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As one of the evolutionary algorithms, firefly algorithm (FA) has been widely used to solve various complex optimization problems. However, FA has significant drawbacks in slow convergence rate and is easily trapped into local optimum. To tackle these defects, this paper proposes an improved FA combined with extremal optimization (EO), named IFA-EO, where three strategies are incorporated. First, to balance the tradeoff between exploration ability and exploitation ability, we adopt a new attraction model for FA operation, which combines the full attraction model and the single attraction model through the probability choice strategy. In the single attraction model, small probability accepts the worse solution to improve the diversity of the offspring. Second, the adaptive step size is proposed based on the number of iterations to dynamically adjust the attention to the exploration model or exploitation model. Third, we combine an EO algorithm with powerful ability in local-search into FA. Experiments are tested on two group popular benchmarks including complex unimodal and multimodal functions. Our experimental results demonstrate that the proposed IFA-EO algorithm can deal with various complex optimization problems and has similar or better performance than the other eight FA variants, three EO-based algorithms, and one advanced differential evolution variant in terms of accuracy and statistical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CO2 hydrogenation to CH3OH via heterogeneous catalysis is one of the most promising and available approaches for mitigation of anthropogenic CO2 issues. In this work, thermodynamic equilibria of CO2 to methanol were compared with experimental results at given conditions using a commercial Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst for CO hydrogenation to methanol. It was found that, the high pressure, low temperature, and high H2/CO2 ratio are favorable to methanol synthesis from CO2. Furthermore, the kinetic data were measured with an isothermal integral reactor under temperature between 160 and 240 °C, lower than that for CO hydrogenation to methanol reaction. Based on the single-active site and dual-active site LH mechanisms, both kinetic models can achieve full illustration of the influence of the operating conditions and the mechanisms. According to comparative analysis of the error variances of model correlations and the adsorbate coverages on the active sites, the dual-site mechanism identified to be superior to the single-site one for methanol synthesis from CO2 feedstock. Overall, this paper provides fundamental understanding of the thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of a central route for CO2 Valorisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • DMO forms through self-coupling of Pd-COOCH 3. • Kinetics based on LH model of DMO, DMC, and MF formation is established. • Adsorption of CO or NO strongly suppresses the reactions. • Kinetics model fits well to pilot-scale reactor simulation. Oxidative coupling of carbon monoxide (CO) with methyl nitrite (MN) to dimethyl oxalate (DMO) on the Pd/α-Al 2 O 3 catalyst is a vital step for ethylene glycol (EG) and glycolic acid (GA) production from syngas. In this work, we revisited the reaction mechanism and kinetics by including the side reactions to dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and methyl formate (MF). Based on the Langmuir–Hinshelwood (LH) mechanisms, kinetic models were proposed, coupling pathways occurring between two Pd-COOCH 3 (Pathway 1) or between Pd-CO and Pd-COOCH 3 (Pathway 2). Among them, the LH mechanism with dissociation of MN based on Pathway 1 illuminated the overall reaction best. In addition, the coupling reactions of adsorbed CH 3 OCO governed the reaction pathways for DMO, and the hydrogenation of CH 3 OCO for MF. The model reveals that the strongly competitive adsorptions of both CO and NO at high concentrations will suppress the reaction. Overall, the followed kinetic analysis accurately predicted and explained the experimental data. The resulted best-fit model applies to reactor simulation, with satisfactory agreement with three pilot-scale fixed-bed reactors disclosed in the literature by adjusting only the activity coefficient. Therefore, this comprehensive kinetic modeling can be a solid foundation for reactor design and retrofit and operation optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • DMO forms through self-coupling of Pd-COOCH 3. • Kinetics based on LH model of DMO, DMC, and MF formation is established. • Adsorption of CO or NO strongly suppresses the reactions. • Kinetics model fits well to pilot-scale reactor simulation. Oxidative coupling of carbon monoxide (CO) with methyl nitrite (MN) to dimethyl oxalate (DMO) on the Pd/α-Al 2 O 3 catalyst is a vital step for ethylene glycol (EG) and glycolic acid (GA) production from syngas. In this work, we revisited the reaction mechanism and kinetics by including the side reactions to dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and methyl formate (MF). Based on the Langmuir–Hinshelwood (LH) mechanisms, kinetic models were proposed, coupling pathways occurring between two Pd-COOCH 3 (Pathway 1) or between Pd-CO and Pd-COOCH 3 (Pathway 2). Among them, the LH mechanism with dissociation of MN based on Pathway 1 illuminated the overall reaction best. In addition, the coupling reactions of adsorbed CH 3 OCO governed the reaction pathways for DMO, and the hydrogenation of CH 3 OCO for MF. The model reveals that the strongly competitive adsorptions of both CO and NO at high concentrations will suppress the reaction. Overall, the followed kinetic analysis accurately predicted and explained the experimental data. The resulted best-fit model applies to reactor simulation, with satisfactory agreement with three pilot-scale fixed-bed reactors disclosed in the literature by adjusting only the activity coefficient. Therefore, this comprehensive kinetic modeling can be a solid foundation for reactor design and retrofit and operation optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we present a novel way for the production of self-healing hydrogels with stretch beyond 4200% than their initial length and relatively high tensile strength (0.1-0.25 MPa). Furthermore, the hydrogel was insensitive to notch. Even for the samples containing V-notches, a stretch of 2300% was demonstrated. The hydrogels were developed by in situ crosslinking of the self-assembled colloidal poly(acrylic acid) (PAA)/functionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) micelles. This was achieved by the addition of functionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane with tertiary amines and hydroxyls (POSS-AH) into the PAA reaction solution. The POSS-AH led to micellar growth, then the dualcrosslinked network was constructed. One type of crosslink was formed by hydrogen-bonding and ionic interactions between PAA chains and POSS-AH, the other type of crosslink was formed by covalent bonds between PAA and bis( N,N'-methylenebis-acrylamide). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] E-NPCE method was effective and environmentally friendly. [•] Five indole alkaloids were extracted from Catharanthus roseus at the same time. [•] E-NPCE can be applied in pilot-scale. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In order to get insight into the dynamics of transportation network congestion and develop an effective decision making tool for transportation network congestion government, this paper presented a complex network based simulation model for transportation network congestion evaluation. Through introducing the concept of road impedance in complex network theory, complex network model and traffic simulation model were combined successfully to form a complete transportation network congestion simulation model. In addition, this paper also presented a transportation network capacity assessment method based on virtual test vehicle traversing. This approach could efficiently and comprehensively evaluate the network capacity under different conditions. Finally, it implemented a complete transportation network congestion assessment simulation system on PC system based on the above model and conducted simulation experiments to analyze the influence on the transportation network traffic capacity imposed by the number of congested road sections, traffic flow and road network topology. The results of simulation experiments match the classical transportation theory well and it disclosed more dynamic information of transportation network congestion evolution, which means this model can work well for transportation congestion government decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the expression and prognostic significance of the signal transducer and activator of transcription protein 6 (STAT6YE361) and EB virus encoding a small molecule RNA (EBER) in Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), as well as their correlation with clinical parameters. The expression of STAT6YE361 and EBER was investigated in HL via immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Patient clinical data were retrospectively collected from archival libraries, and statistical analysis was performed. Overall, the nuclear positive expression rate of STAT6YE361 was 46%, and the EBER positive expression rate was 57%. STAT6YE361 was specifically expressed on the nucleus in cHL tissues. EBER was overexpressed in HL and had correlations with several clinical data, including age, gender, ethnicity, and primary cancer site. Interestingly, nuclear STAT6YE361 expression was correlated with EBER expression. Based on survival analysis, the nuclear expression of STAT6YE361 and female patients were associated with poor prognosis and were independent prognostic factors for five-year OS. These findings suggest that STAT6YE361 is a potential valuable index in the differential diagnosis and prognosis of HL. The mechanism of STAT6YE361 is related to Epstein-Barr virus infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

α-Oxo gold carbenoids generated by the oxidation of N-arylynamides can be trapped intramolecularly at the ortho position of the aryl ring to give functionalized oxindoles under mild reaction conditions. Pyridine N-oxide works as the oxidant, ligand, and base in this transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epidemiological studies have implied that the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) indomethacin slows the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the underlying mechanisms are notably understudied. Using a chimeric mouse/human amyloid precursor protein (Mo/HuAPP695swe) and a mutant human presenilin 1 (PS1-dE9) (APP/PS1) expressing transgenic (Tg) mice and neuroblastoma (N) 2a cells as in vivo and in vitro models, we revealed the mechanisms of indomethacin in ameliorating the cognitive decline of AD. By screening AD-associated genes, we observed that a marked increase in the expression of α2-macroglobulin (A2M) was markedly induced after treatment with indomethacin. Mechanistically, upregulation of A2M was caused by the inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase (L-PGDS), which are responsible for the synthesis of prostaglandin (PG)H2 and PGD2, respectively. The reduction in PGD2 levels induced by indomethacin alleviated the suppression of A2M expression through a PGD2 receptor 2 (CRTH2)-dependent mechanism. Highly activated A2M not only disrupted the production and aggregation of β-amyloid protein (Aβ) but also induced Aβ efflux from the brain. More interestingly, indomethacin decreased the degradation of the A2M receptor, low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1), which facilitated the brain efflux of Aβ. Through the aforementioned mechanisms, indomethacin ameliorated cognitive decline in APP/PS1 Tg mice by decreasing Aβ production and clearing Aβ from the brains of AD mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• ZM-32 inhibits the growth and angiogenesis of breast tumor without obvious toxicity. • ZM-32 inhibits angiogenesis by preventing HuR RRM12- Vegf-a mRNA complex formation. • ZM-32 targets HuR and reduced mRNA stabilization both in tumor cells and macrophages. • HuR protein could be useful target for anti-angiogenesis drug screening. Inhibition of tumor angiogenesis is a highly effective strategy for cancer treatment. Human antigen R (HuR), an RNA-binding protein, is overexpressed in many cancers and regulates the mRNAs of multiple angiogenic factors by binding to the adenylate-uridylate-rich element in their 3′ untranslated region. HuR protein has been demonstrated to be an important regulatory factor in macrophage-mediated angiogenesis, a process in which macrophages are critical for tumor progression. Muscone is a synthetic equivalent of musk, and recent studies have shown that it has a regulatory effect on angiogenesis. In this study, we synthesized five series of muscone derivatives and discovered that compound ZM-32 was effective in preventing HuR RRM1/2- Vegf-a mRNA complex formation. ZM-32 bound to HuR RRM1/2 protein with a K D value of 521.7 nmol/L. Furthermore, ZM-32 inhibited endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and tubule formation, and suppressed the VEGF/VEGFR2/ERK1/2 signaling axis mediated by macrophages in vitro. We also demonstrated that ZM-32 effectively prevented the proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells and inhibited the growth and angiogenesis of MDA-MB-231 xenograft tumors without any obvious toxicity in vivo. Mechanistically, exposure to ZM-32 influenced the mRNA stability of Vegf-a and Mmp9 in a HuR-dependent manner in both macrophages and MDA-MB-231 