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Abstract High concentration entrainment of ultrafine powder could strengthen the preparation of ultrafine products in a suspension bed, which can significantly reduce production costs, save energy, and improve productivity in certain industry fields. The ultrafine powder possesses extremely high surface area which can strengthen gas-solid chemical reactions on the particle surfaces, however, it also can easily make particles more agglomerate, resulting in entrainment hard to achieve. The objective of this study was to gain deeper insight into the fulfillment of high concentration entrainment of ultrafine powder. Coarse particles (Geldart B) were mixed to help break the aggregates formed by ultrafine particles and promote the entrainment of ultrafine powder. Additionally, the combined effects of vibration intensity (Γ), agitation rate (ω), fluidization number of silicon particles (N Si), and the ratio of static bed height to diameter (H) on entrainment were also studied using orthogonal method. What's more, the optimal mass ratio of powder to gas (λ) reaches 0.228 at ambient temperature, which is 3 times more than the results of our previous researches. The increase in gas temperature (T) is theoretically detrimental to entrainment due to the increased surface forces and enhanced agglomeration. However, by adjusting T to 443 K which is 50% higher than ambient temperature can further increase λ to 0.341. In this paper, the mechanism and roles of the above factors on entrainment are investigated and the temperature effect is analyzed as a focus. Graphical ABSTRACT Unlabelled Image Highlights • Achieved high concentration entrainment with a maximum powder to gas ratio λ = 0.341 • Mechanisms of promoting entrainment is experimentally investigated. • Promotion effect of fluidization number N differs from how it is increased. • The increase in N from the increase in temperature promotes λ more than from volume. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In this work, we studied the flow characteristics of particulates in a novel moving granular bed by using experiments and numerical simulations. The new moving granular bed was equipped with one adjustable baffle and two slopes to adjust filter thickness and increase the gas-particle contacting surface. Doing so overcomes the poor adaptability and low collection rate of fine dust during the filtration, and improved the filtering performance of filter devices. In the experiment, the movement of particulates in a moving bed was recorded using a camera, and the effects of the device structure and the filter moving speed on the flow of filter particles were examined. Combined with Discrete Element Method (DEM) to simulate the velocity variation of particles in the granular bed, the mechanism of particulate flow was analyzed. The inclined surface was found to affect the flow of filter particles, and a small angle of inclination was not conducive to the particle flow. Therefore, a layer of dead particles was easily formed. The dead zone particle layers on the left slope could protect the insulation layer and the heat insulation layer outside the particle bed. Increasing the moving speed of the filter increased the velocity difference between the particles in the wall surface and the middle part. The fluidity of particles also increased to make the particle layer of dead area become thinner. The trajectory of a single particle was greatly affected by the overall moving speed, and the single particle tended to move toward the faster direction in the same plane with the increase of the filter moving speed. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • The dead zone particle layer on the left slope can protect the granular bed. • The slop with a small inclination angle is not conducive to the flow of particles. • The particle velocity is greatly affected by the structure. • The increased moving speed biases the single particle trajectory. • The moving speed has effect on the velocity difference between particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The entrainment characteristics of fine silicon particles from solid mixtures (Geldart groups C and B) are investigated in a cylindrical fluidized bed with an inner diameter of 30 mm and a height of 450 mm and that is equipped with an agitator and an electromagnetic vibration table. Silicon particles (mean size of 2.7 μm) are used as entrained materials (group C), hollow alumina pellets (mean size of 1200 μm) are used as coarse particles (group B), and nitrogen gas is applied as carried gas. The effects of the superficial velocity of nitrogen gas at room temperature ( U , 0.39 m/s to 0.98 m/s), the initial loading quantity of fine particles ( M , 5 g to 20 g), the vibration intensity ( Γ , 1.3 to 4.83), the stirring speed of agitator ( V , 75 rpm to 195 rpm), the mass ratio of coarse to fine particles ( N , 0 to 1.5), and the preheating temperature of nitrogen gas ( T , 20 °C to 170 °C) on the entrainment characteristics (entrainment rate W i and entrained powder–gas ratio R ) are experimentally studied under atmospheric pressure. Significance analyses of U , M , Γ , and V are performed via the analysis of variance. M and U both significantly affect W i , but only M significantly affects R . The experimental results show that an increase in U , M , N , and T constantly improves the entrainment characteristics, an increase in Γ deteriorates such characteristics, whereas there exists an optimal value for V to obtain the optimum entrainment characteristics. This study also determines that an optimal operating condition can result in optimal entrainment characteristics ( W i , 9.27 g/min and R , 0.19 g/g), which can be achieved with a U of 0.98 m/s, M of 20 g, Γ of 1.3, V of 155 rpm, N of 1.0, and T of 170 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of water temperature and stocking density on the survival, feeding and growth of the juveniles of the hybrid yellow catfish from Pelteobagrus fulvidraco (♀) × Pelteobagrus vachelli (♂) using the parameters as follows: survival rate (%), feeding rate (% day−1), feed conversion ratio, specific growth rate (% day−1), coefficient of variation (%), productivity (P, g m−3 day−1) and condition factor. We reared the juvenile fish (3.25 ± 0.21 g) at 12 water temperature levels and six stocking density levels (each level included three aquaria in two batches of experiments). The results showed that all groups survived at a temperature range of ≤35°C during a 46-day experimental period, and they could achieve a high growth at a water temperature range of 26-32°C. The optimal temperature for growth was 29.8°C. Productivity peaked at a stocking density of 1.9 kg m−3. Our results indicated that the hybrid is very suitable for commercial aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: An experimental study on flow patterns for water boiling in horizontal heated tubes was conducted to observe the evolution and transition of flow patterns while controlling various parameters, such as heat flux, mass velocity, and tube diameter. Six boiling flow patterns are observed in the test tubes, namely, bubble, plug, slug, wave, stratified, and annular flows, which can be further classified into three types based on their various characteristics: intermittent, stratified-wave, and annular flows. The evolution of flow patterns for water boiling in horizontal heated tubes was significantly affected by heat flux, mass velocity, and tube diameter. The increment of heat flux pushed the starting point of each flow pattern toward the inlet of the tube. Intermittent and stratified-wave flows occurred at lower mass velocity, and annular flow occurred with an increase in mass velocity. Moreover, annular flow easily appeared in tubes with smaller diameters. Since the heat per unit of mass for the full tube length increases with either an increase in heat flux or a decrease in mass velocity and tube diameter, the transition always occurs at smaller vapor qualities with the increase of the heat per unit of mass during the transition of the three flow patterns. The experimental data in this study were compared with the adiabatic flow pattern maps proposed by Baker, Mandhane, Taitel, and Weisman. Based on the experimental data, a new flow pattern map for water boiling was proposed for predicting flow patterns in horizontal heated tubes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

[Objective] The aim of this paper was to investigate the genetic diversity of mitochondrial DNA D-loop sequences of Cheilinus undulatus populations. [Method] Twenty-five individuals of C. undulatus were collected from the offshore area of Hainan Province. PCR and cloning techniques were used to clone and purify the mtDNA D-loop sequences of C. undulatus populations (n -25), about 1 400 bp long PCR product was obtained. ClustalX software was adopted for sequence alignment, and results were imported into MEGA5.0. [Result] According to experimental results, 66 mutation sites were detected from 25 individuals, including 0 deletion, 4 inserts, 59 transition sites, 2 transversion sites and 1 transition-trans version site. Pairwise genetic distances of these 25 individuals were calculated by using MEGA5.0 software. Based on that, NJ phylogenetic tree of these 25 individuals was constructed. Analysis of C. undulatus populations using DNASP software showed that the polymorphic site number (5) was 62, nucleotide diversity (Pi) was 0.006 06, and average number of nucleotide differences (K) was 6.907. [Conclusion] Overall, there was no significant variation among mtDNA D-loops of C. undulatus populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rule of thumb that fishing mortality to achieve maximum sustainable yield ( FMSY) equals natural mortality ( M) has been both criticised and supported by theoretical arguments. However, the relationship has been rarely investigated using empirical data. We carried