Search

Background The decision between local and free tissue coverage for distal lower leg defects has long been dictated by the location and size of defects. Recent reports of distal defects treated successfully with pedicled perforator flaps demonstrate equivalent clinical outcomes; however, the complication rate can be high. The goal of this study was to evaluate the cost equivalence of free versus pedicled perforator flap to assist decision-making and guide clinical care. Methods The institutional database was searched for patients with acute injury over the distal lower extremity requiring free or pedicled perforator flap. Demographic, clinical, and total resource cost was gathered. Patients were matched to Gustilo–Anderson or Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Osteosynthesefragen classification as well as size of defect and outcomes, and cost compared. Results We have included 108 free flaps and 22 pedicled perforator flaps in the study. There was no difference in complication rate between groups. Free flaps had significantly more reoperations, required longer operative time, and had longer intensive care unit (ICU) care with higher cost of surgery and overall cost than pedicled flaps. When controlling for size of defect, surgical cost remained significantly different between groups (p = 0.013), but overall cost did not. Multivariable regression analysis indicated flap type to be the primary driver of cost of surgery, while body mass index elevated the total cost. Conclusion Pedicled perforator flap coverage for small to medium-sized defects (< 70 cm 2) is a viable and cost-effective option for distal lower leg soft tissue reconstruction after acute traumatic injury with similar clinical outcomes and shorter operative duration and ICU stay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Restoring elbow function is challenging after late presenting brachial plexus birth injury (BPBI). Free functioning muscle transplantation (FFMT) using the gracilis muscle is a reliable procedure to restore elbow flexion in patients with impaired function after spontaneous recovery or failed surgical reconstruction. Methods A retrospective review was performed on BPBI patients more than 2 years of age who received a FFMT between January 1993 and January 2018, with the aim of improving elbow flexion as the primary or secondary functional goal. Patients with preoperative elbow flexion Medical Research Council (MRC) grades less than 3 with more than or equal to 18 months of follow-up duration were included in the analysis. Patient demographic information and pre/postoperative clinical parameters including elbow flexion MRC scale, passive elbow range of motion, and complications were recorded. Surgical data including donor nerve choice, site of the FFMT tendon attachment, and necessity of concomitant procedures or reoperation were also analyzed. Results Fifty-six FFMTs were performed for the primary (29 patients) or secondary (26 patients) objective of restoring elbow flexion. The mean age at the time of the procedure was 9.6 years (standard deviation [SD] = 6.29, R = 3-35). Mean follow-up was 7.9 years (SD = 5.2). Elbow flexion improved from a median MRC grade 2 to 4 after a FFMT (p < 0.05). Patients who had a FFMT to restore two functions had 86% lower elbow flexion MRC grades than those who had a FFMT to restore flexion only (p < 0.05). Patients less than 12 years old at the time of surgery had more complications, reoperations, and rates of a flexion contracture more than or equal to 30 degrees than those aged more than 12 years (p < 0.05). Conclusion FFMT is a reliable option for upper extremity reanimation. Patients aged less than 12 years old at the time of FFMT had significantly more complications, reoperations, and rates of postoperative elbow flexion contracture more than or equal to 30 degrees, but equivalent elbow flexion MRC grades. Level of Evidence III [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vast and growing challenges for human health and all life on Earth require urgent and deep structural changes to the way in which we live. Broken relationships with nature are at the core of both the modern health crisis and the erosion of planetary health. A declining connection to nature has been implicated in the exploitative attitudes that underpin the degradation of both physical and social environments and almost all aspects of personal physical, mental, and spiritual health. It is increasingly clear that the entwined challenges of biodiversity loss, climate change, and human health cannot be addressed without addressing selfishness, greed, apathy, and the value systems that created these global problems. Calls for a spiritual and cultural transformation recognize that "inner" development is important and necessary for meaningful "outward" transitions with a shared purpose for wiser, more sustainable societies. Many of these emotional and spiritual assets appear to be facilitated by a connection to nature, which is also strongly associated with community cohesion, prosocial attitudes, and pro-environmental actions. Restoring the human connection to nature may therefore provide a critical common pathway to promote the physical and spiritual wellbeing of individuals and communities as well as personal and social environmental responsibility. In this paper, we summarize and reflect on the discussions of the Nova Network planetary health community with respect to nature-based solutions as pathways to promote both personal and planetary health with a more mutualistic mindset. These discussions spanned biological to psychological interactions with nature—including the critical relationships with environmental microbes that influence the physical, emotional, and behavioral aspects of health. We consider the ways in which stronger relationships with nature promote "inner assets" to support "outward actions" for personal and planetary health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Partition coefficients Kd for 58 elements are reported for volcanic gas – melt system. • Observed partition coefficients are almost indistinguishable from equilibrium ones. • Element properties, S and Cl contents and f O 2 of the gas are factors to determine Kd. By comparing high-quality volcanic gas and whole rock compositions, we calculated the apparent (observed) mass partition coefficients Kd * for 58 elements on six basaltic volcanoes located in arc and rift/hotspot settings. The inferred Kd * vary from ∼1100 for sulfur to 0.0001 for zirconium, i.e., within seven orders of magnitude. Only 14 elements have Kd * > 1, including highly volatile S, Se, Te and halogens, as well as Tl, Re, Os, Bi, Cd, Au, In and As. Alkali metals have Kd * in the range from 0.1 for