Search

Ru atoms with a large radius are often doped into a lattice as substituents due to reaction kinetics and thermodynamics limitations. Therefore, overcoming kinetic resistance to realize interstitial Ru doping in phosphides and establishing the internal relationship of its electrocatalytic performance are challenging. Considering that the tensile strain induced by a quenching-induced huge temperature difference can provide the possibility of interstitial doping, an interstitially Ru-doped FeCoP/FF electrode with 2.32% tensile strain was innovatively constructed by a strain-driven interstitial Ru doping strategy. As expected, the Ru-FeCoP/FF∥Ru-FeCoP/FF electrolyzer needs a cell voltage of only 1.64 V to deliver 1 A cm−2. Notably, the tensile strain and interstitially doped Ru synergistically promote the movement of electrons from Fe and Co sites to P and plummeting of the activation energy (Ea), thus accelerating the reaction kinetics of HER and OER. Overall, this work provides new ideas for designing an Ru interstitially doped electrode and optimizing the HER and OER kinetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

The well-designed Ru-NiFeP/NF electrode is constructed by 'quenching doped Ru-phosphorization' strategy. Remarkably, the interstitial Ru dopants induce abundant Ni(Fe) Ru bonds with optimized electronic configuration, greatly stabilizing the presence of Ru and enhancing the reaction kinetics for HER and OER. As expected, the η 1000 value of Ru-NiFeP/NF is merely 0.285 V for HER and 0.34V for OER, is 0.9 times that of Pt/C@NF in HER and 0.62 times that of RuO 2 @NF in OER, respectively. Benefit from the abundant Ni(Fe) Ru cooperative sites, the Ru-NiFeP/NF||Ru-NiFeP/NF electrolyzer only needs a voltage of 1.54 V to provide a current density of 1 A cm−2, which is much better than that of Pt/C@NF||RuO 2 @NF. [Display omitted] Directionally induced interstitial Ru dopant rather than ordinary substitutional doping is a challenge. Furthermore, DFT calculations revealed that compared with the substituted Ru dopants, the interstitial Ru dopants induce abundant Ni(Fe) Ru cooperative sites, greatly expediting the reaction kinetics for HER and OER. Inspired by these, the interstitial Ru-doped NiFeP/NF electrode is constructed by the 'quenching doped Ru-phosphorization' strategy. Relevant physical characterizations confirmed that interstitial Ru dopants promote electron reset in the Ni(Fe) Ru synergistic sites, effectively avoiding metal atom dissolution and encouraging more Ni (Fe) OOH active species. As expected, the Ru-NiFeP/NF||Ru-NiFeP/NF electrolyzer only need as low as 1.54 V to yield a current density of 1 A cm−2. In summary, this work innovatively constructs the phosphide electrode with ampere-level current density from the perspective of regulating the doping position of Ru. This provides a new design idea for optimizing the Ru doping strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

[Display omitted] • It conducted a systematic review of mulch collecting and recycling research. • Dry cleaning is beneficial for long-term development and should improve performance. • Chemical recycling is a high-value approach that should promote existing research. • It proposed research directions for the future high-value development of mulch films. Polyethylene (PE) mulch film has been widely used in agricultural production. However, the residual PE mulch film fragments in the soil can cause severe pollution, affecting the quality of agricultural products and even the stability of the ecological environment. Moreover, PE mulch film has high calorific value and thermoplasticity, so recycling is necessary. This review provides an overview of the current pretreatment and recycling methods for waste PE mulch film, cites application examples from plastic recycling enterprises, and offers suggestions for future research directions. In the pretreatment technology, the research status of mechanical collection with high efficiency and mechanical collection with pretreatment function was summarized, and the advantages and disadvantages of different collection machines were pointed out. In the treatment technology, several technologies' advantages, disadvantages and research progress, including incineration, thermal pyrolysis, direct regranulation and modified regranulation, were summarized. It points out that improving the degree of resource recycling and optimizing the quality of recycled products is the key to reuse. In summary, this review points out that the research on collecting and recycling waste PE mulch film requires joint efforts in raising collecting awareness, promoting resource recycling technology, preventing secondary pollution, and making positive contributions to agricultural production and ecological environment protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