out a meta-analysis on 245 fish species worldwide and linked three types of reference points ( FBRP: FMSY, Fproxy, and F0.5 r) to M and other life history parameters (LHP). We used Bayesian hierarchical errors-in-variables models to investigate the relationships and included the effect of taxonomic class and order. We compared various models and found that natural mortality is the most important LHP affecting FBRP. Other covariates, such as von Bertalanffy growth coefficient, asymptotic length, maximum age, and habitat types, add little to the relationship, partially because of correlation and large measurement and process errors. The best model results in FMSY = 0.87 M (standard deviation (SD) = 0.05) for teleosts and FMSY = 0.41 M (SD = 0.09) for chondrichthyans. Fproxy based on per-recruit analysis is about 15% smaller than FMSY. Results could be used to estimate FBRP from LHP in data-poor situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drying and moisture evaporation are inextricably linked and major attention is focused on thermal conditions. But the non-thermal factors, especially the relative humidity and air distribution of wet air, also affects drying kinetics. Aiming to obtain the drying kinetic features of water evaporation under isothermal conditions, an experimental investigation was conducted using a variation of each single variable method. The experimental phenomena of non-thermal factors affecting evaporation kinetics under different isothermal process were presented. The results show that water evaporation rate is linear with vapor partial pressure difference under constant temperature condition, and nonlinear change in evaporation rate is caused by wet air flow hindering factors, i.e. the wall height above water surface. A vapour-liquid rebalancing behaviour hypothesis was concluded basing on the results, that water is dried by turning into saturated vapour then being transferred through convection and diffusion. The stronger capability to remove saturated water vapor from the liquid surface is associated with higher evaporation rate. A comprehensive evaporation kinetic model was obtained basing on experimental data and the prediction accuracy is verified by an out of sample experiment. The most probable physical reasons behind the thermal condition change caused parameter change rules were interpreted. This proposed vapor–liquid rebalancing hypothesis shows a consistent behavior with respect to drying theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Heat shock proteins (HSPs) play crucial roles in response to temperature changes and biotic stresses. However, the HSP gene family in the pufferfish (Takifugu fasciatus) herring has not been comprehensively investigated. Methods and Results: This study presents a systematic analysis of the HSP70 and HSP90 gene families in T. fasciatus, focusing on gene characterization, conserved structural domains, molecular evolutionary history, and expression patterns of the HSP gene family under stress conditions. The findings reveal that 16 HSP genes are evolutionarily conserved, while hspa4 and hsp90aa appear specific to teleost fish. HSP genes exhibit widespread expression across 11 examined tissues, with most demonstrating high expression levels in the heart, brain, and liver. Furthermore, T. fasciatus was subjected to cryogenic and biotic stresses, revealing distinct expression patterns of HSPs under various stress conditions. The response of HSPs to cold stress and Aeromonas hydrophila infection was sustained. In contrast, gene expression of HSPs significantly changed only in the pre-infection period following Ichthyophthirius multifiliis infection, gradually returning to normal levels in the later stages. Conclusions: These experimental results provide a foundation for further in-depth investigations into the characteristics and functions of HSPs in T. fasciatus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The new moving granular bed can adjust the particle layer thickness, with a filtration efficiency exceeds 96%. • For 1–5 μm fine dust, the filtration efficiency is higher than 94%, and the bed pressure drop is small. • The flue gas flow rate and filter moving speed influence the filtration performance of granular bed. • Dust distribution is related to the structure of the device and the flow rate of the filter. The effects of important parameters, such as moving speed, wind speed, particle layer thickness and dust particle size, on bed pressure drop and filtration efficiency of new moving granular bed filter were studied experimentally in this work, and the distribution law of collected dust was elucidated. The new granular bed filter, which adopts the moving bed continuous filtration method, has two inclined surfaces that can increase a flue gas particle contact surface and a baffle that can adjust the thickness of the filter material; thus, a high-efficiency filtration of fine dust and high performance for different environments is achieved, and the filtration characteristics of existing particulate filtration devices are improved. Experimental results show that the new moving granular bed filter demonstrates better dust removal performance than other granular layer dust collectors, thereby possibly achieving low bed resistance and high filtration efficiency and has wide adaptability. The selection of an appropriate filter medium and speed for the fine dust of 1–5 μm can maintain the filtration efficiency of the granular bed at 0.94 or more and the bed pressure drop at approximately 100 pa. The particle area with the most dust collection is on the windward side of the lower part of the granular bed, and several of the particles are replaced whilst the filter particles move. Furthermore, the dust collected by the particles in the dead zone cannot be replaced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the new process of CaC 2 production, C–Ca pellets need to be pyrolysed in a prepyrolysis furnace before being placed in a CaC 2 furnace. In this paper, the factors influencing the performance of composite pellets in a pyrolysis furnace are studied experimentally. A comprehensive performance-evaluation system is established to calculate and evaluate composite pellets comprising five raw materials. The pyrolytic rate, compressive strength, and dust concentration of the composite pellets are tested through thermogravimetry, universal pressure tester and dust concentration detector, respectively. The effects of C/Ca ratio, temperature, time and raw material composition on these properties are explored. Results show that during the pyrolysis of the composite pellets, the C-containing raw materials have a significant effect on various performance indicators. With increased C/Ca ratio, the pellet pyrolysis rate and compressive strength show a downward trend; with increased pyrolysis temperature and time, the pellet pyrolysis rate, compressive strength and activity show an upward trend; with a change in raw material composition, the pellet activity and dust concentration change significantly. The comprehensive properties of CaO + coke and CaO + anthracite are superior to those of other raw materials in all aspects, and this finding is in line with the industrial-production practice. • A new carbide production process with pre-pyrolysis furnace. • The solid block raw materials are ground into powder to make C–Ca pellet. • The performance of C–Ca pellet in a pyrolysis furnace are studied experimentally. • A comprehensive performance-evaluation system is built to select the best pellet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experimental heat transfer equipment with a buried tube granular bed was set up for waste heat recovery of flue gas. The effects of flue gas inlet temperature (1096.65–1286.45 K) and cooling water flow rate (2.6–5.1 m3/h) were studied through experiment and computational fluid dynamics' (CFD) method. On the basis of logarithmic mean temperature difference method, the total heat transfer coefficient of the granular bed was used to characterize its heat transfer performance. Experimental results showed that the waste heat recovery rate of the equipment exceeded 72%. An increase in the cooling water flow rate and inlet gas temperature was beneficial to recovering waste heat. The cooling water flow rate increases from 2.6 m3/h to 5.1 m3/h and the recovery rate of waste heat increases by 1.9%. Moreover, the heat transfer coefficient of the granular bed increased by 4.4% and the inlet gas temperature increased from 1096.65 K to 1286.45 K. The recovery rate of waste heat increased by 1.7% and the heat transfer coefficient of the granular bed rose by 26.6%. Therefore, experimental correlations between the total heat transfer coefficient of a granular bed and the cooling water flow rate and inlet temperature of dusty gas were proposed. The CFD method was used to simulate the heat transfer in the granular bed, and the effect of gas temperature on the heat transfer coefficient of granular bed was studied. Results showed that the relative error was less than 2%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct air carbon capture (DAC) is vital to achieving negative CO2 emissions, with physical adsorption offering a cost‐effective and energy‐efficient solution. an advanced zeolite modification technique is presented using cold plasma, which enhances the CO2 adsorption efficiency of NaX zeolite by 11.5% after just 60 min. This method utilizes the electric field to reorganize cation distribution and pore structure and significantly improve the adsorption capacity, efficiency, and selectivity. Compared to traditional methods, this technique is simpler and more effective, as demonstrated through first‐principles calculations, thermodynamics, kinetics, and adsorption equilibrium studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large amounts of Chinese medicinal materials (CMMs) should be quickly dried during the harvest period because improper drying