cells. Thus, in this study we identified a new muscone derivative, ZM-32 , with anti-angiogenesis effects mediated via targeting HuR in breast cancer, that may become a potentially valuable lead compound for anti-cancer angiogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study (ISRCTN17174559) aimed to explore the efficacy and safety of a kind of herbal porridge (Hou Gu Mi Xi) on the clinical symptoms of functional dyspepsia (FD). This was a single‐center, single‐dose, prospective, double‐blind, randomized controlled trial involving 64 participants with FD (35 cases and 29 controls) for 2 months of intervention and 1 month of follow‐up. The 7‐point Global Overall Symptom Scale (GOSS), 36‐Item Short Form Survey (SF‐36), and other indicators were assessed at baseline (day 0), at days 15, 30, and 60 of treatment, and at follow‐up 1 month after the end of the intervention. Many participants with FD achieved remission of their epigastric symptoms at follow‐up on the 90th day after treatment with herbal porridge compared to the placebo group (45.71% vs. 20.69%, p =.036). Furthermore, herbal porridge appeared to be effective in improving the quality of life of participants with FD, which was reflected in the rising SF‐36 scores for physical role, bodily pain, emotional role, and mental health. Although adverse events were reported, there was no overall difference in the number of adverse events between the two groups (p =.578). Herbal porridge is another effective and safe method for improving the symptoms and quality of life in patients with FD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyperoxic acute lung injury is a serious complication of oxygen therapy that causes high mortality. Inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) has been reported to have protective effect on lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury (ALI). This study investigates whether sEH plays any role in the pathogenesis of hyperoxic ALI. Wild-type and sEH gene knockout (sEH−/−) mice were exposed to 100% O2 for 72 h to induce hyperoxic ALI. Hyperoxia caused infiltration of inflammatory cells, elevation of interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 levels, and deterioration of alveolar capillary protein leak as well as wet/dry weight ratio in the lung. The hyperoxia-induced pulmonary inflammation and edema were markedly improved in sEH−/− mice. Survival rate was significantly improved in sEH−/− mice compared with that in wild-type mice. Moreover, the levels of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids and heme oxygenase-1 activity were notably elevated in sEH−/− mice compared with those in wild-type mice after exposure to 100% O2 for 72 h. The nucleotide-binding domains and leucine-rich repeat pyrin domains containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation and caspase-1 activity induced by hyperoxia were inhibited in sEH−/− mice compared with those in wild-type mice. Inhibition of sEH by an inhibitor, AUDA, dampened hyperoxia-induced ALI. sEH plays a vital role in hyperoxic ALI and is a potential therapeutic target for ALI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents diagrammatic representation of the synthesis of oxindoles via the gold-catalyzed oxidation of N-arylynamides.

Objectives: Inflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury (ALI). Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is suggested as a vital pharmacologic target for inflammation. In this study, we determined whether a sEH inhibitor, AUDA, exerts lung protection in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI in mice. Methods: Male BALB/c mice were randomized to receive AUDA or vehicle intraperitoneal injection 4 h after LPS or phosphate buffered saline (PBS) intratracheal instillation. Samples were harvested 24 h post LPS or PBS administration. Results: AUDA administration decreased the pulmonary levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Improvement of oxygenation and lung edema were observed in AUDA treated group. AUDA significantly inhibited sEH activity, and elevated epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) levels in lung tissues. Moreover, LPS induced the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB was markedly dampened in AUDA treated group. Conclusion: Administration of AUDA after the onset of LPS-induced ALI increased pulmonary levels of EETs, and ameliorated lung injury. sEH is a potential pharmacologic target for ALI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrode fabrication is a key procedure for preparation of high-performance CdZnTe detectors, and the metal-semiconductor contact contributes greatly to the performance of detectors. In the present paper, a vacuum evaporation method was used to deposit a Au/Zn composite electrode on the (111) plane of p-CdZnTe. Based on the AFM, SEM, current-voltage testing and the barrier-height calculations, the effects of an Au/Zn contact on CdZnTe detector properties were investigated. The results showed that a lower Schottky barrier height was attained by depositing a Au layer on p-CdZnTe(111) A plane and a Au/Zn double layers on (111) B plane, decreasing the influence of the Te-enriched surface on the metal-semiconductor contact, and suggesting a better ohmic contact for CdZnTe detectors. (© 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CdZnTe crystals were fabricated by modified vertical Bridgman method with three-stage growth rates, and the solid–liquid interfaces of concave, convex and slight convex shapes were estimated owing to the Zn component mapping. Detail interface shapes and Te inclusion distributions of different interfaces have been investigated, comprising by effects of Te inclusions on the crystal performance of different interfaces. The results indicated that the interface fluctuations were visible at the initial and the end of the ingots with concave and convex interfaces, and the potential emergence of Te inclusion aggregates on serious concave interfaces reducing Te inclusion density. The variable-speed reflow process was conducive to release thermal stress and eliminate the interface fluctuation, depressing the produce of Te inclusions. Therefore, Te inclusions presented on slight convex/flat interface with smaller dimension and lower density (almost one order lower than concave/convex interfaces), which attributing to optimize the structural, electrical and optical properties of CdZnTe crystal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the polysulfone (PSF) capsules containing graphite nanosheets (GNS) were successfully prepared by a phase inversion precipitation method. Scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetry were employed in the characterization of the as-prepared PSF/GNS composites capsules. Meanwhile, the adsorption properties of the composites capsules for the phenol in aqueous solution were investigated by batch methods. The results showed that the phenol adsorption uptake would be increased with the enhancement of initial concentration and adsorption time, and the adsorption of phenol should be more favorable at pH value less than 9. The composites capsules would be a kind of promising alternative adsorbent with high adsorption capacity for the phenol from aqueous solutions at a low concentration. The adsorption kinetics of the capsules for phenol accorded with pseudo-second-order model, and the best fits of adsorption isotherms followed the Freundlich equation. POLYM. COMPOS., 2013. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Batch adsorption experiments were conducted using a PVA/EDTA resin as an adsorbent to adsorb Zn(II) ions from single component system in which experimental parameters were studied including solution pH, contact time, adsorbent dose and initial metal ions concentration. The equilibrium isotherms were determined at pH 6 under constant ionic strength and at different temperatures. The results showed that the maximum removal of Zn(II) (99.8%) with 1gL−1 of sorbent was observed at 40mgL−1 at an initial pH value of 6. Removals of about 60–70% occurred in 15min, and equilibrium was attained at around 30min. The equilibrium data for the adsorption of Zn(II) on PVA/EDTA resin was tested with various adsorption isotherm models among which three models were found to be suitable for the Zn(II) adsorption. In addition, the kinetic adsorption fitted well to the pseudo-second-order model and the corresponding rate constants were obtained. Thermodynamic aspects of the adsorption process were also investigated. Furthermore a higher desorption efficiency of Zn(II) from the PVA/EDTA resin using acid treatment was available by more than 95%. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this work, porous phenol formaldehyde carbon aerogel (PFCA) was facilely manufactured by using simple hydrothermal method and ambient pressure drying. The micromorphology, specific area and electrochemical characteristic of the produced carbon aerogel were examined with scanning electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption-desorption tests, cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge-discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The effects of catalyst and phenol addition, and solvent type on the structure and property have been systematically studied. The results show that the PFCA has a three-dimensional "bead chain" network structure and the typical PFCA-7.5/8 sample exhibits high specific surface area of 759.02 m2 g−1. Moreover, the graphene oxide composited phenol formaldehyde carbon aerogel (GO/PFCA) presenting a lamellar structure was developed by using GO as template. The optimum PFCA-7.5/8 prepared with ethanol as solvent has the best electrochemical performance of 138.33 F g−1 at 5 mV s−1 in 6 M KOH electrolyte, which can be improved to 150.00 F g−1 for the GO/PFCA-3 sample. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Wnt-inducible signaling pathway protein 2 (WISP2) is a wnt1-induced signaling pathway protein 2. Although studies indicate that WISP2 may promote the development of various tumors, its role in ovarian cancer remains unclear. The objective of the current study was to analyze the effects of WISP2 on the proliferation and migration of ovarian cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Results: Immunohistochemistry and western blotting indicated that WISP2 was highly expressed in various ovarian cancer tissues and cell lines, but weakly expressed in normal ovary tissue. WISP2 deletion inhibited cell growth, clone formation, and migration of ovarian cancer cells while promoting cell apoptosis and affecting the cell cycle. This growth inhibitory effect caused by WISP2 loss is due to the inhibition of phosphorylated extracellular signal-related kinase (p-ERK)1/2, as well as CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (CEBPα) and CEPBβ. In addition, WISP2 deletion also activated the Yes-associated protein (YAP). Conclusion: WISP2 deletion inhibits ovarian cancer cell proliferation by affecting ERK signaling pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In infants, hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections are mainly acquired by mother-to-child transmission (MTCT). Current tests for the presence of HBV markers at birth can neither confirm nor exclude MTCT. The aim of this study was to find an early diagnostic marker of HBV MTCT. From 2011 to 2016, we studied a total of 5999 pregnant women who gave birth at our hospital in Shenzhen City, China. HBsAg-positive mothers and their offspring (n=386 pairs) were tested at birth for HBV markers, and 207 infants were followed up at 7-12 months after birth. The HBsAg-seropositive rate of the pregnant women was 12.5%. Additionally, 28.0%, 36.0%, 98.5% and 6.6% of umbilical cord (UC) blood samples of neonates were found to be positive for HBsAg, HBeAg, anti-HBc and HBV-DNA, respectively, whereas for neonatal femoral venous (FV) blood, the percentages were 16.2%, 38.0%, 98.8% and 2.6%, respectively. Mothers with high HBV DNA loads and those who were HBeAg positive were the most likely to have HBV-positive offspring. Immunoprophylaxis failed in five infants: the difference in median HBV DNA titer between UC blood from infants with and without HBV MTCT was statistically significant, and there was no significant difference in HBV DNA titer between UC blood and in peripheral blood of infants with HBV MTCT. In conclusion, we found that HBeAg positivity and high HBV loads are strong risk factors for MTCT of HBV and that the HBV DNA titer in the UC is a good predictor for HBV MTCT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract GP11 had been reported to have effectively anti-tumor activity by improving the immune function in our previous study. To avoid drawbacks of the 5-Fu, GP11 in combination with 5-Fu was investigated in this study. The results demonstrated that such synergism displayed enhance the anti-tumor activity of 5-Fu. Additionally, a strength effect was also observed in regulating immune function of GP11 and 5-Fu simultaneous administration, such as enhancing serum interleukin-2 (IL-2) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) secretion, and increasing immune organs weights. Moreover, GP11 could improve the haematological and biochemical parameters deterioration, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities reduction and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels enhancement in non-immune organs induced by 5-Fu. All these results illustrated that GP11 exhibited attenuated and synergized effect on 5-Fu by improving the immune function. It could be developed as an auxiliary preparation for chemotherapeutic drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excessive risk-taking behaviors have