The pyrolysis process of waste printed circuit board (WPCB) with high economic benefit has been a black box problem, limiting the upgrading of pyrolysis processes. The resourcefulness and hazardous nature of WPCB will make it necessary for it to be treated properly. Multiphysics model was built to simulate the whole processes of WPCB pyrolysis and contaminants' release. The circuit board samples containing six components were selected for pyrolysis in a tube furnace at a rate of 10 ∘ C/min from room temperature to 600 ∘ C, and the residual rate of Br- was determined by the oxygen bomb method. The results showed that the difference in temperature distribution could be attributed to thermal conductivity and surface area. Heat distribution would be more even from the inner material in areas where holes existed. The assembly method would affect the stress distribution around the components. Thermal stress at the pins might cause the separation of components from the substrate. The concentration of brominated contaminants was influenced by the material and assembly method. The instantaneous concentration around the pin was 3–4 times compared to the bare substrate, which was beneficial for the release and control of brominated organics. This study provided the research method for the in-depth understanding of the pyrolysis process of complex materials; and provided a basis for the upgrading of related processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Background: Hyperuricemia is considered as an independent risk factor for acute ischemic stroke (AIS), and some AIS patients are accompanied by an increase in serum uric acid. Recent studies have highlighted the important role of gut microbiota in both hyperuricemia and AIS, but there is little available data on the relationship between gut microbiota and the pathogenesis of AIS with hyperuricemia (HAS). Methods: Here we profiled the gut microbiota composition in 63 HAS patients and 269 non-HAS patients through 16s rRNA sequencing. Male rat with hyperuricemia were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) to establish HAS model and were then treated with Parabacteroides distasonis. Subsequently, the neurological deficit, pathological damages and blood-brain barrier disruption were evaluated. Moreover, the levels of ROS, inflammatory cytokines, NF-휿B pathway related protein, and vascular density markers were determined. Results: There were significant differences of gut microbiota composition between HAS patients and non-HAS patients, and a significant decrease in the abundance of Parabacteroides in HAS patients compared to non-HAS patients. Animal experiments showed that supplementation with P. distasonis increased beneficial commensal bacteria, significantly improved neurological deficits, pathological damages and BBB disruption, as well as reduced the level of serum uric acid in HAS rats. We further demonstrated that P. distasonis treatment decreased ROS level and increased SOD2 level, thereby reducing oxidative stress. Meanwhile, P. distasonis effectively inhibited NF-휿B signal pathway and reduced the production of inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α and IL-1β, alleviating the inflammatory response. Notably, P. distasonis treatment increased the levels of vascular density markers including cluster of differentiation 31 (CD31) and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), ameliorating vascular damage in HAS rats. Conclusions: Together, these findings highlighted the important role of P. distasonis in the pathogenesis of HAS, and its mechanism was involved in the regulation of gut microbiota-gut-brain axis, which implied a novel strategy against HAS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Purpose: To characterize the efficiency of glabridin alone and in combination with clinical antifungals in Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis. Methods: The broth microdilution method was performed to investigate whether glabridin exerted an antifungal role on planktonic cells and immature and mature biofilm. Antifungal mechanism was evaluated by Sorbitol and Ergosterol Assays. The synergistic effect of glabridin and antifungals was assessed through the checkerboard microdilution method and time-killing test. Regarding anti-inflammatory role, inflammatory substances induced by A. fumigatus were assessed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blot, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Drug toxicity was assessed by Draize test in vivo. Macrophage phenotypes were examined by flow cytometry. Results: Regarding antifungal activity, glabridin destroyed fungal cell wall and membrane on planktonic cells and suppressed immature and mature biofilm formation. After combining with natamycin or amphotericin B, glabridin possessed a potent synergistic effect against A. fumigatus. Regarding anti-inflammatory aspects, Dectin-1, toll‑like receptor (TLR)-2 and TLR-4 expression of human corneal epithelial cells were significantly elevated after A. fumigatus challenge and reduced by glabridin. The elevated expression of interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-alpha induced by A. fumigatus or corresponding agonists were reversed by glabridin, equivalent to the effect of corresponding inhibitors. Glabridin could also contribute to anti-inflammation by downregulating inflammatory mediator expression to suppress macrophage infiltration. Conclusions: Glabridin contributed to fungal clearance by destroying fungal cell wall and membrane, and disrupting biofilm. Combining glabridin with clinical antifungals was superior in reducing A. fumigatus growth. Glabridin exerted an anti-inflammatory effect by downregulating proinflammatory substance expression and inhibiting macrophage infiltration, which provide a potential agent and treatment strategies for fungal keratitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

The research was used to uncover the mechanism of glabridin in Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis in anti-fungus and anti-inflammation. In vitro, RAW 264.7 cells were infected with A. fumigatus with incubation of glabridin in different concentrations. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‑qPCR), Western blot, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to assess the inflammatory severe and alternation with the intervention of Dectin-2 siRNA and glabridin. In vivo, A. fumigatus keratitis mouse models were established by spore intra-stromal injection and treated with glabridin or PBS. And disease scores, inflammatory mediators, and periodic acid-schiff (PAS) staining were exhibited to demonstrate the therapeutic efficiency of glabridin in vivo. Morphological interference assay monitored fungal germination. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used to observe the growth of fungi. In RAW 264.7 cells and mouse keratitis models, noncytotoxic 16 μg/mL glabridin showed significant inhibition in the expression of Dectin-2, NLRP3, Caspase-1, IL-1β, and TNF-α after A. fumigatus infection, almost similar to the intervention of Dectin-2 siRNA. PAS staining illustrated the reduced hyphal distribution in cornea stroma with glabridin treatment. Glabridin remarkably inhibited A. fumigatus growth through delaying germination and disrupting the integrity of the hyphae membrane. Glabridin plays an anti-inflammatory role in A. fumigatus challenge via suppression of the Dectin-2 and NLRP3 inflammasome, and plays an anti-fungal role through delaying germination and changing the hyphal integrity. Glabridin plays an anti-inflammatory role in A. fumigatus infection of RAW264.7 cells in a concentration-dependent manner and through Dectin-2 mediation. Glabridin decreases fungal distribution and inflammation in mouse A. fumigatus keratitis. Glabridin inhibits A. fumigatus growth by delaying germination and disrupting cellular structure in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

With the upgrading and obsoleting of electric refrigeration equipment, significant amounts of waste hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFCs) refrigerants are being generated, bringing serious ozone-depleting and global warming effects. HCFCs, containing chlorine and fluorine, have the potential to be converted into acids by mineralization. Hydrothermal technology possesses a tightly sealed environment and high thermal efficiency, providing significant advantages in treating volatile HCFCs. However, the stable C-F bonds and the by-product CClF=CH 2 greatly impede the mineralization of HCFCs. Herein, an indium compound from waste CIGS (CuIn x Ga 1−x Se 2) was introduced to promote the process, and this strategy successfully increased the mineralization rates of organic chlorine and fluorine to 99.2 % and 95.7 %, respectively. The acid produced from HCFCs degradation was utilized for the selective leaching of metals in CIGS. Meanwhile, the leaching product InOOH catalyzed further degradation of HCFCs. We revealed that InOOH can adsorb reactants and provide interfaces, resulting in (i) the elongation of C-X (F, Cl) bonds; (ii) a reduction in the energy barrier of the CClF=CH 2 degradation reaction. This study provides a promising approach and theoretical basis for the harmless treatment and resourceful utilization of waste refrigerants containing Cl and F. [Display omitted] • Mineralize and convert waste HCFCs into acid resources under hydrothermal conditions. • Separate rare metals by selective leaching of CIGS using acid generated from HCFCs. • Prepare InOOH from CIGS leaching residues to promote the mineralization of HCFCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Fungal keratitis (FK) is recognized as a stubborn ocular condition, caused by intense fungal invasiveness and heightened immune reaction. The glycosaminoglycan chondroitin sulfate exhibits properties of immunomodulation and tissue regeneration. In prior investigations, oxidized chondroitin sulfate (OCS) ameliorated the prognosis of FK in murine models. To further improve the curative efficacy, we used the antifungal drug natamycin to functionalize OCS and prepared oxidized chondroitin sulfate-natamycin (ON) eye drops. The structure of ON was characterized by FTIR, UV–vis, and XPS, revealing that the amino group of natamycin combined with the aldehyde group in OCS through Schiff base reaction. Antifungal experiments revealed that ON inhibited fungal growth and disrupted the mycelium structure. ON exhibited exceptional biocompatibility and promoted the proliferation of corneal epithelial cells. Pharmacokinetic analysis indicated that ON enhanced drug utilization by extending the mean residence time in tears. In murine FK, ON treatment reduced the clinical score and corneal fungal load, restored corneal stroma conformation, and facilitated epithelial repair. ON effectively inhibited neutrophil infiltration and decreased the expression of TLR-4, LOX-1, IL-1β, and TNF-α. Our research demonstrated that ON eye drops achieved multifunctional treatment for FK, including inhibiting fungal growth, promoting corneal repair, enhancing drug bioavailability, and controlling inflammatory reactions. ON was produced by combining OCS with NAT through Schiff base reaction, the freeze-dried ON was mixed with PBS to formulate eye drops. ON eye drops have achieved multifunctional treatment for FK, including inhibiting fungal growth, promoting corneal repair, enhancing drug bioavailability, and controlling inflammatory reactions. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