leads to a browning reaction, which deteriorates the medicinal value of CMMs. In this study, a bidirectional alternating hot air drying system was designed for thick-layered CMMs. The drying capacity could be greatly improved by increasing the thickness of the material layer. The time-weighted average temperature (TWAT) was defined to determine the appropriate reverse time of the airflow direction. The two-stage air supply could reduce the moisture content of the sample to a certain degree at a low temperature, and then realizing the rapid drying of the sample at a high temperature. When the moisture content of honeysuckle reduces to 60%, the browning reaction would be effectively inhibited. Moreover, the drying efficiency of the thick layer could be improved by reducing the frequency of changes in the direction of hot air. An equal TWAT could be obtained in each layer by adjusting the ratio of the upward to downward airflow supply duration. When the TWAT of the upper layer was equal to that of the lower layer, the drying uniformity improved. The difference between the moisture content of the middle layer of the sample and that of its upper and lower layers could serve as the standard for drying uniformity; the smaller the difference is, the better the drying uniformity will be. The bidirectional alternating hot-air drying method was applied to thick layer drying of Chinese herbal medicine and grain. On the one hand, it reduces the drying energy consumption, on the other hand, it helps to improve the uniformity of drying for Chinese herbal medicine. Additionally, this drying method can be applied for grain drying. The paper is to design and construct the bidirectional alternating hot air drying experimental facility for the biomass similar to thick-layered honeysuckle. The time-weighted average temperature (TWAT) was defined as evaluation criterion of drying uniformity. In the drying process, the hot air was supplied first in the upward direction and then switched to the downward direction. As depicted by the blue line in Figure 2, the air temperature at point B rapidly increased, after changing the hot air direction, whereas the air temperature at point A sharply declined to the temperature of point B and then increased along the trend. According to this phenomenon, the ratio of the upward to downward airflow supply duration is adjusted to make TWAT values at both points equal, which can effectively improve the drying uniformity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy consumption of urban central heating in northern China is two to four times that in northern Europe and other countries. Beijing has adopted measures, such as 'coal to gas' and 'coal to electricity', to reduce environmental pollution caused by central heating. Given a peak-to-valley difference in the electricity supply of power plant, which is uneven day and night, this study proposes to store the night-time off-peak electricity in the form of heat energy and drive the ammonia absorption system in the form of steam or hot water during peak or flat electricity. Simulation results of ammonia absorption cooling and heating dual-supply system show that heat source temperature increases, evaporation temperature increases, and cooling water temperature decreases are all beneficial to improve the refrigeration coefficient in the summer cooling condition. In the meantime, heat source temperature increases, evaporation temperature increases, and cooling water temperature decreases are beneficial for increasing the heating coefficient in the winter heating condition. The heating and cooling coefficients of the system are 1.38 and 0.65 in the optimal working condition in winter and summer. Benefit analysis shows that, compared with central heating and cold storage air conditioning, the system can save 576,000 tons of standard coal and 1.417 million tons of carbon dioxide if used in 12% of the cooling and heat supply areas in Beijing. The potential for energy saving and emission reduction is large. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The characteristics of moisture diffusion during wheat drying were determined through low-field nuclear magnetic resonance. The feasibility of variable temperature drying was validated by identifying the variation in the characteristics of evaporable water (EW) and each water component in wheat. During drying, chemically bound water in wheat was converted into EW, which comprised physically bound water and free water components that can evaporate and gasify directly. EW was removed from wheat through diffusion. The analysis of the average rate of the reduction in EW and the variation in the characteristics of weakly chemically bound water ( T 22 ) at different wheat drying stages showed that EW was rapidly removed from wheat at the drying temperature was set at 80 °C during the early stage of drying. The highest average drying rate of T 22 was observed during the later stage of drying at the drying temperature of 70 °C. As inferred from the behavior of chemically bound water during conversion and the behavior of EW during diffusion in wheat, the activation energy required for the removal of EW from wheat comprises the activation energy of the diffusion of EW from wheat ( E a − EW ∗ ) and the activation energy of the conversion of chemically bound water to EW ( E a − c ). Calculations showed that E a − c and E a − EW ∗ fell within the ranges of 25.72–53.75 and 1.09–24.17 kJ/mol, respectively. The maximum value of E a − EW ∗ was less than the minimum value of E a − c . This result confirmed that the energy consumption of removal of chemically bound water is bigger than that of EW. A method for calculating the drying activation energy of wheat ( E a ) was developed in reference to the characteristics of the stable component contents of mature wheat. The relationship between E a and the moisture content of biomass was revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study uses a cryogenic distillation method air separation unit (ASU) coupled with liquid air energy storage (LAES) to improve the round-trip efficiency and reduce the initial investment of LAES. We propose an integrated system (ASU–LAES–DER) with different ways of energy release. In the novel system, the liquid air can be reheated and expanded to produce additional power, or the liquid air energy stream and part of the material stream can be used for ASU distillation to produce power saving effects. This novel integration allows the ASU to have load regulation capability and facilitates the implementation of demand-side power management. Furthermore, the flexible and efficient energy release methods improve the energy efficiency and economic value of LAES. The comprehensive round-trip efficiency of the system can reach 52.1%–69.2 % with a payback period of 3.25–6.72 years. The peaking index is used to analyze the peak-to-valley load transfer capability of the novel system. Results show that the peaking index ranges from 25.5 MW to 50.1 MW at different scales, indicating that the system can be used as an important grid peaking unit when applied on a large scale. • A novel system with flexible utilization of liquid air cold energy was proposed. • Cold balance during integration was achieved by storing ASU's by-products. • The comprehensive round-trip efficiency improved by 3.0%–20.1 %. • The payback period is 3.25–6.72 years. • The novel system with peak load shifting enables large-scale energy storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Takifugu fasciatus is an aquaculture species with high economic value. In recent years, problems such as environmental pollution and inbreeding have caused a serious decline in T. fasciatus germplasm resources. In this study, a high-density genetic linkage map was constructed by whole-genome resequencing. The map consists of 4891 bin markers distributed across 22 linkage groups (LGs), with a total genetic coverage of 2381.353 cM and a mean density of 0.535 cM. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) localization analysis showed that a total of 19 QTLs associated with growth traits of T. fasciatus in the genome-wide significance threshold range, distributed on 11 LGs. In addition, 11 QTLs associated with cold tolerance traits were identified, each scattered on a different LG. Furthermore, we used QTL localization analysis to screen out three candidate genes (IGF1, IGF2, ADGRB) related to growth in T. fasciatus. Meanwhile, we screened three candidate genes (HSP90, HSP70, and HMGB1) related to T. fasciatus cold tolerance. Our study can provide a theoretical basis for the selection and breeding of cold-tolerant or fast-growing T. fasciatus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Piwi proteins play an important regulatory role in germ cell division during gametogenesis and gonad development. In order to understand the function of Piwi genes in the reproductive process of the dark sleeper, we identified and characterized Piwil1 and Piwil2 from gonad tissue. The tissue distribution demonstrated that Piwils were highly expressed in the gonad of the dark sleeper. During gonad development, higher expression was observed in stage I of both the testes and ovaries than in subsequent stages at mRNA and protein levels. The results of immunohistochemistry demonstrated that Piwils were predominantly distributed in the spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and early oocytes. When treated with the HPG axis hormone (HCG and LHRH-A2), the expression of Piwils was significantly decreased in the testes and ovaries at mRNA and protein levels. All of these results indicated that Piwils play a vital role in gonad development and gametogenesis. Our findings provide valuable evidence to further clarify the underlying modulation mechanism of Piwils in teleosts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Bagridae fish family holds significant economic value and enjoys a high demand in the commercial market due to