Cs to 0.01 for Na. Partition coefficients of other rock-forming elements are <0.001. The partition coefficients for elements depend on element speciation and concentrations of ligand-forming elements in the gas such as sulfur and chlorine. Elements transported in the gas predominantly as halides have higher partition coefficients in HCl-rich arc gases, whereas elements preferably forming sulfides, hydrides and free atoms, have higher Kd * in sulfur-rich, HCl-poor and reduced rift/hotspot gases. Degassing directly from the free melt surface is negligible; deep gas passing through the erupting vent is quickly overwhelmed by the signal of low-pressure degassing. Equilibration of rising bubbles with the surrounding melt almost eliminates the difference between Kd * calculated for degassing lava flows (no connection with deep magma) and for lava lakes and open-vent volcanoes (convective mass exchange with deep magma takes place). Diffusion does not strongly affect the apparent partitioning of magmas degassing at surface. Gas bubbles growing in near-surface silicate melts at atmospheric pressure have a large density difference compared to the surrounding melt of 12–15 thousand times. This leads to the rapid expansion of such bubbles and a decrease in the thickness of the diffusion boundary layer in the melt due to its stretching around the growing bubble, which sharply decreases diffusion fractionation. As a result, the apparent partition coefficients (Kd *) for degassing basaltic volcanoes are close to the equilibrium ones (Kd) for most of the elements. The partition coefficients of volatile elements (S and Cl) calculated from the comparison of volcanic gas and rock compositions are in agreement with the values determined previously via experiments or theoretical modeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Determine if differences in T1ρ would be detected in specific regions or layers of patellofemoral cartilage between patients with symptomatic patellofemoral pain syndrome and asymptomatic control subjects. Materials and methods: Ten subjects diagnosed with patellofemoral pain syndrome were compared with ten age-, gender-, and BMI-matched control subjects with no knee pain or prior trauma. Conventional turbo (fast) spin echo sequences and T1ρ-weighted imaging were performed on the symptomatic knee in each of the ten subjects. At the patella and distal femur, cartilage regions of interest were divided into medial and lateral sub-regions, each then further sub-divided by layer (superficial, middle, or deep). Two-tailed t test and chi-squared tests were used to analyze demographic data. A mixed effect model was run for each sub-region of T1ρ imaging. Statistical significance was determined using the likelihood ratio test against reduced models without patellofemoral pain syndrome symptomatic status as a fixed effect. Results: There was no difference in age, sex, or BMI between symptomatic and control patients. T1ρ values were significantly higher among patellofemoral pain syndrome patients when compared with controls in the superficial zone of the lateral patella (58.43 vs. 50.83, p = 0.03) and the middle zone of the lateral patella (52.67 vs. 43.60, p = 0.03). T1ρ was also higher in the superficial zone of the medial femur (50.94 vs. 46.70, p = 0.09) with a value approaching statistical significance. Conclusion: We report statistically significant differences in the T1ρ value in the superficial and middle zones of the lateral patella in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome who had no abnormalities seen on conventional MRI sequences, suggesting an alteration the macromolecular structure of the cartilage in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Minerals that contain platinum-group elements (PGEs) and occur in some magmatic Cu-Ni sulfide deposits have been ascribed to crystallization from an originally PGE-rich sulfide liquid. The occurrence of PGE-bearing minerals (PGMs) in some sulfide-undersaturated primitive melts has been envisaged and recently reported, whereas direct crystallization of PGMs in sulfide-saturated silicate magmas is seemingly hindered by strong partitioning of PGE into immiscible sulfide melts. In this study, we discovered abundant nanoparticles containing noble metals in association with sulfide melt inclusions entrapped inside primitive olivine phenocrysts (Fo85-92) from the recent basaltic magma of the Tolbachik volcano (Kamchatka arc, Russia). These nuggets occur in swarms on the surface of the sulfide globules and are represented by native metals, sulfides, and alloys of Pd, Pt, Au, Pb, and Bi. The nuggets on different globules can be either Pd- or Pt-rich nuggets, and the compositions are highly variable, even among adjacent nuggets. We argue that the diffusive supply of Pd from the external nuggets can be responsible for significant uptake of Pd (up to 2 wt%) in the sulfide melt. We consider direct crystallization of PGMs in a primitive basaltic melt undergoing sulfide unmixing, and possibly sulfide breakdown due to oxidation, as another mechanism additional to their "classic" origin from the PGE-rich sulfide melt in response to solidification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

· Mantle wedge may contain sulfide/sulfate metasomatic accumulations. · Reaction of mantle olivine with slab melt/fluid releases Ni from olivine lattice. · The released Ni reacts with S-rich slab melt/fluid to form sulfides. · Sulfur is introduced to the mantle wedge in both oxidized and reduced forms. Metasomatic replacement of olivine by orthopyroxene under the influence of SiO 2 -rich melts is a widespread process in mantle conditions responsible for the formation of pyroxenite from mantle peridotite. However, the behavior of nickel in this process remains unclear. The reaction of Ni-containing olivine with silica- and sulfur-rich metasomatic agents in the suprasubduction mantle may release nickel from olivine and subsequently form a rock containing orthopyroxene and nickeliferous sulfides. Xenoliths of mantle wedge harzburgite from the Shiveluch volcano (Kamchatka continental arc) contain abundant globules of Ni-rich MSS, pentlandite and smaller amount of copper sulfides, totaling up to 0.75 wt.