A LiDAR Statistical Barnes Objective Analysis (LiSBOA) for the optimal design of lidar scans and retrieval of the velocity statistical moments is proposed. LiSBOA represents an adaptation of the classical Barnes scheme for the statistical analysis of unstructured experimental data in N -dimensional space, and it is a suitable technique for the evaluation over a structured Cartesian grid of the statistics of scalar fields sampled through scanning lidars. LiSBOA is validated and characterized via a Monte Carlo approach applied to a synthetic velocity field. This revisited theoretical framework for the Barnes objective analysis enables the formulation of guidelines for the optimal design of lidar experiments and efficient application of LiSBOA for the postprocessing of lidar measurements. The optimal design of lidar scans is formulated as a two-cost-function optimization problem, including the minimization of the percentage of the measurement volume not sampled with adequate spatial resolution and the minimization of the error on the mean of the velocity field. The optimal design of the lidar scans also guides the selection of the smoothing parameter and the total number of iterations to use for the Barnes scheme. LiSBOA is assessed against a numerical data set generated using the virtual lidar technique applied to the data obtained from a large eddy simulation (LES). The optimal sampling parameters for a scanning Doppler pulsed wind lidar are retrieved through LiSBOA, and then the estimated statistics are compared with those of the original LES data set, showing a maximum error of about 4 % for both mean velocity and turbulence intensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

The LiDAR Statistical Barnes Objective Analysis (LiSBOA), presented in , is a procedure for the optimal design of lidar scans and calculations over a Cartesian grid of the statistical moments of the velocity field. Lidar data collected during a field campaign conducted at a wind farm in complex terrain are analyzed through LiSBOA for two different tests. For both case studies, LiSBOA is leveraged for the optimization of the azimuthal step of the lidar and the retrieval of the mean equivalent velocity and turbulence intensity fields. In the first case, the wake velocity statistics of four utility-scale turbines are reconstructed on a 3D grid, showing LiSBOA's ability to capture complex flow features, such as high-speed jets around the nacelle and the wake turbulent-shear layers. For the second case, the statistics of the wakes generated by four interacting turbines are calculated over a 2D Cartesian grid and compared to the measurements provided by the nacelle-mounted anemometers. Maximum discrepancies, as low as 3 % for the mean velocity (with respect to the free stream velocity) and turbulence intensity (in absolute terms), endorse the application of LiSBOA for lidar-based wind resource assessment and diagnostic surveys for wind farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Objective: To study the relationships between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the intron of the tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) gene and the susceptibility and severity of disease associated with adenovirus infection in children. Methods: Four polymorphic loci of the TNFα gene (rs3093661, rs1800610, rs3093662, and rs3093664) were characterized allelically and genotypically in 320 children with adenovirus-associated pneumonia (AP) and compared with 320 healthy controls. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were used to detect the plasma TNFα protein levels in all subjects. Results: The TNFα gene rs3093661 locus A allele, the rs1800610 locus A allele, the rs3093662 locus G allele, and the rs3093664 locus G allele were identified as susceptibility alleles for development of AP, and they were also positively correlated with the severity of AP. In children who had the GGAA haplotype, AP susceptibility was significantly reduced (0.28-fold) (95% confidence interval, CI: 0.20–0.40, p < 0.001). Conversely, among the subjects with the AGGG haplotype, their AP susceptibility risk was significantly increased (2.76-fold) (95% CI: 1.77–4.29, p < 0.001); and in the subjects with the AP GGGG haplotype their AP susceptibility risk was significantly increased (2.49-fold) (95% CI: 1.67–3.72, p < 0.001). The TNFα rs3093661, rs1800610, rs3093662, and rs3093664 SNPs were significantly correlated with plasma TNFα levels (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The TNFα gene rs3093661, rs1800610, rs3093662, and rs3093664 loci are associated with AP susceptibility and severity. This relationship might be due to the effect on TNFα levels found in the plasma. Clinical Trial Registration number: LL20190723. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