its desirable characteristics, such as delicious meat, fewer muscle spines, and a pleasing flavor. In recent years, the Bagridae has experienced rapid development in the seed industry in response to industry demands. Researchers have conducted extensive studies on genetic breeding in the Bagridae, employing a comprehensive breeding approach that combines conventional breeding techniques with innovative new technologies and cooperative efforts. In this review, we present an overview of the market situation and discuss various breeding processes applied to the Bagridae, including selective breeding, genetic engineering breeding, cell engineering breeding, molecular marker-assisted breeding, and hybrid breeding. Additionally, we focus on introducing the cultivation methods for two new Bagridae varieties. Furthermore, we explore and summarize the breeding conditions, genetic background, heterosis, comprehensive breeding technology, stress resistance, and metabolic nutrition of hybrid Bagridae catfishes. Overall, noticeable heterosis has been observed in the breeding of the hybrid yellow catfish "Huangyou-1", which exhibits promising market prospects and economic benefits for aquaculture. Our study aims to underscore the importance of harnessing the heterosis of catfish, particularly the Pelteobagrus and Bagridae species. Consequently, this review provides an update on the current available information regarding the seed industry of the Bagridae fish family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air separation units (ASUs) integrated with liquid air energy storage (LAES) have the potential to balance grid demand and improve production profits. This study aims to enhance the demand response of a novel co-production air separation system (NCASS) by maximizing the energy arbitrage of a LAES system. We developed a mixed-integer nonlinear programming model to minimize operating costs by using a proxy model to represent the ASU production space and a black box model to represent the material and energy flow balance of LAES. The model is based on rigorous mathematical programming and, considers material and energy flow balance, analyzes the production and delivery processes and constraints for each product, and matches equipment start-up and shutdown time constraints. The case study shows that the model achieves a high level of matter and energy matching between the distillation process and the LAES process, maximizing the LAES peak-shaving capacity and improving system economics. During the 24 h schedule period, the total electricity consumption of NCASS increases by 18.94% during the valley electricity period and decreases by 20.59% during the flat and peak electricity period. The economic benefits increase by 9.51 k$, accounting for 14.29% of the total costs. This study contributes to the wider application of NCAS with LAES technology for sustainable energy management. [Display omitted] • A novel economic scheduling model is proposed to minimize gas production costs. • A black box model represents the conversion process of liquid air energy storage. • High-performance operation of air compressors and zero gas emission are achieved. • The time-of-day tariff is utilized to maximize profits and minimize operating costs. • Liquide air energy storage achieves around 20% power load shifting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-layer particle bed has an important application in the field of high temperature filtration. This paper uses the Discrete Element Method to study the flow and segregation characteristics of multi size mixed particles on inclined surfaces. The research results show that: in the process of segregation, the particles mainly carry out rolling motion; when the replacement rate of the particles reaches 60%, the degree of segregation reaches the maximum, and the optimal incline length is 600 mm. A universal quantification index for particle bed segregation and a criterion for the steady state of particle flowing are obtained. The particle size distribution close to continuous distribution is not conducive to particle segregation. The segregation effect of the largest and smallest particles in the mixed particles is better than that of the intermediate particles. This study provides a reference for the design of the segregation layered structure of the multi size particle bed. A universal quantization index for particle segregation was proposed The criterion of steady state and critical replacement rate were given The critical value of slant length for ternary particle segregation was obtained The unique mechanism in the process of segregation of multi-particle size was obtained The multi size particles segregation law based on size distribution was determined [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent years have seen increasing attention to TCES technology owing to its potentially high energy density and suitability for long-duration storage with negligible loss, and it benefits the deployment of future net-zero energy systems. This paper provides a review of salt hydrate adsorption material-based TCES for space heating applications at ~150 °C. The incorporation of salt hydrates into a porous matrix to form composite materials provides the best avenue to overcome some challenges such as mass transport limitation and lower thermal conductivity. Therefore, a systematic classification of the host matrix is given, and the most promising host matrix, MIL-101(Cr)(MOFs), which is especially suitable for loading hygroscopic salt, is screened from the perspective of hydrothermal stability, mechanical strength, and water uptake. Higher salt content clogs pores and, conversely, reduces adsorption performance; thus, a balance between salt content and adsorption/desorption performance should be sought. MgCl2/rGOA is obtained with the highest salt loading of 97.3 wt.%, and the optimal adsorption capacity and energy density of 1.6 g·g−1 and 2225.71 kJ·kg−1, respectively. In general, larger pores approximately 8–10 nm inside the matrix are more favorable for salt dispersion. However, for some salts (MgSO4-based composites), a host matrix with smaller pores (2–3 nm) is beneficial for faster reaction kinetics. Water molecule migration behavior, and the phase transition path on the surface or interior of the composite particles, should be identified in the future. Moreover, it is essential to construct a micromechanical experimental model of the interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excessive use of antibiotics in aquaculture causes residues in aquatic animal products and harms human health. However, knowledge of florfenicol (FF) toxicology on gut health and microbiota and their resulting relationships in economic freshwater crustaceans is scarce. Here, we first investigated the influence of FF on the intestinal health of Chinese mitten crabs, and then explored the role of bacterial community in FF-induced intestinal antioxidation system and intestinal homeostasis dysbiosis. A total of 120 male crabs (48.5 ± 4.5 g) were experimentally treated in four different concentrations of FF (0, 0.5, 5 and 50 μg/L) for 14 days. Responses of antioxidant defenses and changes of gut microbiota were assessed in the intestine. Results revealed that FF exposure induced significant histological morphology variation. FF exposure also enhanced immune and apoptosis characteristics in the intestine after 7 days. Moreover, antioxidant enzyme catalase activities showed a similar pattern. The intestinal microbiota community was analyzed based on full-length 16S rRNA sequencing. Only the high concentration group showed a marked decrease in microbial diversity and change in its composition after 14 days of exposure. Relative abundance of beneficial genera increased on day 14. These findings illustrate that exposure to FF could cause intestinal dysfunction and gut microbiota dysbiosis in Chinese mitten crabs, which provides new insights into the relationship between gut health and gut microbiota in invertebrates following exposure to persistent antibiotics pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interferons (IFNs) are cytokines secreted by cells in response to invasion by pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, or tumor cells. Very large inducible GTPases (VLIG) are the latest IFN-inducible GTPase family to be discovered and are the largest known GTPases of any species. However, VLIG proteins from invertebrates have yet to be characterized. In this study, three forms of VLIGs designated as MrVLIG1 , MrVLIG2 , and MrVLIG3 were cloned from the giant fresh water prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii . MrVLIG1 has a 5445 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding an 1814-amino acid protein. The complete nucleotide sequence of MrVLIG2 cDNA is 7055 bp long consisting of a 5757 bp ORF encoding a protein with 1918 amino acids. The full length of the MrVLIG3 gene consists of 5511 bp with a 3909 bp ORF encoding a peptide with 1302 amino acids. BLASTP and phylogenetic tree analyses showed that the three MrVLIGs are clustered into one subgroup and, together with other vertebrate VLIGs, into a branch. Tissue distribution analysis indicated that the mRNAs of the three MrVLIGs were widely expressed in almost all detected tissues, including the hemocytes, heart, hepatopancreas, gills, stomach, and intestine, with the highest expression in the hepatopancreas. They were also detected in the intestine but with relatively low expression levels. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis showed that the mRNA transcripts of the MrVLIGs in the hepatopancreas were significantly expressed at various time points after infection with Vibrio parahaemolyticus and white spot syndrome virus. In summary, the three isoforms of VLIG genes participate in the innate immune response of the shrimps to bacterial and viral infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a potent stressor, environmental cold stress induces severe mitochondrial dysfunction with the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in fish, resulting in liver damage. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the cold-induced liver damage remain unclear. In the present study, the cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (CIRBP) from Takifugu fasciatus was characterized, and its role in cold-induced oxidative stress damage was investigated. An acute liver injury model was constructed by exposing T. fasciatus individuals to temperatures of 25, 19, and 13 °C. Cold exposure markedly induced histomorphological liver injury and triggered endogenous apoptosis and NLRP3 inflammatory response. Cold treatment significantly increased CIRBP gene expression. A similar expression pattern was detected for thioredoxin (TRX), suggesting that these two proteins play a role in the establishment of cold adaptation. CIRBP binds directly to the 3′-UTR of TRX. Furthermore, in vivo experiment showed that, when CIRBP expression in T. fasciatus is knocked down, the time to loss equilibrium significantly shortened at 13 °C. Taken together, our study revealed that CIRBP is a critical protective factor against cold induced liver damage and that the CIRBP/TRX pathway could function as an underlying mechanism for cold adaptation in teleosts. • Cold exposure significantly increased CIRBP expression in Takifugu fasciatus. • Cold treatment induced liver histomorpholotical injury, apoptosis and inflammatory response. • CIRBP attenuates cold-induced hepatotoxicity through TRX system. • CIRBP binds to 3′ UTR of TRX mRNA to maintain intracellular homeostasis under cold stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Friction-induced heat generation and heat transfer models are developed. • Thermal behaviours of particles and walls are experimentally and numerically analysed. • Effects of rotation speed on temperature rises on both particles and walls are examined. In many granular material handling processes, heat generation, and subsequent temperature rise, due to contacts between particles and surfaces is common. Aiming to explore this phenomenon, friction-induced heat generation and heat transfer models are developed and implemented into a Discrete Element Method (DEM) in this paper. The DEM models are validated qualitatively for the temperature distribution pattern and quantitatively for the evolution of particle temperature rise using data obtained experimentally. Moreover, the temperature distribution of the drum end plates obtained in the simulations shows the same annulus pattern observed in experiments. It is also found that increasing the rotation speed of the drum leads to an increase in the annular heated region of drum and in the net heat that particles obtain. In addition, a higher rotation speed leads to higher absolute fluctuations and lower relative variability of particle temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The year 2022 is the seventh year since the Paris Agreement was signed. In the context of the same goals of achieving carbon neutrality and transforming the energy structure, hydrogen has become one of the most appealing options for realizing a better vision. This paper reviews the status and challenges of hydrogen application paths in high carbon emission sectors, especially in the electricity and heating, transportation, and steel industries. The discussions focus on the potential contribution from the replacement of primary energy and the reduction in carbon emission by switching to a hydrogen economy. In the case of China in 2030, the application of hydrogen in a single sector is expected to save up to $27.8 billion in carbon tax. Additionally, the key technologies for hydrogen production, storage, and carbon footprint in the industry chain are discussed. In contrast, the cost-effective blue hydrogen is still the best choice. The hydrogen storage technologies suitable for large-scale and low energy consumption need to be broken through. The study of carbon footprint in the industry chain will promote the development of hydrogen in the designated sectors and provide insights for the policy decision on hydrogen development at the regional or industrial level. • The hydrogen application paths for decarbonization are thoroughly compared. • Hydrogen production paths are reviewed in aspects of cost and carbon intensity. • Hydrogen production from fossil energy with CCS is a positive choice. • The LCA method of the industry chain is conducive to the hydrogen promotion. • Specific suggestions for the sustainable development of hydrogen are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An overview of cryogenic technology for CO 2 capture in flue gas after combustion. • Discussed the cryogenic capture system in terms of constructing structures and exploring the optimal system operating parameters. • Compare cryogenic technology for CO 2 capture based on economic cost, energy consumption, capture rate and purity. This review discusses the cryogenic capture system from the perspective of constructing new cryogenic capture system structures, exploring the optimal system parameters, and analyzing the challenges faced by different cryogenic capture systems. The gas that needs to remove CO 2 undergoes desulfurization, denitrification and dust removal treatment, which can effectively reduce impurities and remove, and ensure the progress of the subsequent carbon capture process. Among the cryogenic technologies of carbon capture, cryogenic distillation is restricted by the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO 2) in the gas and cost, and it cannot be widely popularized. Cryogenic condensation offers a wide range of industrial applications because it may immediately liquefy CO 2 for oil displacement. Currently, the most concerned cryogenic sublimation can capture low-concentration CO 2 at a rate of 99.9% at 13.5 vol%, and energy consumption and annual investment costs can also be effectively reduced. In general, cryogenic CO 2 capture technology provides remarkable cost and efficiency benefits compared with other carbon capture technologies. By 2030, China's CO 2 capture cost will be 13–57$/t, and it will be 3–19$/t in 2060. Combining fixed costs and operating costs, the total abatement cost is 65$/t CO 2 , which is similar to the cost of 54$/ton CO 2 in Japan and 60–193$/t CO 2 in Australia. By 2060, the carbon emission reduction ratio of carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) will account for about 10% of the total emission reduction, so the research on CCUS is very urgent. It must break through the extreme utilization of cold energy and energy consumption barriers as well as increase the efficiency of the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During migration, anadromous fish may encounter the effects of temperature and salinity of the water. In this study, we examined the effects of cold stress (25, 21, 17, and 13 °C) and salinity stress (20, 10, and 0 ‰) on morphology, enzyme activity, and gene expression level in the gills sampled from river pufferfish (Takifugu fasciatus). This environmental bifactor stress experiment suggested that the activities of catalase, glutathione peroxidase and total superoxide dismutase, as well as the expression of the sod2, hsp90, and cirp genes, increased with decreasing temperature. Among them, cirp reached its peak expression level before individuals experienced the lowest temperature. The osmosis-related genes nka, ncc, nkcc and cftr, all showed an increasing trend with increasing salinity and decreasing temperature. When cold and salinity stress were enhanced, apoptosis-related genes bcl-2, caspase-3 and caspase-9 promoted apoptosis through downregulation, up-regulation, and up-regulation, respectively. The study of the gill morphology showed that an increase in salinity or a decrease in temperature mainly leads to serious vacuolar lesions in the gill filaments. The results also showed moderate salinity (10 ‰) may alleviate the gill stress responses caused by low temperature. This research exhibited the primary molecular responses of the anadromous fish T. fasciatus under cold and salinity challenges, which could serve as a valuable reference for studying the responses of migratory fish to environmental changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) is an important aquaculture fish susceptible to Aeromonas veronii infection, which causes acute death resulting in huge economic losses. Understanding the molecular processes of host immune defense is indispensable to disease control. Here, we conducted the integrated and comparative analyses of the transcriptome and metabolome of yellow catfish in response to A. veronii infection at the invaded stage and recovering stage. The crosstalk between A. veronii-induced genes and metabolites uncovered the key biomarkers and pathways that strongest contribute to different response strategies used by yellow catfish at corresponding defense stages. We found that at the A. veronii invading stage, the immune defense was strengthened by synthesizing lipids with energy consumption to repair the skin defense line and accumulate lipid droplets promoting intracellular defense line; triggering an inflammatory response by elevating cytokine IL-6, IL-10 and IL-1β following PAMP-elicited mitochondrial signaling, which was enhanced by ROS produced by impaired mitochondria; and activating apoptosis by up-regulating caspase 3, 7 and 8 and Prostaglandin F1α, meanwhile down-regulating FoxO3 and BCL6. Apoptosis was further potentiated via oxidative stress caused by mitochondrial dysfunction and exceeding inflammatory response. Additionally, cell cycle arrest was observed. At the fish recovering stage, survival strategies including sugar catabolism with D-mannose decreasing; energy generation through the TCA cycle and Oxidative phosphorylation pathways; antioxidant protection by enhancing Glutathione (oxidized), Anserine, and