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Background: The incision in the oral cavity is also taken for gingivectomy. Fig leaves (Ficus carica Linn) extract contains compounds of flavonoid, terpenoids and tannins and has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. The important markers of wound healing were fibroblasts, macrophages and collagen density. Aim and Objectives: To investigate the topical application of fig leaves extracts on Wistar rat wounds on the number of macrophages, fibroblasts and collagen density after treatment for three and seven days. Material and Methods: This research was performed on 24 rats by making incision wounds on the backs of Wistar rats and divided into control and treatment groups. The control groups were left untreated and the treatment groups were given fig leaves extract gel on the incision wound once every day during thee and seven days, and then the animals were sacrificed. Wound tissue was removed and fixed in 10% formalin solution for histopathological test. Then it was embedded in paraffin, and stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin to observe fibroblasts and macrophages. The collagen density was observed by Masson's Trichome staining. Statistical analyses of fibroblasts and macrophages were using One-way Anova and Tukeys HSD. Collagen density was analyzed by using Kruskall-Wallis and Mann-Whitney test. Results: There were significant differences among the groups (p<0.005) on the number of fibroblasts, macrophages and collagen density after treatment for three and seven days. Conclusion: Application of fig leaves extract on Wistar rat wounds could increase the number of fibroblasts and macrophages but not collagen density in the wound healing process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Composite resins have disadvantages such as low hardness level, shrinkage, and micro-leakage. In the case of deep cavity restorations, bulk-fill composite resins have begun to be used because they facilitate the restoration work and make the restoration time shorter. Purpose: This study was used to determine whether home bleaching treatment using hydrograph peroxide and carbamide peroxide can reduce the surface hardness of flowable bulk-fill composite resins. Methods: The research sample is cylindrical with a diameter of 5 mm and a height of 2 mm, this study was divided into 3 groups. Then each group was measured by Vickers Hardness Tester. Results: In the One Way Anova test the value of p = 0.020 was obtained. This indicates a significant difference in the surface hardness of bulk-fill flowable composite resins and a Post hoc test - Tukey HSD must be performed. Conclusion: The results show that hydrogen peroxide home bleaching agent can significantly reduce the surface hardness of bulk-fill flowable composite resins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to fabricate and evaluate the properties of a chitosan–gelatin scaffold reinforced by beta-tricalcium phosphate (βTCP) powder derived from limestone as a composite scaffold for application in bone tissue engineering. Preparation of βTCP powder involved obtaining calcium hydroxide from limestone and mixing it with phosphate solution through wet precipitation and calcination. To fabricate the scaffold, chitosan was dissolved in acetic acid solution and mixed with gelatin-in-water solution. βTCP powder was then added to the mixture and crosslinked with glutaraldehyde. The slurry was dispensed into a mold and then freeze-dried. Dried chitosan–gelatin–βTCP scaffolds were then characterized. X-ray diffractometer (XRD) results showed that chitosan–gelatin scaffolds incorporated with βTCP displayed the phase composition corresponding to the βTCP reference. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy results showed increasing intensity of amide I and amide II at a lower βTCP amount because of the increasing amount of chitosan and gelatin where amide I and amide II groups were a characteristic of both materials. A porous structure was present in all scaffolds, as shown by scanning electron microscopy observation. The pore size as well as porosity (85.76% ± 0.77%) decreased with increased βTCP amount up to 70%, affecting the compressive strength of the scaffolds, with the highest value up to 3.27 ± 0.29 MPa. In conclusion, porous scaffolds suitable for bone tissue engineering applications were fabricated using a combination of limestone-derived βTCP powder, chitosan, and gelatin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reconstruction of craniofacial bone defects due to trauma, infection or tumor resection is a major problem faced by professions in dentistry, oral and maxillofacial surgery, orthopedic surgery, oncology and neurosurgery. One of the treatments that can be done for cases of bone defects is using Guided Bone Regeneration (GBR). The objective of this study is to present an evaluation of literature regarding