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Amylases are pivotal enzymes with extensive industrial applications, including food processing, textile manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, and biofuel production. Traditional methods for enhancing amylase production in microbial strains often lack precision and efficiency. The advent of CRISPR/Cas9 technology has revolutionized genetic engineering, offering precise and targeted modifications to microbial genomes. This review explores the potential of CRISPR/Cas9 for improving amylase production, highlighting its advantages over conventional methods. This review discusses the mechanism of CRISPR/Cas9, the identification and targeting of key genes involved in amylase synthesis and regulation, and the optimization of expression systems. Additionally, current review examines case studies demonstrating successful CRISPR/Cas9 applications in various microbial hosts. The review also delves into the integration of CRISPR/Cas9 in wastewater treatment, where genetically engineered amylolytic strains enhance the degradation of complex organic pollutants. Despite the promising prospects, challenges such as off-target effects and regulatory considerations remain. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current advancements, challenges, and future directions in the application of CRISPR/Cas9 technology for amylase production and environmental biotechnology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT It has been observed that the agriculture sector has picked exponential growth with the help of the integration of advanced technology like wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the Internet of Things (IoT), and machine learning (ML). They have not only created new opportunities but also boosted the efficiency and productivity in the sector. Out of so many significant hurdles, accurately pinpointing the positions of the sensor nodes and agricultural assets like crops, livestock, and machinery within the field is one major challenge. Merging ML with a WSN‐assisted IoT (WIoT) network has offered a promising solution to overcome the localization challenge for smart agriculture. This integration will greatly benefit agricultural practices, such as precision agriculture, fast decision‐making, accurate positioning of sensor nodes, monitoring, and managing real‐time data effectively. This paper comprehensively discusses state‐of‐the‐art techniques and methodologies employed in localization within WIoT networks for smart agriculture. It explores various ML algorithms, which include reinforcement learning, supervised learning, and unsupervised learning, to perform the localization activity precisely. Moreover, it explores how fusion technologies like WSN, IoT, ML, and sensors will enhance localization accuracy and reliability in various agriculture activities. Additionally, the paper discusses the application of localization in the agriculture sector, such as crop monitoring, livestock management, precision agriculture, environmental conditions, and crop monitoring. It also discusses the challenges and obstacles in the path domain of various evaluation parameters like energy efficiency, scalability, and robustness, along with research and societal implications. Overall, the paper provides valuable guidance and outlines potential directions for future research in ML‐driven localization in WIoT for smart agriculture, offering a clear roadmap for researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: Uterine artery embolization demonstrated significant efficacy in the treatment of utero‐cervical cancer. This minimally invasive procedure holds promise as a valuable adjunct therapy, potentially offering improved outcomes and reduced morbidity in select cases. Further research is warranted to validate its broader clinical utility. Vaginal bleeding is a common complication of Cervical cancer that can be considered a critical emergency. Conventional hemostatic treatments may occasionally help reduce the bleeding but are not an effective long‐term solution. Uterine Artery Embolization, a minimally invasive intervention, can halt the bleeding, achieving hemostasis, while removing many of the complications that alternative interventions carry. We outline a case study of a patient with extensive vaginal bleeding who had uterocervical malignancy and talk about the benefits of uterine artery embolisation for therapeutic management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, NdFeO3 (NFO), Nd(0.9)Ba(0.1)FeO3 (NBFO), NdFe(0.9)Mn(0.1)O3 (NFMO) and Nd(0.9)Ba(0.1)Fe(0.9)Mn(0.1)O3 (NBFMO) were successfully synthesized using citrate sol–gel chemical route. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns confirm the formation of orthorhombic perovskite structure with space group Pbnm and are further complemented by the Rietveld refinement. Scherrer's formula as well as Williamson–Hall (W–H) plot was used to calculate average crystallite size of the prepared samples. Further, morphological investigations were carried out using SEM imaging and EDX spectroscopy. Dielectric properties including frequency dependence of dielectric permittivity (ε), tangent loss (tan δ) and electrical conductivity (σ) of all the samples were analysed at different temperature ranges from 300 to 623 K over a frequency range from 100 Hz to 1 MHz. It was found that the ε decreases with the increase in frequency. Optical properties were investigated using the UV–visible spectroscopy and the Tauc's plot was employed on the absorbance spectra for calculating the energy band gap. It was found that the band gap decreases as the dopants are inserted in the lattice of NFO. Magneto-dielectric properties were analysed by using varying magnetic field from 0 to 2 T. These samples could serve as the properties of materials with potential applications in logic gate, data storage, switches and sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sol–gel synthesis method was employed to fabricate nanocomposites of (Dy, Hf) co-doped 0.8BiFeO3–0.2CaTiO3 (Bi0.75Dy0.05Fe0.80O3–Ca0.20Ti0.18Hf0.02O3/BDyFO–CTHfO composite). Structural analysis, utilizing X-ray diffraction and Rietveld refinement with Fullprof software, confirmed a rhombohedral structure with space group R3c and an orthorhombic structure with Pnma space group. Particle size determined through Scherrer's formula was ~15 nm. FESEM studies revealed irregular and slightly dense inhomogeneous grains. Dielectric permittivity (ε) and tangent loss (tan δ) were investigated as functions of frequency from 100 Hz to 1 MHz at different temperatures ranging from 303 to 663 K. The dielectric dispersion behaviour was attributed to Maxwell–Wagner-type polarization, with a notable anomaly in dielectric permittivity observed near the magnetic phase transition temperature (TN ~ 643 K) of BiFeO3. Frequency-dependent ac conductivity exhibited low-frequency dispersion following Jonscher's power law. Presence of ferroelectricity was confirmed by the polarization–electric field (PE) loop. Magneto-dielectric characteristics were assessed in a frequency range of 100 Hz–1 MHz under a magnetic field of 0–2 Tesla. Impedance spectroscopy highlighted electrical properties, distinguishing grain and grain boundary contributions via Nyquist plot with respect to the magnetic field. The BDyFO–CTHfO composite demonstrated significant absorption and ~ 25% transmittance in the visible spectrum. The material exhibited a band gap (Eg) of 1.97 eV, suggesting potential applications in ultrafast optoelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study employed sol–gel technique to synthesize CuOx-ZnO1-x nanocomposites with varying concentrations of CuO (x = 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00). The resulting samples were analysed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) to confirm the presence of hexagonal wurtzite ZnO and monoclinic CuO phases. Scherrer's formula and W–H plot were used to determine crystallite size and microstrain, revealing a reduction in crystallite size from 37 to 23 nm with increasing CuO concentration. Optical analysis showed a visible spectrum absorbance and a decreasing optical band gap from 3.25 to 1.54 eV with higher CuO concentrations, impacting photovoltaic and optoelectronic applications. Dielectric studies demonstrated Maxwell–Wagner interfacial polarization across a frequency range (100 Hz–1 MHz) and temperatures (303–573 K), while AC conductivity exhibited low-frequency dispersion revealing enhanced properties with CuO addition. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into CuO-induced modifications in ZnO nanostructures, informing the design of materials with enhanced optical and electrical properties for advanced optoelectronic technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the motion of charged test particle, moving in the outermost layer of a heterogeneous body (taken as first primary) filled with incompressible homogeneous viscous fluid and second primary is taken as point mass, whereas both the primaries are assumed to be charged. We compute the equations of motion of test particle (the third body) and stationary points (circular, axial and out-of-plane stationary points). And also, the stability of stationary points is examined utilizing characteristics equations and Routh–Hurwitz criterion. In addition to this, the numerical analysis of stationary points and their stability are worked out for different values of parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study involves the synthesis of CuO–ZnO nanocomposites with varying Sb doping levels (0%, 2.5%, and 5%) through a facile sol-gel process. Structural analysis via X-ray diffraction confirmed the presence of ZnO's hexagonal wurtzite phase and CuO's monoclinic phase in all samples, indicating reduced crystallinity due to doping. The average crystallite size was determined using Scherrer's formula, revealing a decrease in size with doping (33 nm, 31 nm, and 30 nm for 0%, 2.5%, and 5% Sb, respectively). Morphology and chemical composition were assessed using field emission scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The optical bandgap of the Sb-doped CuO–ZnO nanocomposites was determined using a Tauc plot, resulting in values of 2.48 eV, 2.39 eV, and 2.32 eV for dopant concentrations of 0%, 2.5%, and 5%, respectively. Dielectric permittivity and tangent loss were studied across the frequency range of 100 Hz to 1 MHz at different temperatures ranging from 303 K to 723 K measured between 100 Hz and 1 MHz frequency, revealing Maxwell-Wagner-type interfacial polarization. The dielectric permittivity data reveal anomalous behavior near 673 K, shifting with doping, and is explained by thermal ionization and relaxation mechanisms. The ac conductivity, which varies with frequency, demonstrates low-frequency dispersion and is effectively described by Jonscher's power law aligned with the dielectric analysis. Magneto-dielectric measurements showed a positive effect for permittivity and a negative effect for tangent loss, which may be caused by the changes in dipole alignment. The magneto-dielectric effect was further explored by analyzing the impact of magnetic fields (0–1.5 T) on impedance spectroscopy. Nyquist plots obtained at various magnetic fields were fitted using parallel combinations of resistance-capacitor circuits. These plots were then employed to estimate the contributions of both grains and grain boundaries. Overall, the findings from this study provide a foundation for the development of multifunctional materials with tailored properties for a wide range of optoelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A graphene quantum dot (GQD)-decorated ZnFe2O4 hybrid nanocomposite [GQD-ZHN] was synthesized using the sol–gel technique. In the X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, a cubic spinel structure was identified with the space group Fd-3 m. Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis revealed the vibration bands of the samples, while the existence of GQDs in GQD-ZHN was confirmed by the Raman spectra. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) provided insights into the microstructural morphological topology of the surface. The dielectric properties of GQD-ZHN were analysed with respect to their dependence on frequency and temperature and explained by Maxwell–Wagner-type polarization. The frequency-dependent ac conductivity (σac) followed Jonscher's power law and investigated the dynamics of ion hopping in GQD-ZHN. Impedance and modulus spectroscopy were used to further evaluate electrical characteristics such as relaxation time (τ). Nyquist plots have been used to estimate grain and grain boundary contributions. The GQD-ZHN exhibited superparamagnetic properties at room temperature. At room temperature, GQD-ZHN exhibited a strong magneto-dielectric coupling (MD) and showed negative magneto-dielectric properties in low-frequency regions. These properties of GQD-ZHN enable it to be used as a potential application in microelectronic systems, spintronics and memory devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CaCu3Ti4O12 (CCTO), LaFeO3 (LFO) and YFe0.5Cr0.5O3 (YFCO) were synthesized via conventional sol–gel auto–combustion method using citric acid as gelling agent. The X‐ray diffraction analysis revealed the phase purity of the samples. The energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX) analysis confirms the stoichiometry of the pristine phases. The average particle size obtained from the field emission Scanning electron microscopy (FE−SEM) images revealed that CaCu3Ti4O12 exhibits a broad range of particle size starting from a couple of hundreds of nanometer to micrometer, whereas that for LaFeO3 and YFe0.5Cr0.5O3 are about 110 nm and 50 nm, respectively. We have fabricated the new composites: CCTO–LFO, CCTO–YFCO and LFO–YFCO. The grain sizes of the composite phases are consistent with the pristine phases as they are prepared by at lower sintering temperatures and duration. The dielectric properties of these ceramic composites were compared to those of the pristine phases. The temperature and frequency dependent dielectric measurements reveal a wide range of dielectric constant with moderate tan δ values. The temperature dependent dielectric constant of the investigated samples varies from 100 to 1500 at room temperature and the data have been analyzed using universal dielectric response (UDR) model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CaCu3Ti4O12 (CCTO) nanomaterials were synthesized using the low-cost facile sol-gel technique. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns confirmed the cubic structure of the prepared sample. Scherrer's formula and the W-H (Williamson-Hall) plot was used to calculated the average crystallite size of the prepared sample and it was found to be 27 nm and 31.3 nm, respectively, while the strain created in the lattice is 5.008 × 10−4. Based on the absorbance plot, the band-gap (Eg) of the sample was determined using Tauc's plot and it was found out to be 2.74 eV. The frequency dependence of dielectric permittivity (ε) and tangent loss (tan δ) of CCTO was analyzed at different temperature range from 300 K to 663 K over a frequency range from 10 Hz to 1 MHz. ε and tan δ decrease monotonically in entire frequency range and an anomalous frequency-dependent behavior was observed at different temperatures. High ε (in the range of 104) was found out at lower frequency range. Electrical conductivity was also analyzed in range of frequencies and temperature, it was found out that in higher region of frequency conductivity slightly increases. The room temperature values of ε, tanδ and conductivity was 7.5 × 103, 1.5 and 0.4 × 10−5 Ω−1 m−1, respectively. The reduction in Eg is achieved which was the major concern in this work. Furthermore, we have extensively studied the ε along with tan δ and ac conductivity for electronic application usage. According to these observations, CCTO is particularly prepared so that it could be suitable for microelectronic applications due to its high ε and low tan δ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cobalt disulfide (CoS2) is a highly sophisticated metal chalcogenide that has garnered significant attention due to its distinctive properties such as its electrical, optical, catalytic, and magnetic capabilities and potential for use in a range of applications. In