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Background: Tetracyclines (TCs) are a group of broad-spectrum antibiotics that may be used to control bacterial diseases in humans or are applied as feed additives to enhance growth in farm animals. TCs are released into the aquatic environment via different pathways. Many analytical methods combined with a preconcentration step have been introduced for the determination of TC in various environmental samples. Objective: The objective this paper is developing reliable analytical methods for determination of TC trace in various environmental samples. Method: In the present work, combined ultrasound-assisted and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction according to the solidification of floating organic drop as a sample preconcentration procedure for determining TC hydrochloride HPLC in water and serum samples was used. Results: A series of parameters, including the type and volume of disperser and extraction solvents, salt effect, extraction time, and pH of solution influencing the extraction efficiency of UA-DLLME-SFO was examined. Enrichment factors were in the range of 125-137 for TC hydrochloride under optimum conditions. The linear range was calculated from 0.005 to 3 mg/L and LOD at 0.002 mg/L. RSDs were in the range of 2.7 to 3.2 (n=5). The UA-DLLME-SFO method used in water and serum samples revealed good extraction recoveries with RSD of 2.7-4.3%. Conclusions: This method significantly decreased the organic solvent volume from 3mL to 90 mL, also LOD and linear ranges were lower than or almost close to levels obtained in other research studies. In this procedure, an ultrasound bath enhanced the mixing and contact between the sample solution and the extraction solvent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new procedure for sensitizing of carbon paste electrode modified with carbon nanofiber by applying a special potential in differential pulse voltammetry is introduced. It is found out that the selection of 1.4 V as conditioning potential to a period of time can boost the electrochemical peaks of epinephrine and uric acid. In addition, the special potential leads to separated oxidation peaks of epinephrine and uric acid from ascorbic acid (potentially interfering species). The electrochemical impedance spectroscopic investigations confirm the good conductivity of the modified electrode. Surface characterization studies were done using scanning electron microscopy. Under optimum conditions, the oxidation peaks of epinephrine and uric acid were linear in the range of 0.1–150 μM and 0.08–250 μM, respectively, when they determined individually. The linear dynamic range from 0.2 to 30.0 μM was obtained for the simultaneous determination of epinephrine and uric acid in the presence of ascorbic acid. Wide linear range, amplified and sharp peaks, reproducibility and stability allow this procedure to analyze epinephrine and uric acid in the presence of ascorbic acid. The proposed electrode was successfully applied for the determination of epinephrine and uric acid in epinephrine hydrochloride injection, human urine samples and human blood serum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new, simple, low cost, high efficiency, and rapid floating technique was developed for the determination of Sunset Yellow in beverage and effervescent vitamin C. The method is based on two main steps: 1)- formation of dye-surfactant complex by the addition of a cationic surfactant, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, to the solution containing an anionic dye (Sunset Yellow) and 2)- flocculation of the dye-surfactant complex with the participation of sodium perchlorate as a coagulant followed by aggregation and enlargement of the flocs while floating at the top of the solution. After the extraction, separated and preconcentrated Sunset Yellow was investigated by spectrophotometric determination. IR spectrum, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and light microscopy were used to characterise the flocs. The effects of different parameters such as pH, concentration of surfactant, concentration of sodium perchlorate, and temperature on the extraction of dye were investigated and optimized. Under optimum conditions, a linear calibration curve was obtained in the range of 0.05–5 mg L−1. The detection limit (3Sb/m) was 0.02 mg L−1 with a preconcentration factor of 25. The relative standard deviation (RSD) for 0.1 mg L−1 of Sunset Yellow was 2.6% (n = 10). The applicability of the method was evaluated by measuring the amount of dye in beverage and effervescent vitamin C. Interferences of typical cations and anions which may participate in the matrices were also checked. The amount of Sunset Yellow found in real samples was 1.32–3.89 