% (∼2600 ppm S2–), in association with Ca-sulfates (up to 7900 ppm S6+). The process accounting for the observed mineral association can be described via simplified reactions (the coefficients are approximate): (Mg,Fe,Ni) 2 SiO 4 + 2xH+ +SiO 2 = 2(Mg,Fe)SiO 3 + xNi2+ + xH 2 O; Ni2+ + S2– = NiS. The influx of both oxidized and reduced sulfur may account for the coexistence of sulfide and sulfate phases. The presence of low-Ti chrome spinel with high Fe(II)/Fe(III) ratios, low Al, Ca and Ti in olivine, and no evidence of deserpentinization confirms the mantle origin of the sulfide/sulfate-bearing xenoliths. The mean isotopic composition of sulfur in the sulfide-sulfate assemblage, δ34S = +4.5‰, supports the contribution of slab-derived sulfur. The accumulations of Ni-(Cu)-rich sulfides and Ca-sulfate in metasomatized peridotites can serve as an intermediate host for sulfur and chalcophile metals, thereby generating magmas containing sulfur at the level of sulfide saturation and simultaneously enriched in Ni and Cu during the subsequent partial melting of the mantle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies repeatedly have documented that societal well‐being is associated with individualism. Most of these studies, however, have conceptualized/measured well‐being as individual life satisfaction—a type of well‐being that originates in Western research traditions. Drawing from the latest research on interdependent happiness and on family well‐being, we posit that people across cultures pursue different types of well‐being, and test whether more collectivism‐themed types of well‐being that originate in Confucian traditions also are associated with individualism. Based on data collected from 2,036 participants across 12 countries, we find support for the association between individual life satisfaction and individualism at the societal level, but show that well‐being's association with individualism is attenuated when some collectivism‐themed measures of well‐being are considered. Our article advances knowledge on the flourishing of societies by suggesting that individualism may not always be strongly linked with societal well‐being. Implications for public policies are signaled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-quality feedback is necessary for learners' development. It is most effective when focused on behavior and should also provide learners with specific next steps and desired outcomes. Many faculty struggle to provide this high-quality feedback. To improve the quality of written feedback by faculty in a department of medicine, we conducted a 1-hour session using a novel framework based on education literature, individual review of previously written feedback, and deliberate practice in writing comments. Sessions were conducted between August 2015 and June 2018. Participants were faculty members who teach medical students, residents, and/or fellows. To measure the effects of our intervention, we surveyed participants and used an a priori coding scheme to determine how feedback comments changed after the session. Faculty from 7 divisions participated (n = 157). We surveyed 139 participants postsession and 55 (40%) responded. Fifty-three participants (96%) reported learning new information. To more thoroughly assess behavioral changes, we analyzed 5976 feedback comments for students, residents, and fellows written by 22 randomly selected participants before the session and compared these to 5653 comments written by the same participants 1 to 12 months postsession. Analysis demonstrated improved feedback content; comments providing nonspecific next steps decreased, and comments providing specific next steps, reasons why, and outcomes increased. Combining the learning of a simple feedback framework with an immediate review of written comments that individual faculty members previously provided learners led to measured improvement in written comments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proposed polarized 3 He + + acceleration in RHIC and the future Electron-Ion Collider will require about 2 × 1 0 11 ions in the source pulse. A new technique had been proposed for production of high intensity polarized 3 He + + ion beams. It is based on ionization and accumulation of the 3 He gas (polarized by metastability-exchange optical pumping and in the 5 T high magnetic field) in the existing Electron Beam Ion Source (EBIS). A novel 3 He cryogenic purification and storage technique was developed to provide the required gas purity. An original gas refill and polarized 3 He gas injection to the EBIS long drift tubes, (which serves as the storage cell) were developed to ensure polarization preservation. An infrared laser system for optical pumping and polarization measurements in the high 3–5 T field has been developed. The 3 He polarization 80–85% (and sufficiently long ∼ 30 min relaxation time) was obtained in the "open" cell configuration with refilling valve tube inlet and isolation valve closed. The development of the spin-rotator and 3 He 4 He absolute nuclear polarimeter at 6 MeV 3 He + + beam energy is also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women and underrepresented-in-medicine applicants value a climate for diversity when selecting graduate medical education training programs. Climate may not be accurately represented during virtual recruitment. Optimizing program websites may help overcome this barrier. We reviewed websites for adult infectious disease fellowships that participated in the 2022 National Resident Matching Program for emphasis on diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI). Fewer than half expressed DEI language in their mission statement or had a dedicated DEI statement or webpage. Programs should consider emphasizing their commitment to DEI prominently on their websites, which may help recruit candidates from diverse backgrounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Magma unmixing into separate sulfide and silicate melts is a key process in the formation of magmatic sulfide ore deposits. Sulfide inclusions in olivine preserve the original chemical composition of the segregated sulfide melt, whereas the phase compositions of the solidified sulfide droplets and their textures record the final stages of sulfide evolution. Sulfide globules hosted in olivine phenocrysts of magnesian basalts from the Tolbachik volcano (Kamchatka) display a variety of textures ranging from homogeneous to fine-grained to coarse-grained and lamellar. Porous textures and textures associated with the oxidation and dissolution of sulfides were identified as separate categories. The outer surfaces of sulfides vary significantly in shape, which includes normal spherical or elliptical globules, gravitationally layered inclusions, thin sulfide foils and concave deformed sulfides in contact with fluid bubbles. The estimated cooling rate of olivine phenocrysts responsible for observed crystallization textures varies by five orders of magnitude. The Fe:Ni:Cu ratio also exerts an influence on the resulting texture, whereas the size of the globules does not have any significant effect. The morphology and textural patterns of individual grains indicates that fine-grained textures resulted from the rapid breakdown of a homogeneous