this work, pure CoS2 nanoparticles were synthesized using the economical and facile hydrothermal method. The X-Ray diffraction (XRD) method was used to characterize the synthesized sample, confirming that it has a cubic crystal structure with space group P a −3. The Debye-Scherrer's formula was implemented to determine the average crystallite size of nanoparticles and found to be 24.24 nm. Through the use of Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), the morphology and effective grain size of the obtained sample was determined. FTIR spectrophotometry was used to examine the vibrational stretching of the various bonds in CoS2. UV-Vis spectroscopy is employed to measure the optical property of the sample. The optical bandgap calculated from the Tauc Plot is around 1.90 eV reflecting the presence of photovoltaic properties in the sample. The change in dielectric permittivity and loss have been observed for the sample in the frequency range of 100 Hz to 10KHz at different temperatures between 303K and 423K. The frequency-dependent electrical conductivity of CoS2 is also explained. The observations revealed the presence of unique electrical and structural properties in the synthesized sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The CaSn0.95Mn0.05O3 (CSMO) was produced by using the sol-gel wet chemical process. The structural composition was examined using an X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern, and the presence of an orthorhombic structure with the space group Pbnm was confirmed by Rietveld refinement. At different temperatures between 300 K and 773 K, the dielectric permittivity (ε), tangent losses (tanδ), and electrical conductivity of CSMO has been measured as a function of frequency from 100 Hz to 1 MHz.Dielectric permittivity (ε) is found to be independent of temperature up to 400K and very low tangent loss. Jonscher's power law in the material's frequency-dependent ac conductivity shows its semiconductor nature. Optical band gap of CSMO was observed by using UV-vis.absorption spectra. The optical band gap of CSMO, which was determined using Tauc plot measurements to be 2.42 eV, suggests that the sample is a semiconductor. The Arrhenius model is employed to perform an analysis of the dc conductivity of the material concerning both frequency and temperature. As a result of its semiconductivity, stable dielectric constant, and low tangent loss, CSMO is a suitable material for thermally stable capacitors, semiconductor devices, UV filter and UV detectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sol-gel method is used to synthesize the Bi0.90Dy0.10FeO3-BaTi0.95Hf0.05O3 (BDyFO-BTHfO composite) multiferroic composite material. The structural formation was examined utilizing an X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern preceded by Rietveld refinement utilizing the FULLPROF programme to confirm the presence of tetragonal and partially rhombohedral structures having space group P4mm and R3c, respectively. The dielectric characteristics of the BDyFO-BTHfO composite have been measured with respect to frequency (100 Hz to 1 MHz) and temperature (RT to 663K). Dielectric permittivity (ε) shows low-frequency dispersion which can be addressed by Maxwell-Wanger-type interfacial polarization. The synthesized composite material exhibits a negative magneto-dielectric (MD) effect when a magnetic field is operated (0.0 T to 2.0 T) and the obtained values are −9.61% and −19.68% for the ε and tanδ, respectively, at 1 kHz. The contribution of the grains, grain boundaries and electrode effects on the resistive characteristics of the samples was evaluated using comprehensive impedance spectroscopy using a Nyquist plot. The band gap (Eg) absorption of the synthesized sample was determined using Tauc's formula and found to be 2.05 eV. The BDyFO-BTHfO composite has improved magneto-dielectric, magneto impedance, and optical properties that support their potential usage in microelectronics, energy storage devices, and optoelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon quantum dots doped ZnFe2O4 Spinel Ferrite, that is, CQD-ZSF hybrid nanocomposite was thrivingly synthesised exploiting sol-gel based synthesis technique. Structural assessment supports Fd-3m space group with cubic spinel structure with mean size of 10.33 nm as obtained from Scherrer formula. Raman spectra confirmed the existence of CQD in ZSF. The samples contained a variety of vibration bands, according to the FT-IR analysis. The dielectric permittivity (ε) and tangent losses (tan δ) was conducted with frequency from 100 Hz to 1 MHz range at different temperatures ranging from 300 to 773 K. It was found that ε as well as tan δ receded monotonously with extending frequency. This information reveals a space or interfacial dipolar relaxation phenomenon. The electrical properties and the ion hopping dynamics were probed with the assistance of an AC-electrical conductivity (σac) analysis. Frequency-dependent σac heeded Jonscher's law of power. The advent of arcs semicircular by nature in cole-cole plot indicates cloud of electronic process occurring within sample. At 300 K, by applying an external magnetic field varying till 1.5 Tesla magnetic field, the magneto-dielectric effects of the sample were measured by obtaining ε and tan δ versus frequency values displaying negative ML% (magneto-loss) and MD% (magneto-dielectric) coupling of −32.57% and −58.13%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arthrocentesis is a minimally invasive technique used in treating various temporomandibular disorders. There are various lavaging agents and intra-articular injections used in arthrocentesis viz., Normal Saline (NS), Ringer's Lactate (RL), Sodium Hyaluronate (SH), Platelet-rich Plasma (PRP), Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) etc. The present review was conducted to compare the published literature about the efficacy of various lavaging agents and intra-articular injections used in arthrocentesis. It was found that NS and RL are currently the best proven agents for Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) lavage. It has been observed that lavage combined with intra-articular injections produces better outcomes than lavage alone. Patients who received treatment with arthrocentesis in conjunction with Hylauronic Acid (HA) injection, displayed faster and more noticeable improvement in their perception of pain and maximal mouth opening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dynamic wetting of complex fluids is an integral component of several industrial operations ranging from surface coatings to the modern 3D printing. This multifaceted interfacial phenomenon has been reviewed in the past decades either from the perspective of the solid or the fluid. However, it is fundamentally governed by the interfacial interactions between the solid and fluid. In this mini-review, we attempt to propose a general framework for studying the contact line dynamics of complex fluids that is inclusive of these interfacial interactions stemming from solid properties, fluid properties and the macroscopic flow geometry. We critically examine two interfacial phenomena involving complex fluids—spreading/wetting of blood and polymers exhibiting rod-climbing to unveil the existing scientific challenges in the domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In recent years, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been widely used in various applications. The localization problem has been identified as one of the biggest problems faced by WSNs. The traditional localization techniques may not be able to handle the issues during the scenario to estimate the location of sensor nodes due to anchor mobility, mobile WSNs, latency, energy harvesting, unfavorable environmental states, and many more issues. However, these issues open the door for the amalgamation of machine learning (ML) and optimization techniques with localization techniques. Motivated by the earlier discussion, we explored various ML and optimization techniques to estimate the location coordinates in a sensor network in this paper. Finally, a comparison of existing ML algorithms concerning optimization techniques has been