• A capture & ions exchange strategy is used to construct Ru@HMCS/Ru-CoP with rich Ru form. • Ru nanoparticles and Ru dopants synergistically optimize the alkaline HER kinetics. • The unique core–shell structure enhances the conductivity and structural stability. • The η 10 value of Ru@HMCS/Ru-CoP is 2.9 mV, which is 48.8 mV lower than Pt/C. It is challenging to synchronously introduce Ru nanoparticles with strong H* adsorption ability and Ru dopants with excellent electronic regulation to improve hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performance. With these in mind, this work creatively adopts the capture&ions exchange strategy to construct the Ru@HMCS/Ru-CoP catalyst with the Ru nanoparticles-coated hollow mesoporous carbon spheres (HMCS) shell and the Ru-doped CoP core. Notably, Ru nanoparticles and Ru dopants synergistically promote the optimization of HER kinetics. Moreover, the unique core–shell structure effectively increases the active area, conductivity, and structural stability of Ru@HMCS/Ru-CoP. As expected, the η 10 value of Ru@HMCS/Ru-CoP catalyst (2.9 mV) is 48.8 mV lower than that of Pt/C (51.7 mV). In summary, this work greatly improves the utilization of noble metal atoms and points out the direction for the development of electrocatalysts with low-load noble metal content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Molten salt pyrolysis technology stands out as a potent approach for achieving efficient degradation and energy recovery of composite organic materials. Nevertheless, challenges such as the high melting point of molten salt, product destruction, and the complexities of treating waste salt pose significant limitations to the widespread application and popularization of this technology. To tackle these issues, this study proposes a salt-assisted pyrolysis method based on capillary heat transfer called permeable liquid salt pyrolysis. Focusing on abandoned power industry insulators, the research delves into the thermal and mass transfer model of cluster-embedded materials under non-molten salt conditions. The investigation reveals that the capillary between glass fiber and resin proves beneficial in enhancing heat transfer conditions by creating a novel phase known as permeate liquid. Results demonstrate that salt-assisted pyrolysis can substantially lower the required temperature and enhance the pyrolysis reaction rate, achieving a maximum degradation efficiency of 98.99 %. Additionally, the pyrolysis products undergo in-situ modification, with a notable reduction in benzene series compounds ranging from 68 % to 85 %. Furthermore, an erosion diffusion capillary mode is established. This study presents an environmentally-friendly approach to recycle and modify products derived from waste resin-based composite materials generated in the electric power industry. [Display omitted] • Capillary phenomenon helps to overcome the limitations of traditional molten salt pyrolysis. • Highly efficient thermal degradation of waste insulators (up to 99 %). • In-situ product modification with up to 85 % reduction of benzene compounds. • Permeable liquid salt pyrolysis model was constructed. • Discovery of the advantages of non-molten salts in assisting pyrolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Abstract Lead in the Waste lead-acid batteries (WLAB) is a serious, important environmental problem if it is not properly disposed. And this is one of the issues that catches the world attention. At the same time, the waste lead is a kind of resource which is worthy of recovery. This paper proposes a new method to prepare ultrafine PbS using the main components of the lead paste in WLAB. Fully utilizing the sulfur in the PbSO 4 of the lead paste, PbS can be prepared after in-situ vulcanization and reduction. A little sulfur is added for vulcanization of Pb, PbO and PbO 2 in the paste, and the dosage of the sulfur can be calculated as M S = 0.167 M P b + 0.25 M P b O + 0.35 M P b O 2 . PbSO 4 can be reduced to PbS by adding carbon. Therefore, the sulfur in PbSO 4 will be kept in PbS and will not generate SO 2 emission, which will be beneficial for the air protection. The mechanisms of each step are also explored in detail. This study can provide an environmentally-friendly way for recycling Pb from the WLAB with a high value-added product. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • PbS could be obtained after in-situ vulcanization and reduction. • The sulfur in the PbSO 4 of the lead paste is fully utilized. • Ultrafine PbS powders were prepared from spent lead-acid batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

In this study, hydrothermal method was applied for the treatment of five typical waste plastics (PC, HIPS, ABS, PP and PA6). The hydrothermal products of oils and solid residues were analyzed for the product slate and combustion behaviors. Some predominant chemical feedstock were detected in the oils, such as phenolic compounds and bisphenol A (BPA) in PC oils, single-ringed aromatic compounds and diphenyl-sketetons compounds in HIPS and ABS oils, alkanes in PP oils, and caprolactam (CPL) in PA6 oils. The hydrothermal solid residues were subjected to DSC analysis. Except the solid residues of PA6, all the solid residues had enormous improvement on the enthalpy of combustion. The solid residues of PC had the maximum promotion up to 576.03% compared to the raw material. The hydrothermal treatment significantly improved the energy density and facilitated effective combustion. Meanwhile, the glass fiber was recovered from the PA6 plastics. In addition, the combustion behaviors of the uplifting residues were investigated to provide the theoretical foundation for further study of combustion optimization. All the results indicated that the oils of waste plastics after hydrothermal treatment could be used as chemical feedstock; the solid residues of waste plastics after hydrothermal treatment could be used as potentially clean and efficient solid fuels. The hydrothermal treatment for various waste plastics was verified as a novel waste-to-energy technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

α-Olefins as aliphatic terminal alkenes could be obtained easily from numerous contemporary synthetic reactions as well as petrochemical industry, and also found in natural products. Compared to the alkenes attaching the directing groups or activating group, the catalytic asymmetric reaction of unactivated terminal alkenes presents great challenges due to the weak electron effect and small steric hindrance effect. This review mainly summarizes the latest progress of the asymmetric reaction of unactivated terminal olefins since 2016. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

A highly regio- and diastereoselective visible-light-promoted [2 + 2] cycloaddition between readily available 1,4-dihydropyridines and olefins has been developed. This strategy is operationally simple and atom-economical and enables the construction of strained polysubstituted 2-azabicyclo[4.2.0]octanes with three all-carbon quaternary centers with good functional group tolerance. These products can be easily converted to various structurally unique derivatives. The primary mechanistic studies demonstrated that the reaction proceeds through an energy transfer pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Over the last decade, N-N bond formation as a synthetic strategy has emerged as a powerful key step in the construction of highly valuable heterocycles from easily obtained materials. This review focuses on recent methods used to build N-N bonds, classified by intraand intermolecular reactions with various types of N-X (O, C, N, H) bond cleavage. 1 I ntroduction 2 Intramolecular N-N Bond Formation 2.1 Cleavage of N-O Bonds 2.2 Cleavage of N-C Bonds 2.3 Cleavage of N-N Bonds 2.4 Cleavage of N-H Bonds 2.4.1 Construction of Pyrazole Derivatives 2.4.2 Construction of Triazole Derivatives 2.4.3 Construction of Indazole and Pyrazoline Derivatives 2.4.4 Construction of Other N-N Bond Derivatives 3 Intermolecular N-N Bond Formation 4 Conclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