the rule of Deminalized Dentin Matrix Sponge (DDMS) as GBR. GBR procedure uses a membrane that acts as a physical barrier to invasion of connective cells and epithelial cells from the surrounding soft tissue, which also produces osteogenic cells, showing a slower migration rate, thus creating a situation conducive to bone regeneration. Deminalized Dentin Matrix (DDM) affects the release of growth factors in the type I collagen matrix which is usually involved in bone mineralization. This makes DDM more inductive than mineralized dentin. DDMS as a biomaterial has the potential for bone tissue engineering in terms of biophysics and biocompability, and has the potential to be used as Guided Bone Regeneration in bone tissue regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In Indonesia, the incidence rate of tooth extraction as the main form of dental treatment reached as high as 79.6% in 2014. Teeth extraction leads to periodontal tissue defect whose treatment, incorporating the use of graft material Hydroxyapatite (HA) and Platelet Rich Fibrin (PRF) with stem cells, has become increasingly widespread. The stem cell potentially put to therapeutic use is the Hematopoetic Stem Cell (HSC). Aim and Objectives: to examine the effect of hematopoetic stem cell addition to HA graft and PRF post-tooth extraction on the number of osteoblasts and amount of Osteoprotegerin (OPG) in periodontal defect treatment. Material and Methods: This study constituted laboratory-based experimental research with a post test-only control group. Twenty four rats (Rattus novergicus) represented the animal study model in this research. Alveolar bone defect in the animal study model was induced by extracting the first molar of the mandible using sterile needle holder clamps. The sample population was divided into four groups: K0: the untreated control group; K1: socket filled with HA Graft and PRF. K2: socket filled with HSC 105 cells. K3: the socket filled with HAGraft and PRF with HSC 106 cells. Results: The K3 group had both the highest number of osteoblasts when compared with the control group (350.17 ± 33.42; P <0.001) and the strongest OPG expression of all treatment groups (11,36 ± 0,54; P <0.01). Conclusion:Acombination of HA graft, PRF and HSC significantly increases the expression of OPG and the number of osteoblasts rendering it a potential treatment for tissue engineering-based periodontal defect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Dry milling HA and MgCO 3 results in B-type CHA containing Mg cations. • The selection of MgCO 3 precursor as magnesium and carbonate ions donor for the HA to form CHA containing Mg cations. • The increasing milling time affects the carbonate that enters the HA structure to form CHA. The B-type carbonate hydroxyapatite (CHA) containing Mg cations was synthesized through the dry mechano-milling between Indonesian limestone-based hydroxyapatite (HA) and magnesium carbonate (MgCO 3). The novelty in this research is the selection of MgCO 3 as a precursor that will donate CO 3 2− and Mg2+ to the HA structure to form CHA-containing Mg cations. The crystalline phases and chemical structure of synthesized CHA were studied by X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscope, and a particle size analyzer. The feasibility of this work is to be able to produce B-type CHA containing Mg cations that have the potential to be developed for biomaterial application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Chitosan–gelatin–βTCP composite scaffold fabricated. • Composite scaffold strength increased by adding glutaraldehyde as cross-linker. • βTCP powder from limestone could be used as an inexpensive alternative raw material. A composite scaffold was successfully fabricated using β-tricalcium phosphate (βTCP), which is extracted from limestone by first sintering and then reacting it with phosphoric acid through wet precipitation method. The resultant substance is then mixed with chitosan and gelatin. This novel method utilizes limestone, which is abundant in nature. This study optimizes the composite scaffold fabrication by using βTCP from limestone and evaluating the effect of glutaraldehyde on scaffold characteristics. The freeze-drying method was used to obtain a porous scaffold. The compressive strength of the cross-linked scaffolds (3.3 ± 0.3 MPa) was significantly higher than that of scaffolds without glutaraldehyde (1.7 ± 0.2 MPa). In contrast, the porosity of the cross-linked scaffolds was lower (85.8 ± 0.8 %) than the non-cross-linked scaffolds (89.1 ± 0.4 %). It is clear that the porosity had a considerable impact on the compressive strength, wherein lower porosity led to a higher compressive strength. In conclusion, glutaraldehyde is an effective cross-linker for the fabrication of chitosan–gelatin–βTCP composite scaffolds and significantly improves their compressive strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]