presented, highlighting their improved outcomes. This research offers a detailed survey by exploring the various parameters for location estimation through tabular forms by incorporating ML and optimized localization techniques. A survey of surveys is also presented to identify the key limitations of existing surveys and to introduce the novelty in the comprehensive study done in this paper. A year‐wise evaluation of ML Techniques with localization (2011–2022) is also discussed and presented over various performance parameters, including energy‐efficiency, accuracy, error, and complexity. This discussion concluded that Hybrid Techniques are least explored for using optimized localization machine learning. Further, a summarized discussion of the various comparison tables paves the path for future research in the area of localization in WSN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, direct C–H arylation has become a preferred tool for biaryl coupling over traditional cross-coupling methods owing to its operationally simple protocol, inherent atom and step economy, and reduced metallic waste. Several elegant methods have been developed that offer the facile transformation of usually inert Csp2 –H bonds into Csp2 –Csp2 bonds in a single synthetic operation. Despite many merits, a major drawback to this chemistry comes from the low reactivity of aryl C–H bonds, which often mandate harsh reaction conditions compromising sustainability. Hence, developing reaction protocols that require milder conditions has become an important goal in this area of research. This review article comprehensively highlights the synthesis and mechanistic aspects of direct C–H arylation reactions, which proceed at or below room temperature. 1 Introduction 2 Concepts and Examples 2.1 Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Procedures 2.1.1 Pd Catalysis 2.1.2 Other Metal-Based Procedures 2.1.3 Additive-Free Procedures 2.2 Direct Arylation Polymerization 2.3 Photocatalyzed Procedures 2.3.1 Organometallic C–H-Activation-Based Procedures 2.3.2 Radical-Addition-Based Procedures 2.4 Transition-Metal-Free Procedures 2.4.1 Base-Mediated Procedures 2.4.2 Iodonium- and Diazonium-Salt-Based Procedures 2.5 Electrocatalyzed Procedures 3 Summary and Outlook [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Node localization technology can identify and track nodes, making observing data more relevant; for example, information received at the sink node would be useless to the client if node localization data from the sensor region were not included. Localization is described as determining the location of unknown sensor nodes named destination nodes applying the recognized location of anchor nodes based on measurements such as time difference of occurrence, time of occurrence, angle of occurrence, triangulation, and maximum probability. The purpose of node localization is to assign coordinates points to all sensor nodes arbitrarily put in the monitoring region and have an unknown location. Localization of nodes is essential to account for the cause of events that help group sensor querying, routing, and network coverage. In this paper, data transmission among the nodes is done by comparing the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) value with the supervised learning value. If the RSSI value is less than the supervised learning value, the data transmission takes place; else, no transmission. This paper proposes a hybrid localization scheme that effectively uses K‐fold optimization with supervised learning and gives good results for distance error and RSSI/energy efficiency. The proposed scheme can effectively detect the optimal path for data transmission, node localization for the destination, and overall performance enhancement using threshold decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sol-gel synthesis method was used for the synthesis of pure CoFe 2 O 4 (CFO) as well as Graphene Quantum Dots (GQDs) decorated CoFe 2 O 4 Hybrid Nanocomposite (GCHN). From X-ray diffraction (XRD) data it was analyzed that both these samples have a cubic structure with Fd-3m space group. Using Debye-Scherer's equation, the average sizes were determined to be 24.48 and 13.74 nm, respectively. FTIR spectra revealed details about vibration bands and functional groups present. Raman spectra confirmed existence of GQDs in GCHN with an I D /I G ratio of ∼0.8. The results of Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) analysis exhibited microstructural morphological details having shapes of grains to be non-uniform in shape. UV–visible data was used to calculate band gap (E g) energy by using Tauc plot method and found to be 2.52 eV and 2.99 eV respectively for CFO and GCHN. Urbach energy (E U) was found to be 1.03 and 1.19 eV for CFO and GCHN respectively. The dielectric properties of GCHN were analyzed for dependence on frequency and temperature and explained by Maxwell-Wagner-type polarization. The frequency-dependent ac conductivity (σ ac) followed Jonscher's power law and investigated dynamics of ion hopping. Impedance spectroscopy was used to further evaluate Nyquist plots with respect to temperature as well as magnetic fields to estimate grain and grain boundary contributions. This was further used to evaluate electrical characteristics such as relaxation time (τ). Activation energies (E a) calculated using relaxation times were found to be 0.48 eV for CFO while 0.22 and 0.92 eV for GCHN respectively. At room temperature, CFO and GCHN exhibited a strong magneto-dielectric coupling (MD) and showed negative magneto-dielectric properties in low-frequency regions. At room temperature (RT), magnetization values of CFO and GCHN displayed were 38.48 and 7.52 emu/g respectively. The lower magnetization value was possibly due to shielding by GQDs in GCHN. These properties enable it to be used as a potential application in microelectronic systems, spintronics, optical and optoelectronic devices, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and memory devices. (a) XRD pattern, (b) Frequency dependence ε at diverse temperatures (300–773 K) [Inset shows temperature dependence ε at various frequencies between 100 Hz and 1 MHz], (c) Magneto-Dielectric (MD %) coupling at diverse magnetic fields varying from 0.0 T to 1.5 T and (d) Nyquist plot of Z′ and Z″ data in between 0.0 T and 1.5 T for GCHN [ G QDs/ C oFe 2 O 4 H ybrid N anocomposite]. [Display omitted] • GQD-C oFe 2 O 4 H ybrid N anocomposite (GCHN) were synthesized using sol-gel method. • E g obtained was found to be 2.52 and 2.99 eV respectively for CoFe 2 O 4 and GCHN. • GCHN exhibited negative magneto-dielectric (MD%) and negative magneto-loss (ML%). • Impedance spectroscopy was used to further evaluate using Nyquist plots. • Magnetization value of GCHN decreased abruptly due to shielding of GQDs in GCHN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the significant synthetic efforts for the preparation of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and its soluble derivatives, very little is known about poly(3,4-ethylenedioxyselenophene) (PEDOS), especially for soluble polymers. Here, we report the synthesis of soluble dodecyl-substituted poly(3,4-ethylenedioxyselenophene) (PEDOS-C12) by two different chemical polymerization methods- transition metal-mediated and Grignard metathesis (GRIM). The polymer PEDOS-C12 prepared by GRIM was characterized using NMR, gel permeation chromatography, UV–vis-NIR spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry and shows high conductivity. The obtained neutral polymer PEDOS-C12 (hydrazine-dedoped) prepared by GRIM was used for spray processable electrochromic property and organic solar cells. The optical contrast ratio and coloration efficiency of the polymer film were found to be 20.8% and 131.9 cm2/C at 770 nm. The photovoltaic device was fabricated using solution-processable PEDOS-C12 as hole transport layer (HTL) with the simple geometry ITO/PEDOS-C12(HTL)/P3HT:PC61BM/Al and achieved a power conversion efficiency up to ~ 0.52% under ambient conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of dendritic architectures have been synthesized using biocompatible materials such as glycerol, glucose, phloroglucinol, and