• Transcriptome analysis indicated the honokiol's immune response repression in A. fumigatus keratitis. A. fumigatus -related stimulation and the honokiol-intervened immune response shaped the cornea program, providing new insights into the treatment of FK. • Honokiol obviously inhibited fungal growth via delaying germination and membrane permeability alternation in vitro and reducing hyphae load in vivo. • Honokiol played an anti-inflammatory role via properly reducing pro–inflammatory substances expression and facilitating M2 macrophage polarization during A. fumigatus stimulation. To screen and identify the mechanism of honokiol on anti-fungi and anti-inflammation in fungal keratitis (FK) through bioinformatic analysis and biological experiments. Transcriptome profile demonstrated differential expression genes (DEGs) of Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis between PBS-treated and honokiol-treated groups via bioinformatics analyses. Inflammatory substances were quantified by qRT-PCR, Western blot and ELISA, and macrophage polarization was examined by flow cytometry. Periodic acid Schiff staining and morphological interference assay were used to detect hyphal distribution in vivo and fungal germination in vitro , respectively. Electron microscopy was to illustrate hyphal microstructure. Illumina sequencing demonstrated that compared with the honokiol group, 1175 up-regulated and 383 down-regulated genes were induced in C57BL/6 mice Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis with PBS treatment. Through GO analysis, some differential expression proteins (DEPs) played major roles in biological processes, especially fungal defense and immune activation. KEGG analysis provided fungus-related signaling pathways. PPI analysis demonstrated that DEPs from multiple pathways form a close-knit network, providing a broader context for FK treatment. In biological experiments, Dectin-2, NLRP3 and IL-1β were upregulated by Aspergillus fumigatus to evaluate immune response. Honokiol could reverse the trend, comparable to Dectin-2 siRNA interference. Meanwhile, honokiol could also play an anti-inflammatory role via promoting M2 phenotype polarization. Moreover, honokiol reduced hyphal distribution in the stroma, delayed germination, and destroyed the hyphal cell membrane in-vitro. Honokiol possesses anti-fungal and anti-inflammatory effects in Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis and may develop a potential and safe therapeutic modality for FK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

A simple, highly-automated instrument system used for on-site detection of foodborne pathogens based on fluorescence was designed, fabricated, and preliminarily tested in this paper. A corresponding method has been proved effective in our previous studies. This system utilizes a light-emitting diode (LED) to excite fluorescent labels and a spectrometer to record the fluorescence signal from samples. A rotation stage for positioning and switching samples was innovatively designed for high-throughput detection, ten at most in one single run. We also developed software based on LabVIEW for data receiving, processing, and the control of the whole system. In the test of using a pure quantum dot (QD) solution as a standard sample, detection results from this home-made system were highly-relevant with that from a well-commercialized product and even slightly better reproducibility was found. And in the test of three typical kinds of food-borne pathogens, fluorescence signals recorded by this system are highly proportional to the variation of the sample concentration, with a satisfied limit of detection (LOD) (nearly 102–103 CFU·mL−1 in food samples). Additionally, this instrument system is low-cost and easy-to-use, showing a promising potential for on-site rapid detection of food-borne pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

In this work, two kinds of lead oxides nanoparticles were prepared from Pb-Sn solders of waste electric and electronic equipment by high temperature oxidation-evaporation and condensation using air as oxidizing agent and carrier gas. Lead oxides of hexagonal nanosheets with the thickness of 10–20 nm, length of 150–200 nm and width of 100–150 nm were prepared at 573 K condensation temperature. While, uniform lead oxides of nanorods with dimensions of 10–15 nm in diameter and 50 nm in length were collected at 373 K. The effects of condensation conditions on the morphologies of lead oxides nanoparticles were investigated as well as their growth mechanisms. Further, the as-prepared lead oxides nanosheets and nanorods were applied for constructing Li-ion batteries to test the electro-chemical performance. The galvanostatic cycling tests of Li-ion batteries made by the lead oxides nanosheets showed an initial specific capacity of 917.9 mAh/g and could maintain at 202.2 mAh/g after 100 cycles. The lead oxides nanorods had an initial specific capacity of 1869.6 mAh/g and decreased to 190.2 mAh/g after 100 cycles. This study provides a novel and environmentally friendly way for the resource utilization of Pb from solders and other Pb contained wastes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

A novel method for preparing ultrafine PbS powders involving sulfurization combined with inert gas condensation is developed in this paper, which is applicable to recycle Pb from lead paste of spent lead-acid batteries. Initially, the effects of the evaporation and condensation temperature, the inert gas pressure, the condensation distance and substrate on the morphology of as-obtained PbS ultrafine particles are intensively investigated using sulfur powders and lead particles as reagents. Highly dispersed and homogeneous PbS nanoparticles can be prepared under the optimized conditions which are 1223 K heating temperature, 573 K condensation temperature, 100 Pa inert gas pressure and 60 cm condensation distance. Furthermore, this method is successfully applied to recycle Pb from the lead paste of spent lead acid battery to prepare PbS ultrafine powders. This work does not only provide the theoretical fundamental for PbS preparation, but also provides a novel and efficient method for recycling spent lead-acid battery with high added-value products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

In this study, highly dispersed spherical lead (Pb) nanoparticles were prepared from Pb contained solders of waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) by combining vacuum evaporation and forced flow inert gas condensation. With a relatively high vapor pressure, Pb could be easily separated from waste Pb/Sn solders by vacuum evaporation, while Sn still remained in the residues. Simultaneously, Pb nanoparticles were prepared by the dynamic inert gas condensation. Agglomeration and size inhomogeneity phenomena were eliminated to the maximum extent by sharp quenching using forced flow inert gas and optimizing operation parameters like dynamic nitrogen gas pressure, heating and condensation temperature and condensation distance away from the heater. Highly dispersed spherical Pb nanoparticles were prepared under the optimized conditions of 1223 K heating temperature, 1000 Pa dynamic nitrogen gas pressure, 413 K condensation temperature and 60 cm condensation distance away from the heater. The separation efficiency of Pb from waste solders could reach to higher than 98.2 wt% with the product purity of more than 98 wt% and the size distribution ranging from 20 to 100 nm. This work provides the theoretic foundation for recycling Pb with high added values from waste Pb/Sn solders or other Pb contained solid wastes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