been implicated as a potential endophenotype for substance use disorders and psychopathological gambling. However, the genetic and environmental influences on risk taking and the risk-related brain activations remain unclear. This study investigated the heritability of risk taking and the genetic influence on individual variation in risk-related brain activation. The Balloon Analogue Risk Task was used to assess individuals’ risk-taking behavior. In a sample of 244 pairs of young adult twins, we found that there was a moderate heritability (41%) of risk taking. Using voxel-level analysis, we found a moderate genetic influence on risk-related brain activation. We also found a moderate genetic correlation between risk-taking behavior and risk-related brain activation in the left insula, right striatum, and right superior parietal lobule in the active-choice condition. The present study provides important evidence for the genetic correlation between risk-taking behavior and risk-related brain activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of 1‐azaaurone derivatives were designed and synthesized from 3,5‐dimethoxyaniline and 2‐chloroacetonitrile. Their structures were characterized by melting point, 1H NMR, IR, and elemental analysis, as well as 13C NMR. The target compounds were evaluated for antitumor activities against human hepatocellular liver carcinoma cell line (HepG‐2) and human cervix carcinoma cell line (Hela) using methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium method. The results revealed that several 1‐azaaurones exhibited strong proliferation inhibition efficacy against HepG‐2 and Hela with an IC50 range of 5.6–8.8 μg/mL without damaging normal cell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Panax notoginsenoside saponins Rb1 (PNS-Rb1) is an important active ingredient of panax notoginseng for effective treatment of cerebrovascular diseases. However, the mechanism underlying its actions in the state of cerebral ischemia is still unclear. We asked whether the potential neuroprotection of PNS-Rb1 on the brain is due to, at least partially, its modulation of AkT/mTOR/PTEN signalling pathway along with down-regulation of caspase-3 in rats subjected to phototrombic stroke. To test this hypothesis, rats with induced photothrombotic stroke were treated with PNS-Rb1 (applied in three different doses, 25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg,100 mg/kg, respectively) or saline, while sham operated rats injected with saline were used as the control. Our results indicate that PNS-Rb1 significantly alleviated the morphological lesion concomitant with improvement of cognitive and sensorimotor deficits induced by ischemic stroke. Moreover, immunohistochemistry and Western blot analyses showed that PNS Rb1 in a dose dependent manner increased the expressions of P-Akt, P-mTOR and reduced P-PTEN and caspase-3. The present study suggests that the improvement of cognitive and sensorimotor deficits by PNS-Rb1 is made, at least partially, by the modulation of the Akt/mTOR/PTEN signalling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal ion doping is an efficient method to achieve high photocatalytic performance of semiconductors. However, the current synthetic methods by using inorganic salts as doped sources in the precursor reaction system might suffer from ion waste and second pollution. Herein, we developed a novel method by employing electrospun nanofibers as ion reservoir to release metal ions for the synthesis of ion-doped semiconductors with high photocatalytic activity. As demonstrated, Co/Fe co-doped BiOCl photocatalyst (Co/Fe-BOC) was facilely prepared in the presence of CoFe 2 O 4 nanofibers as Co and Fe ion reservoir via a simple solvothermal method. Compared with BiOCl, the resulted Co/Fe-BOC shows increased specific surface area, visible light response as well as separation and transportation efficiencies of photogenerated carriers. Thus, the Co/Fe-BOC exhibits significantly enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity to degrade 99.4% rhodamine B (RhB) within 4 min. This new doping approach not only avoids the ion waste and pollution during the reaction process but also facilitates the separation of the photocatalyst. Moreover, the CoFe 2 O 4 nanofibers could be repeatedly used as ion reservoir to prepare high-performance Co/Fe-BOC. This nanofiber-based ion doping approach provides a novel, universal and promising insight to obtain doped semiconductors with high photocatalytic activity. [Display omitted] • CoFe 2 O 4 nanofibers were used as ion reservoir for the first time to prepare ion doped semiconductor photocatalyst. • The Co/Fe-BOC displays significantly improved visible light photocatalytic activity to degrade rhodamine B. • The CoFe 2 O 4 nanofibers could be repeatedly used as ion reservoir to prepare high-performance Co/Fe-BOC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Co-BiOCl microspheres were facilely synthesized by one-step solvothermal method. • Co-BiOCl shows significantly enhanced photocatalytic activity over various pollutants. • The superior activity is attributed to the synergistic effect of Co doping and OVs. In this work, Co doped and oxygen vacancy (OV) contained bismuth oxychloride (Co-BiOCl, Co-BOC) microspheres were facilely synthesized by one-step solvothermal method for significantly enhanced photocatalysis applications. Co ions were uniformly doped into the crystal lattice of BiOCl without apparent change of the crystal structure and micromorphology. The obtained Co-BOC exhibits extremely high photocatalytic efficiency of 98.9% for degrading rhodamine B (RhB) only within 5 min irradiation under visible light, as well as excellent photocatalytic property to treat norfloxacin (NOR) and reduce Cr(VI). Moreover, the Co-BOC remains above 94% photocatalytic efficiency after five cycles with remarkable stability and reusability. It is demonstrated that the superior photocatalytic performance of Co-BOC is mainly attributed to the synergistic effect of Co doping and OVs, which are beneficial to boost the light absorption by forming OV defect levels and facilitating the charge separation owe to the interconversion between Co3+ and Co2+ in BiOCl. The results have proved that Co-BOC could act as an efficient and powerful photocatalyst for practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our previous study, a polysaccharide was extracted from Schisandra Chinensis (Trucz.) Baill and found with anti-diabetic effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-diabetic effects of the low weight molecular polysaccharide (SCPP11) purified from crude Schisandra polysaccharide and illustrate the underlying mechanism in buffalo rat liver cells. The insulin resistance model of BRL cells was established by incubating with insulin solution for 24 h. The effects of SCPP11 on regulating related protein and mRNA