mgL−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water pollution is one of the most universal problems oppressing people throughout the world, while adsorption is the most widely used method to remove contamination from water. In this paper, we proposed graphene oxide as a suitable adsorbent for the removal of ametryn from Karoon River water, drainage and water obtained from washing of soil samples of sugarcane farm (Hakim Farabi Agro-industrial. Co. Khuzestan province, Iran). To this end, the concentration of ametryn was quantitatively measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The response surface methodology (RSM) was used for the optimization of the effects of four important parameters influencing the removal efficiency of the proposed method. Experimental and modeling results showed that graphene oxide effectively adsorbed ametryn with maximum sorption capacity of 47.2 mg g−1. The adsorption process with ametryn was found to be fitted to pseudo-second-order kinetic equation and the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. Moreover, the experimental results indicated that GO had good adsorption ability for the removal of ametryn from water and soil samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Introducing 3-nitrophthalic acid as a novel and natural corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 1 M HCl media. • Investigation of corrosion Inhibition performance and mechanism. • Formation of a barrier and hydrophobic protective layer on the mild steel. Application of inhibitors is the most practical technique for protection of metals against corrosion in harsh solutions. But, the environmental worries and the carcinogenic impact have caused some traditional inhibitors to be banned by several international agencies. So, remarkable attention has been directed to the natural compounds. This project aimed to introduce a natural organic compound named 3-nitrophthalic acid as a novel corrosion inhibitor for enhancement of steel structure lifetime against corrosion in an acidic medium. Electrochemical measurements were done for this purpose. Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) and UV–Visible spectroscopies were applied to characterize chemical structure of the inhibitor. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) manifested the maximum inhibition performance of about 80.51 % for the sample containing 400 ppm 3-nitrophthalic acid. Potentiodynamic polarization outcomes exhibited reduction of both anodic and cathodic reactions rate in the presence of inhibitor through a mixed inhibition mechanism. Besides, surface examinations including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and contact angle (CA) confirmed the anticorrosive behavior of 3-nitrophthalic acid via surface smoothness and the creation of a hydrophobic film arising from inhibitor adsorption on the mild steel surface, which obeyed the Langmuir adsorption model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, magnetically hollow zein nanoparticles were synthesized and used as a magnetic sorbent for the preconcentration of chlorpyrifos and its analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Morphology of the sorbent was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In this study, the effects of important parameters such as pH of the solution, adsorption and desorption time, type and volume of desorption solvent, and salt addition were investigated. Under optimized experimental conditions, the linear range was from 50 to 2000 μg mL−1, and an LOD of 25 μg L−1 was calculated. The relative standard deviations (RSD) varied from 3.8 to 5.1% (n = 5). The enrichment factors for 50 and 100 μg L−1 samples were calculated as 187 and 210, respectively. The developed method was successfully applied in soil and water samples and showed good extraction recoveries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors report on the preparation of sol-gel coated magnetized carbon nanotubes whose surface were imprinted with Cd ions and the application of these materials on selective preconcentration of Cd ions in different water samples. FeO particles and tetraethyl orthosilicate were used as a magnetic ingredient and as a surface modifier for the carbon nanotubes, respectively. The Cd-imprinted polymer was prepared by grafting copolymerization of Cd ions as template, methacryloylsulfamethizole and 2-vinylpyridine as polymerizable ligands, methacrylic acid as functional monomer, and ethyleneglycoldimethacrylate as crosslinker. The resulting magnetic nanoparticles were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method, and by scanning electron microscopy. Isothermal absorption, absorption kinetics and selectivity were studied in detail. The experimental conditions were optimized. Figures of merit include (a) a