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It is important to understand the dynamics of red blood cells (RBCs) in blood flow. This requires the formulation of coarse-grained RBC models that reproduce the hydrodynamic properties of blood accurately. One of the models that successfully reproduces the rheology and morphology of blood has been proposed by Fedosov et al. [Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng. 199, 1937–1948 (2010)]. The proposed RBC model contains several parameters whose values are determined by either various experiments or physical requirements. In this study, we developed a new method of determining parameter values precisely from the fluctuations of the RBC membrane. Specifically, we studied the relationship between the spectra of the fluctuations and model parameters. Characteristic peaks were observed in the spectra, whose peak frequencies were dependent on the parameter values. In addition, we investigated the spectra of the radius of gyration. We identified the peaks originating from the spring potential and the volume-conserving potential appearing in the spectra. These results lead to the precise experimental determination of the parameters used in the RBC model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, thermoplastic resins were used as matrix to synthesize carbon fiber‐reinforced thermoplastic (CFRTP) for recycling it easily. In this study, a CFRTP with excellent mechanical properties and heat resistance was synthesized using a polyether ether ketone (PEEK) as a matrix resin. The PEEK resin was modified to form cross‐linked structures through Friedel–Crafts reaction alkylation. The synthesis temperature of CFRTP was optimized considering the mechanical properties of PEEK, and its heat resistance was enhanced because of the cross‐linked structures. Further, the cross‐linked PEEK resin was partially used as a matrix resin, and the mechanical properties of the CFRTP were enhanced. We plan to develop a method for recycling CFRTP using PEEK and crosslinked PEEK for synthesizing C/C composites by focusing on the high heat resistance of the crosslinked PEEK containing a large amount of carbon and reducing mass loss after heat treatment. Highlights: CC bonds were introduced into the polyether ether ketone (PEEK) resin by Friedel–Crafts reaction alkylation.Thermal properties of PEEK were enhanced by hypercrosslinking reaction.Optimization of synthesized temperature was investigated to fabricate carbon fiber‐reinforced thermoplastic (CFRTP).Mechanical properties were enhanced CFRTP modified with hypercrosslinking reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We investigate whether Intensive uric acid (UA)-lowering therapy (ULT) provides increased renal protection compared with standard therapy in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Methods: This was a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Only CKD patients with hyperuricemia were included in this study. The participants were randomly assigned to either the Intensive therapy group (target serum UA level ≥ 4.0 mg/dL and < 5.0 mg/dL) or the standard therapy group (serum UA level ≥ 6.0 mg/dL and < 7.0 mg/dL). ULT was performed using topiroxostat, a non-purine-type selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor. The primary endpoint was change in the logarithmic value of urine albumin to the creatinine ratio (ACR) between baseline and week 52 of the treatment. Results: Three hundred fifty-two patients were included in the full analysis set. In the Standard therapy group, mean serum UA was 8.23 mg/dL at baseline and 6.13 mg/dL at 52 weeks. In the Intensive therapy group, mean serum UA was 8.15 mg/dL at baseline and 5.25 mg/dL at 52 weeks. There was no significant difference in changes in log ACR at 52 weeks between the Intensive therapy and the Standard therapy groups. Conclusion: This study did not reveal the benefit of Intensive ULT to improve albuminuria levels. (UMIN000026741 and jRCTs051180146). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of ripasudil-brimonidine fixed-dose combination (RBFC), a new intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering medication for glaucoma and ocular hypertension (OHT). Methods: This prospective, multicentre (23 sites in Japan), open-label study enrolled patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), OHT or exfoliative glaucoma and assigned them to one of four combination therapy cohorts, based on previous treatment(s) received: prostaglandin (PG) analogue (Cohort 1); PG analogue and beta-adrenoceptor blocker (β-blocker) (Cohort 2); PG analogue, β-blocker and carbonic anhydrase inhibitor (Cohort 3); or other/no treatment (Cohort 4). After a ≥ 4-week screening period, eligible patients received twice-daily RBFC for 52 weeks in addition to the treatments they were already receiving. Efficacy was assessed by change in IOP from baseline through week 52. Adverse events and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were monitored throughout. Results: In total, 179 patients from Cohort 1 (n = 48), Cohort 2 (n = 44), Cohort 3 (n = 41) and Cohort 4 (n = 46) entered the RBFC treatment period. For all cohorts, mean IOP was significantly reduced at 11:00 (2 h after instillation of RBFC) through week 52 with the changes from baseline at week 52 of − 2.7 to − 4.1 mmHg across cohorts; all p < 0.001. Common ADRs were conjunctival hyperaemia (58%), allergic conjunctivitis (18%) and blepharitis (17%), most of which were mild in severity. Conclusion: These data demonstrated the long-term efficacy and safety of RBFC, both alone and in combination with other anti-glaucoma agents. RBFC may offer a new treatment option for the long-term management of glaucoma and OHT. Trial registration: Japan Registry of Clinical Trials Identifier: jRCT2080225063. Date of registration: 17 February 2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymeric particles less than 100 nm in size (polymer nanoparticles), which are useful in the fields of medicine and so on, are synthesized through emulsion polymerization, wherein surfactants are essential for maintaining their dispersion stability, contaminating particle surfaces and causing high environmental pollution. The soap‐free emulsion polymerization (SFEP) of styrene in a packed reactor using microglass beads enables the synthesis of polymer nanoparticles without surfactants. Ultraviolet irradiation is used for radical polymerization using an initiator during the SFEP of styrene. The reaction space in the packed reactor is controlled by the size of glass beads to be filled in the reactor. A decrease in the size of the glass beads narrows the reaction space, causing the average polystyrene particle size to reach 27.3 nm and suppress convection flow by the wall of the glass beads, thereby limiting particle motion and preventing particle growth through particle collisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interoception, which pertains to the physiological state of the body, is associated with subjective emotional experiences. In particular, the accuracy of perceiving interoceptive signals (interoceptive accuracy [IAcc]) is linked to the intensity of emotional arousal, known as arousal focus (AF). IAcc is believed to influence the granularity of emotional experiences. Here, we examined the relationship between IAcc and assessment and verbalisation of one's own or others' emotions. Study I demonstrated that individuals with higher IAcc exhibited significantly greater AF when evaluating their own positive emotions. Furthermore, although no correlation between IAcc and AF was found in free descriptions of emotions, a significant positive correlation was found between IAcc and the number of emotion-related words. Study II showed that individuals with higher IAcc displayed significantly higher AF when assessing the positive emotions of characters in videos. Additionally, in free descriptions of these characters, a significant positive correlation was observed between predicted verbal IQ and the number of emotion-related words. These findings support the notion that interoception is associated with AF during assessment of one's own or others' positive emotions as well as the abundance of emotion-related words. This study demonstrates