transgenic mice. Cover Image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.14171. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: We performed a meta-analysis to assess the association and possible dose–response relationship between dietary inflammation index (DII)™ and colorectal cancer (CRC).Methods: A literature search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database for all relevant studies. The pooled relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated by random effects model.Results: A total of eight studies were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled RRs of CRC, colon and rectal cancer for the highest versus lowest DII categories were 1.43 (95% CI 1.25–1.63), 1.37 (95% CI 1.16–1.62) and 1.44 (95% CI 1.23–1.69), respectively. A significant positive association was observed both in cohort studies (RR = 1.26, 95% CI 1.14–1.38) and case–control studies (RR = 1.81, 95% CI 1.48–2.22). Nonlinear associations between DII scores and the risk of CRC, colon and rectal cancer were found in the dose–response analyses, the results showed that the risks of CRC, colon and rectal cancer increased slowly when the DII score was above 1.30, 2.21, and 1.30, respectively.Conclusion: Higher DII scores might increase CRC risk. Thus, people should adopt more anti-inflammatory diets such as those high in vegetables, fruits, whole grains, herbs, and spices. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A high and low frequency unfolded partial least squares discriminant analysis (HLFUPLS-DA) for building a pattern recognition model of near-infrared (NIR) spectra is proposed to identify milk samples. In the approach, the spectra are decomposed into different frequency components by empirical mode decomposition (EMD) at first. Then the former high frequency components are summed as a high frequency matrix and vice versa. Thirdly, the high and low frequency matrices are extended to an extended matrix in the variable dimension. Finally, PLS-DA model is built between the extended matrix and the target vectors. Coupled with NIR spectroscopy, HLUPLS-DA is applied to identify milk samples of different qualities. Comparing with PLS-DA and other signal processing techniques combined with PLS-DA, the proposed method is proved to be a promising tool for spectral qualitative analysis of complex samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphorylated proteins in ovine muscle induced by salt curing were well investigated. Ten topside muscles of crossbred sheep were ground, mixed and divided into two groups, which were cured for 16 h with 0% and 3% NaCl, respectively. Muscle proteins of two cured groups were analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled with Pro-Q Diamond and SYPRO Ruby staining. The differential phosphorylated proteins were determined using LC-MS/MS and the UniProt database. Ten different phosphoproteins (> 1.5 fold) induced by salting were identified, including triosephosphate isomerase, glycogen phosphorylase, creatine kinase M-type, myoglobin, troponin T fast skeletal muscle type, actin, myosin light chain 1/3, tropomyosin beta chain, etc. Most of the different phosphoproteins were involved in glycometabolism, protein function and protein degradation. It is conclusively that salting may influence meat quality through protein phosphorylation, which regulates glycolysis metabolism, protein function and degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Celastrol, a natural compound extracted from the traditional Chinese medicinal herb Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F, possesses broad-spectrum pharmacological properties. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process through which cytoplasmic cargo is delivered to the lysosomes for degradation. Autophagy dysregulation contributes to multiple pathological processes. Therefore, targeting autophagic activity is a promising therapy for various diseases, as well as a drug-development strategy. According to previous studies, autophagy is specifically targeted and may be altered in response to celastrol treatment, highlighting that autophagy modulation is an important mechanism underlying the therapeutic efficacy of celastrol for the treatment of various diseases. The present study summarizes the currently available information regarding the role of autophagy in the effect of celastrol to exert anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, neuroprotective, anti-atherosclerosis, anti-pulmonary fibrosis and anti-macular degeneration activities. The diverse signaling pathways involved are also analyzed to provide insight into the mechanisms of action of celastrol and thereby pave the way for establishing celastrol as an efficacious autophagy modulator in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer coatings can effectively improve the surface tribological properties of human implant materials, thereby increasing their service life. In this study, poly(vinylsulfonic acid, sodium salt) (PVS), poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and poly(vinylphosphonic acid) (PVPA) were used to modify Ti6Al4V surfaces. Experimental analyses were combined with molecular simulation to explore the regulation mechanism of special functional groups contained in polymer molecular chains on the tribological properties of modified surfaces. In addition, the bearing capacities and velocity dependence of different polymer modified surfaces during friction were also explored. The PVS coating, due to physical adsorption, can have an anti-friction effect under NaCl solution lubrication, but is not durable under long-term or repeated usage. Both PAA and PVPA molecular chains can form chemical bonds with Ti6Al4V. Phosphate acid groups can firmly bind to the substrate, and the adsorption of salt ions and water molecules can form a hydrated layer on