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Study Design. Microarray approach and integrated gene network analysis. Objective. To explore the differential genetic expression profile, Gene Ontology terms, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways in human trabecular bone (HTB)-derived cells of dystrophic scoliosis secondary to neurofibromatosis type 1 (DS-NF1) and compare these to normal controls. Summary of Background Data. The pathogenesis of DS-NF1 and the accompanying generalized osteopenia remain unclear. We hypothesized that HTBs may play a significant role in the etiology and pathogenesis of DS-NF1. Materials and Methods. Microarray analysis was used to identify differentially expressed genes of HTBs from patients with DS-NF1 compared with those from healthy individuals. Functional and pathway enrichment analysis were implemented through Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway database. Then, the "search tool for the retrieval of interacting genes/proteins" database, Cytoscape, and "Molecular Complex Detection" were applied to construct the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and screen hub genes. Pathway enrichment analysis was further performed for hub genes and gene clusters identified through module analysis. Six potential crucial genes were selected for validation by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that there are 401 pre- viously unrecognized differentially expressed genes (238 up and 163 downregulated genes) in HTBs from patients with DS-NF1, and they were mainly enriched in terms of immune response, type-I interferon (IFN) signaling, TNF signaling pathway and etinoic acid inducible gene I-like receptor signaling pathway. Five hub genes, including signal transducer and activator of transcription 1, 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase-like, IFN induced with helicase C domain 1, IFN regulatory factor 7, and MX dynamin-like GTPase 1 were identified through PPI network, which were mainly enriched in terms of Jak-STAT and etinoic acid inducible gene I-like receptor signaling pathway. An independently dysregulated protein cluster containing CCL2, CXCL1, CXCL3, CX3CL1, TLR1, and CXCL12 was also identified through the PPI network. This indicated that the upper abnormally expressed genes may play essential roles in DS-NF1 pathogenesis and accompanied osteopenia. Conclusion. Six key genes were identified in the progression of DS-NF1--related osteopenia. Immune response might play a key role in the progression of osteopenia, whereas a CXCL12-mediated osteogenic effect might play a protective role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autotoxic ginsenosides have been implicated as one of the major causes for replant failure of Sanqi ginseng (Panax notoginseng), however, the impact of autotoxic ginsenosides on the fungal microbiome, especially on soil-borne fungal pathogens, remain poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate the influence of ginsenoside monomers Rg1, Rb1, Rh1, and their mixture (Mix) on the composition and diversity of the soil fungal community as well as the abundance and growth of soil-borne pathogen Fusarium oxysporum in pure culture. The addition of autotoxic ginsenosides altered the composition of the total fungal microbiome as well as the taxa within the shared and unique treatment-based components, but not a-diversity. In particular, autotoxic ginsenosides enriched potentially pathogenic taxa, such as Alternaria, Cylindrocarpon, Gibberella, Phoma, and Fusarium, and decreased the abundances of beneficial taxa such as Acremonium, Mucor, and Ochroconis. Relative abundances of pathogenic taxa were significantly and negatively correlated with that of beneficial taxa. Among the pathogenic fungi, the Fusarium genus was most responsive to ginsenoside addition with the abundance of F. oxysporum consistently enhanced in the ginsenoside-treated soils. Validation tests confirmed that autotoxic ginsenosides promoted mycelial growth and conidial germination of the root-rot pathogen F. oxysporum. In addition, the autotoxic ginsenoside mixture exhibited synergistic effects on pathogen proliferation. Collectively, these results highlight that autotoxic ginsenosides are capable of disrupting the equilibrium of fungal microbiomes through the stimulation of potential soil-borne pathogens which presents a significant hurdle in remediating replant failure of Sanqi ginseng. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]