the relationship between bodily sensations and social aspects of human embodiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interoception, which pertains to the physiological state of the body, is associated with subjective emotional experiences. In particular, the accuracy of perceiving interoceptive signals (interoceptive accuracy [IAcc]) is linked to the intensity of emotional arousal, known as arousal focus (AF). IAcc is believed to influence the granularity of emotional experiences. Here, we examined the relationship between IAcc and assessment and verbalisation of one's own or others' emotions. Study I demonstrated that individuals with higher IAcc exhibited significantly greater AF when evaluating their own positive emotions. Furthermore, although no correlation between IAcc and AF was found in free descriptions of emotions, a significant positive correlation was found between IAcc and the number of emotion-related words. Study II showed that individuals with higher IAcc displayed significantly higher AF when assessing the positive emotions of characters in videos. Additionally, in free descriptions of these characters, a significant positive correlation was observed between predicted verbal IQ and the number of emotion-related words. These findings support the notion that interoception is associated with AF during assessment of one's own or others' positive emotions as well as the abundance of emotion-related words. This study demonstrates the relationship between bodily sensations and social aspects of human embodiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) has been thought to be the biophysical principle governing the assembly of the multiphase structures of nucleoli, the site of ribosomal biogenesis. Condensates assembled through LLPS increase their sizes to minimize the surface energy as far as their components are available. However, multiple microphases, fibrillar centers (FCs), dispersed in a nucleolus are stable and their sizes do not grow unless the transcription of pre-ribosomal RNA (pre-rRNA) is inhibited. To understand the mechanism of the suppression of the FC growth, we here construct a minimal theoretical model by taking into account nascent pre-rRNAs tethered to FC surfaces by RNA polymerase I. The prediction of this theory was supported by our experiments that quantitatively measure the dependence of the size of FCs on the transcription level. This work sheds light on the role of nascent RNAs in controlling the size of nuclear bodies. Theoretical modeling and experimental tests shed light on the roles of nascent prerRNA, produced by Pol I transcription, in the assembly of the sea-island multi-phase structure in the nucleolus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To feed on prey efficiently, predators must overcome the prey's defensive traits. However, there are fewer reports on the antagonistic traits of predators than there are on the defensive traits of prey.Here, we focus on prey–predator interactions between social aphids and aphidophagous lepidopteran larvae. Larvae of Taraka hamada (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) are specialist predators of the social aphid Ceratovacuna japonica (Homoptera: Aphididae), and later instar larvae have long lateral body setae. Because this aphid produces defensive individuals (soldiers), we hypothesised that T. hamada larvae have an antagonistic trait that prevents attacks by soldiers and tested whether that trait might be their lateral body setae.To test whether a larva's lateral body setae constitute an antagonistic trait against the soldier's physical defence, we compared the rate of aphid consumption per unit time and the vulnerability to attack by soldiers between larvae with short lateral body setae and larvae with long lateral body setae in the presence of soldiers.Our results showed that the aphid consumption rate of larvae with long lateral body setae was significantly higher than that of larvae with short lateral body setae. Furthermore, the larvae with short lateral body setae were more vulnerable to soldier attacks than the larvae with long lateral body setae. These results imply that the length of the lateral body setae of T. hamada larvae affects their vulnerability to soldier attacks and that the lateral body setae are an antagonistic trait against the soldiers of this social aphid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivated by our recent experiments that demonstrate that the tandemly repeated genes become heterochromatin, here we show a theory of heterochromatin assembly by taking into account the connectivity of these genes along the chromatin in the kinetic equations of small RNA production and histone methylation, which are the key biochemical reactions involved in the heterochromatin assembly. Our theory predicts that the polymeric nature of the tandemly repeated genes ensures the steady production of small RNAs because of the stable binding of nascent RNAs produced from the genes to RDRC/Dicers at the surface of nuclear membrane. This theory also predicts that the compaction of the tandemly repeated genes suppresses the production of small RNAs, consistent with our recent experiments. This theory can be extended to the small RNA-dependent gene silencing in higher organisms. A kinetic model evaluates the relationship between heterochromatin assembly, small RNA production, and histone methylation in fission yeast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pre-ribosomal RNAs are synthesized during the transcription by RNA polymerase I molecules localized at the surfaces of a nucleolus subcompartment. Inspired by the ribosomal RNA transcription, we here develop a scaling theory of a brush of polymers, where monomers are added to their grafted ends in the steady state. Our theory predicts that monomers newly added to the polymers stay at the vicinity of the surface due to the slow dynamics of the polymers and thus the polymer volume fraction increases with increasing the polymerization rate. The excluded volume interaction between polymers and reactant monomers suppresses the diffusion of reactant monomers and thus decreases the polymerization rate. The extent of the suppression of monomer diffusion increases with increasing the polymerization rate because the diffusion length decreases, rather than the condensation of polymers due to their slow dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In angiosperms, intraspecific variation of flowering phenology may affect reproductive isolation and, consequently, speciation. This study focused on Impatiens noli-tangere (Balsaminaceae), which is distributed over broad latitudinal and altitudinal ranges in Japan. We aimed to reveal the phenotypic mixture of two ecotypes of I. noli-tangere with different flowering phenology and morphological traits in a narrow contact zone. Previous studies have shown that I. noli-tangere has early- and late-flowering types. The early-flowering type makes buds in June and is distributed at high-elevation sites. The late-flowering type makes buds in July and is distributed at low-elevation sites. In this study, we analyzed the flowering phenology of individuals at an intermediate elevation site where the early- and late-flowering types grow in sympatry (contact zone). We found no individuals showing intermediate flowering phenology at the contact zone, and early- and late-flowering types were clearly distinguishable. We also found that the differences in many other phenotypic traits between the early- and late-flowering types were maintained, including the number of flowers produced (total number of chasmogamous and cleistogamous flowers), leaf morphology (aspect ratio, number of serrations), seed traits (aspect ratio), and flower bud formation positions on the plant. This study showed that these two flowering ecotypes maintain many different traits in sympatry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute physiological changes after balloon angioplasty are very important because of acute recoil and dissection. However, serial physiological assessments after drug-coated balloons (DCB) have not been investigated. This prospective observational single-center study evaluated 50 lesions that underwent optical coherence tomography (OCT)-guided percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with DCB and a 9-months angiographical and OCT follow-up. Fractional flow reserve (FFR) and instantaneous wave-free ratio (iFR) were measured immediately (FFR0m and, iFR0m) and 15 min (FFR15m and iFR15m) after DCB, and the difference (dif-FFR and, dif-iFR) was calculated. The iFR gradients during lesions treated with DCB were measured. For OCT and quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) data, delta values were calculated. At index PCI, three lesions were needed for bailout stenting. At follow-up, 47 lesions were divided into two groups according to the delta minimal lumen area (MLA) on OCT: late lumen enlargement (LLE) (n = 29) and non-LLE (n = 18). In LLE group, FFR15m and iFR15m were significantly high (0.90 ± 0.03 vs. 0.85 ± 0.07, p < 0.001, 0.97 ± 0.02 vs. 0.92 ± 0.10, p = 0.008, respectively) and %AS on OCT, dif-FFR and dif-iFR were significantly low (38.5% (33.6, 42.3) vs. 45.1% (38.9, 54.6), p = 0.03, −0.001 ± 0.006 vs. 0.036 ± 0.032, p < 0.001, −0.002 ± 0.008 vs. 0.019 ± 0.017, p < 0.001, respectively) compared with non-LLE group. However, there were no significant differences in FFR0m, iFR0m, or any other OCT or QCA data. Post-physiological assessment and a decrease in physiological indices in the first 15 min after PCI are important for treating de novo lesions using the DCB strategy. • A significant drop in physiological indices was observed 15 min after DCB treatment in the bailout stenting group. • Serial changes in physiological assessment after DCB treatment are important in predicting late lumen enlargement. • Comprehensive assessment of anatomical stenosis severity on OCT, pressure gradient, and serial changes in physiological assessment showed improved discriminatory and reclassification abilities in the identification of late lumen enlargement after DCB treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of repeated lockdowns on mental health and social isolation is unknown. We conducted a longitudinal study of the influence of repeated mild lockdowns during two emergency declarations in Japan, in May 2020 and February 2021. The analyses included 7893 people who participated in all online surveys. During repeated mild lockdowns, mental and physical symptoms decreased overall, while loneliness increased and social networks decreased. Subgroup analyses revealed that depression and suicidal ideation did not decrease only in the younger age group (aged 18–29 years) and that younger and middle-aged people (aged 18–49 years), women, people with a history of treatment for mental illness, and people who were socially disadvantaged in terms of income had higher levels of mental and physical symptoms at all survey times. Additionally, comprehensive extraction of the interaction structure between depression, demographic attributes, and psychosocial variables indicated that loneliness and social networks were most closely associated with depression. These results indicate that repeated lockdowns have cumulative negative effects on social isolation and loneliness and that susceptible populations, such as young people and those with high levels of loneliness, require special consideration during repeated lockdown situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temporal prediction ability is vital for movement synchronization with external rhythmic stimuli (sensorimotor synchronization); however, little is known regarding individual variations in temporal prediction ability and its neural correlates. We determined the underlying neural correlates of temporal prediction and individual variations during auditory-motor synchronization. We hypothesized that the non-primary motor cortices, such as the premotor cortex and supplementary motor area, are the key brain regions that correlate individual variations in prediction ability. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (7T) was performed for 18 healthy volunteers who tapped to 3 types of auditory metronome beats: isochronous, tempo change, and random. The prediction ability was evaluated using prediction/tracking ratios that were computed based on cross-correlations between tap timing and pacing events. Participants with a higher prediction/tracking ratio (i.e. stronger predictive tendency) tapped to metronome beats more accurately and precisely. The prediction/tracking ratio was positively correlated with the activity in the bilateral dorsal premotor cortex (PMd), suggesting that the bilateral PMd explains the individual variation in prediction ability. These results indicate that the PMd is involved in generating a model for temporal prediction of auditory rhythm patterns and its activity would reflect model accuracy, which is critical for accurate and precise sensorimotor synchronization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon fiber-reinforced plastics have become indispensable materials in energy saving and new energy technologies, such as automobiles, wind power generators, and hydrogen tanks for fuel cells. However, the lack of oxidation resistance limits the high-temperature applications of carbon fibers. In this study, we developed a coating technology for carbon fibers to improve their oxidative resistance. Carbon fibers with silicon carbide coatings were obtained by the adsorption of silica colloids on carbon fibers using electro adsorption, followed by heating. The resulting coating has small thickness and strong chemical connections. The thermogravimetric analysis confirmed that the oxidation start temperature of the coated carbon fibers was higher than that of carbon fibers. Moreover, the mechanical properties of the coated carbon fibers were maintained. Therefore, the proposed coating technology can broaden the application of carbon fibers as the alternative to some SiC fiber applications. Further, it is applicable for recycling carbon fibers to increase their value in terms of thermal oxidation stability. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Activated carbon was prepared using bagasse and carbon fiber (RCF) recycled from carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP). The RCF surface has a sufficient amount of functional groups and can be used as a catalyst for the hydrolysis of bagasse cellulose. An RCF‐bagasse composite was fabricated by ultrasonic irradiation. During cellulose hydrolysis, carbon from the bagasse was activated with sulfuric acid, which impregnated the cellulose pores. When bagasse was subjected to high temperatures, the impregnated pores decomposed, resulting in micropores. The addition of RCF increased the specific surface area of activated carbon by up to 20 % when heat treatment was performed at a temperature higher than the carbonization temperature of bagasse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Poor medication adherence and disordered eating are major self-care problems in patients with type 2 diabetes that worsen glycemic control and increase the risk of developing severe diabetes complications. Affective temperament, which remains mostly unchanged throughout life, is speculated to predict poor treatment response and high comorbidity. The aim of this study was to explore the link between affective temperament and poor glycemic control due to insufficient self-care. Methods: This single-center case–control study involved 77 outpatients divided into the 'poor glycemic control' group (n = 52) and the 'better glycemic control' group (n = 25) based on their mean glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels over the past 12 months. All participants underwent one-on-one interviews during which they completed the following psychometric questionnaires: (1) the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview 5.0.0; (2) the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, and San Diego Auto-questionnaire; (3) a researcher-designed single question for assessing subclinical stress-induced overeating; and (4) the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale. The difference between two continuous independent variables was determined using Student's t test. Discrete variables were compared using the Chi-square (χ2) or Fisher's exact test. Multiple testing corrections were performed using the false discovery rate. Results: Those outpatients in the poor glycemic control group exhibited significantly more stress-induced overeating (χ2 = 1.14, q statistic = 0.040) and poor medication adherence (t = 3.70, q = 0.034) than those in the better glycemic control group. However, there were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of affective temperaments, clinical eating disorders, or diabetes-specific distress. Patients with stress-induced overeating (t = − 2.99, p = 0.004) and poor medication adherence (t = − 4.34, p = 0.000) exhibited significantly higher scores for cyclothymic temperament than their counterparts. Conclusion: Cyclothymic temperament is significantly associated with disordered eating and/or poor medication adherence in patients with type 2 diabetes and is possibly linked to poor glycemic control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paraspeckles are constructed by NEAT1_2 architectural long noncoding RNAs. Their characteristic cylindrical shapes, with highly ordered internal organization, distinguish them from typical liquid–liquid phase‐separated condensates. We experimentally and theoretically investigated how the shape and organization of paraspeckles are determined. We identified the NEAT1_2 RNA domains responsible for shell localization of the NEAT1_2 ends, which determine the characteristic internal organization. Using the soft matter physics, we then applied a theoretical framework to understand the principles that determine NEAT1_2 organization as well as shape, number, and size of paraspeckles. By treating paraspeckles as amphipathic block copolymer micelles, we could explain and predict the experimentally observed behaviors of paraspeckles upon NEAT1_2 domain deletions or transcriptional modulation. Thus, we propose that paraspeckles are block copolymer micelles assembled through a type of microphase separation, micellization. This work provides an experiment‐based theoretical framework for the concept that ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNPs) can act as block copolymers to form RNA‐scaffolding biomolecular condensates with optimal sizes and structures in cells. SYNOPSIS: Paraspeckles scaffolded by NEAT1_2 lncRNAs have characteristic shapes and internal structures distinct from typical LLPS droplets. Using soft matter physics theory, this study reveals that they are built as block copolymer micelles, providing a concept that RNPs act as block copolymers. NEAT1_2 RNPs behave as block copolymer and form paraspeckles as micelles.Length of the NEAT1_2 5′ and 3′ terminal domains and transcription rate of NEAT1_2 determine the internal organization, size, number, and shape of the paraspeckle.NEAT1_2 lacking both the 5′ and 3′ terminal domains form large spherical paraspeckles via macroscopic phase separation.RNPs have the potential to form various structures as block copolymer micelles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Electronic gambling machines (EGMs) in gambling venues cause gambling-related harm and are a public health concern. This study focused on pachinko parlours as gambling venues and income-generating crimes as gambling-related harm. We aimed to verify whether income-generating crime rates increase in proximity to pachinko parlours and during the opening and post-closing periods of pachinko parlours relative to the pre-opening periods. Methods: We used crime records spanning 6.5 years, including data on the opening and closing days of pachinko parlours for 6.5 years. We also sampled the addresses of convenience stores, bowling alleys, and households with official land prices all over Japan. The dependent variable was the daily income-generating crime incidence rate. Areas within 0.5 km, 0.5–1 km, 1–5 km, and 5–10 km radii of the pachinko parlours were the independent variables. The pre-, opening-, and post-closing periods of the pachinko parlours were also independent variables. The covariates included the number of convenience stores and always open pachinko parlours near pachinko parlours. Data were analysed using an analysis of variance (ANOVA) and covariance (ANCOVA). We also used differences-in-differences analysis (DD) to reveal the increase in income-generating crime rates in neighbourhoods exposed to the opening or closing of pachinko parlours. Results: The daily income-generating crime incidence rate was significantly higher in areas within 0.5–1 km and 1–5 km radii of pachinko parlours than in those within 0.5 km and 5–10 km radii of them. The daily income-generating crime incidence rate was also significantly higher during the opening and post-closing periods than during the pre-opening period, even when controlling for the number of convenience stores and always open pachinko parlours. In particular, fraud crime rates increased with the opening and closing of pachinko parlours. Conclusions: The highest income-generating crime incidence rate was observed within a 0.5–1 km and 1–5 km radius of pachinko parlours. The opening of pachinko parlours also increased income-generating crime incidence rates, which increased after closing. Pachinko parlours are considered to be creating public harm because the corporate activities of these parlours make the youth in their neighbourhood perpetrators of fraud and older adults its victims. Future research should examine the current findings using official crime records. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Component subsidence is considered as a cause of revision surgery. The talar component subsidence may be a risk factor for revision surgery; however, there are no reports regarding talar component placement and subsidence amount following total ankle arthroplasty (TAA). We therefore investigated the relationship between talar component placement and subsidence amount.Methods: Fifty-two ankles from 49 patients (age: 71 years [range 62-83], 13 male/ 36 female), who underwent TAA with mean follow-up of 36 months (range 12-83), were included. The subjects were divided into two groups based on talar component placement: anterior placement (n = 20, group A) and posterior placement (n = 32, group P) using weight-bearing lateral plain radiographs. The amount of the talar component subsidence and clinical outcomes, which included the Japanese Society for Surgery of the Foot (JSSF) scale, range of the motion (ROM) and the revision rate, were compared between the groups.Results: Talar component subsidence was significantly higher in group A (2.1 ± 2.0 mm) than in group P (0.6 ± 1.4 mm, P = .017). There was no significant difference in the JSSF scale and ROM between group A and group P. The revision rate was 10.0% in group A and 6.3% in group P, albeit not statistically significant.Conclusion: Greater talar component subsidence was observed when the talar component was placed more anteriorly, suggesting that anterior placement of the talar component may need to be avoided during the surgery in order to minimize the postoperative talar component subsidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drug-coated balloon (DCB) treatment for de novo coronary artery disease has demonstrated late lumen enlargement (LLE) in mid-term follow-up and it was considered as clinical benefit; however, its mechanism and the predictive factor remains unclear. This study enrolled 46 consecutive patients (54 lesions) treated with DCB, using intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) at the index procedure and at the 9-month follow-up. We measured IVUS parameters at 1-mm intervals and calculated the mean volume of the external elastic membrane (EEM), lumen, and plaque. We calculated the dissection index (DI) defined as summation of the following points, 2: dissection over EEM, 1: intra-EEM dissection, 0: no dissection at every 1-mm interval, and divided by lesion length. IVUS showed that there was no flow limiting dissection just after DCB treatment, the mean EEM and lumen volume (LV) had significantly increased while mean plaque volume had significantly decreased at 9 months, and 74.1% lesions exhibited LLE. We divided the patients into three groups according to delta mean LV. Mean EEM volume significantly increased and mean plaque volume significantly decreased in the larger and smaller LLE groups, but not in the non-LLE group. The DI was higher in a descending order in the three groups. The multiple regression analysis demonstrated that the DI was the strongest predictor of the change in mean LV. LLE after DCB treatment may be caused by vessel enlargement and plaque regression. The non-flow limiting larger dissection just after DCB treatment may strongly associate with the intending LLE. • Late lumen enlargement (LLE) after DCB treatment contribute to good clinical result. • Significant vessel enlargement and plaque regression were mechanism of LLE. • Dissection without flow limitation may cause the intending LLE after DCB treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