maximum adsorption capacity of 81 mg·g; (b) relative selectivity coefficients of 2.41, 2.36, 1.41, 1.66, and 1.70 for Cd/Ni, Cd/Co, Cd/Zn, Cd/Cu, and Cd/Pb, respectively; (c) a detection limit of 0.29 ng·mL, (d) an enrichment factor of 55.5; (e) an intra-day precisions of 1.13%; and (f) an inter-day precision of 1.39%. The method was successfully applied to the determination of cadmium in spiked samples including feed water of an ammonia production unit, tap water, industrial waste water from a petrochemical plant, river water from the Garrahi River, bay water from Khor Musa, and marsh water from the Shadegan wetland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new and simple hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction was used in conjunction with HPLC for the extraction and quantitative determination of nalidixic acid (NA) in human urine samples. This study considers this technique an alternative to common methods of hollow fiber microextraction based on pH gradient and electromembrane extraction of NA in human urine samples. In this research, the drug was extracted from the source phase (donor phase) into a modified organic phase with Aliquat 336 (hydrophobic ion-pair reagent) as a carrier able to impregnate pores of the hollow fiber. In this study, the effects of several factors were tested on the extraction efficiency of the drug. Under optimum conditions, the linearity of the method was observed over the range 0.05-2.0 μg mL-1 with a correlation coefficient of r = 0.9983. The results of tests on the method determined a good sensitivity with a limit of detection of 0.008 μg mL-1. The intra-day relative standard deviation (n = 9) for 0.8 μg mL-1 was 6.2%, and the inter-day relative standard deviation (n = 5) for 0.8 μg mL-1 was 5.6%. This newstrategy was successfully applied to analyze a real urine sample with satisfactory results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This study introduces a new method for the visual and spectrophotometric detection of chemical species using copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs). A simple method for the synthesis of Cu NPs for rapid colorimetric visual detection of sulfide ions (S2−) in water samples is described. The Cu NPs sensor detects sensitive and selective color change in the presence of micromolar levels of S2− that can be observed with the naked eye and monitored using a UV–vis spectrophotometer. The color change quantitatively correlates with the concentration of S2− from 12.5×10−6 M to 50.0×10−6 M. Samples of tap water and river water were spiked and analyzed using the proposed system. The results showed that the sensor exhibited excellent detection for S2− in the water samples. A main advantage of the new method is that it provides good selectivity for detecting S2− without the need for complex readout equipment. The proposed method has a high potential for rapid environmental monitoring of sulfide ions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

It is critical to be able to detect and quantify hydrazine under aqueous conditions with high sensitivity and selectivity. A colorimetric sensor for hydrazine with high selectivity and sensitivity by gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) within about 4–5min at room temperature is presented. In this paper, the reduction of AuCl4 − to gold nanoparticles by hydrazine compound produced very intense surface plasmon resonance peak of AuNPs. The formation of gold nanoparticles as a result of the redox reaction in water samples was identified by measuring the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) absorption. With increasing hydrazine concentration, the LSPR intensity displays linear response with the hydrazine content over the range from 6.0 to 40.0×10−6 M, with a detection limit of 1.1×10−6 M. The relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) for determination of 10×10−6 M and 28×10−6 M of hydrazine was 3.2% and 0.68% (n =6), respectively. The proposed method is convenient, low-cost and free of complex equipment, making it possible to successfully analyze hydrazine in industrial water samples (boiler and cooling water) and river water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Isoniazid is an important antibiotic, which is widely used to treat tuberculosis. This study presents a colorimetric method for the determination of Isoniazid based on localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) property of gold nanoparticles. An LSPR band is produced by reducing gold ions in solution using Isoniazid as the reducing agent. Influences of the following relevant variables were examined and optimized in the experiment, formation time of gold nanoparticles, pH, buffer and stabilizer. These tests demonstrated that under optimum conditions the absorbance of Au nanoparticles at 530nm related linearly to the concentration of Isoniazid in the range of 1.0–8.0μgmL−1 with a detection limit of 0.98μgmL−1. This colorimetric method has been successfully applied to the determine Isoniazid in tablets and spiked serum samples. The proposed colorimetric assay exhibits good reproducibility and accuracy, providing a simple and rapid method for analysis of Isoniazid. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Square-wave voltammetry is a fast technique used for determination of trace amounts of acrylamide. When cobalt(II) ions were added to the acrylamide solution, a catalytic peak at about -1.35 V vs. Ag/AgCl was observed, which was proportional to acrylamide concentration. The calibration curve showed good linearity in the range of 200-800 ng mL-1 of acrylamide with a regression coefficient of 0.9989. The limit of detection of the method was 3.52 ng mL-1, and the relative standard deviations for concentrations of 300 ng mL-1 and 700 ng mL-1 were 99.8% × 10-2 and 79.7% × 10-2, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Introduction of a green corrosion inhibitor named Allium Jesdianum extract. • Investigation of Inhibition performance and mechanism. • Achievement of Remarkable inhibition efficiency about 96.18%. In this study, Allium Jesdianum extract (AJE) as a green banner for mild steel in 1 M HCl solution was appraised by some corrosion tests. The maximum inhibition efficiency about 96.18% was achieved by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The prominent declines of corrosion current density in both cathodic and anodic branches, as well as mixed-type inhibition, were confirmed by the potentiodynamic polarization technique. According to weight loss measurement, inhibition performance is dependent on AJE concentration. The adsorption of banner on the metal surface followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Surface morphology and characterization methods were used to prove the inhibition mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Azo group (N = N) was used as a source of nitrogen to introduce nitrogen into the porous carbon materials for the first time. • Nitrogen-doped porous carbon materials through pyrolysis of the Azo-bridged calix[4]resorcinarene porous aromatic framework were synthesized and characterized. • Nitrogen-doped porous carbon materials has been utilized for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) This study successfully synthesized nitrogen-doped porous carbon materials through pyrolysis of the azo-bridged calix[4]resorcinarene porous aromatic framework. This was the first time that N was introduced into porous carbon materials by using the azo group (N = N) as a nitrogen source. Nitrogen-doped porous carbon materials (N-C-x) were characterized by Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms. The efficiency of the fabricated electrocatalysts was assessed toward oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in whole-range pH and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in the base media. N-C-900 displayed outstanding activity among the prepared samples. In the ORR, the onset potential for N-C-900 was 0.99 V, 0.925 V, and 0.98 V vs. RHE in base, natural, and acidic electrolytes, respectively, which were close to commercial Pt/C in the same electrolyte. In OER, the optimal catalyst N-C-900 had an overpotential of 220 mV and a Tafel slope of 212 mV.dec-1, similar to RuO 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, titanium oxide (TiO2) nanoparticles, chitosan, and several nanocomposites containing different mass dosages of TiO2 and chitosan have been applied as the adsorbent for COD removal from the industrial wastewater (Bouali Sina Petrochemical Company, Iran). The FESEM, XRD, and FTIR tests have been employed to characterize TiO2 nanoparticles, chitosan, and fabricated nanocomposites. Then, the effect of adsorption parameters, including TiO2–chitosan mass ratio (1:1, 1:2, and 2:1), adsorbent content (0.25–2.5 g), temperature (20–50 °C), pH (3–11), solution volume (100–500 mL), and contact time (30–180 min) on the COD reduction has also been monitored both experimentally and numerically. The Box–Behnken design of the experiment approves that TiO2–chitosan (1:1), adsorbent content of 2.5 g, temperature = 20 °C, pH 7.4, solution volume of 100 mL, and contact time = 180 min are the condition that maximizes the COD removal (i.e., 94.5%). Moreover, the Redlich–Peterson and Pseudo-second order models are the best isotherm and kinetic scenarios to describe COD removal's transient and equilibrium behaviors. The maximum monolayer COD adsorption capacity of the TiO2–chitosan nanocomposite is 89.5 mg g−1. The results revealed that the industrial wastewater COD is better to remove using