α-ketoglutarate; cell proliferation by inducing Cyclin G2 and CDKN1B; and autophagy initiated by FoxO3, ATG8 and ATP6V1A were highlighted. This study provides a comprehensive picture of yellow catfish coping with A. veronii infection, which adds new insights for deciphering molecular mechanisms underlying fish immunity and developing stage-specific disease control techniques in aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of host-associated probiotics in aquaculture have been limited due to difficulties in their isolation from the host gastrointestinal tract and validation of their biological function. Here, anaerobic Clostridium butyricum strain B3 was isolated for the first time from the intestines of yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco). Alignment of 16 S rDNA sequences revealed 99 % identify between strain B3 and wild-type C. butyricum. C. butyricum B3 was found to tolerate a wide range of temperature (up to 80 °C) and pH (1 to 13) levels. In vitro microbial growth experiments revealed that C. butyricum B3 produced acetic acid (890.00 ± 23.00 mg/L) and butyric acid (672.67 ± 51.67 mg/L) highly productively within 24 h. Further in vitro characterization findings also suggested that C. butyricum B3 is sensitive to several antibiotics, including ampicillin and chloramphenicol, and potently inhibits the growth of pathogenic bacteria such as Aeromonas hydrophila. In a feeding experiments, 30 days of dietary supplementation with 3.0 × 107 to 109 CFU/g B3 significantly increased the specific growth rates of yellow catfish juveniles by more than 61.5 %. Activities of trypsin, α-amylase and lipase were significantly enhanced in group fed with 3.0 × 107 B3 compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, ACP activity was significantly increased by more than 25.0 %, whereas malondialdehyde content significantly decreased by at least 38.5 % in all B3 feeding groups (P < 0.05). In addition, hepatocyte density increased, and goblet cells in the intestinal epithelial cells expanded. Meanwhile, C. butyricum B3 feeding significantly activated genes (such as grhpr and enpp2) involved in lipid metabolism and proliferator-activated receptor signaling pathway, increased bacterial diversity, and reduced the bacterial richness of the gut microbiota (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary inclusion of 3.0 × 107 CFU/g of C. butyricum B3 enhanced the growth performance, immune response, and lipid metabolism of P. fulvidraco. [Display omitted] • B3 has well-tolerance to the external environment and high production of SCFAs. • B3 could significantly increase the WGR and SGR of Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. • B3 significantly improves the digestive, non-specific immune and antioxidant capacity of P. fulvidraco. • B3 can positively change the diversity and composition of intestinal flora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skin color is a crucial economic trait for commercial fishes. Recently, excluding wild-type grayish black alternations, pufferfish (Takifugu fasciatus) with white and black colors were observed in China. The molecular mechanism underlying these fascinating skin color differences is still unknown. We examined T. fasciatus individuals with three different skin colors, namely, control (C), white (W), and black (B), utilizing histology, proteomics, metabolomics, and Western blotting techniques. Histological observations revealed that melanin content plays a pivotal role in determining skin color. Proteomics analysis comparing control and black individuals revealed significant enrichment of melanin-related proteins, including phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (Pi3k), solute carrier family 2 (Slc27a), dual specificity phosphatase (Dusp), and Wnt8a. Similarly, compared to controls, white individuals exhibited significant enrichment of Ellis-van-Creveld syndrome protein 1 (Evc), smoothened (Smo). A total of 11 proteins that were linearly correlated with changes in melanin content were identified, and 4 proteins, namely, Wnt8a, Slc27a, Mucin-2 (Muc2), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (Ggt5), were selected for validation via Western blotting. Metabolomic analysis revealed strong correlations between L-tyrosine, 4- N -methyltransferase, indole-3-acetate salt, L -phenylalanine, L-threonine, L-glutamic acid, indole, and skin color formation in T. fasciatus. Notably, joint proteomic and metabolomic analyses revealed significant enrichment of ABC transporters across all three skin colors of T. fasciatus. Additionally, we identified 25 differentially expressed metabolites, suggesting potential feed additives such as adrenosterone and 1-(3-ethyl-2,4-dihydroxy-6-methoxyphenyl) butan-1-one for adjusting skin color. This research enhances our understanding of fish skin color formation mechanisms and provides valuable insights for cultivating fish with specific skin colors. [Display omitted] • According to histological observing melanin content affects the skin color of T. fasciatus. • Exploring the mechanism of synthesis and decomposition of melanin in white individuals. • Exploring the mechanism of synthesis and decomposition of melanin in black individuals. • Screening of biomarkers linearly correlated with melanin content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Odontobutis potamophila is a Chinese endemic species and an economically important fishery resource in the Yangtze River. The genetic variability of O. potamophila was studied based on the sequence analysis of mitochondrial DNA control region from 150 individuals of five geographical populations including from Dangtu ( n = 30), Sheyang ( n = 30), Yuyao ( n = 30), Tai Lake nearby Dongxishan ( n = 30) and Minjiang ( n = 30). Among five populations, the genetic distance between Minjiang population and other populations (0.1186-0.1223) was larger than that among four populations except for Minjiang (0.0015-0.0198). In addition, 23 haplotypes were obtained and each population had special haplotypes. The samples from five sites had high haplotype diversity (0.80510) and low nucleotide diversity (0.04028). Through Tajima's D and Fu's F neutral testing and mismatch distribution test among all geographical populations, O. potamophila did not undergo recent population expansion. During the population evolution, O. potamophila experienced a balanced selection function and maintained a stable state and population size. Moreover, the haplotype Neighbor-Joining (NJ) tree was separated two haplotype groups. The NJ tree, TCS network and median-joining network could clearly separate the haplotypes of the specimens from different areas. Analysis of molecular variance and pairwise FST revealed an obvious genetic differentiation among different geographical populations, suggesting that O. potamophila in different geographical populations should be managed and conserved separately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial intestinal inflammation is a common disease of yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) in high-density aquaculture. Understanding the interactions between host and intestinal bacteria is helpful to intestinal inflammatory disease control. Here, we constructed a model of intestinal inflammation after Aeromonas hydrophila infection in yellow catfish, and characterized variations in gene expression and microbiome in the gut through high-throughput sequencing. Furthermore, host gene-microbiome interactions were identified. Histology observation showed disordered distribution of columnar epithelial cells and decrease of goblet cells in intestine. A total of 4741 genes showed differentially expression, mostly in comparisons between 12 hpi group with each other groups respectively, including control, 24 hpi and 48 hpi groups. These genes were enriched in immune-related pathways including the IL-17 signaling pathway, triggering strong inflammatory response at the invading stage within 12 h. Subsequently, the host strengthened energy consumption by activating carbohydrate and lipid metabolism pathways to repair the intestinal mucosal immune defense line. In addition, fish with A. hydrophila infection show decreased richness of gut microbial, reduced relative abundance of probiotics including Akkermansia , and elevated pathogenic bacteria such as Plesimonas. An integrative analysis identified A. hydrophila -related genes, such as il22 and stat3, for which expression level is close associated with the shift of A. hydrophila -related bacteria relative abundance, such as Akkermansia and Cetobacterium. Aside from picturing the variations of intestine gene expression and mucosal microbiome of yellow catfish coping with A. hydrophila infection, our study probed the underlying host-microbe interactions in A. hydrophila infection induced intestinal inflammatory, providing new insights for disease control in aquaculture. • A model of intestinal inflammation in yellow catfish was constructed by Aeromonas hydrophila. • Immune and metabolic disorders in yellow catfish were found within 12 h of infection. • A. hydrophila significantly impacted alpha-diversity and beta-diversity of gut microbiota in yellow catfish. • Akkermansia can be served as potentially biomarkers for stratifying risk of A. hydrophila infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Granular bed filters (GBF) represent a highly effective technology for purifying high-temperature dusty flue gases, although their efficiency in capturing submicron particles remains limited. A novel gradient porosity GBF model with varying bed structures and heat exchange capabilities was proposed. In this research, we employed CFD software to elucidate the movement and heat transfer process of 1 μm dust particles within gradient porosity GBFs and heat exchanger tubes. By optimizing the model under the conditions of a 0.5 m/s inlet flue gas flow rate and 1 μm dust particle size, we achieved a 345.62% increase