solid phase, which the sulfide melt solidified into during extremely rapid quenching. The presence of large or abundant small pores in sulfides, along with channels at the globule periphery indicates the separation of an appreciable amount of dissolved fluid from the sulfide melt during crystallization. Sulfides in the form of thin foils and planar swarms in healed cracks indicate cyclic pressure changes in the olivine environment, which resulted in phenocrysts rupturing and healing. The sulfide mineralogy is represented by high-temperature sulfides MSS (monosulfide solid solution) and ISS (intermediate solid solution), as well as pyrrhotite-pentlandite-chalcopyrite-cubanite-bornite-magnetite assemblages, which formed at lower temperatures. Highlights • A variety of textures has been described for sulfide globules in arc basalts. • Two main processes to form textures are crystallization and decay of solid solution. • Fluid exsolution and gravity are additional factors in the generation of textures. • Sulfide foils in fractured olivine testify cyclic changes in ambient pressure. • Dissolution affects shape of sulfides while oxidation changes composition not shape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Olivine-hosted inclusions of silicate and sulfide melts, Cr-spinel and pyroxene were studied to estimate magma composition, temperature, pressure, and f O 2 at the onset and during the silicate-sulfide immiscibility in modern arc basalt from Tolbachik volcano, Kamchatka arc. We demonstrate that the olivine phenocrysts hosting sulfide and silicate melt inclusions belong to the same population. The compositions of the silicate melt inclusions in most primitive olivine (88–91 mol% Fo) represent moderately oxidized (~ QFM + 1.1) high-MgO (up to 12–12.6 wt%) and high CaO/Al 2 O 3 (0.8–1.2) melt that has abundances and ratios of the lithophile trace elements typical of island arc magmas. The initial volatile contents in parental Tolbachik magma are estimated from the melt inclusions and mass-balance considerations to be at least 4.9 wt% H 2 O, 2600 ppm S, 1100 ppm Cl, 550 ppm F, and 1200 ppm CO 2 . These data are used to calculate the temperature (~ 1220 °C) and minimum pressure (3 kbar) at which the beginning of crystallization and exsolution of sulfide melt took place. The presence of anhydrite, especially ubiquitous in the crystallized silicate melt associated with sulfide globules, suggest that much higher sulfur abundances prior to degassing and sulfate immiscibility and/or crystallization should be expected. We tentatively considered hydrothermal accumulations of sulfur (elemental, sulfate and sulfide) in the volcanic conduit responsible for local contamination and oversaturation of the Tolbachik magma in sulfur and related sulfide immiscibility. Coexisting sulfide and sulfate can be also interpreted in favor of the magmatic sulfide oxidation and related generation of S-rich fluids. Such fluids are expected to accumulate metals released from decomposed sulfide melts and supply significant epithermal mineralization, including native gold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silicate-sulfide liquid immiscibility plays a key role in the formation of magmatic sulfide ore deposits but incipient sulfide melts are rarely preserved in natural rocks. This study presents the distribution and compositions of olivine-hosted sulfide melt globules resulting from silicate-sulfide liquid immiscibility in primitive arc basalts. Abundant sulfide droplets entrapped in olivine from primitive basalts of the 1941 eruption and pre-historic eruptive cone “Mt. 1004” of the Tolbachik volcano, Kurile-Kamchatka arc. Inclusions range from submicron to 250 μm in size, coexist with sulfur-rich glass (≤ 1.1 wt% S), and, in some cases, with magmatic anhydrite. Saturation in sulfide occurred early in the evolution of a water- and sulfur-rich magma, moderately oxidized (QFM + 1 to +1.5), which crystallized high-Mg olivine (Fo 86–92 ), clinopyroxene and Cr-spinel. The process developed dense “clouds” of sulfide in relatively small volumes of magma, with highly variable abundances of chalcophile metals. The low degree of sulfide supersaturation promoted diffusive equilibration of the growing droplets with the melt in Ni and Cu, resulting in high concentrations (≈ 38 mol%) of CuS and NiS in the earliest sulfide liquids. The Tolbachik samples provide a glimpse into deep arc processes not seen elsewhere, and may show how arc magmas, despite their oxidized nature, saturate in sulfide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Viruses may represent the most diverse microorganisms on Earth. Novel viruses and variants continue to emerge. Mosquitoes are the most dangerous animals to humankind. This study aimed at identifying viral RNA diversity in salivary glands of mosquitoes captured in a sylvatic area of Cerrado at the Chapada dos Guimarães National Park, Mato Grosso, Brazil. In total, 66 Culicinae mosquitoes belonging to 16 species comprised 9 pools, subjected to viral RNA extraction, double-strand cDNA synthesis, random amplification and high-throughput sequencing, revealing the presence of seven insect-specific viruses, six of which represent new species of Rhabdoviridae (Lobeira virus), Chuviridae (Cumbaru and Croada viruses), Totiviridae (Murici virus) and Partitiviridae (Araticum and Angico viruses). In addition, two mosquito pools presented Kaiowa virus sequences that had already been reported in South Pantanal, Brazil. These findings amplify the understanding of viral diversity in wild-type Culicinae. Insect-specific viruses may present a broader diversity than previously imagined and future studies may address their possible role in mosquito vector competence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Olivine-hosted inclusions of silicate and sulfide melts, Cr-spinel and pyroxene were studied to estimate magma composition, temperature, pressure, and f O 2 at the onset and during the silicate-sulfide immiscibility in modern arc basalt from Tolbachik volcano, Kamchatka arc. We demonstrate that the olivine phenocrysts hosting sulfide and silicate melt inclusions belong to the same population. The compositions of the silicate melt inclusions in most primitive olivine (88–91 mol% Fo) represent moderately oxidized (~ QFM + 1.1) high-MgO (up to 12–12.6 wt%) and high CaO/Al 2 O 3 (0.8–1.2) melt that has abundances and ratios of the lithophile trace elements typical of island arc magmas. The initial volatile contents in parental Tolbachik magma are estimated from the melt inclusions and mass-balance considerations to be at least 4.9 wt% H 2 O, 2600 ppm S, 1100 ppm Cl, 550 ppm F, and 1200 ppm CO 2 . These data are used to calculate the temperature (~ 1220 °C) and minimum