About 10% of aphid species show host alternation. These aphids migrate between primary and secondary host plant species in spring and autumn. Host alternation has not been observed in subfamily Lachninae, although it has been suggested on the basis of circumstantial evidence that Stomaphis japonica (Takahashi) may alternate its host between Quercus serrata (Murray) and Quercus acutissima (Carruth). However, a molecular phylogenetic study has indicated that the Stomaphis individuals feeding on these two plant species belong to two different lineages and aphids feeding on Q. acutissima and Pinus densiflora (Sieb. & Zucc.) belong to the same lineage. Here, we examined host alternation in Stomaphis species by comparing molecular phylogenetic identities, morphological features, and life cycles. The molecular analysis and morphological examination showed that aphids feeding on Q. acutissima were the same as those feeding on P. densiflora , whereas aphids feeding on Q. serrata were different from those feeding on Q. acutissima or on P. densiflora. Furthermore, winged aphids were observed on both Q. acutissima and P. densiflora in autumn, but we did not observe winged aphids on Q. serrata. These results indicate that Stomaphis (Walker) individuals feeding on Q. serrata and Q. acutissima belong to two species, one that feeds year-round on Q. serrata, and another, heteroecious species that feeds on P. densiflora as a primary host and on Q. acutissima as a secondary host. This study documents host alternation in subfamily Lachninae for the first time and discusses the acquisition of host alternation by Stomaphis from evolutionary and ecological perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is not straightforward to prepare a fiber reinforced composite in which reinforcing fibers are dispersed uniformly. The nonuniform distribution of the reinforcing fibers produces nonuniform viscosity of the composite and thus drives the breakup of the filament upon extension. However, this breakup is suppressed when the fiber length is large. By using Bachelor's theory for the viscosity of fiber suspensions, we here theoretically analyze the dynamics of the breakup of a fluid filament due to the nonuniform distribution of reinforcing fibers under uniaxial stretching by the linear order term with respect to the nonuniform component of the number density of centers of gravity of fibers. Our theory predicts that the fracture strain increases logarithmically with increasing the fiber length, corresponding to the linear dependence of the extension ratio at the fracture on the fiber length. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sex-related differences of plantar pressure distribution during activities should be thoroughly inspected as it can help establish treatment and prevention strategies for foot and ankle problems. In-shoe measurement systems are preferable without space and activity restrictions; however, previously reported systems are still heavy and bulky and induce unnatural movement. Therefore, a slim and light plantar pressure sensor was newly developed to detect the effect of sex difference on plantar pressure during standing and walking. Methods: One-hundred healthy adult volunteers (50 women and 50 men) were recruited. Ten plantar pressure sensors were implanted in a 1-mm thick insole, with a total weight of 29 g. Plantar pressure was recorded with 200 Hz during 3 s of standing and while walking 10 steps. The maximum loads during standing and walking were analyzed in each sensor, and the results were compared between different areas of the foot in the antero-posterior direction and the medio-lateral direction and between different time points. The movement of the center of pressure (COP) during walking was also evaluated. Analyses were adjusted for body mass index and gait speed. Results: The movement of COP was constant for both sexes. In all cases, the maximum load was observed on the medial of the foot. Women had a significantly higher peak pressure on the hallux, toes, forefoot, and medial aspect of the foot compared to men while standing and walking (p <.05). Conclusions: A newly introduced in-shoe plantar pressure sensor demonstrated a typical loading transition pattern of the foot. Furthermore, higher plantar pressure in the forefoot was detected in healthy women as compared to men during standing and walking activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Porous carbon hollow particles (PCPHs) are synthesized without any templates. • The synthesized carbon hollow particles have a large specific surface area. • The shell of the PCHPs was composed of amorphous carbon partially crystallized as graphite. Porous carbon hollow particles (PCHPs) have many useful features such as a high specific surface area, large pore volume, and the presence of nanovoids, giving them potential for use in catalyst carriers, supercapacitors, and Li-ion batteries. However, conventional synthesis methods have many problems. In this study, we developed a new method to produce hollow polymer particles that retain their structure after carbonization, without using any templates which need to be removed later. These poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) (Poly(St-DVB)) hollow particles are hyper-cross-linked by Friedel-Crafts alkylation, which prevents collapse during carbonization. The synthesized PCHPs have a large specific surface area, and abundant micropores and macropores derived from their hollow structure. The shell of the PCHPs was found to be composed of amorphous carbon partially crystallized as graphite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Trapezoid fractures are uncommon in sports. We presented a rare case of a trapezoid fracture associated with a scaphoid fracture caused by punching a ball in a football goalkeeper. Case Presentation. A 19-year-old male who played as a football goalkeeper visited our hospital with complaints of sustained pain from the right wrist to the hand after punching a ball. Scaphoid fracture was diagnosed on plain radiographs, whereas trapezoid fracture was overlooked. Computed tomography revealed a displaced trapezoid fracture associated with a scaphoid fracture. Both fractures were successfully treated by open reduction and internal fixation using cannulated screws. Almost complete bone union was achieved at 5 months after surgery. The patient returned to play as a football goalkeeper. Conclusion. The simultaneous occurrence of trapezoid and scaphoid fractures has never been reported. Trapezoid fractures are rare and can be overlooked on plain radiographs, as what happened in the present case, because the trapezoid is small and overlaps with other carpal bones on plain radiographs. If there is sustained pain in the wrist and hand after punching, combined trapezoid and scaphoid fractures should be considered as the possible injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We theoretically analyze carrier transports in an organic field effect transistor that is subjected to mechanical strains. These strains change the density of carriers that are accumulated at the channel by the Maxwell-Wagner mechanism and thus modulate drain currents. These effects of strains are characterized by three parameters α, μ1, and μ2, which represent the changes of the dielectric constant of gate insulators and channel mobilities. These charge density modulations are different from piezoelectric effects, and accumulated charge density depends on both applied gate voltages and applied strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formation mechanism of the shapes of condensed phase domains in monolayers