the TiO2–chitosan (1:1) at temperature = 20 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, effervescence‐assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (EADLLME), based on hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent (HDES) was developed as a green, simple, fast, and sensitive method for the extraction and preconcentration of captopril (CAP) from tablet and urine samples, followed by UV–Vis spectrophotometry. Initially, acetic acid was added to the green extraction solvent (HDES) at μL‐level. This mixture was then transferred by a syringe into bicarbonate fortified sample (contains complex of Ni [II] with CAP); an effervescence reaction occurred immediately between the acetic acid (AA) and sodium bicarbonate. The produced CO2 bubbles led to the dispersion of HDES into the sample. The resulting fine droplets from extractant dispersion facilitated the phase separation. After that, the absorbance of upper phase (HDES rich phase) was measured at 340 nm. Under optimized conditions, we achieved a desirable linearity in the range of 0.07–30 μg/L and low limits of detection of 0.04 μg/L. This developed method was successfully applied for the analysis of tablet and urine samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, a simple and sensitive electrochemical technique based on using nanocomposite of (AgNP/CuMOF/PPy–rGO) modified carbon paste electrode for determination of metronidazole (MTZ) is described. Polypyrrole (PPy) hemispherical molecules coated reduced graphene oxide (PPy–rGO) was combined with CuMOF, a typical metal–organic framework, by hydrothermal method. AgNP/CuMOF/PPy–rGO was simply fabricated by creating AgNP inside and on the surface of the nanocomposite. The composition and morphology of the synthesized nanocomposite were investigated by SEM, FT‐IR, EDX, and XRD. Cyclic voltammetry and ASSWV were utilized to determine the electrocatalytic activity of the sensor regarding the reduction of MTZ. Interestingly, some outstanding properties of the nanocomposite including high surface area of CuMOF, good conductivity of PPy–rGO, and the catalytic activity of AgNPs could result in the enhancement of the electron transfer rate, electrochemical behavior, and the reduction of peak currents at the surface of the proposed sensor. Sensitive, promising, and stable electrochemical sensor exhibited linear detection range of 0.08–160 μM at pH 5.0 with detection and limit of 24 nM (S/N = 3). The system was validated for precision with standard deviation less than 2.0%. Moreover, its feasibility was successfully assessed through analysis of tablet and human urine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new imidazole-2-thione based copper coordination polymer namely [Cu2(ebit)Br2]n (1) [ebit = 1,1′-(1,2-ethanediyl)bis(3-methyl-imidazole-2-thione)] was synthesized by a layer diffusion method, and [(C10H14N4S)CuBr3] (2) was a by-product of 1 and was obtained through redox processes between the ligand and metal ion. Polymer 1 was fully characterized by IR, CHNS, PL, TGA, PXRD and single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. In polymer 1, the copper atom is coordinated by two bridging bromides and two sulfur atoms from two ebit ligands with a distorted tetrahedral geometry to form a 2D honeycomb network, while in 2, the copper atom is coordinated only by three bromide atoms to create the anionic part of the compound and stabilized by the cationic moiety of the ligand. Both compounds have expanded into 3D networks through intermolecular interactions. The adsorption ability of polymer 1 toward four dyes namely Congo Red (CR), Aniline Blue (AB), Malachite Green (MG) and Victoria Blue (VB) was investigated and the results indicated that the title polymer has excellent adsorption capacity towards these dyes. Adsorption kinetics and isotherms and the adsorption mechanism were also analyzed. Polymer 1 was converted to nanospheres 1 by an ultrasonic method and used as a precursor for the preparation of CuO nanospheres. The obtained metal oxide was characterized by SEM, TEM, EDX, PXRD and IR. The results of photocatalytic and antimicrobial tests revealed that the CuO nanospheres showed good performances for the degradation of Rhodamine B and good antibacterial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel method which is simple, highly selective, and sensitive for rapid pre-concentration and microextraction of ultra-trace levels of Ni 2 + in natural foods and waters samples. In this research, ligand 1- p -tolyl-3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)triaz-1-ene 1-oxide (PTTO) was used as a complexing agent. After extraction, the sedimented phase was directly injected into (ETAAS) for determination of Ni 2 + . Some effects of various experimental factors on pre-concentration and