the PVPA coating surface, achieving ultra-low friction and wear. The adsorption of salt ions would aggravate the surface wear of the PAA-modified Ti6Al4V due to the unfirm binding of carboxyl groups to the substrate, resulting in a high friction coefficient. This study can provide effective guidance for the design of modified polymer coatings on metals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) is a prevalent, intricate, and intractable form of neuropathic pain. The available evidence indicates that alterations in the gut microbiota are significant environmental determinants in the development of chronic neuropathic pain. Nevertheless, the correlation between the gut microbiota and PHN remains elusive. A cross-sectional study was performed on a cohort of 27 patients diagnosed with PHN and 27 matched healthy controls. Fecal samples were collected and subjected to microbiota analysis using 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. Comparable levels of bacterial richness and diversity were observed in the gut microbiota of PHN patients and healthy controls. A significant difference was observed in 37 genera between the two groups. Furthermore, the LEfSe method revealed that the abundance levels of Escherichia-Shigella, Streptococcus, Ligilactobacillus, and Clostridia_UCG-014_unclassified were elevated in PHN patients, while Eubacterium_hallii_group, Butyricicoccus, Tyzzerella, Dorea, Parasutterella, Romboutsia, Megamonas, and Agathobacter genera were reduced in comparison to healthy controls. Significantly, the discriminant model utilizing the predominant microbiota exhibited efficacy in distinguishing PHN patients from healthy controls, with an area under the curve value of 0.824. Moreover, Spearman correlation analysis demonstrated noteworthy correlations between various gut microbiota and clinical symptoms, including disease course, anxiety state, sleep quality, heat pain, pain intensity, and itching intensity. Gut microbiota dysbiosis exists in PHN patients, microbiome differences could be used to distinguish PHN patients from normal healthy individuals with high sensitivity and specificity, and altered gut microbiota are related to clinical manifestations, suggesting potentially novel prevention and therapeutic directions of PHN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, ethyl xanthate nickel (EXN) was used as nickel and sulfur sources to modify Fe 3 O 4 powder nanoparticles dissolved in pyridine. After short heat treatments, the generated NiS nanoparticles were not only compactly and uniformly coated on the surface of Fe 3 O 4 but also induced the decreased particle size of Fe 3 O 4 . The microstructure, morphology and particle size of the resulting NiS coated Fe 3 O 4 particles were characterized X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Raman spectroscopy. The results showed that thickness of the NiS coating on Fe 3 O 4 particles was about 6 nm. The NiS coated Fe 3 O 4 particles were tested as positive materials for nickel-iron batteries and found to effectively inhibit the iron anode passivation and improve the efficiency of charge capacity. The NiS (1.5%) – Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles delivered a significant power density of 557.2 mA h g −1 at a current density of 120 mA g −1 , with a charging efficiency of 79.6%. Furthermore, discharge capacities of 550.2 and 436.8 mA h g −1 were achieved respectively at 300 and 600 mA g −1 , with charging efficiencies reaching up 85.9% and 76.5% of the initial capacity after 100 cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extreme learning machine (ELM) has been attracted increasing attentions for its fast learning speed and excellent generalization performance. However, the prediction result of a single ELM regression model is usually unstable due to the randomly generating of the input weights and hidden layer bias. To overcome this drawback, an ensemble form of ELM, termed as subagging ELM, was proposed and used for spectral quantitative analysis of complex samples. In the approach, a series of ELM sub-models was built by randomly selecting a certain number of samples from the original training set without replacement, and then the predictions of these sub-models were combined by a simple averaging way to give the final ensemble prediction. The performance of the method was tested with fuel oil and blood samples. Compared to a single ELM model, the results confirm that subagging ELM can achieve much better stability and higher accuracy than ELM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A self-healing Li-Al layered double hydroxide conversion coating (LCC) modified with aspartic acid (ALCC) was prepared on 6N01 Al alloy for corrosion protection. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that a compact thin film has been successfully formed on the alloy. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and FT-IR spectra proved that species of aspartic acid anions were successfully intercalated into LCC. Potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and neutral salt spray (NSS) testing showed that the resultant ALCC could provide effective corrosion protection for the Al alloy. During immersion of the ALCC-coated alloy in 3.5% NaCl solution, new film was formed in the area of artificially introduced scratch, indicating its self-healing capability. XPS results demonstrated that Cl- anions exchange partial Asp anions according to the change content of element on conversion coating. From the above results, the possible mechanism via exchange/self-assembly was proposed to illustrate the phenomenon of self-healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High stability and movement compatibility under friction is vital to guarantee long-term use of implants in the human body. In this study, the negligible wear of the poly (vinylphosphonic