at the air-water interface was investigated taking into account the surface pressure, line tension, and electrostatic energy due to the spontaneous polarization generated in normal and in-plane direction. By deriving the shape equation of monolayer domains as the mechanical balance at the domain boundary, we found that the electrostatic energy contributes to the shape equation as electrostatic Maxwell stress. Development of a cusp from condensed phase domains of fatty acid monolayers, which has been experimentally observed, was analyzed by the shape equation. It was found that the development of a cusp originated from the strong Maxwell stress, which was induced by the non-uniform orientational distribution in the fatty acid domain, and that cusped shapes gave a minimum of the free energy of the domain. It demonstrates that the shape equation with Maxwell stress, which is derived in the present study, is useful to study the formation mechanism of the shapes of condensed phase domains in monolayers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Various antigen‐presenting cells and tumor cells‐expressing PD‐L1 inhibits antitumor immune responses in the tumor microenvironment. Recently, numerous studies have shown that tumor cell intrinsic PD‐L1 also plays important roles in tumor growth and progression. On the other hand, oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells overexpress epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and EGFR signal pathway exacerbates tumor progression. Therefore, this study assessed whether tumor‐intrinsic PD‐L1 facilitates malignant potential of OSCC cells through regulation of EGFR signaling. Methods: Two OSCC cell lines, SAS and HSC‐3, were transfected with PD‐L1 and EGFR‐specific small interfering RNA (siRNA). Influences of PD‐L1 knockdown on malignant potentials of OSCC cells were examined by Cell Counting kit‐8 assay, transwell assay, sphere formation assay, flow cytometry, and Western blot. Effects of PD‐L1 and EGFR knockdown on each expression were examined by quantitative real‐time PCR (qRT‐PCR), Western blot, and flow cytometry. Results: Transfection of an PD‐L1‐siRNA into OSCC cells decreased the abilities of proliferation, stemness, and mobility of these cells significantly. PD‐L1 knockdown also decreased EGFR expression through the promotion of proteasome‐ and lysosome‐mediated degradation and following activation of the EGFR/protekin kinase B (AKT) signal pathway. Meanwhile, EGFR knockdown did not influence PD‐L1 expression in SAS and HSC‐3 cells, but treatment with a recombinant human EGF induced its expression. Treatment with erlotinib and cetuximab suppressed rhEGF‐induced PD‐L1 expression and localization in the cellular membrane of both OSCC cells. Conclusion: OSCC cells‐expressing PD‐L1 induced by EGF stimulation may promote malignancy intrinsically via the activation of the EGFR/AKT signaling cascade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shapes and orientational deformation of a lipid monolayer domain have been analyzed taking into account the surface pressure, line tension, and electrostatic energy due to the spontaneous polarization and electric quadrupole density generated from the domain. The electrostatic energy due to the generation of spontaneous polarization and electric quadrupole density contributes to the formation of orientational deformation as the Frank elastic energy and spontaneous splay, respectively. Since the orientational configuration of the electric quadrupole density and in-plane spontaneous polarization is dependent on the molecular chirality, and the positive splay deformation of electric quadrupole density is induced by the spontaneous splay, the bending direction of in-plane spontaneous polarization depends on the chirality of constituent lipids. The electrostatic energy due to the in-plane spontaneous polarization is dependent on the orientational deformation of in-plane spontaneous polarization, and bends the domain shape towards the bending direction of the in-plane spontaneous polarization. It has been demonstrated that the chiral dependence of the domain shapes of lipid monolayers originated from the chiral dependence of orientational structure due to the electric quadrupole density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chirality of monolayers comprised of banana-shaped achiral molecules at an air-water interface was investigated theoretically, and a forming mechanism of chiral structure as an assembly of achiral molecules was argued. A model of such monolayers was constructed taking into account the short-range repulsive interaction between constituent banana-shaped achiral molecules, and the free energy density functional of the model was derived as a generalization of Williams-Bragg approach. It was predicted that chiral symmetry breaking occurs by monolayer compression, where two-dimensional characteristics of monolayers at an interface plays an important role in the formation of chiral structure by banana-shaped achiral molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drug-coated balloon (DCB) became a potential treatment option for patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS); however, factors associated with target lesion failure (TLF) remain uncertain. This retrospective, multicentre, observational study included consecutive ACS patients who underwent optical coherence tomography (OCT)-guided DCB treatment. Patients were divided into two groups according to the occurrence of TLF, a composite of cardiac death, target vessel-related myocardial infarction, and ischemia-driven target lesion revascularisation. We enrolled 127 patients in this study. During the median follow-up period of 562 (IQR: 342–1164) days, 24 patients (18.9%) experienced TLF, and 103 patients (81.1%) did not. The cumulative 3-year incidence of TLF was 22.0%. The cumulative 3-year incidence of TLF was the lowest in patients with plaque erosion (PE) (7.5%), followed by those with rupture (PR) (26.1%) and calcified nodule (CN) (43.5%). Multivariable Cox regression analysis revealed that plaque morphology was independently associated with TLF on pre-PCI (percutaneous coronary intervention) OCT, and residual thrombus burden (TB) was positively associated with TLF on post-PCI OCT. Further stratification by post-PCI TB revealed a comparable incidence of TLF in patients with PR (4.2%) to that of PE if the culprit lesion had a smaller post-PCI TB than the cut-off value (8.4%). TLF incidence was high in patients with CN, regardless of TB size on post-PCI OCT. Plaque morphology was strongly associated with TLF for ACS patients after DCB treatment. Residual TB post-PCI might be a key determinant for TLF, especially in patients with PR. • DCB is an option for specific lesion subsets in patients with ACS. • Potential difficulties exist with angiography-based patient and lesion selection. • Plaque morphology and residual TB may enable risk stratification. • DCB could be considered an effective treatment for patients with PE. • Stent implantation may be preferred if the residual TB is large in lesions with PR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flexoelectric effect of 4-heptyloxy-4′-cyanobiphenyl (7OCB) monolayers at the air-water interface is studied by Maxwell displacement current (MDC) and optical second harmonic generation measurements. Though MDC was expected to increase during the compression of 7OCB monolayers in L2/L2′ phase from the MDC theory developed previously, decrease of MDC was detected in these phases. This abnormalous phenomenon is found to be due to the quench of flexoelectric effect by the flow orientation of monolayers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we propose an ultrasonic inspection technique for detecting disbonds in adhesively bonded carbon fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRP)/aluminum joints using pulsed laser scanning. A specimen with artificially induced square disbonds was scanned by a pulsed laser for ultrasound generation, and the propagating waves were received by a transducer placed on its surface. A series of images of the traveling waves were obtained by processing the received signals. An initial, quick inspection was performed using low-frequency Lamb waves. Changes in the propagation