alkyl chains of various sizes to give them aqueous solubility and to attain proper hydrophilic–hydrophobic balance, allowing them to form nano-sized aggregates for the encapsulation and delivery of drugs/dyes for biomedical applications. The aggregation behavior of these dendritic architectures, as well as their cytotoxicity and their cellular uptake, was studied using fluorescence measurements, dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), live cell imaging by confocal laser scanning microscopy (cLSM), and flow cytometry. The aggregation study has shown that the dendrimers proficiently self-assemble in aqueous solution with low micromolar concentration and form uniformly spread micellar aggregates. The effective cellular uptake of Nile red loaded into the dendrimers, as well as the very low toxicity of the dendrimers, indicates their potential as carriers for drugs and imaging agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract showing the synthesis procedure and different characterization plots (XRD, Tauc plot, FESEM and antimicrobial plot). [Display omitted] • The study examined the influence of the solvent used to synthesize CZTS nanoparticles through a solvothermal approach. • The structural analysis showed that both CZTS1 and CZTS2 nanoparticles had a tetragonal kesterite phase. • CZTS2 had better surface morphology and composition, while CZTS1 showed more rougher surface and texture. • The bandgap observed for CZTS1 (1.45 eV) and CZTS2 (1.50 eV) reflects CZTS1 is closer to the ideal photovoltaic material. • CZTS1 nanoparticles showed strong antimicrobial properties against the tested microorganisms compared to CZTS2. In this study, two distinct reaction media- water (CZTS1) and ethylene glycol (EG) (CZTS2) were used to synthesize nanocrystalline Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) samples using the facile solvothermal method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicated the presence of a tetragonal kesterite phase in both samples with CZTS2 exhibiting broader peaks and smaller crystallite size (6.04 nm) compared to CZTS1 (8.78 nm). Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis revealed the superior surface morphology and better stoichiometric composition of CZTS2 nanoparticles. In terms of optical properties, the direct bandgap values of CZTS1 and CZTS2 show variation from 1.45 eV to 1.50 eV , as determined from the Tauc plot. Furthermore, the antimicrobial assay of samples was identified by their zone of inhibition of a bacterial (Bacillus subtilis) and a fungal (Tilletia indica) strain demonstrating CZTS1 exhibited more robust antimicrobial activity compared to CZTS2 suggesting its potential in agriculture, food safety, and healthcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of biofuels from cellulosic biomass has emerged as an appealing alternative to fossil fuels. However, the recalcitrance of cellulose poses a challenge to converting it into fermentable sugars, impeding the economic viability of bioethanol production. S. cerevisiae , the primary species employed for industrial ethanol production, exhibits stress tolerance and the ability to ferment diverse sugars from various feedstocks. Nonetheless, the production of cellulase enzymes in S. cerevisiae remains limited. To tackle this hurdle, multiplex genome editing technologies offer a promising avenue for engineering recombinant cellulolytic S. cerevisiae strains, thus enabling ethanol production from cellulosic biomass. This review provides an overview of distinct multiplex genome editing techniques employed in the engineering of such strains. These encompass homologous recombination-mediated multiplex genome editing, mega nuclease-mediated multiplex genome editing, TALEN-mediated multiplex genome editing, CRISPR/Cas-mediated multiplex genome editing, multiplex genome editing involving multiple sgRNA expression frames, multiplex genome editing through sgRNA or crRNA arrays, and multiplex genomic integration targeting repetitive sequences. Furthermore, this review delves into the potential of cellulase-engineered S. cerevisiae for ethanol production. The successful development of recombinant cellulolytic S. cerevisiae strains holds the promise of revolutionizing the biofuel industry. This transformation would entail cost reductions in ethanol production, alongside enhancing industry sustainability, consequently diminishing our reliance on fossil fuels. The availability of cellulase-engineered S. cerevisiae strains for ethanol production from cellulosic biomass stands to curtail our dependency on fossil fuels and markedly alleviate the impacts of climate change. [Display omitted] • Multiplex genome editing technologies to engineer recombinant S. c erevisiae • Latest microbial genome editing technologies are discussed • Covered perspectives of cellulase engineered S. c erevisiae for ethanol production • Explores approaches for biofuel (ethanol) production from cellulosic biomass [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NdFeO 3 (NFO) was synthesized using sol-gel citrate method and subsequent calcination at 1023 K. Utilizing Rietveld refinement analysis of the XRD pattern, it has been verified that NFO exhibits an orthorhombic crystal structure, with space group Pbnm. NFO grains were seen to be strongly agglomerated in a SEM image, despite their irregular shapes. The analysis of optical properties revealed a transmittance range of ∼20%–∼50% and an optical band gap of 2.15 eV for the NFO material. The dielectric properties of NFO were analyzed with respect to their dependence on frequency and temperature, while the ac electrical conductivity was studied in terms of its frequency variation. The dielectric dispersion behavior of NFO is explained by Maxwell Wagner-type polarization. A negative magneto-dielectric (MD) coupling of −19% and −35% was measured for ε and tan δ at 1 kHz for NFO. Magneto-impedance measurements on NFO showed positive magneto-resistance and both positive and negative magneto-capacitance, suggesting that the grain effect had a substantial role in the material's magnetic properties. These results suggest that NFO is an excellent choice for memory-based electronic devices with an appropriate band gap for optoelectronic applications having a large MD effect. Structural, dielectric properties at high temperature, magneto-dielectric effects, and Nyquist plots for NdFeO 3 nanoparticles synthesized with sol-gel citrate method. [Display omitted] • NdFeO 3 nanoparticles synthesized via sol-gel citrate method. • XRD data and Rietveld refinement identifies orthorhombic phase (Pbnm space group). • NdFeO 3 nanoparticles have a band gap of 2.15 eV and a transmittance of ∼20% to ∼50%. • Dielectric permittivity and dielectric loss show negative magneto-dielectric coupling. • NdFeO 3 show enhanced magneto-impedance characteristics using Nyquist plots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tissue repair is a complex process that necessitates an interplay of cellular processes, now known to be dictated by epigenetics. Intriguingly, macrophages are testimony to a large repertoire of evolving functions in this process. We identified a role for BMP signaling in regulating macrophage responses to Candida albicans infection during wound repair in a murine model. In this study, the RNA binding protein, AU-rich element-binding factor 1, was posttranslationally destabilized to bring about ubiquitin ligase, NEDD4-directed activation of BMP signaling. Concomitantly, PI3K/PKCd mobilized the rapid phosphorylation of BMPresponsive Smad1/5/8. Activated BMP pathway orchestrated the elevated recruitment of EZH2 at promoters of genes assisting timely wound closure. In vivo, the repressive H3K27 trimethylation was observed to persist, accompanied by a robust upregulation of BMP pathway upon infection with C. albicans, culminating in delayed wound healing. Altogether, we uncovered the signaling networks coordinated by fungal colonies that are now increasingly associated with the infected wound microbiome, resulting in altered wound fate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Therapeutic proteins can facilitate the targeting and treatment of lymphatic diseases (such as cancer