An iminopyridine cobalt dichloride complex was synthesized and demonstrated as an effective precatalyst for hydrosilylation/cyclization of 1,6-enynes with silanes. Various functional groups such as amine, free aniline, ester, ether, cyano, halide, trifluoromethyl, and heterocycle were tolerated to afford a variety of silicon-containing compounds. The reaction could be scaled up to afford products on the gram scale which could undergo further derivatizations. A primary mechanism was proposed based on analysis of side products and a deuterated experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Background: The APOA5 rs662799 polymorphism has been widely reported regarding its associations with the plasma lipid levels and the occurrence of coronary heart disease (CHD), whereas its relationship with the severity of CHD has not yet been explored. Methods: Four hundred and seventy-eight angiografically defined subjects (325 CHD patients and 153 CHD-free controls) were enrolled in this study. The rs662799 polymorphism was genotyped, and the fasting lipid data were collected for all participants. The severity of CHD was evaluated for the CHD patients by using Gensini scores. Results: The variant C allele of the rs662799 polymorphism was associated with lower levels of HDL-C in CHD-free women, and higher levels of TG and TG/HDL-C in women with CHD (P < 0.05 for all). The C allele was associated with higher prevalence of dyslipidemia and higher levels of Gensini scores only in women (P < 0.05 for both), but not in men. Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that the rs662799 polymorphism was independently associated with the Gensini scores in women after adjustment for other potential CHD risk factors (Beta = 0.157, 95 % CI: 0.017-0.298, P = 0.028). Conclusion: Our data indicate that the rs662799 polymorphism is associated with dyslipidemia and the severity of CHD in Chinese women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

A new family of chiral iminophenyl oxazolinylphenylamines (IPOPA) was designed and synthesized through three steps from commercially available starting materials. An efficient cobalt-catalyzed asymmetric hydrosilylation of simple ketones with a low catalyst loading of CoCl2 and IPOPA was developed to afford chiral alcohols in good yields with high enantioselectivities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Visible-light-promoted oxidative [4 + 2] cycloadditions of ε,3-unsaturated silyl enol ethers have been developed to efficiently and diastereoselectively construct polycyclic skeletons under mild conditions. The diastereoselectivities were dependent on the stereoconfiguration of silyl enol ether, substitutions on the link, as well as electric properties of substitutions on aryl rings. The intermediates could be trapped by TEMPO, oxygen or methanol. Mechanistic studies indicated the reaction was initiated by one-electron oxidation of the silyl enol ether. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Background/aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the association of lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] with the severity of coronary heart disease (CHD) in Han Chinese people. Materials and methods: Six hundred and seventy-nine patients with angiographically defined CHD were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Fasting lipids were measured, and the severity of CHD was quantitatively assessed for each patient according to the number of stenotic coronary branches and the Gensini scoring system. Results: The levels of Lp(a), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), and apolipoprotein (apo) B100 increased, while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and apoAI decreased significantly with the number of stenotic vessels. The levels of Lp(a) increased and HDL-C and apoAI decreased significantly with the Gensini scores. The logistic regression analyses showed that Lp(a) and HDL-C were independently associated with the number of stenotic coronary vessels after adjusting for age, weight, body mass index, sex, smoking, alcohol consumption, hypertension, diabetes, triglycerides, TC, LDL-C, VLDL-C, apoAI, and apoB100. However, only Lp(a) was independently associated with the Gensini scores after adjustment. Conclusion: Our data indicate that Lp(a) might be a useful marker in predicting the severity of coronary heart disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which possess the characteristics of high volatility and destroy ozone layer, are hardly disposed of through traditional methods. With a tightly closed reaction environment and high-temperature water medium, CFCs can react and generate inorganic Cl- and F- under subcritical water conditions, which is very useful to enhance leaching and enrich rare metals. Therefore, in the current study, CFCs and photovoltaic wastes containing gallium arsenide (GaAs) were co-processed for mineralization and enhanced leaching simultaneously. Based on frontier orbital theory and bond energy theory, possible decomposition pathways of CFCs were speculated. Enhanced leaching process was studied in detail. When experimental conditions were 300 °C and 8.8 MPa, the mineralization rates of organofluorine and organochlorine in CFCs were 83.68% and 93.37%, respectively. Leaching agent generated by the hydrothermal treatment of CFCs leached GaAs effectively, and the leaching rates of gallium and arsenic were 95.74% and 99.89%, respectively. Converting CFCs into leaching agent will not only avoid ozone layer depletion but also save the cost of hazardous waste treatment and realize economic benefits. Environmental impact assessment indicated that the proposed Ga recycling route allows remarkable reduction of total environmental impacts compared with published processes. [Display omitted] • High-efficiency ionization of CFCs was realized via subcritical water. • Leaching rates of Ga and As from GaAs-based solar panels were 95.74% and 99.89%. • The possible decomposition pathways of CFCs were speculated. • The environmental impact was assessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

An introduction to is presented which discusses several contributions of participants to a symposium on multilingualism including John Trimbur tracing language differences, Juan Guerra arguing for translingual sensibility, and Louis-Jean Calvet's observation on translingual approach. more...