pressure (3 kbar) at which the beginning of crystallization and exsolution of sulfide melt took place. The presence of anhydrite, especially ubiquitous in the crystallized silicate melt associated with sulfide globules, suggest that much higher sulfur abundances prior to degassing and sulfate immiscibility and/or crystallization should be expected. We tentatively considered hydrothermal accumulations of sulfur (elemental, sulfate and sulfide) in the volcanic conduit responsible for local contamination and oversaturation of the Tolbachik magma in sulfur and related sulfide immiscibility. Coexisting sulfide and sulfate can be also interpreted in favor of the magmatic sulfide oxidation and related generation of S-rich fluids. Such fluids are expected to accumulate metals released from decomposed sulfide melts and supply significant epithermal mineralization, including native gold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfide melt inclusions entrapped in primitive olivine phenocrysts can be used to understand the compositions of early sulfide melts that may ultimately contribute to magmatic sulfide ore deposits. Sulfide globules hosted in olivine (86–92 mol% Fo) from the Tolbachik basalt (the 1941 eruption) are characterized in terms of their major and trace element abundances using electron microscopy and LA–ICP–MS analysis. Distribution of major elements within individual sulfide globules varies from homogeneous to heterogeneous. Phases include monosulfide solid solution (MSS) and intermediate solid solution (ISS) intergrowths and exsolved low-temperature minerals such as pyrrhotite, pentlandite, chalcopyrite and cubanite. Trace elements (platinum-group elements — PGE, Ag, Te, Au, Pb and Bi) are also present in solid solution in sulfide phases and as micron-sized particles (“nuggets”). Such nuggets of dominantly Au, Pt, Au–Pd and Pd–Te are contained randomly within sulfide matrices or, more commonly, at phase boundaries. Nuggets are also attached to outer surfaces of sulfide globules. Concentrations of PGE in sulfides follow a log normal distribution over four orders of magnitude. The highest measured noble metal concentrations in the analyzed globules (436 ppm Au + PGE) are 13.3 ppm Au, 115 ppm Pt and 299 ppm Pd, whereas 40% of globules have < 15 ppm of noble metals. Gold and PGE concentrations correlate, suggesting these elements were concentrated by the same process(es). We propose that a number of anomalous concentrations of one or several noble metals in the analyzed globules can be best explained by entrapment of Au–PGE-rich particles (solid or liquid) from the silicate melt. Although the individual Tolbachik sulfide globules have variable PGE abundances, their mean composition resembles those of major PGE-sulfide ore deposits (e.g., Norilsk, Sudbury, Platreef and Merensky Reef). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construct of authenticity is thought of as an expression of individuality and eudaimonic well-being. Yet, previous research has related state authenticity more to positive affect and pleasant behavior. We examine the extent to which feeling authentic is a reflection of personally held standards of worth (values) and authenticity’s relationship with affective states. We also examine whether feelings of authenticity are facilitated by dispositional authenticity. Study 1 had participants debate benevolent behavior (N = 199). In study two (N = 124) and three (N = 146), participants described memories where they acted in concordance or against their values, in both pleasant and unpleasant contexts. We found a relationship between acting in accordance with one’s values and experiencing authenticity, thus demonstrating that authenticity is a form of eudaimonic well-being, which is closely related to, but distinct from, affective states. We found less consistent associations between dispositional authenticity and momentary authentic feelings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We combined personality, social cognitive, and cognitive paradigms for researching the self. Specifically, we examined whether personality trait assessments are associated with variation in the cognitive processes that produce the self-reference effect in memory. We found that self-reported, but not indirectly assessed, trait orderliness (Study 1; N = 98) and openness (Study 2; N = 92) were associated with slower free recall when corresponding trait adjectives were self-referenced, but not when adjectives were encoded in control tasks. The slower recall showed mixed predictive validity. Results suggest that personality congruent adjectives elicit more elaborative processing in the form of propositions that arise during self-reference, which counter-intuitively slows recall in a manner consistent with random search memory models and cue overload theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present research, we looked at how positive-constructive daydreaming, guilty-dysphoric daydreaming, and poor attentional control associate with both broad (i.e., openness to experience) and specific (i.e., introspection) personality traits. A second aim was to determine how daydreaming styles were associated with psychological well-being. Across four studies, 1081 undergraduate (studies 1, 2, and 4) and MTurk (study 3) participants completed online questionnaires. A fixed-effect meta-analysis revealed that introspection was a significant predictor of both positive and negative daydreaming styles, but not a consistent predictor of poor attentional control. Positive-constructive daydreaming was more strongly associated with personal growth, purpose in life, and positive affect; guilty-dysphoric daydreaming was associated with depressive symptoms, negative affect, and lower psychological well-being, while poor attentional control was associated with lower positive well-being. Although correlational, these results demonstrate the usefulness of examining the experience and content of recurrent daydreaming and mind-wandering styles to further understand well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magmas supply metals to hydrothermal ore deposits, although typical arc basalts may be unable to produce a gold-rich ore-forming fluid, as such basalts rarely exceed 5 ppb Au. Consistent with this, the occurrence of native gold of magmatic origin is extremely rare, and only a few finds of micron-sized gold particles in unaltered basalts have been documented. Surprisingly, some lava flows and scoria cones of the historic basaltic eruptions of Tolbachik volcano (Kamchatka) are unusually gold-rich. Tolbachik basalts contain up to 11.6 ppb Au based on whole rock analyses, nuggets of gold (electrum) up to 900 μm in size and native gold droplets up to 200 