in filtration efficiency and a 76.61% reduction in pressure drop. The findings indicate that the proposed GBF outperforms other models across various flue gas flow rates in terms of filtration efficiency. The impact of the flue gas flow rate on the combined filtration efficiency for submicron dust on the proposed GBF model was notably significant. [Display omitted] • The gradient porosity buried tube granular bed has the highest filtration efficiency. • The flue gas flow rate has the greatest effect on the overall filtration efficiency. • The filtration efficiency of 1 μm dust particles has increased by 345.62%. • Temperature regulation can improve the heat transfer coefficient of a granular bed. • Heat exchanger tubes are optimally placed at both ends of granular beds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the physiological responses of hybrid Pelteobagrus fulvidraco (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco ♀ × Pelteobagrus vachelli ♂) under different dissolved oxygen (DO), the experiment analysed and compared the changes in growth, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and intestinal microorganisms of hybrid P. fulvidraco exposed to DO in group L (DO = 6.0 ± 1 mg/L), group M (DO = 9.0 ± 1 mg/L, as a control group in this study) and group H (DO = 12.0 ± 1 mg/L) for 7 days, 14 days, and 14 days of restoration of DO. The results showed that the growth were inhibited in groups L and H, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, malondialdehyde, and glutathione) in gill and liver were differently altered in group L and H compared to group M. It was found that there was fusion of gill lamellae in group H, and there was basal proliferation in group L. At the same time, both H and L groups exhibited inflammatory reactions, cell necrosis, and vacuoles in liver. Morphometric analysis showed that groups H and L exacerbated gill apoptosis, while the liver showed no significant changes among different treatments. After different DO treatments, a significant decrease in the diversity and richness of intestinal microorganisms in the H and L groups compare to M group. After 14 days of treatment with oxygen concentration restored to 9 mg/L, oxidative stress, gill and liver damage were alleviated, and the diversity and richness of intestinal microorganisms significantly increased. In addition, the contribution of water column microorganisms to intestinal microorganisms was elevated to 20.1% with increasing oxygen concentrations. These results suggest that DO fluctuation affects the physiological functions of hybrid P. fulvidraco and negatively affects the healthy culture of the fish. [Display omitted] • The growth of hybrid P. fulvidraco was inhibited at 6 or 12 mg/L DO. • Oxidative stress was induced in hybrid P. fulvidraco at 6 or 12 mg/L DO. • The structure in gill or liver of hybrid P. fulvidraco was damaged at 6 or 12 mg/L DO. • The contribution of microorganisms in the water to intestinal rose with increasing DO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flue gas produced by biomass fuel combustion contains various chlorine-containing substances and is an important factor causing biomass boiler corrosion. The corrosion processes of chlorine, hydrogen chloride and water on iron covered with an intact/damaged oxide film were investigated under the high temperature of 1300 K through reactive molecular dynamics simulation. The results show that the diffusion processes of oxygen and chlorine are similar and can be divided into three stages: rapid diffusion, continuous diffusion, and no oxide film (stable). Oxygen diffusion in Fe2O3 into a pure iron layer is the main cause of gas corrosion in iron/iron oxide systems. A complete oxide film can hinder iron corrosion by chlorine and hydrogen chloride. Damage in an oxide film significantly affects oxygen and chlorine diffusion and iron corrosion. However, such influence is gradually reduced. The integrity of a protective film is the key to alleviating corrosion. Water facilitates the dissociation of chlorine and hydrogen chloride, and it reacts with iron at high temperatures to enhance corrosion. This study improves the understanding of the iron oxide/iron corrosion from chlorine-containing gases from a microscopic perspective and is of great significance to metal corrosion protection and biomass combustion technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The additives may accelerate the crystallization process of amorphous powder and shorten the crystallization time. In this respect, special attention should be paid to the effects of additives on the crystallization process of amorphous silicon nitride powder. In this paper, silicon nitride crystalline powder is prepared by crystallization process of nanosized amorphous silicon nitride powder added with 5% silicon powder at temperatures in the range of 1300–1500 °C. The complete crystallization time of amorphous silicon nitride powder would be reduced from more than 6 h to 30 min by silicon powder and the factors such as temperature and duration on the crystallization process are investigated. The XRD results indicate that the added silicon powder accelerates the crystallization process of amorphous silicon nitride powder effectively and the final products are mainly α-Si3N4 and Si2N2O. The SEM results show that most of the crystallization products are in the morphologies of slender columnar and irregular rod. The mechanisms of amorphous silicon nitride crystallization induced by Si are discussed. The crystallization process occurs at the interface of the amorphous powder and the added Si powder. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The entrainment characteristics of Geldart group C powderfromsolid mixtures (groups A and C) were investigated in a fluidized bed(inner diameter of 40 mm and height of 150 mm) equipped with two vibratorsand an agitator. Silicon powders of mean size 2.2 and 0.9 μmwere adopted as entrained material (group C), hollow alumina pelletsof mean sizes 359, 505, 650, 775, 996, and 1200 μm were usedas coarse particles (group A), and industrial nitrogen was appliedas carrier gas. At ambient temperature (20 °C) and atmosphericpressure, the effects of the size of coarse particles (D, 359–1200 μm), mass ratio of coarse to fine particles(M, 0–1.5), ratio of static bed height todiameter (H, 0.875–1.625), rotational speedof agitator (ω, 27–54 rps), vibration intensity (Γ,0–5.0) and superficial velocity of nitrogen gas (V, 0.22–0.55 m/s) on the entrainment characteristics were experimentallystudied in sequence. In the scope of this work, the increase of M, Γ, or Vcould always improve theentrainment characteristics, while there exists an optimal value for D, H, or ω to obtain the optimumentrainment characteristics. The entrainment rate constant is an orderof magnitude larger than that without vibration and agitation, whichshows the significant effects of vibration and agitation on the improvementof entrainment characteristics. A relational expression is derivedto unify the experimental data, which gives a good fitting result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The complete crystallization time of amorphous silicon nitride powder could be reduced from more than 6h to 30min by adding Si powder in N2 atmosphere. The crystallization process may be affected by the synergy of the reaction between Si and N2 and the liquid phase of Si due to the addition of Si. The α-Si3N4 produced by the added Si and nitrogen may be the seed of the crystallization process. The amorphous silicon nitride powder may be dissolved in the liquid phase and then precipitated as α-Si3N4. This article uses Ar instead of N2 to shield the reaction between Si and N2 in order to analyze the role of the two mechanisms. The added Si powder accelerates the crystallization process effectively in Ar. Powder of more than 70% crystalline phase content is produced by adding 5% Si annealing at 1400°C for 15min. The existence of liquid Si is the key factor to promote the crystallization process and the process follows the solution–precipitation mechanism. The final products are mainly α-Si3N4 and Si2N2O. The SEM results show that most of the products are irregular rod-like particles. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The crystallization of nanosized amorphous silicon nitride powder is one of the methods to produce sub-micrometer/nanosized α- Si3N4 powder. The application of this method is still limited by the long crystallization time, low output, and high cost. This article invents a new crystallization method of amorphous silicon nitride involving the addition of Si powder. The new process reduces the complete crystallization time from more than 6 h to 30 min, thus allowing efficient production of sub-micrometer/nanosized α- Si3N4 powder. Effects of factors such as additive, temperature, and duration on the crystallization process are investigated using XRD and FTIR. The experimental results showed that the added Si powder accelerates the crystallization process effectively. The final product is a mixture of α- Si3N4 and Si2N2O. In this article, amorphous silicon nitride powder with added Si is annealed at 1450°C. Powder of nearly 100% crystalline phase content is produced either by adding 10% Si and annealing for 15 min or by adding 5% Si and annealing for 30 min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A three-dimensional tilted silo submitted to vibration was established. • Discharge rate did not depend on depth but decreased with the increase of tilt angle. • That the discharge was promoted or suppressed was affected by vibration parameters. • Effect of angle on discharge rate was higher than that of frequency and amplitude. Introducing vibrations is a common way to improve the granular flow in silos to avoid clogging. In this study, a three-dimensional silo submitted to vertical vibration was built. The effect of vibration on the discharge of tilted silo was studied. The