acid) (PVPA)-modified Ti6Al4V/polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) interface in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, PH = 7.2) were confirmed. The depth of scratches on the PVPA-modified Ti6Al4V was no more than 20 nm, while there was slight wear on the PTFE ball, as indicated by the radius of curvature being almost the same as the initial value after sliding for 2 h. In addition, it should be noted that the novel velocity and load-independent tribological behaviors are exciting. The superlubricity of the PVPA-modified Ti6Al4V can be maintained over a wide velocity range, from 0.3 mm/s to 48 mm/s, even under a high pressure of 63.49 MPa, confirming its potential application in implants. The sufficient thickness of the firm PVPA coatings with specific lubricating state and the compatibility of the two tribo-pairs in this tribological system primarily account for the novel tribological stability. This study provides insights into the tribological mechanisms of the high-stability polymer coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims The regimens of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in squamous cervical cancer (SCC) frequently use cisplatin combined with paclitaxel. Unfortunately, some cervical cancers show resistance to the principal chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment, decreasing the effectiveness of this therapy. The objective of this study was to search for predictive markers of response to NAC in patients with SCC. Main methods Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) accompanied by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) was used to analyze and identify differentially expressed proteins in ten cases of advanced cervical cancer patients receiving cisplatin-based NAC. Each of these patients received more than two cycles of NAC. Cell proliferation rate in cisplatin resistant human cervical cancer cell Hela/DDP and its parent cell Hela after treatment with Hsp70 inhibitor and/or cisplatin were tested by MTT assay. Key findings Twelve protein spots changed in abundance, quantitative comparison of spot volumes showed that seven protein spots were up-regulated and five spots were down-regulated in the NAC non-responders compared to the NAC responders. These proteins are involved in various cellular processes essential for cell metabolism, migration and apoptotic signal transduction. The high-fold changes proteins of stathmin1, Hsp70 and pyruvate kinase isoform M2 were validated by Western blot analysis. Over-expression of Hsp70 inhibits the efficacy of cisplatin. Hsp70 inhibitor enhanced the sensitivity to cisplatin in both Hela and Hela/DDP cells. Significance The study found many candidate proteins involved in chemotherapy resistance/sensitivity, among them Hsp70 might be potential biomarkers to predict the efficacy of chemotherapy for SCC patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A new phenomenon of superlubricity transition was found when mixed with multiple lubricants in the friction process. • The mechanisms of superlubricity transition induced by cations with different valence states were investigated. • This research provides theoretical support for the adaptive control of intelligent lubrication. Water-based superlubricity systems have unique advantages, such as low friction and environmental friendliness. While control of water-based superlubricity is highly attractive, it is also challenging. The superlubricity transition behavior of poly(vinylphosphonic acid) (PVPA) lubricated using a NaCl solution when mixed with multiple lubricants was investigated in this study. The mechanisms of superlubricity transition were investigated by exploring the internal structural changes of a PVPA coating and the molecular behaviors at the PVPA interface affected by cations through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) depth profiling, quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D), and molecular dynamics simulation. The type and magnitude of the superlubricity transition caused by cations with different valence states are clearly different. The introduced monovalent cation that can stably adsorb on the PVPA surface, exhibits a strong attraction toward the surrounding water molecules, instantaneously strengthening the lubrication at the PVPA interface. These changes at the interface are reversible and would cause a sudden decrease in the coefficient of friction (COF). Adsorbing an introduced divalent cation on the PVPA molecular chain leads to the transformation of the PVPA coating from a stable network structure to an unstable bridging structure. The sudden increase in the COF, caused by the altered internal structure of the coating, is irreversible. This study provides theoretical support for the adaptive control of water-based superlubricity and intelligent lubrication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to define the effects of asymmetric force on rat temporomandibular joints (TMJs). A total of 232 10-week-old rats were used in the experiment. Their left TMJs were kept forward and upward with 40 g or 120 g. The histological and osteogenic changes, as well as the expression of type I, II and III collagens were observed. Our results showed that the curve of the cartilage thickness changes in the anterior part of the treated side in the heavy force group (HS) decreased first and increased later during the strength and the recovery periods, while the reverse changes were shown in the middle and posterior parts. The cartilage thickness change on the other side in the heavy force group (HO) was the opposite. Additionally, the cartilage thickness change on the treated side and the other side of the light force group (LS and LO) were similar to but not as significantly changed as HS and HO. There were significant differences among the experimental groups. The subchondral bone trabecula also decreased after the pressure loading and removing, then recovered, without significant differences among these groups. Furthermore, more pathological changes such as fractures, bone cysts, the degradation of type II collagen and the increased expression of type III collagen were observed on the treated sides following the application of heavy force. In contrast, more osteogenesis and more active changes were found in the light force group. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that asymmetric force exerted different effects on the cartilage, subchondral bone and collagens of TMJs. Greater changes occurred in the heavy force group, and light force provided more benefits for TMJs remodelling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we focus on the characterizations of some properties of fuzzy relations by using the notions of traces. The investigation is two-fold. On one hand, we attempt to reformulate the results obtained by Fodor under weakened conditions. On the other hand, we present some new characterizations of properties, mainly T-asymmetry, T-S-semitransitivity and T-S-Ferrers property, in terms of traces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexible CZTSSe solar cells have attracted much attention due to their earth-abundant elements, high stability, and wide application prospects. However, the environmental problems caused by the high toxicity of the Cd in the buffer layers restrict the development of flexible CZTSSe solar cells. Herein, we develop a Cd-free flexible CZTSSe/ZnO solar cell. The influences of the ZnO films on device performances are investigated. The light absorption capacity of flexible CZTSSe solar cells is enhanced due to the removal of the CdS layer. The optimal thickness of the ZnO buffer layers and the appropriate annealing temperature of the CZTSSe/ZnO are 100 nm and 200 °C. Ultimately, the optimum flexible CZTSSe/ZnO device achieves an efficiency of 5.0%, which is the highest efficiency for flexible CZTSSe/ZnO solar cells. The systematic characterizations indicate that the flexible CZTSSe/ZnO solar cells based on the optimal conditions achieved quality heterojunction, low defect density and better charge transfer capability. This work provides a new strategy for the development of the environmentally friendly and low-cost flexible CZTSSe solar cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice blast, caused by Magnaporthe grisea threatens rice production worldwide. It is important to develop novel and environment-safe strategies to control the fungus. Here we reported that Bacillus subtilis KB-1122 could strikingly inhibit the growth of M. grisea P131 in agar diffusion assays. To further understand the molecular mechanism on the suppressive role of B. subtilis on M. grisea, the antagonist-pathogen interaction of the two strains was studied by using comparative proteome analysis in this report. The cellular and culture supernatant (CSN) proteins were prepared from co-culture and subjected to two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Proteome analysis revealed 33 cellular and 18 CSN proteins showing changes upon co-culture respectively. Importantly, down-regulated cellular proteins came from M. grisea, whereas up-regulated proteins derived from B. subtilis. Results suggested that glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and serine protein kinase might contribute to antifungal activity of B. subtilis KB-1122. Of CSN proteins identified, the endo-1,4-beta-glucanase (involved in degradation of polysaccharides) was up-regulated consistently at different times of incubation. This suggests that this enzyme plays an important role in the interaction between B. subtilis KB-1122 with M. grisea P131. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Homogeneous bilayers of Hexadecylphosphonic acid were formed on Ti6Al4V successfully. [•] Conformation of Hexadecylphosphonic acid bilayers formed on Ti6Al4V was put forward and then proved. [•] Reasonable formation mechanism of Hexadecylphosphonic acid bilayers on Ti6Al4V was deduced through interfacial analysis. [•] The Hexadecylphosphonic acid bilayers were especially durable. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: With the establishment of minimally invasive surgery in society, the robot has been increasingly widely used in the urologic field, including in partial nephrectomy. This study aimed to comprehensively summarize the currently available evidence on the feasibility and safety of robotic partial nephrectomy for renal tumors of >4 cm. Method and Findings: An electronic database search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library was performed. This systematic review and meta-analysis was based on all relevant studies that assessed robotic partial nephrectomy for renal tumors of >4 cm. Five studies were included. The meta-analysis involved 3 studies from 11 institutions including 154 patients, while the narrative review involved the remaining 2 studies from 5 institutions including 64 patients. In the meta-analysis, the mean ischemic time, operation time, and console time was 28, 319, and 189 minutes, respectively. The estimated blood loss and length of stay was 317 ml and 3.8 days, respectively. The rates of conversion, positive margins, intraoperative complications, postoperative complications, hilar clamping, and collecting system repair were 7.0%, 3.5%, 7.0%, 9.8%, 93.9%, and 47.5%, respectively. The narrative review showed results similar to those of the meta-analysis. Conclusions: Robotic partial nephrectomy is feasible and safe for renal tumors of >4 cm with an acceptable warm ischemic time, positive margin rate, conversion rate, complication rate, operation time, estimated blood loss, and length of stay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]