metastases, infections and inflammatory diseases) since they are cleared via the lymphatics following interstitial (SC or IM) administration. However, therapeutic proteins are often administered intravenously (IV). Recently therapeutic proteins have been found to access the thoracic lymph in surprisingly high quantities after IV administration. The aim of this study was to determine, for the first time, the major sites of thoracic lymph access of therapeutic proteins, and the protein properties that enhance lymph access, after IV administration. In order to achieve this, novel methods were developed or optimized to collect hepatic, mesenteric or thoracic lymph from male SD rats. Four different sized PEGylated or non-PEGylated therapeutic proteins (native interferon α2b (IFN, 19 kDa), PEGylated interferon α2b (IFN-PEG12, 31 kDa), PEGylated interferon α2a (IFN-PEG40, 60 kDa) or trastuzumab (150 kDa)) were then administered via short IV infusion, and plasma and lymph concentrations of the proteins determined via ELISA. The recovery of the therapeutic proteins in the thoracic lymph duct, which collects lymph from most of the body, was significantly greater for trastuzumab, IFN-PEG40 and IFN-PEG12 (all > 3% dose over 8 h) when compared to native IFN (0.9% dose). Conversely, the thoracic lymph/plasma (L/P) concentration ratio and thus efficiency of extravasation and transport through the interstitium to lymph was highest for the smaller proteins IFN and IFN-PEG12 (at 90–100% vs 15–30% for trastuzumab and IFN-PEG40). The lower total recovery of IFN and IFN-PEG12 in thoracic lymph reflected more rapid systemic clearance and thus lower systemic exposure. For all therapeutic proteins, the majority (> 80%) of lymph access occurred via the hepatic and mesenteric lymphatics. This lymphatic distribution pattern was supported by quantitative imaging of the lymph node distribution of IV administered Cy5 labelled trastuzumab. Optimizing the properties of IV administered therapeutic proteins represents a viable approach to better target and treat pathological states involving the lymphatics, particularly in the liver and mesentery. This includes cancer metastases, infections and inflammatory diseases. Successful development of the novel technique to collect hepatic lymph will also enable future work to evaluate tissue-specific lymph transport in health and disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: Chikungunya encephalitis, though rare, warrants clinical attention due to its severe complications. Early identification and appropriate management are crucial for improved outcomes in patients with this rare manifestation of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection. CHIKV infection is commonly associated with fever and joint pains, but neurological complications such as encephalitis are rare. Here, we present a unique case of confirmed chikungunya encephalitis in a 12‐year‐old male exhibiting atypical neurological symptoms. The diagnostic journey involved comprehensive neuroimaging and serological investigations, revealing intriguing findings on magnetic resonance imaging and positive CHIKV RNA in serum and cerebrospinal fluid. We discuss the clinical presentation, radiological characteristics, and management strategies, emphasizing the importance of recognizing this uncommon neurological manifestation of CHIKV infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sixteen diverse genotypes of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) were grown in five (E1 to E5) environments which were created by different date of sowing during the rabi seasons at the Vegetable Farm of CCS HAU, Hisar. (29°15'N, 75°69'E) during 2012-13. Observations were recorded on ten randomly selected plants from each genotypes in each replications for characters viz. field emergence index, days to 50 % flowering, plant height, number of pods per plant, number of branches per plant, number of seeds per pod, pod length, seed yield (q/ha), test weight, seed germination, seed vigour index-I and II. The estimation of genotypic and phenotypic coefficients (GCV and PCV) variation in all the environments was consistently decreasing with the delaying in sowing date for all the character studied except plant height and test weight indicating that the environmental influence was comparatively more pronounced for these characters in expressing the phenotypic performance of different genotypes. Highest GCV and PCV was estimated as 50.36 % and 55.93 %, respectively for seed vigour index-I in E1. High value of heritability estimated for characters seed yield, seed vigour index-II, seed germination and branches per plant (above 70 %) in E1 revealed that these were less influenced by environment and low heritability estimated for days to 50 % flowering in E2, plant height in E2, seeds per pod in E3, field emergence index in E5 indicated high influence of environment. Based on environmental indices, the environment E2 was most favourable for all the characters studied except field emergence index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses research which investigated the occurrence of adverse drug reactions (ADR) in Psychiatry Outpatient Department (OPD) patients with bipolar disorder. Topics explored include the demographic characteristics of concerned OPD patients of New Civil Hospital in Gujarat, India, the documentation of ADR severity, causality, and preventability, and the common ADR recorded such as asthenia, polyuria, and weight gain.

A series of quaternary ammonium derivatives of triazolyl pyranochromen-2-ones have been synthesized and characterized; their antibacterial potential were investigated against two gram negative ( Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) and two gram positive bacterial strains ( Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus). In order to develop structure-activity relationship (SAR), the effect of varying the substituent (R) at the C-10 position of pyranochromen-2-one as well as the length of the spacer (n) between the triazolyl pyranochromen-2-ones and quaternary ammonium group, on the antibacterial activity of compounds has been evaluated. Some of the screened compounds exhibited antibacterial potential against the studied strains in the microgram range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mulberry (Morus alba L.), (Fam. Moraceae) has characteristic tiny juicy fruits with sweet-tart taste. Its ripe fruits range in colour from white, pale, green, red, purple to black. The juice from redpurple mulberry variety has significant antioxidant value and food colouring properties. Though, a lot of research work has been carried out on mulberry juice, utilization of its pomace (processing waste comprising peel and seeds), has been largely ignored. Pomace constitutes about 40% of total fruit weight. Here, we have standardized protocols for potential extraction of pigment anthocyanin, fibre, pectin, and oil from mulberry pomace using a combination of organic and inorganic solvents and obtained an yield of 5.3% fibre, 1.58% pectin, 2.0% crude anthocyanins and 4.9% oil. The protocol allows complete utilization of waste left behind after juice extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In neurons, microtubules form a dense array within axons, and the stability and function of this microtubule network is modulated by neurofilaments. Accumulation of neurofilaments has been observed in several forms of neurodegenerative diseases, but the mechanisms how elevated neurofilament levels destabilize axons are unknown so far. Here, we show that increased neurofilament expression in motor nerves of pmn mutant mice, a model of motoneuron disease, causes disturbed microtubule dynamics. The disease is caused by a point mutation in the tubulin-specific chaperone E ( Tbce) gene, leading to an exchange of the most C-terminal amino acid tryptophan to glycine. As a consequence, the TBCE protein becomes instable which then results in destabilization of axonal microtubules and defects in axonal transport, in particular in motoneurons. Depletion of neurofilament increases the number and regrowth of microtubules in pmn mutant motoneurons and restores axon elongation. This effect is mediated