expression in an insulin and AMPK signal pathway were investigated by western blot and RT-PCR analysis. SCPP11 showed no cytotoxicity to BRL cells and could improve the glucose consumption in BRL cells. SCPP11 increased the protein expression of Akt, p -AMPK and GLUT-4 in BRL cells. Moreover, SCPP11 could enhance the mRNA expression levels of IRS-1, PI3K, Akt, GLUT-4, AMPKα and PPAR-γ in BRL cells at the same time. In conclusion, SCPP11 possessed effects in improving glucose consumption by up-regulating the expression of GLUT-4 which might occur via insulin and AMPK signal pathway and could be a potential functional food to prevent and mitigate the insulin resistance condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of 6-hydroxyaurone derivatives were synthesized in satisfactory yields and characterized by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and HRMS or elemental analysis. The structure of compound 3e was further confirmed by X-ray crystal analysis. Bioassay results indicated that some of the target compounds displayed moderate herbicidal activity against the dicotyledonous plant Brassica campestris L. at 100 µg·mL−1, and some compounds also showed significant antiproliferative activity against tumor cell lines Hela, HepG-2, and MCF-7. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A polysaccharide termed Se-GP11 was extracted and purified from Se-enriched Grifola frondosa in our previous study. This study investigated the characterization, anti-tumor and immunomodulatory activity of Se-GP11. The results showed that Se-GP11 was composed of mannose, glucose and galactose with a molar ratio of 1:4.91:2.41. The weight-average molecular weight ( M w ) and weight-average mean square radius ( R w ) of Se-GP11 in 0.1 M sodium chloride solution were 3.3 × 10 4 Da and 32.8 nm. Se-GP11 existed as a globular conformation with random coil structure. Se-GP11 had no anti-tumor activity against HepG-2 cells in vitro , and it significantly inhibited the growth of Heps tumor in vivo. Se-GP11 increased the relatively thymus and spleen weights as well as serum necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) levels. In addition, Se-GP11 promoted the phagocytosis and NO production of RAW264.7 as compared with that of the normal control group. The results revealed that the Se-GP11 may exhibit the anti-tumor through improving immunologic function of the tumor bearing mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grifola frondosa has long been known and respected as a medically important fungus. This study investigated the characterization, antitumor and immunomodulatory activity of a polysaccharide named GP11 purified from G. frondosa . The results revealed that GP11 was composed of →1)- d -Man p -(6→,→1)- d -Glc p -(4→,→1)- d -Gal p -(6→and→2,3,6)- d -Glc p -(1→, with branches attached at O-2,3 of 1,2,3,6-linked Glc p residues and terminal T-Glc p . GP11 exhibited indirect cytotoxic activity against HepG-2 cells in vitro , and it significantly inhibited the growth of Heps cells in vivo . GP11 increased the relative thymus and spleen weights as well as serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-2 levels. GP11 stimulated tumoricidal activity and the production of nitric oxide (NO), TNF-α and interleukin-1β, and it also stimulated the protein expression of iNOS and mRNA expression of iNOS and TNF-α. TLR-4 is a potential receptor for GP11-mediated macrophage activation. The results suggested that the antitumor activity of GP11 may be due to the improvement of immune functions through the TLR-4-mediated up-regulation of NO and TNF-α. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A multi-step synthesis of 4,6-dimethoxyaurone derivatives was carried out from phloroglucinol and chloroacetonitrile, and the products were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and HRMS. The preliminary bioassays showed that some products exhibited herbicidal activity against dicotyledonous plant Brassica campestris L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcium carbonate gallbladder stones were easily neglected because they were previously reported as a rare stone type in adults. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between calcium carbonate stones and Clonorchis sinensis infection. A total of 598 gallbladder stones were studied. The stone types were identified by FTIR spectroscopy. The C. sinensis eggs and DNA were detected by microscopic examination and real-time fluorescent PCR respectively. And then, some egg-positive stones were randomly selected for further SEM examination. Corresponding clinical characteristics of patients with different types of stones were also statistically analyzed. The detection rate of C. sinensis eggs in calcium carbonate stone, pigment stone, mixed stone and cholesterol stone types, as well as other stone types was 60%, 44%, 36%, 6% and 30%, respectively, which was highest in calcium carbonate stone yet lowest in cholesterol stone. A total of 182 stones were egg-positive, 67 (37%) of which were calcium carbonate stones. The C. sinensis eggs were found adherent to calcium carbonate crystals by both light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Patients with calcium carbonate stones were mainly male between the ages of 30 and 60, the CO 2 combining power of patients with calcium carbonate stones were higher than those with cholesterol stones. Calcium carbonate gallbladder stones are not rare, the formation of which may be associated with C. sinensis infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A variety of 3- N-substituted amino-6-benzyloxypyridazine derivatives were designed and synthesized in satisfactory yields. Their structures were confirmed by IR, 1H-NMR, and elemental analysis; compound 5j was further determined by X-ray diffraction crystallography. Their herbicidal activities were evaluated through barnyard grass and rape cup tests in laboratory bioassays. Most of the title compounds 5 displayed moderate herbicidal activities against the dicotyledonous plant Brassica campestris L. The most active compounds in the laboratory were also evaluated in the greenhouse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] A packed bed enzyme microreactor was firstly used for the rapid synthesis of propyl caffeate. [•] The enzymatic reaction parameters under continuous-flow conditions were optimized. [•] The maximum yield of propyl caffeate (99.5%) was achieved in a short time (2.5h). [•] K m in the developed microreactor was 16 times lower than that of a batch reactor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A new type of oxidation-protective AlPO4–SiC–MoSi2 coating for SiC pre-coated carbon/carbon composites (SiC–C/C) was prepared by a novel pulse arc discharge deposition process. XRD and EDS line scanning analyses show that the phases of the multi-layer coatings are composed of AlPO4, nano-SiC, SiO2 and MoSi2 and the bonding coating between the coating and C/C composites is composed of SiC and Si. In addition, SEM images of the surface and the cross-section of the coating also display the dense microstructure. Oxidation test shows that the as-prepared multi-coating characterized by excellent thermal shock resistance on the surface of C/C composites during exposure to an oxidizing atmosphere at 1873K can effectively protect the C/C composites from oxidation for 44h with a weight loss of 1.57%. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Phytochemical study of the twigs of Trigonostemon xyphophylloides led to the isolation of six new heterodimers, trigoxyphins O (1) and R–T (4–6) comprising of two different degraded diterpenoids, and trigoxyphins P (2) and Q (3) comprising a degraded diterpenoid and a phenylpropanoid, together with a known homodimer, neoboutomannin (7). The structures and relative configurations were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis, including 1D and 2D NMR experiments. Compounds 1–6 were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against four human tumour cell lines by MTT assay. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Five new degraded diterpenoids trigoxyphins J–N (1–5), among them trigoxyphins K and L have a novel carbon skeleton, together with four known analogues (6–9) have been obtained from the ethanol extract of the twigs of Trigonostemon xyphophylloides. Compounds 1−5 were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity in vitro against three human tumor cell lines by MTT assay. The results exhibited that Trigoxyphin N (5) showed moderate cytotoxicities against SPC-A-1 and SGC-7901 cancer cell lines. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: To develop a method for systematic classification of gallbladder stones, analyze the clinical characteristics of each type of stone and provide a theoretical basis for the study of the formation mechanism of different types of gallbladder stones. Methodology: A total of 807 consecutive patients with gallbladder stones were enrolled and their gallstones were studied. The material composition of gallbladder stones was analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy and the distribution and microstructure of material components was observed with Scanning Electron Microscopy. The composition and distribution of elements were analyzed by an X-ray energy spectrometer. Gallbladder stones were classified accordingly, and then, gender, age, medical history and BMI of patients with each type of stone were analyzed. Principal Findings: Gallbladder stones were classified into 8 types and more than ten subtypes, including cholesterol stones (297), pigment stones (217), calcium carbonate stones (139), phosphate stones (12), calcium stearate stones (9), protein stones (3), cystine stones (1) and mixed stones (129). Mixed stones were those stones with two or more than two kinds of material components and the content of each component was similar. A total of 11 subtypes of mixed stones were found in this study. Patients with cholesterol stones were mainly female between the ages of 30 and 50, with higher BMI and shorter medical history than patients with pigment stones (P<0.05), however, patients with pigment, calcium carbonate, phosphate stones were mainly male between the ages of 40 and 60. Conclusion: The systematic classification of gallbladder stones indicates that different types of stones have different characteristics in terms of the microstructure, elemental composition and distribution, providing an important basis for the mechanistic study of gallbladder stones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Graphite nanosheets (GNSs) decorated with Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized by an inverse coprecipitation method. The Fe3O4–GNS hybrid material was characterized by transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms, thermogravimetry and magnetic hysteresis studies. We demonstrated that the Fe3O4–GNS hybrid material had a flexible interleaved structure, a large specific surface area, high magnetic sensitivity, and good thermal stability. The amino functionalization of the material with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane produced a magnetic material that was used in the immobilization of glucoamylase by using glutaraldehyde as a coupling reagent. The results showed that the immobilized glucoamylase exhibited excellent activity and reusability. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Ethnopharmacological relevance: Rhizoma Pinelliae Praeparatum is the product of raw Rhizoma Pinellia processed with alkaline solution and Licorice, which had been widely used for treatment of insomnia in traditional Chinese medicine. The present study aimed to investigate the sedative, hypnotic and anticonvulsant activities of ethanol fraction from Rhizoma Pinelliae Praeparatum (EFRP) and to determine whether these effects were related to GABAergic mechanism. Materials and methods: The sedative, hypnotic and anticonvulsant activities of EFRP were investigated with locomotion activity, pentobarbital-induced sleeping and nikethamide (NKTM)-induced convulsion tests, respectively. Additionally, the effects of flumazenil (an antagonist of GABAA receptor) and l-malic acid (blocker of synthetic enzyme for GABA) on the hypnotic activity of EFRP were evaluated. Results: EFRP at dose of 12g/kg significantly inhibited the locomotion activity of mice. EFRP showed synergic effect on pentobarbital-induced sleeping by increased numbers of mice falling asleep, reduced the sleep latency and prolonged the sleeping time. l-malic acid and flumazenil inhibited the augment effects of EFRP on pentobarbital-induced sleeping. EFRP promoted a significant protection to NKTM-induced convulsion, by prolonged the death latency and decreased mortality. Conclusion: EFRP possessed sedative, hypnotic and anticonvulsant activities and these activities may be related to the GABAergic system. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this work, a new and economical way to prepare macroporous poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) foam was explored by adding calcium carbonate as a pore-forming agent and using epichlorhydrin as a chemical crosslinking agent to improve foam stability. The mixture for foam formation has been optimized to obtain macroporous PVA foam carriers with uniform apertures, narrow distribution of pore sizes, and good elasticity. The crosslinked PVA foam (CPVAF) carrier demonstrated better chemical and thermal stability, as well as larger specific surface area and diffusion coefficients than the traditional PVA (TPVA) carrier. Nitrifying bacteria were used to test the suitability of CPVAF and TPVA carriers for immobilized microorganisms. CPVAF carriers supported higher biomass density and microbial activity than TPVA carriers. At the same biomass density, the higher nitrification rate of CPVAF carriers was attributed to excellent mass transfer of the substrate (and oxygen) between the bulk solution and the immobilized microorganisms. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Complex AUC can be used for the construction of di-, tri-, and tetrasubstituted allene structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An improved IBA-EO algorithm is proposed for continuous optimization. • An improved update strategy is proposed to update the position of a bat. • EO is introduced into BA for updating the position of bats. • Boltzmann selection is employed to choose a bat for EO mutation. • Four groups of experiments demonstrate its superiority. As a meta-heuristic algorithm, bat algorithm (BA) is based on the characteristics of bat-based echolocation and has been widely used in various aspects of optimization problems since it appeared. However, the original BA still has many shortcomings, such as insufficient local search ability, lack of diversity and poor performance on high-dimensional optimization problems. To overcome these weaknesses, this paper proposes an improved BA with extremal optimization (EO) algorithm (IBA-EO) to improve the performance of BA. In IBA-EO, an improved update strategy is proposed to obtain the solutions generating from the random selected bats to enhance the global search capability. The exploitation ability is improved by EO algorithm with excellent local search capability. Furthermore, Boltzmann selection and a monitor mechanism are employed to keep suitable balance between exploration ability and exploitation ability. To testify the performance of IBA-EO in handling various optimization problems, this study considers four groups of contrast experiments. Extensive simulation results demonstrate that IBA-EO can achieve a strong competitive performance by comparing with other fifteen well-established algorithms in terms of accuracy, reliability and statistical tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Two new daphnane diterpenoids (1 and 2), together with four known analogues (3–6) were isolated from Trigonostemon xyphophylloides. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis. Compounds 1 and 2 were evaluated for in vitro cytotoxic activities against the SPCA-1 (human lung cancer) and BEL-7402 (human hepatocellular carcinoma) cancer cell lines. Trigoxyphin I (2) showed modest cytotoxicity against two tumor cell lines. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) would do serious damage to multiple systems, while coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls, the most toxic member of the family, has been widely taken into consideration. In this study, ICR mice were fed with different doses of PCB126 to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms on immunotoxicity. The results showed that PCB126 caused immunosuppression as evidenced by inhibiting the ratios of thymus and spleen weights, changing the organizational structure and decreasing levels and mRNA expression of TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-2. PCB126 inhibited the SOD activity and spurred the accumulation of MDA in spleen and thymus. Meanwhile, it also disturbed the Nrf2 signaling pathway as evidenced by up-regulating the mRNA expression of Nrf2 and Keap1. Additionally, a remarkable reduction in the mRNA expression of AhR and enhancement in the mRNA expression of Cyp1 enzymes (Cyp1a1, Cyp1a2 and Cyp1b1) were observed, which increased the ROS levels. PCB126 could increase protein expression of Bax, Caspase-3, Caspase-8 and Caspase-9, while the protein expression of Bcl-2 was decreased. In summary, the results indicated that PCB126 modulated the AhR signaling pathway, which interacted with apoptosis and oxidative stress to induce immunotoxicity, enrich the immunotoxicological mechanisms of PCB126. Image 1 • PCB126 can stimulate ROS production via up-regulating mRNA expression of Cyp1. • PCB126 can impair the redox homeostasis via disturbing Nrf2-Keap1 pathway. • PCB126 can induce immunotoxicity. • PCB126 induce apoptosis via the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In article number 1802250 Qing Lin, Ling Zhang, and co‐workers report an artificial "closed‐loop" structure for intravenous glucose‐responsive insulin delivery. An acid‐sensitive matrix forms the "inner core" and RBCm‐derived coating the "outer shell". Under hyperglycemic condition, the glucose internalized by the anchored glucose transporters is enzymatically converted into gluconic acid and subsequently triggers acid degradation of the "inner core" to secrete insulin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An artificial "closed‐loop" system that mimics the glucose‐responsive insulin secretion of pancreas β‐cells can potentially improve the treatment efficacy for diabetes. Herein, a lipid bilayer‐coated polymeric nanoparticle (NP) with "core–shell" structure is designed. As far as it is known, it is the first and only intravenous nanoplatform utilizing enzymatic‐oxidation scheme to achieve glucose‐responsive insulin delivery so far. Ethoxy acetal–derivatized dextran nanoparticles (Ace‐DEX NPs) are constructed as "inner core" loaded with insulin, and coloading glucose oxidase (GOx) and catalase (CAT) endow the "inner core" excellent glucose‐sensitive ability. Red blood cell membrane (RBCm)‐derived coating is adopted as "outer shell." It collectively provides a closed microenvironment for GOx‐based enzymatic‐oxidation scheme and camouflages it from elimination. Above all, the anchored glucose transporters (GLUTs) on the "outer shell" are able to sense blood glucose levels and facilitate the transport of outer blood glucose getting inside. Under a hyperglycemic condition, the internalized glucose is catalytically converted into gluconic acid with the aid of the GOx and subsequently triggers acid degradation of the "inner core" to secrete insulin. By governing the blood glucose levels on an automatic and continuous basis, the RBCm‐Ace‐DEX NPs can effectively respond to hyperglycemia and turn to resting conditions under normoglycemia. Ethoxy acetal derivatized dextran nanoparticles (Ace‐DEX NPs) are constructed as "inner core" and red blood cell membrane (RBCm)‐derived coating is adopted as "outer shell". This glucose‐responsive nanoplatform can steadily circulate in the blood at normalglycemia. While under hyperglycemic condition, the glucose internalized by the anchored GLUTs is catalytically converted into gluconic acid with the aid of GOx and CAT and subsequently triggers acid degradation of RBCm‐Ace‐DEX NPs to secrete insulin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trigoxyphin P (II), Q (III), and T (Vb) show moderate to significant cytotoxic activity against various cancer cell lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]