of the Lamb waves were observed at the disbond regions, and disbonds larger than 5 × 5 mm² were successfully detected. A second, detailed inspection of the detected disbond regions was performed using the high-frequency through-transmission ultrasonic method. The shape of the disbond was precisely imaged, and the evaluated size of the disbond matched well with the actual size. We thus demonstrated the efficiency and the feasibility of the proposed technique for the inspection of adhesively bonded CFRP/Al joints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • The hydration layers by PNVA on polystyrene core contribute to the colloidal stability. • Sol-gel reaction using TEOS proceeded effectively on PNVA layers on polystyrene core. • Highly monodispersed core-shell particles were synthesized environmental-friendly. Abstract Polystyrene@silica particles were produced through soap-free emulsion polymerization (SFEP) of styrene and N -vinylacetamide (NVA) via the sol-gel reactions of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) on polymer particle surfaces. Different amounts of NVA were used to prepare polystyrene particles using the SFEP process. The particles covered with poly-NVA then underwent the Stöber process to form an outer silica shell. NVA was found to stabilize the polymer colloids and improve their stability by steric effects, even after the positive charge on the polymer surface was partially neutralized by the electrostatically adsorbed TEOS, which tends to induce particle aggregation. Further, the –NH functional groups on NVA catalyzed the hydrolysis of TEOS in the sol-gel reaction to form silica. Consequently, small, monodisperse, and stable core-shell particles were formed despite having a low zeta potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose of review: To trace the influence of disc hemorrhage studies on our understanding of glaucoma.Sources: Major articles published during the last 50 years since the rediscovery of disc hemorrhage were identified. A total of 196 articles were selected from 435 articles retrieved using the keywords glaucoma and disc hemorrhage as of August 9 2018 from PubMed.Recent findings: The main characteristics of disc hemorrhage, including its morphology, recurrence rate, duration, increased incidence in glaucoma, and role in the progression of normal tension glaucoma was well understood by the year 2000. Since then, studies have focused on more sophisticated and accurate methods of elucidating both structural and functional progression, with special attention to the role of the lamina cribrosa. Nevertheless, both the mechanism of disc hemorrhage development and its fuller relationship with glaucoma remain unclear.Summary: Disc hemorrhage research requires careful study of glaucomatous optic neuropathy. This has been facilitated by recent advances in optical coherence tomography (OCT) angiography and other OCT technologies. Furthermore, animal studies of disc hemorrhage promise new insights into glaucomatous optic neuropathy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Negative charged polymers were not toxic against Micrococcus luteus. • PMMA was not toxic against Micrococcus luteus. • Positive polystyrene particle with size > 100 nm was not toxic against Micrococcus luteus. • Positive charged polystyrene with molecular weight < 1000 was toxic against Micrococcus luteus. Abstract To evaluate the influence of low molecular weight polymers synthesized through soap-free emulsion polymerization on the indicator microorganism, Micrococcus luteus , methyl methacrylate (MMA) and styrene were polymerized by using various initiators. The MMA polymer colloid was not toxic to M. luteus. High volumes of polystyrene were continuously synthesized, and low-molecular weight polystyrenes were removed from the suspension to the supernatant. During the bioassay test, as the molecular weight of the cationic polystyrene in the supernatant decreased, the inhibition zone against M. luteus grew larger. Low molecular weight cationic polystyrene was toxic to M. luteus. Hence, the supernatant containing low molecular weight cationic polystyrenes (particularly those with molecular weights below 1000 g/mol) obtained from soap-free emulsion polymerization should be treated carefully prior to its discharge to the environment. Moreover, such supernatants should be treated with more care if they are to be discharged into seas or rivers. One solution to reduce the toxicity of the supernatant against M. luteus is the addition of N -vinylacetamide monomers during polymerization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Abstract Polymer colloids have been used to modify the surface of carbon nanofibers (CNFs), to enhance the mechanical properties of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) resin/CNF nanocomposite materials prepared by the solution casting method. However, the CNFs showed uneven dispersal within, and adhesion to, the PVA resin. In this study, the colloidal technique using polymer particles was applied to achieve more uniform dispersion of CNFs in PVA resin. This results in the polymeric particles functioning as spacers, thereby inhibiting CNF clustering; and in hydrogen bonding between PVA and polymer particles, thereby increasing surface adhesion between CNF and PVA. Polymer colloids prepared by the emulsion polymerization of styrene and N -vinylacetamide showed particularly notable enhancements of dispersion and surface adhesion in the composites. Consequently, PVA composite film containing uniformly distributed CNFs showed significantly enhanced tensile strength and modulus even at CNF mass fraction of 5.0 wt%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To synthesize polystyrene-silica core-shell particles and silica hollow particles, soap-free emulsion polymerization was carried out using styrene and N -vinylacetamide (NVA), and the Stöber method using tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) was performed on the polymer particle surfaces. Here, NVA acts as a stabilizer for the polymer colloids, maintaining dispersion stability by synthesizing hydration layers even when the electrostatic adsorption of TEOS had occurred, and as a catalyst for the sol-gel reaction. NVA was polymerized by the cationic initiator located on the surface of the polystyrene particles to maintain dispersion stability by a steric effect. Therefore, the sol-gel reactions proceeded more efficiently on the surface of polymer particles, facilitated by the much larger surface area. Finally, the polymer core was removed by heating to prepare highly monodisperse silica hollow particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A reproducible process for fabricating Ba[sub 1-x]K[sub x]BiO[sub 3]/Nb-doped SrTiO[sub 3] (BKBO/STNO) all-oxide-type Schottky junctions has been established, and the electrical properties of the junctions have been investigated at room temperature. Improving the STNO surface conditions by high-temperature oxygen-annealing made it possible to fabricate junctions with good rectification properties. The current-voltage characteristics of the junctions were explained by conventional thermionic emission theory. Anomalous capacitance-voltage characteristics of the junctions were observed and were analyzed with a model taking into account the electric-field-dependent permittivity of STNO and the presence of the interfacial layer. The potential barrier profile of the BKBO/STNO interface was calculated and it can be concluded that this model quantitatively explains the capacitance-voltage characteristics. © 1997 American Institute of Physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Palladium‐catalyzed amination of aryl(haloaryl)amines with 9H‐carbazole derivatives was investigated. In the amination of (4‐bromophenyl)phenylamine with 9H‐carbazole by the use of Pd2(dba)3/PtBu3/NaOtBu catalyst, the main product was desired 9‐[4‐(phenylamino)phenyl]‐9H‐carbazole in 60% yield with conversion of (4‐bromophenyl)phenylamine >99%, and the concomitant formation of 9‐[4‐[phenyl[4‐(phenylamino)phenyl]amino]phenyl]‐9H‐carbazole (15% yield), which is the consecutive by‐product, was observed. When XPhos was used instead of PtBu3, the desired product was provided in 81% yield and the consecutive