by interaction of neurofilament with the stathmin complex. Accumulating neurofilaments associate with stathmin in axons of pmn mutant motoneurons. Depletion of neurofilament by Nefl knockout increases Stat3-stathmin interaction and stabilizes the microtubules in pmn mutant motoneurons. Consequently, counteracting enhanced neurofilament expression improves axonal maintenance and prolongs survival of pmn mutant mice. We propose that this mechanism could also be relevant for other neurodegenerative diseases in which neurofilament accumulation and loss of microtubules are prominent features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Over the years with advancement of science and technology, each subject has become highly specialized. Teaching of medical students has still remained separate in various departments with no scope of integration in majority of medical institutes in India. Study was planned to have an experience of integration in institute and sensitize faculty for integrated teaching–learning (TL) method. Aims: To prepare and test effectiveness of integrated teaching module for 2nd year MBBS student in pharmacology and to sensitize and motivate faculties toward advantages of implementing integrated module. Settings and Design: Education intervention project implemented 2nd year MBBS students of Government Medical College and New Civil Hospital, Surat. Subjects and Methods: Students of second MBBS were divided into two groups. One group was exposed to integrated teaching sessions and another to traditional method. Both the groups were assessed by pre- and post-test questionnaire, feedback and focus group discussions were conducted to know their experience about process. Results: A total of 165 students of the 2nd year MBBS were exposed to the integrated teaching module for two topics in two groups. One group was taught by traditional teaching, and another group was exposed to the integrated TL session. Both the groups have shown a significant improvement in posttest scores but increase in mean score was more in integrated group. During analysis of feedback forms, it was noted that students preferred integrated TL methods since they help in better understanding. Faculty feedback shows consensus over the adaptation of integrated TL methods. Conclusions: Integrated TL sessions were well-appreciated by students and faculties. To improve the critical reasoning skills and self-directed learning of students, integrated TL is highly recommended for must know areas of curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was conducted at CCSHAU, Hisar to assess the heritability and genetic advance of 16 fenugreek germplasm for early and late sowing during Rabi season of 2012-13. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) as well as completely randomized design (CRD) for field parameters and laboratory respectively with three replications in plot size 2.4 x 3.0 m with 8 rows. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the germplasm lines for days to 50% flowering, plant height, branches/plant, pod length, seeds/pod and seed yield. The estimates of genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) indicated existence of high degree of variability for plant height, branches /plant, pod length, test weight and vigour indices I and II. It was concluded that early and late sowings have shown existence of high variability and date of sowing exhibited direct and positive effect on growth and seed yield parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have synthesized two novel fluorescent 3-(4-diethylaminocinnamoyl) coumarins that exhibit fluorescence quenching upon exposure to a nerve agent simulant, diethylchlorophosphate (DCP), providing a basis for rapid and sensitive DCP chemosensing. Furthermore, these coumarin derivatives display two-photon fluorescence upon illumination with near-infrared laser pulses and their two-photon (TP) absorption cross-section was evaluated. The potential for TP bio-imaging of these compounds was investigated by their cellular uptake in HeLa cells by TP confocal microscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biopolymers provide a plethora of applications in the pharmaceutical and medical applications. A material that can be used for biomedical applications like wound healing, drug delivery and tissue engineering should possess certain properties like biocompatibility, biodegradation to non-toxic products, low antigenicity, high bio-activity, processability to complicated shapes with appropriate porosity, ability to support cell growth and proliferation and appropriate mechanical properties, as well as maintaining mechanical strength. This paper reviews biodegradable biopolymers focusing on their potential in biomedical applications. Biopolymers most commonly used and most abundantly available have been described with focus on the properties relevant to biomedical importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We are reporting the linear and nonlinear optical properties of Se-based quaternary chalcogenide Se–Sn–(Bi,Te) thin films. Thin films of bulk chalcogenide glasses, prepared by melt quenching method are deposited on glass substrate using thermal evaporation technique. The optical behavior of studied chalcogenide glass systems is investigated using transmission spectra in the spectral range of 400–2500 nm. The glasses exhibit considerable optical nonlinearities which are estimated using linear optical parameters. Linear refractive index has been calculated using well-known Swanepoel method. Wemple-DiDomenico (WDD) parameters are also reported for the investigated glasses. Optical band gap is determined using Tauc extrapolation method and is observed to increase with Sn content. The formulation proposed by Fournier and Snitzer is used to determine the nonlinear behavior of the refractive index. It is observed thatn2increases linearly with increasingn. The values ofn2are compared with pure silica and the results are 100–600 orders higher. The third-order susceptibility χ(3)is also reported in this paper. Two-photon absorption coefficient β2is determined using optical band gap data. A strong dependence of β2andn2is observed on normalized photon energy () for a fixed excitation wavelength (1064 nm). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Goldenberg-Vaidman (GV) protocol for quantum key distribution uses orthogonal encoding states of a particle. Its security arises because operations accessible to Eve are insufficient to distinguish the two states encoding the secret bit. We propose a two-particle cryptographic protocol for quantum secure direct communication, wherein orthogonal states encode the secret, and security arises from restricting Eve from accessing any two-particle operations. However, there is a non-trivial difference between the two cases. While the encoding states are perfectly indistinguishable in GV, they are partially distinguishable in the bipartite case, leading to a qualitatively different kind of information-versus-disturbance trade-off and also options for Eve in the two cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Two-photon (TP) active 4-dimethylaminocinnamoyl coumarins were synthesized. [•] Strong TPF was observed for each of the compounds. [•] These coumarins exhibited considerable Stokes shifts and moderate fluorescence quantum efficiencies. [•] These coumarins have the potential to be used in the development of a biological imaging probe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Editor’s Highlight: Abrin is a potential agent of bioterrorism and has been used as a chemotherapeutic agent. It is a ribosome inactivating protein, structurally related to but more potent than ricin. Successful antidotes depend on knowledge about toxic mechanisms of action, but presently those intoxicated with abrin can receive only supportive medical care, owing in large part to a lack of knowledge about its mechanism of action. While it has been known that abrin inactivates protein synthesis and activates endogenous apoptotic pathways, other and potentially more specific biological events have not been identified. Here, these authors report important new findings demonstrating that abrin exposure also