This work develops a novel process of recycling rare metals (Ga, In) from waste light-emitting diodes using the combination of pyrolysis, physical disaggregation methods and vacuum metallurgy separation. Firstly, the pure chips containing InGaN/GaN are adopted to study the vacuum separation behavior of rare metals, which aims to provide the theoretical foundation for recycling gallium and indium from waste light-emitting diodes. In order to extract the rare-metal-rich particles from waste light-emitting diodes, pyrolysis and physical disaggregation methods (crushing, screening, grinding and secondly screening) are studied respectively, and the operating parameters are optimized. With low boiling points and high saturation vapor pressures under vacuum, gallium and indium are separated from rare-metal-rich particles by the process of evaporation and condensation. By reference to the separating parameters of pure chips, gallium and indium in waste light-emitting diodes are recycled with the recovery efficiencies of 93.48% and 95.67% under the conditions as follows: heating temperature of 1373 K, vacuum pressure of 0.01–0.1 Pa, and holding time of 60 min. There are no secondary hazardous materials generated in the whole processes. This work provides an efficient and environmentally friendly process for recycling rare metals from waste light-emitting diodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

[Display omitted] Plastics used in electric and electronic products cover a wide range, and contain many additives, such as brominated flame retardant and so on. These compounds and microplastics may be released into environment when the electric and electronic products are obsoleted and recycled. This study explores the characteristics of microplastics and the complex pollutions in a formal e-waste recycling base in Shanghai, China. The maximum abundance of microplastics is observed in dust samples of the recycling base and the average abundance is 44277 ± 69032p/50 g. 103 kinds of polymers are identified, including 4 kinds of packaging plastics, 32 kinds of engineering plastics, 18 kinds of rubber, and 49 kinds of other polymers. It is found that microplastics show weak adsorption effect for heavy metals. However, microplastics are important carrier of ∑ 8 PBDEs released during the whole recycling processes, and BDE-209 account for more than 50 % of PBDEs in microplastics. It is estimated that the microplastics load inside the e-waste recycling base was 4.01 tons based on the measured statistics. This study will provide theoretical basis for further understanding the potential pollution of microplastics and upgrading the corresponding control measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Due to lack of proper treatment methods, Pb pollution caused by improper treatment of electronic wastes (e-waste) has been attracting increasing attention. This paper investigates the separation behavior of Pb in the presence of Cu and other metallic particles (Cd, Bi, and Zn), in order to separate and recover various metals effectively from the copper-rich particles of crushed e-wastes. Vacuum metallurgy separation method is adopted to separate and recover Pb from the copper-rich particles of crushed e-wastes. Due to the variety and complexity of metals in copper-rich particles, this paper studies the effects of Cu, Cd, Bi, and Zn on vacuum separating and recycling of Pb. It is found that Cu particles have both a positive dispersing and a negative blocking effect on Pb evaporation. Cd can be evaporated preferentially, and then Pb can be subsequently separated for their huge vapor pressure gap. The formation of Pb-Bi alloy with a low vapor pressure makes the separation of Pb more difficult. As a result of different condensation characteristics, Pb and Zn can be evaporated together from Cu particles, and then be respectively condensed on different positions as pure Pb and Zn. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER] more...

As a kind of typical veterinary drug, fluoroquinolone antibiotics (FQs) are widely used in the field of livestock and poultry breeding, but these FQs escape to surrounding soil through various pathways, polluting soil through long-term accumulation. Current study proposed a clean technology named thermal desorption to deal with FQs contaminated soils. It was observed that time, temperature and soil particle size were the critical factors in FQs thermal desorption. Results of the study showed that higher temperature was more effective in the removal of FQs, while removal of FQs attached with finer particles was more difficult compared to coarse particles. Fine soil particles (0.6–0.85 mm) were decontaminated up 99.4% when treated with 400 °C for 60min. Thermal desorption of FQs from contaminated soil was governed by first-order kinetics. Based on the detection of exhaust gas components, a possible thermal desorption mechanism was proposed. Study suggested that thermal desorption was a clean and effective remediation method to treat FQs-contaminated soils without generating any further waste. • Soil particle and temperature are the critical factors for thermal desorption. • Thermal desorption of fluoroquinolones contaminated soil was governed by first-order kinetics. • The removal rate of fluoroquinolones could reach 99.4%. • The desorption pathways are mainly dealkylation and decarboxylation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Abstract: Buckwheat is an ancient dicotyledonous crop belonging to Polygonaceae family. It is cultivated and adapted to marginal lands with harsh environments. Buckwheat has been praised as one of the most faddish green functional foods. Many functional foods including tea made from buckwheat have been put into production around the globe. The buckwheat proteins are particularly rich in lysine and contain less glumatic acid and proline, and more arginine and aspartic acid than cereal proteins. Buckwheat proteins also show a strong supplemental effect with other proteins to improve the dietary amino acid balance with special biological activities of cholesterol-lowering effects, antihypertensition effects, and improving the constipation and obesity conditions by acting in a similar way as dietary fiber and interrupting the in vivo metabolisms. Besides its high-quality proteins, buckwheat is also rich in many rare components that have healing effects on some chronic diseases. Among these components, the most attractive ones are flavones, flavonoids, phytosterols, d-chiro-Inositol, and myo-inositol. In this review we focus on buckwheat''s general physical and chemical properties, rare components, functional effects, metabolic engineering of bioactive compounds and trends in the development of functional tea from buckwheat in the latest three years. [Copyright &y& Elsevier] more...

Cotyledons from 8-day-old seedlings of Lotus corniculatus were transformed with a gene encoding the avian influenza (H5N1) hemagglutinin (HA) under the control of the CaMV35S promoter along with matrix attachment regions using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The HA gene was detected in genomic DNA from transformed plants by PCR and Southern blotting. Immunoblot analysis of the plant-derived protein revealed the presence of the avian influenza (H5N1) HA. The ELISA results showed that the maximum expression level of the HA protein is up to 0.00786% of the total soluble protein. This is the first report of successful expression of the avian influenza (H5N1) HA in transgenic L. corniculatus, cultivar Leo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

The crushing process is usually adopted during the treatment of electronic wastes. Mixed metallic particles can be obtained after several kinds of separation methods. Most of the metals exist as elementary substances and their vapor pressure is quite different. For the metals with high vapor pressure, vacuum metallurgy separation is used to separate these metals. However, the vacuum evaporation rule of metallic particles is different from the traditional theory. Satisfactory parameters for separating these metallic particles could not be obtained merely according to the boiling point difference between metals. In this paper, the evaporation kinetics and mechanism of single metallic particles (Pb, Zn, Cd, and Bi) are investigated first. Then the criterion of separating these metals from each other is obtained. Under the instruction of separation criterion, different kinds of mixed metallic particles are successfully separated with the separation efficiency of the target metal more than 90 wt%. This study provides theoretical foundations for separating the heavy metals with high vapor pressure from e-wastes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Abstract: The new electrocatalyst of Pd nanoparticles supported on polypyrrole-functionalized graphene (Pd/PPy–graphene) was reported. Microstructure, morphology and crystallinity of the synthesized materials were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. The elements of the composite were characterized using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The results showed that the polypyrrole-wrapped graphene support successfully discrete Pd nanoparticles with the crystallite size of about 6nm. Catalyst activity for methanol electro-oxidation in fuel cells was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry. The fundamental electrochemical test results indicated that the electrocatalytic activity of Pd/PPy–graphene is much better than that of commercial catalyst for methanol oxidation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier] more...