results showed that, the discharge rate did not depend on the particle depth but decreased with the increase of the outlet tilt angle, regardless if the silo was vibrated or not. Discharge rate showed non-monotonic relationship with vibration frequency at high amplitude, while increased with increasing frequency at low amplitude. The contour plots of the influence of vibration and tilt angle on the discharge were given. Based on the analysis of variance (ANOVA), the effect of the tilt angle on the discharge was higher than the vibration amplitude and frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypoxia disrupts the endocrine system of teleosts. The liver plays important roles in the endocrine system, energy storage, and metabolic processes. The aim of this study was to investigate the sex-specific hepatic response of yellow catfish under chronic hypoxia at the multi-omics level. Common hepatic responses in both sexes included the HIF-1 signaling pathway, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and steroid biosynthesis. Hypoxia dysregulated primary bile acid biosynthesis, lipid metabolism, and vitellogenin levels in female fish. Endoplasmic reticulum function in females also tended to be disrupted by hypoxia, as evidenced by significantly enriched pathways, including ribosome, protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, and RNA degradation. Other pathways, including the TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and Parkinson's and Huntington's disease, were highly enriched by hypoxia in male fish, suggesting that mitochondrial function was dysregulated. In both sexes of yellow catfish, the cell cycle was arrested and apoptosis was inhibited under chronic hypoxia. Multi-omics suggested that SLC2A5, CD209, LGMN, and NEDD8 served as sex-specific markers in these fish under chronic hypoxia. Our results provide insights into hepatic adaptation to chronic hypoxia and facilitate our understanding of sex-specific responses in fish. • Sex-specific hepatic response to hypoxia was investigated by multi-omics analysis. • The mitochondria-related function was dysregulated by hypoxia in the male fish. • The ER-related function was disrupted by hypoxia in female fish. • SLC2A5, CD209, LGMN, and NEDD8 could serve as fish sex-specific markers under chronic hypoxia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypoxia is a global problem that not only impairs parental fish reproductive functions and fertility but can also decrease offspring fertility through the transgenerational effect, further resulting in the degradation of fish germplasm resources in aquaculture. However, an in-depth exploration of the comprehensive mechanisms of hypoxia-induced gonadal impairment in teleosts is lacking. In this study, the juvenile yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) were continuously exposed to hypoxic conditions (1.9 ± 0.3 mg/L dissolved oxygen) for one month. The transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome were integrated to study the gonadal response to hypoxia in yellow catfish comprehensively. Hypoxia altered gonadal biological processes involved in angiogenesis, energy metabolism, apoptosis, and steroidogenesis. The testes and ovaries exhibited different adaptive mechanisms in response to chronic hypoxia. Angiogenesis was activated in the testes to increase oxygen delivery. Angiogenesis was inhibited in the ovaries when ovarian hemoglobin levels increased. Activated glycolysis and catabolism of glycogenic amino acids were observed in the testes. The energy metabolism in the ovaries was disrupted by hypoxia, as reflected by disordered glycolysis and suppressed synthesis of amino acids and fatty acids. Gonadal dysfunction and suppression of germ cell development by hypoxia were observed. The decrease in synaptonemal complex protein 1 (SYCP1), SYCP3, Piwi like RNA-mediated gene silencing 2 (PIWIL2), and Nanos C2HC-type zinc finger 3 (Nanos3) in the testes reflected suppressed meiosis and spermatogenesis. The downregulation of vitellogenin 1 (VTG1), zona pellucida (ZP), growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9), inhibin subunit beta B (Inhbb) , and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling inhibited folliculogenesis and vitellogenesis in the ovaries. Our results provide insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying hypoxia-induced reproductive impairment in teleosts. • Transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome were used to investigate gonadal response to hypoxia. • Angiogenesis, energy metabolism, apoptosis and steroidogenesis were altered by hypoxia. • Gonadal development and gametogenesis were suppressed by hypoxia. • Testis and ovary exhibit different adaptive mechanisms to hypoxia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A moving granular bed with a dual-layer particle structure was designed on the basis of the segregation performance of binary particle flow, and the stratification characteristics of the filter area was studied by using experiment and simulation methods. The results show that the segregation degree (SD) in the filter area is related to the inclined groove length (L) and the binary particle size ratio (γ); specifically, the SD increases with the increase in the L and the γ. When the SD reaches the maximum, a significant dual-layer particle structure appears. On this condition, the SD no longer rises with the increase in the γ or the L. When the SD reaches the maximum, the thickness percentage of the coarse particle layer in the filter area is approximately equal to the mass percentage of coarse particles in the mixed particles. Unlabelled Image • A moving granular bed with a dual-layer particle structure is designed. • A maximum exists for the segregation degree (SD). • The inclined groove length and the particle size ratio affect the SD. • Adjusting the mass ratio of coarse particles changes coarse layer thickness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper sulfate (CuSO4) is widely used in controlling the Microcystis aeruginosa blooms. Many studies reported the toxicity mechanisms of Cu2+ to M. aeruginosa at the physiological level, but little is known about a transcriptomic basis of these mechanisms. In the present study, M. aeruginosa was treated by 0.5 mg/L Cu2+ (half of the 96-h EC50) for 72 h. The results show that Cu2+ content in M. aeruginosa increased after 72 h Cu2+ exposure, whereas the Fv/Fm chlorophyll fluorescence value and chlorophyll a content in M. aeruginosa sharply decreased. Reactive oxygen species concentration and activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase) were all increased. These physiological data confirmed toxicity of Cu2+ to M. aeruginosa. The RNA-seq analysis showed that 6 646 725 and 7 880 291 clean reads were obtained for the Cu-treated and control libraries, respectively. The 595 genes (252 downward trend and 343 upward trend) with the Gene Ontology (GO) annotations were divided into three main functional categories: cellular component, molecular function, and biological process. In the Cluster of Orthologous Groups (COG) annotation, 418 differentially expressed genes with 25 functional definitions were obtained. Among them, 'replication, recombination and repair', 'energy production and conversion', and 'general function prediction only' were the largest three groups of transcripts. In the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis, genes involved in photosynthesis and oxidative phosphorylation were present at the highest percentages. In addition, the genes involved in photosynthesis and oxidative phosphorylation were identified, and then confirmed using real-time PCR. This study reported the first transcriptome of M. aeruginosa. Photosynthesis and oxidative phosphorylation were severely affected by Cu2+ toxicity, which may have contributed to cell death. These data provide the potential mechanism to explain the CuSO4 effect on the harmful M. aeruginosa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A thermochemical storage system with an output power of 50 kW was established. • The energy storage density of the system rose from 0.47 GJ/m3 to 0.76 GJ/m3. • The optimized system achieved an efficiency increase of ∼ 11 %, reaching over 60 %. • The supply water temperature can be maintained above 50 °C for roughly 4 h. • The adsorption heat accounted for approximately 44% of the total energy. To address the gap between the thermochemical energy storage (TCES) performance of MgSO 4 -porous matrix composites in small-scale prototypes and their practical application, a TCES system with an output power of 50 kW was designed and constructed to investigate the feasibility of using MgSO 4 -silica gel composites in large-scale storage systems for long-term heating applications. Thirty consecutive sets of experiments were performed on both the reactor and the system. Aiming at energy storage system for space heating and hot water supply, four parameters (energy consumption, energy storage density, energy storage efficiency, and specific energy storage capacity) were investigated as the key performance evaluation indicators. The experiment results indicated the energy consumption of the heater and humidifier account for approximately 80 % of total energy consumption. The findings also demonstrated the potential to increase the ESD from 0.47 GJ/m3 to 0.76 GJ/m3 by exploiting the heat generated from the additional circulation water in the reactor's shell. The optimized system achieved an efficiency increase of ∼ 11 %, reaching over 60 %, and the specific energy storage capacity can reach up to 198.15 Wh/kg. In addition, the supply water temperature can stay above 50 °C for roughly 4 h, with a maximum value from 70.1 °C to 82.4 °C, and the water temperature lift was found to as high as 57.4 °C. Additionally, the adsorption heat accounted for approximately 44 % of the total energy storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]