results in activation of the exogenous apoptotic Fas/Fas ligand pathway. Findings like these may lead to improved therapeutic interventions and more tailored application in cancer chemotherapy. – John LipscombAbrin is a plant glycoprotein toxin from the seeds of Abrus precatorius, sharing similarity in structure and properties with ricin. Abrin is highly toxic, with an estimated human fatal dose of 0.1–1 µg/kg, causing death after accidental or intentional poisoning. It is a potent biological toxin warfare agent. There is no chemical antidote available against the abrin. The elucidation of molecular mechanism of abrin-induced cell death is important for development of therapy. Intrinsic pathway-mediated apoptosis has been well established in abrin-induced cell death. However, the detailed mechanism especially extrinsic receptor-mediated pathway remains uncharacterized. To assess whether some of the apoptosis known to occur after abrin exposure might be mediated by Fas/Fas ligand (Fas L) interactions, we analyzed effect of abrin on Fas pathway in Jurkat cells. Here, we report that activation of the Fas pathway is involved in abrin-induced apoptosis. Following treatment of abrin, Fas L was induced, which stimulated the Fas pathway by cross-linking Fas receptor (Fas R). Apoptosis was mediated by cleavage of the Fas R proximal caspase-8 and the downstream caspase-3, resulting in activation of the prototype caspase substrate poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase and caspase-activated DNase. Blocking Fas L/Fas R interaction by using Fas inhibitor reduced abrin-induced apoptosis, further confirms involvement of Fas pathway. Activation of components of Fas pathway and caspases upon abrin treatment was also found in splenocytes in mice. Our findings offer new perspective for understanding the fundamental mechanism in abrin-induced apoptotic mechanism and may have implication in developing novel therapeutic strategies in the management for abrin-induced complications. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: T-2 toxin is one of the most toxic among several trichothecenes involved in both human and animal poisoning cases. We investigated the biochemical and histological alterations behind inflammation and cutaneous injury caused by T-2 toxin. Swiss albino mice were exposed to T-2 toxin topically at doses of 0.5, 1 and 2 LD50 (2.97, 5.94 and 11.88mg/kg respectively) and observed till 3, 24 and 72h. Topical application of T-2 toxin resulted in skin oxidative stress in terms of increased reactive oxygen species generation, lipid peroxidation and neutrophil mediated myeloperoxidase activity. The histological alterations include degenerative changes like vacuolation, ballooning of basal keratinocytes and infiltration of inflammatory cells in dermis. The mRNA levels of skin pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β showed significant up regulation. Anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 showed significant up regulation at 24h whereas IL-4 showed down regulation for all the doses and time points. Gelatin zymography and immunoblot analysis of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-9 and 2 indicated MMP activation and their role in degenerative skin histological changes. Time dependent increase in inducible nitric oxide synthase levels was seen. Immunoblot analysis revealed significant increase in the levels of phosphorylated p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK). Flow cytometry analysis of propidium iodide stained epidermal cells showed increase in sub-G1 population at all the doses and time points indicating apoptosis. In summary, T-2 toxin induced skin inflammation and cutaneous injury is mediated through oxidative stress, activation of myeloperoxidase, MMP activity, increase in inflammatory cytokines, activation of p38 MAPK and apoptosis of epidermal cells leading to degenerative skin histological changes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background and Aim: It is observed that negative clinical trials published in medical journals are poor in reporting of sample size calculation, various components of calculation of sample size. It is also observed that they are underpowered to detect the actual difference between the treatment outcomes. Because of scarcity of these data for Indian medical journals we designed this study to critically analyze the Indian medical journals for reporting of sample size, components of sample size and power. We calculated post hoc power for 30% and 50% difference between the treatment outcomes. Materials and Methods: All the negative clinical trials published in five Indian medical journals (Indian Journal of Pharmacology (IJP), Indian Pediatrics (IP), Indian Journal of Dermatology (IJD), Indian Journal of Dermatology, Vanereology and Leprology (IJDVL), and Journal of Postgraduate Medicine (JPGM)), between 2001 and 2008, were analyzed by each author for reporting of the sample size and components of the sample size. Post hoc power for 30% and 50% differences between the outcome was calculated by G Power software. All data were expressed as frequency, percentages, and 95% confidence interval around the percentages with the help of SPSS ver. 17. Results: The median sample size was observed to be 33 (range 9-85). Power was calculated in 28 (41.1%, 95% CI 30.2% to 53%) trials. The sample size was not calculated in 34 (50%, 95% CI 38.4% to 61.5%) trials. The full sample size was calculated in only 2 (2.9%, 95% CI 0.8% to 10.1%) trials. Post hoc power above 80% for 30% of difference was reported in 3 (4.4%, 95% CI 1.5% to 12%) trials and for 50% difference in outcome it was reported in 42 (61.7%, 95% CI 49.8% to 72.3) trials. Conclusion: Negative clinical trials published in five Indian journals are poor in reporting of sample size calculation. It is also observed that most of trials are underpowered to see the 30% and 50% difference between the outcomes. There is a need to generate more awareness regarding the sample size and power calculation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: It is observed in studies done for western medical journals that insufficient information related to drug is usually provided in the drug advertisements published in them. Aims: As data for advertisements published in Indian Medical Journals were lacking, this study was designed with the aim of evaluating drug advertisements published in Indian Medical Journals for adequacy of information on drug and references given to support the claim made in the advertisements. Settings and Design: Cross-sectional survey. Methods and Materials: All medical journals related to clinical practice subscribed by the Central Library of Government Medical College, Surat, (Indian Journal of Pediatrics [IJP], Indian Pediatrics [IP], Journal of the Association of Physicians of India [JAPI], Journal of Indian Medical Association [JIMA], Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine [IJCCM], Indian Journal of Medical and Pediatric Oncology [IJMPO], Indian Journal of Gastroenterology [IJG], Indian Journal of Ophthalmology [IJO], and Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India [JOGI] were evaluated for adequacy of reporting of various parameters in drug advertisements published in these journals on the basis of "World Heath Organization (WHO)" criteria. References mentioned to support claims were also evaluated. Statistical Analysis Used: Descriptive statistics was used to describe data as frequencies, percentages, and 95% confidence interval around the percentage. Results: Generic name was mentioned in 90% advertisements. Indications were mentioned in 84% advertisements. Dose, precautions, and contraindications were mentioned in 24%, 17%, and 16% advertisements, respectively. Adverse effects and postal address of pharmaceutical company was mentioned in 19% and 74% advertisements, respectively. Price was mentioned in only 5% advertisements. Only 28% claims were supported by references. Most common references were Journal articles (75%). Conclusion: Drug advertisements published in Indian Medical Journals are poor in reporting various parameters according to WHO criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]