by‐product was suppressed to 7.7%. The yield of the desired product reached 98% by the use of tBu‐XPhos. Such excellent yields of the desired product were also obtained with other 2‐di‐tert‐butyl‐ or 2‐di(1‐adamantyl)phosphino‐1,1’‐biaryls. Various 9‐(arylamino)aryl‐9H‐carbazoles could be synthesized from aryl(haloaryl)amines and 9H‐carbazole derivatives in high yields by the use of tBu‐XPhos. The amination of 4‐bromotoluene with a mixture of diphenylamine and 9H‐carbazole gave only 9‐o‐tolyl‐9H‐carbazole with tBu‐XPhos, while the use of PtBu3 or XPhos afforded the mixture of 9‐o‐tolyl‐9H‐carbazole and diphenyl(o‐tolyl)amine, indicating that Pd2(dba)3/tBu‐XPhos/NaOtBu catalyst high selectively favors 9H‐carbazole over diphenylamine as an amination substrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of the surface properties of silica particles on the classification performance of a dry-cyclone. As a result, it was clear that the separation force between the surface of particle and the silicon was decreased by the AFM measurement when the surface of the silica particles could be modified with ethanol or acetone treatment. Fine particles in the original silica particles with the treatments were easily collected by the filter in a dry-cyclone system; hence, the particle classification performance was enhanced. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

To enhance the interfacial adhesion between carbon fiber and thermoplastic resin, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) particles were adsorbed on the carbon fiber. It was found that positively charged PMMA particles were readily adsorbed on the carbon fiber, and the interfacial shear strength between the modified carbon fiber and the resin was enhanced. In addition, the interaction between the carbon fiber coated with particles to the PMMA resin would be improved, and the surface adhesion between them was strengthened. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, composite materials were fabricated using the thermoplastic resin poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and recycled carbon fibers obtained by pulverizing carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP). PMMA particles were adsorbed on the carbon fiber surfaces via electrostatic interactions, to promote the interfacial adhesion between the carbon fibers and the PMMA resin and thereby improve the dispersion of the fibers in the resin. This enhanced the mechanical properties of the composites; the yield stress and elastic modulus of the composite. As a result, the yield stress and elastic modulus of the composite improved owing to the prevention of void formation in the composite resulting from the chemical incompatibility between the filler and the resin and better dispersion of the PMMA-adsorbed carbon fibers in the resin compared to that in the unmodified fibers. This method can be applied to fabricate high-quality composites consisting of a combination of other resins and fillers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, a method for synthesizing composite polymer particles with multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was developed, and the particles’ mechanical properties were evaluated. First, the surfaces of MWCNTs were modified by acids to increase their hydrophilicity, resulting in surface-active MWCNTs. Then, a Pickering emulsion was formed using liquid benzyl methacrylate monomer and the surface-active MWCNTs. The surface charge of the surface-active MWCNTs greatly influenced the surface coverage and size of the composite particles. Furthermore, when untreated MWCNTs were added to the monomer phase, surface coverage of the resulting particles was enhanced because MWCNTs on the surface of the particles interacted with MWCNTs incorporated inside the particles, thus preventing the surface-active MWCNTs on the surface from being released into the bulk. As a result, the mechanical properties of the composite polymer particles were successfully improved because the incorporated MWCNTs worked well as fillers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. To investigate the impact of topically administered ophthalmic medications on the onset and severity of bleb-related infections. Methods. Data obtained from 104 eyes of 104 patients with bleb-related infections were analyzed. We assigned an infection stage to each eye (stage 1–4) and analyzed the onset severity. Results. Steroids and antibiotics were routinely administered to 13 (12.5%) and 42 (40.4%) eyes, respectively. The median stage of steroid-administered eyes was 3 versus 1 for eyes without steroid administration (P=0.012). The median duration from surgery to infection for the steroid-administered eyes was 2.0 years versus 5.8 years for eyes without steroid administration (P=0.030). The median duration from surgery to infection for the antibiotic-administered eyes was 6.4 years versus 3.9 years for eyes without antibiotic administration (P=0.025). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that infections were severe in the steroid-administered eyes (odds ratio: 4.57). No infections developed within 16 weeks postoperatively. No relationship was detected between sodium hyaluronate and the analyzed factors. Conclusions. Topical steroid administration beyond the immediate postoperative period may affect severe and earlier onset bleb-related infections. Conversely, topical antibiotic administration may be effective in suppressing earlier onset bleb-related infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although a rerupture after surgical clipping of ruptured intracranial aneurysms is rare, it is associated with high morbidity and mortality. The causes for retreatment and rupture after surgical clipping are not clearly defined. Methods: From a prospectively maintained database of 244 patients who had undergone surgical clipping of ruptured intracranial aneurysms, we selected patients who experienced retreatment or rerupture within 30 days after surgical clipping. Aneurysm occlusions were examined by microvascular Doppler ultrasonography and indocyanine green video-angiography. Indications for retreatment included rerupture and partial occlusion. We analyzed the characteristics and causes of early retreatment. Results: Six patients (2.5%, 95% CI 0.9 to 5.3%) were retreated within 30 days after surgical clipping, including two patients (0.8%, 95% CI 0.1 to 2.9%) who experienced a rerupture. The retreated aneurysms were found in the anterior communicating artery (AcomA) ( n = 5) and basilar artery ( n = 1). Retreatment of the AcomA (7.5%) was performed significantly more frequently than that of other arteries (0.56%) ( p < 0.01). A laterally projected AcomA aneurysm (17.4%) was more frequently retreated than were other aneurysm types (2.3%). Cases of laterally projecting AcomA aneurysms tended to result from an incomplete clip placed using a pterional approach from the opposite side of the aneurysm projection. Conclusions: Despite developments, the rates of retreatment and rerupture after surgical clipping remain similar to those reported previously. Retreatment of the AcomA was significantly more frequent than was retreatment of other arteries. Patients underwent retreatment more frequently when they were originally treated for lateral type aneurysms using a pterional approach from the opposite side of the aneurysm projection. The treatment method and evaluation modalities should be considered carefully for AcomA aneurysms in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of oil-soluble initiators, VF-096, might work as cross-linker. This initiator would enable to synthesize the particle with cross-linking, which was involved with the particle morphology. Soap-free emulsion polymerization of styrene using this initiator was carried out to develop the method to control the particle morphology in one batch system. As a result, it was found that anomalous particle was generated without stirring and the particle morphology changed to be spherical by increasing shear stress through the stirring. One of the origins of the anomalous particle was the phase separation of the water in the particle and release of it from inside of the particle to the bulk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]