determination were investigated using central composite design as an optimization method. Factors relevant to the pre-concentration, complex formation, and determination, such as types and volume of extraction solvent, disperser solvent, ionic strength (salt effect), extraction time, and concentration of the chelating agent were investigated and optimized. The calibration curve was linear over the nickel concentration range of 0.2–80 ng mL − 1 with the detection limit of 0.03 ng mL − 1 . Relative standard deviation (R.S.D) for 10 replicate determinations at 2.0 ng mL − 1 of nickel was 2.18%. Finally, the proposed method was applied to the extraction and determination of Ni 2 + in a variety of natural samples with satisfactory results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the area of environmental remediation, nanomaterials offer the potential for the efficient removal of pollutants and biological contaminants. With the rapid development of nanotechnology, nano-ferrofluid or magnetic fluids are currently being widely studied in water treatment field. The utilization of iron oxide nanomaterials or magnetic nanoparticles (MNs) has received great attention due to their unique properties, such as biocompatibility, small size, high surface area to volume ratio, and easy separation from solution using an external magnetic field. However, a few works have been conducted on coagulant and enhancing coagulation process using simple nano-ferrofluid without any modification. In the present study, at first, we synthesized nano-ferrofluid; then, after characterizations, we use the magnetic fluid for water treatment. For this purpose, we choose Karun River in the southwest of Iran as a model and water samples are collected. Then, they are treated with a small amount of magnetic fluid. In this process, the effect of this nanomaterial on turbidity, hardness, alkalinity, removal of some important heavy metal cations, and important anions like phosphate, population of coliform bacteria and fecal coliform bacteria, and amount of chemical oxygen demand (COD) is investigated separately. Also, the effect of some important parameters such as time and rate of mixing steps, pH, temperature, and reusability of these nanomagnetic particles as a coagulant is investigated and the interesting and applicable results are obtained. In general, the combination of removing important hazardous ions with 1 μg mL − 1 such as Cd 2 + , Co 2 + , Mn 2 + , Fe 2 + , Pb 2 + , Zn 2 + , Ni 2 + , and Cu 2 + cations (more than 90%), great ability in decreasing turbidity (about 90%), excellent antibacterial efficiency (98% of fecal coliform bacteria and 97% of coliform bacteria were removed), decreasing COD (about 60%), green and cheap preparation, ease of use, and decreased time of separating those with external magnetic field compared to available commercial coagulants. To the best of our knowledge, most of available coagulants can only decrease turbidity. Notably, in decreasing turbidity, MNs have the same efficiency over the pH range (4.0–8.0) and temperature range (15–45 °C) in real samples. Meanwhile the most coagulants do not have these properties simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel voltammetric determination of amoxicillin (AMX) sensor has been fabricated, using zinc oxide nanorods (ZnO NRs) grown directly on gold/glass electrode. To prepare an electrode, ZnO NRs were directly grown on Au sputtered (thickness: 100 nm) glass substrate (gold/glass electrode) with hydrothermal method. The directly synthesized ZnO NRs on the electrode expressively increases NRs attachment vertically, and increase its specific surface area. ZnO NRs/gold/glass electrode was characterized by field emission electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD) techniques, and this study has shown that the grown nanostructures are highly dense, uniform, and exhibited good crystal quality. The performance of the electrode was characterized with cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry (CA). The parameters of charge transfer coefficient (α), diffusion coefficient (D), electrode surface area (A), and catalytic rate constant (k h ) were determined, and the results were studied. The electro catalytic current of AMX was found to have a linear relation to concentration over the range of 5 × 10 −6 M – 250 × 10 −6 M (n=6). The good performance of the electrode is due to more immobilization on the well-aligned ZnO NRs arrays, and direct electron conduction between the ZnO NRs and the electrodes. Further, the sensor also showed a promising application for detecting AMX in capsule sample. The ease of fabrication, acceptable stability, and low cost of the modified electrode are the promising features of the proposed sensor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]