μm, plus numerous vapor-deposited gold crystals within fumarolic incrustations and directly on surfaces of basaltic lapilli. Our results demonstrate that the gold nuggets in Tolbachik basalt are of hydrothermal origin and were physically scavenged from epithermal veins hosted by country rocks during intrusion of mafic magmas. Depending on the melt temperature and/or time span of the melt-rock interaction, gold was ejected by the erupting volcano either in the form of abraded nuggets or liquid droplets, or was fully assimilated (dissolved) into the shallow long-lived magma chamber to provide a 4-fold increase in gold content over background concentration of 2.7 ppb Au, characteristic of mafic volcanic rocks in Kamchatka. Upon the end of the eruption, the continued discharge of volcanic vapors enriched in gold deposited abundant crystals of gold on cooling lava and scoria. Similar to Tolbachik, recycling of metals from prior accumulations (ore deposits) in the shallow crust may take place in other long-lived magma reservoirs, thus upgrading the gold and other metal contents and contributing to the ore-forming potential of a magma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation attempted to conceptually replicate/extend research that suggests that reminders of money can inhibit prosociality, promote self-sufficiency, and influence political beliefs. Based on these results, we hypothesized that money primes would decrease willingness to engage in sustainable actions. We also predicted that people would distribute points less prosocially and feel less socially connected when money was primed. Individuals were recruited from an undergraduate participant pool and MTurk. Meta-analytic results across the two samples revealed that money priming did not have a significant impact on willingness to act sustainably, but it did cause participants to distribute points less prosocially and report lower social connectedness than individuals in the control condition. While effects were smaller than those reported in Vohs, Mead, and Goode (2006), this study still offers support for the detrimental impact of reminders of money on interpersonal relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aron and Aron (1997) introduced the personality construct of high sensitivity, characterized by a presumably physiological, overactive sensory-processing sensitivity. Their measure of high sensitivity, the Highly Sensitive Person Scale (HSPS), predicts negative life-outcomes. However, previous research questioned the unidimensional nature of the questionnaire, and proposed its division into two- or three-factor models, with a handful of items reflecting a distinct type of sensitivity. Two studies ( N = 154 and N = 118) extended previous findings by showing that this distinct sensitivity subscale had the weakest correlations with the full HSP scale and its other subscales, and that it had a distinctive and more desirable pattern of associations with personality traits and well-being measures, compared to other sensitivities. Our findings suggest that not all sensory-processing sensitivities are associated with undesirable life-outcomes, and emphasize the value of developing sensitivity measures further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Mechanical factors play a critical role in the physiology and pathology of articular cartilage, although the mechanisms of mechanical signal transduction are not fully understood. We undertook this study to test the hypothesis that type VI collagen is necessary for mechanotransduction in articular cartilage by determining the effects of type VI collagen knockout on the activation of the mechano-osmosensitive, calcium-permeable channel TRPV4 (transient receptor potential vanilloid channel 4) as well as on osmotically induced chondrocyte swelling and pericellular matrix (PCM) mechanical properties. Methods Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to image TRPV4-mediated calcium signaling and osmotically induced cell swelling in intact femora from 2- and 9-month-old wild-type (WT) and type VI collagen-deficient (Col6a1 −/−) mice. Immunofluorescence-guided atomic force microscopy was used to map PCM mechanical properties based on the presence of perlecan. Results Hypo-osmotic stress-induced TRPV4-mediated calcium signaling was increased in Col6a1−/− mice relative to WT controls at 2 months. Col6a1−/− mice exhibited significantly increased osmotically induced cell swelling and decreased PCM moduli relative to WT controls at both ages. Conclusion In contrast to our original hypothesis, type VI collagen was not required for TRPV4-mediated Ca2+ signaling; however, knockout of type VI collagen altered the mechanical properties of the PCM, which in turn increased the extent of cell swelling and osmotically induced TRPV4 signaling in an age-dependent manner. These findings emphasize the role of the PCM as a transducer of mechanical and physicochemical signals, and they suggest that alterations in PCM properties, as may occur with aging or osteoarthritis, can influence mechanotransduction via TRPV4 or other ion channels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study had three major goals: to clarify the relationships between Eysenck's, Gray's, and Cloninger's personality taxonomies, to show that traits from these taxonomies predict differential sensitivities to emotional states, and to explore the relationship between sensitivity to an emotional state and how much that state is actually experienced. A factor analysis of traits from Eysenck's, Gray's, and Cloninger's personality taxonomies resulted in three factors that were named reward sensitivity, impulsivity-thrill seeking, and punishment sensitivity. These factors predicted a global measure of affect, emotional reactions to a laboratory mood induction, and self-reported affect in daily life. Generally, reward sensitivity predicted positive, but not negative emotions, whereas punishment sensitivity predicted negative, but not positive emotions. Impulsivity-thrill seeking predicted few emotions in either context. Coherence among the relationships found across methodological contexts suggests that the traits that predict emotion susceptibilities in the laboratory similarly predict emotional experience in ongoing daily life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gases and aerosols from the 2012–13 effusive eruption of Tolbachik basaltic volcano, Kamchatka, were sampled in February and May, 2013, from a lava tube window located 300 m from the eruptive crater; temperature at the sampling point was 1060–1070 °C. The chemical and isotopic compositions of the sampled gases (92.4% H 2 O, 3.5% CO 2 , 2.3% SO 2 on average; δD from − 25.0 to − 38.6‰) correspond to a typical