In this article the authors discuss the implication of language difference in writing with the use of the translingual approach. They say that the increasing numbers of scholars and teachers in writing manifest that traditional ways of comprehension to language differences are not enough to the facts provided. They note that traditional approach sees that differences in language hinder communication. They add that the translingual approach sees difference in language not as hindrances to manage. more...

Abstract: A novel method to prepare MnO2 modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MnO2/MWCNTs) supported Pd (Pd-MnO2/MWCNTs) electrocatalyst is reported. The morphology, component and crystallinity of the catalyst were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively. The activity of Pd-MnO2/MWCNTs was tested using methanol electro-oxidation in alkaline media. The results showed that the Pd-MnO2/MWCNTs exhibited higher electrocatalytic activity and stability than Pd/MWCNTs and Pd/Vulcan (Pd/commercial Vulcan XC-72 carbon black). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

J. Neurochem. (2010) 113, 1403–1415. Investigating subunit assembly of ionotropic glutamate receptor complexes and their trafficking to the plasma membrane under physiological conditions in live cells has been challenging. By confocal imaging of fluorescently labeled kainate receptor (KAR) subunits combined with digital co-localization and fluorescence resonance energy (FRET) transfer analyses, we investigated the assembly of homomeric and heteromeric receptor complexes and identified the subcellular location of subunit interactions. Our data provide direct evidence for oligomerization of KAR subunits as early as following their biosynthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). These oligomeric assemblies pass through the Golgi apparatus en route to the plasma membrane. We show that the amino acid at the Q/R editing site of the KAR subunit GluR6 neither determines subunit oligomerization in the ER nor ER exit or plasma membrane expression, and that it does not alter GluR6 interaction with KA2. This finding sets KARs apart from alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate (AMPA) receptors, where in the absence of auxiliary proteins Q isoforms exit the ER much more efficiently than R isoforms. Furthermore, although KA2 subunits do not form functional homotetrameric complexes, we visualized their oligomerization (at least dimerization) in the ER. Finally, we demonstrate that plasma membrane expression of GluR6/KA2 heteromeric complexes is modulated not only by GluR6 but also KA2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

This article focuses on the three terms such as rhetoric, composition, as well as rhetoric and composition, which was considered as a discipline. It says that the three words are related to wide array of practices, bodies of knowledge, and institutional sites. It adds that the three words are used in accordance with the terms such as writing, English, and literacy in job postings. It also highlights the function of rhetoric and composition in the uses of English and the uses of other languages. more...

Recently, we have developed highly regio- and stereoselective carbometalation of 2-alkynols and 2,3-allenols. The organometallacyclic intermediates may be trapped with I2 to afford 3-iodoalk-2-en-l-ols. These 3-iodoalk-2-en-l-ols may readily undergo the Sonogashira coupling with terminal propargyl alcohols to form 4-alkyn-2-ene-1,6-diols. Subsequent cycloisomerization in DMA or CH2CI2 with Au(PPh3)Cl and AgOTf as the catalyst would afford polysubstituted 2-( 1-alkenyl)furans; with PdCl2 as the catalyst and the reaction in DMA in the presence of allylic bromides, the same substrates afforded polysubstituted 2-( 1,4- alkadienyl)furans. In both types of catalyzed cyclization reactions, the elimination of H2O promoted the aromatization to form the furan ring. Different alkyl or aryl groups could be introduced into different positions of furans due to the substituent-loading capability of 3-iodoalkenols and diversity of the terminal propargyl alcohols and allylic bromides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

This essay discusses the debate regarding the critical and pragmatic pedagogies on how to address the precise concerns of students about their financial and career security. It states that historically specific stories concerning career, mobility, and marketable skills of each student with a particular personal history can be considered as a critical resource for recognizing global forces. Moreover, it identifies its effects on individuals and the ways to respond to them. more...

Abstract: This paper reports a method for separating zinc from copper and zinc mixed particles by vacuum sublimation. The factors influencing zinc sublimation have been studied, such as particle size and vacuum degree. Also, the factors affecting the efficiency of zinc separation from the mixed particles have been investigated and optimized, including layer height, heating time, vacuum degree and so on. The efficiency of zinc separation from the mixed particles achieves 96.19wt% when the layer height is 1.1cm, the vacuum degree is 0.01–0.05Pa, the heating temperature is 1123K, and the heating time is 105min. With these optimized parameters, the copper purity increases from 95.07 to 99.80wt%. The results provide foundations for separating metals with high pressures from the mixed metallic particles of crushed electronic waste. [Copyright &y& Elsevier] more...

In this paper, it was reported that double 1,2-addition reaction of 2,3-allenoates with allyl magnesium chloride at room temperature in the absence of any transition metal catalyst provides an efficient method for the synthesis of tertiary α-allenols. The optically active allenol could be prepared from the reaction of the optically active 2,3-allenoate without obvious racemization of the axial chirality. Under different reaction conditions, cyclization reactions of α-allenol 2i prepared have been studied for the synthesis of different 2,5- dihydrofuran derivatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

A highly regioselective Cu(I)-catalyzed anti-carbometallation of secondary terminal propargylic alcohols with 1° alkyl or aryl Grignard reagents affording 2-substituted allylic alcohols was developed. By using this method, optically active allylic alcohols can be prepared from the optically active propargylic alcohols without obvious loss of the enantiopurity. The cyclic organometallic intermediate formed may undergo an iodination or a Pd(0)-catalyzed coupling reaction to afford stereo-defined allylic alcohols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...