volcanic arc gas without dilution by meteoric or hydrothermal water. Halogen contents in the gases (1.37% HCl, 0.5% HF) were higher than average arc values. The total amount of analyzed metallic and metalloid (trace) elements in the gas exceeded 665 ppm. Six most abundant trace elements, K (250 ppm), Na (220 ppm), Si (74 ppm), Br (48 ppm), Cu (21 ppm) and Fe (12 ppm), accounted for 95% of the total content of trace elements in the gas. The gases contained 24 ppb Re, 12 ppb Ag, 4.9 ppb Au and 0.45 ppb Pt. Refractory rock-forming elements (Mg, Al, Ca) and some other elements such as Ba and Th were transported mainly in the form of silicate microspheres and altered rock particles. The concentrations of metals in the eruptive Tolbachik gases are higher than the corresponding concentrations in high-temperature fumaroles worldwide, although the mutual ratios of the elements are approximately the same. The gas/magma partition coefficients of eleven elements exceed unity, including the non-metals F, S, Cl, Br, As, Se and Te and the rare metals Cd, Re, Tl and Bi. Despite the relatively low concentrations of trace elements in the volcanic gases at the highest temperatures, superficial magma degassing provides information on the sources and sinks of metals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subjective connection with nature, or nature relatedness, is similar to other environmental worldview measures in predicting sustainable attitudes and behaviors, yet is unique in predicting happiness. In two studies, the authors assessed the overlap between nature relatedness and other subjective connections (e.g., with friends or country) and examined these connections as a possible confound in explaining the link between nature relatedness and happiness. Study I adapted a measure of general connectedness and administered it to student (n = 331) and community (n = 415) samples along with multiple nature relatedness and happiness indicators. Study 2 examined more established measures of subjective connections in another community sample (n = 204). General connectedness predicted happiness well, yet nature relatedness remained a significant distinct predictor of many happiness indicators, even after controlling for other connections. Results support the notion that nature relatedness could be a path to human happiness and environmental sustainability, though confirming this causal direction requires additional research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A polarimeter is upgraded and tested in a 200-MeV polarized-proton beam at the accelerator-collider facility of the Brookhaven National Laboratory. The polarimeter is based on the elastic polarizedproton scattering on a carbon target at an angle of 16.2°, in which case the analyzing power is close to unity and was measured to a very high degree of precision. It is shown that, in the energy range of 190-205 MeV, the absolute polarization can be measured to a precision better than ±0.5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Trait introverts report feeling authentic even when acting extraverted. • Social identities about introversion–extraversion differ from the trait. • Participants reported lower authenticity when debating contrary to dispositions and identities. • Counter-dispositional authenticity costs did not closely track moods. Research suggests that trait introverts feel more authentic when acting extraverted. We explored boundaries of this idea by assessing trait and identities as introvert or extravert and asking participants to debate extraversion's value. Students (Study 1: N = 310, Study 2 direct replication: N = 407) were randomly assigned to pro or con sides in the debate and then reported their state authenticity and affect. Results suggested interactions between individual differences (trait, identity) and debate condition on authenticity. Counter-dispositional and counter-identity debating decreased authenticity, though with variation in strength across studies. Affect did not follow this pattern. These findings provide preliminary evidence for the importance of trait-related identities and suggest limits to the benefits of embracing counter-dispositional extraversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tumor-induced osteomalacia is a paraneoplastic syndrome resulting in renal phosphate wasting and decreased bone mineralization. Phosphaturic mesenchymal tumors represent a rare etiology of tumor-induced osteomalacia. Nonspecific symptoms of fatigue, bone pain, and musculoskeletal weakness make the diagnosis elusive and lead to a delay in surgical treatment. Questions/purposes: In this case series, the following three questions were asked: (1) How do the clinical presentation and features of phosphaturic mesenchymal tumors delay the diagnosis? (2) What is the clinical course after surgical treatment of phosphaturic mesenchymal tumors? (3) How frequently do phosphaturic mesenchymal tumors recur and are there factors associated with recurrence? Methods: This study retrospectively reviewed the cases of five adults diagnosed and treated for phosphaturic mesenchymal tumors. Patients were identified through an internal orthopaedic oncology database with clinical, surgical, and histologic data obtained through a systematic chart review. Results: Five patients presented with a long-standing history of osteomalacia, generalized fatigue, pain, and weakness before the diagnosis was reached at an average of 7.2 years (range, 2-12 years) after initial symptom onset. The diagnosis appeared to be delayed owing to the cryptic medical presentation, difficulty in locating tumor by imaging, and confirming histologic appearance. Two patients treated with wide surgical resection did not experience recurrence compared with three patients who did show recurrent signs and symptoms after marginal excision. A postoperative increase in fibroblast-derived growth factor-23 was associated with recurrent disease. Conclusions: Although uncommon, the diagnosis of phosphaturic mesenchymal tumor should be considered in any patient who presents with hypophosphaturic osteomalacia and no other physiologic cause. Definitive treatment is early, wide surgical resection. Level of Evidence: Level IV, therapeutic study. See the Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: High-temperature (1084°C) fumarolic emissions from a spatter cone at the Erta Ale north pit crater granted a rare opportunity to collect Giggenbach bottles, condensates, and sublimates from the fumarolic gases of a rift/plume volcano in the immediate proximity of degassing lava. These results represent the highest-temperature gases sampled directly for trace elements and the first high-T fumarolic samples for a rift/plume volcano. Sixty-seven metals and metalloids were measured quantitatively by ICP-AES and ICP-MS in liquid gas condensates and solid sublimates. The total amount of trace elements in the gas (without Si) exceeded 170ppm. The ten most abundant elements transported in nonsilicate modes were Na (61ppm), Fe (41ppm), K (32ppm), Br (12.4ppm), Cd (3.0ppm), Se (2.3ppm), Cu (2.0ppm), Zn (2.0ppm), Te (1.7ppm), and As (1.2ppm). The gases contained 27ppb Re, 1.5ppb Au, 0.5ppb Pt, and 0.27ppb Os. Rh- and Pd-containing phases were observed in solid sublimates. The only metal not detected by all analytical methods was ruthenium. Chalcophile elements (Cd, Cu, Zn, Se, Te, As) were transported primarily in the gaseous form. Alkali metals were emitted, at least partially, as liquid micron-size sulfate droplets, whereas alkali earths, aluminum, and REE had a high affinity to silicate aerosol in the form of basaltic microspheres. The silicate aerosol content was evaluated at 59ppm on average but varied within a 7.5-fold range during sampling. Because of the extremely high temperature, refractory elements Ca, Ba, Ta, U, and LREE showed evidence of transport in the form of gaseous species. The SO2 flux in January 2011 was evaluated at 91±24t/d for the entire volcano, including ~31t/d from the north crater and ~60t/d from the lava lake. The daily output of trace elements from both Erta Ale craters (without Si) was estimated at 53kg/d, including 20kg of Na, 13.5kg of Fe, 10.5kg of K, 4.5kg of chalcophile elements, 9g of Re, 0.5g of Au, and 0.17g of Pt. The trace element pattern of Erta Ale fumarolic gases do not possess any distinct geochemical specialization and resemble TE patterns from fumarolic emissions of studied arc and plume volcanoes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

People report enjoying momentary extraverted behavior, and this does not seem to depend on trait levels of introversion-extravesion. Assuming that introverts desire enjoyment, this finding raises the question, why do introverts not act extraverted more often? This research explored a novel explanation, that trait introverts make an affective forecasting error, underpredicting the hedonic benefits of extraverted behavior. Study 1 (n = 97) found that trait introverts forecast less activated positive and pleasant affect and more negative and self-conscious affect (compared to extraverts) when asked to imagine acting extraverted, but not introverted, across a variety of hypothetical situations. Studies 2-5 (combined n = 495) found similar results using a between-subjects approach and laboratory situations. We replicated findings that people enjoy acting extraverted and that this does not depend on disposition. Accordingly, the personality differences in affective forecasts represent errors. In these studies, introverts tended to be less accurate, particularly by overestimating the negative affect and self-consciousness associated with their extraverted behavior. This may explain why introverts do not act extraverted more often (i.e., they overestimate hedonic costs that do not actually materialize) and have implications for understanding, and potentially trying to change, introverts' characteristically lower levels of happiness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Research has established relationships between the personality dimensions of neuroticism and BIS and broad negative emotional reactivity. However, few researchers have examined the relationships among neuroticism, BIS, and discrete negative emotional reactivities. The present study examined whether individuals scoring high on neuroticism and BIS were more reactive across four discrete negative mood inductions, relative to those scoring low on these traits. Participants (n =166) completed personality questionnaires, measures of current mood, viewed a specific mood-inducing film clip (sadness, anger, fear or disgust) and then reported their moods a second time. Results revealed that neuroticism/BIS was associated with high reactivity to the fear and sadness inductions. Neuroticism/BIS did not predict anger or disgust reactivity, but neuroticism/BIS and extraversion/BAS interacted in predicting anger. Although further research is needed to extend generalizability, it appears that neuroticism and BIS predict negative emotional reactivity broadly, but not ubiquitously. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Skeletal reconstruction after large tumor resection is challenging. The free vascularized fibular graft (FVFG) offers the potential for rapid autograft incorporation as well as growing physeal transfer in pediatric patients. We retrospectively reviewed eleven pediatric patients treated with FVFG reconstructions of the upper extremity after tumor resection. Eight male and three female patients were identified, including four who underwent epiphyseal transfer. All eleven patients retained a functional salvaged limb. Nonunion and graft fracture were the most common complications relating to graft site (27%). Peroneal nerve palsy occurred in 4/11 patients, all of whom received epiphyseal transfer. Patients receiving epiphyseal transplant had a mean annual growth of 1.7 cm/year. Mean graft hypertrophy index increased by more than 10% in all cases. Although a high complication rate may be anticipated, the free vascularized fibula may be used to reconstruct large skeletal defects in the pediatric upper extremity after oncologic resection. Transferring the vascularized physis is a viable option when longitudinal growth is desired. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skeletal reconstruction after large tumor resection is challenging. The free vascularized fibular graft (FVFG) offers the potential for rapid autograft incorporation as well as growing physeal transfer in pediatric patients. We retrospectively reviewed eleven pediatric patients treated with FVFG reconstructions of the upper extremity after tumor resection. Eight male and three female patients were identified, including four who underwent epiphyseal transfer. All eleven patients retained a functional salvaged limb. Nonunion and graft fracture were the most common complications relating to graft site (27%). Peroneal nerve palsy occurred in 4/11 patients, all of whom received epiphyseal transfer. Patients receiving epiphyseal transplant had a mean annual growth of 1.7 cm/year. Mean graft hypertrophy index increased by more than 10% in all cases. Although a high complication rate may be anticipated, the free vascularized fibula may be used to reconstruct large skeletal defects in the pediatric upper extremity after oncologic resection. Transferring the vascularized physis is a viable option when longitudinal growth is desired. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]