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In developed and developing countries, livestock breeding is carried out in commercial enterprises with higher capacity rather than small family farms. In the Marmara region, they are grown in intensive enterprises where intensive production is carried out to supply the demand for animal-derived foods. However, uncontrolled waste management in enterprises and failure to use large amounts of manure correctly and effectively cause disruptions in the ecosystem, resulting in environmental pollution and natural resource degradation. It also negatively affects human health indirectly. Detecting and preventing agricultural pollution is difficult and time-consuming. The most effective method is to take precautions at the source before pollution occurs. According to this study, the pollution load from livestock manure in the Marmara region in the last ten years was 25497,5 tonnes. While 90,6% of this was caused by nitrogen pollution, 9,4% was caused by phosphorus pollution. Balıkesir was the city with the highest contribution to nitrogen and phosphorus pollution, while Yalova had the lowest contribution. Pollution was directly proportional to livestock population. Cattle were found to be the most diffuse polluters, poultry the least nitrogen polluters and small ruminants the least phosphorus polluters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determination of Environmental Distanced Pollution Load by Poultry of Bursa Region Abstract: Manure is the most critical problem in livestock farms. Increasing the amount of manure and increasing production intensity brings the problem to a more profound dimension. If manure's storage, management and operation process is not planned and applied correctly, it triggers important environmental problems in underground and surface water resources. For this reason, it is imperative to determine the manure pollution load, analyze its effects well, and apply the right strategies to prevent them. This paper is aimed to determine and evaluate the amount of waste and pollution load caused by manure resulting from poultry production in Bursa province for the decade. According to the results of the study, Karacabey and Mustafakemalpasa are the districts with the highest pollution potential due to poultry production in Bursa, while Gürsu has the lowest. It has been determined that the potential for diffuse pollution is higher when compared to laying hen, broiler and turkey breeding. Nitrogen pollution constitutes 88% of the pollution potential, while phosphorus pollution constitutes 12%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen (N) pollution is gradually increasing from agriculture production. Nitrogen pollution derived from agriculture has important components using overuse chemical fertilizers, excess amount formation of manure and incorrect manure management systems etc. Nitrogen compounds that take up with the soil, water and air with the nitrogen cycle cause various environmental problems. It is a critical issue that needs to be studied on, as the efficiency and production decrease will be encountered by decreasing the nitrogen rate in reducing nitrogen pollution. In this paper, the estimation of nitrogen pollution derived from livestock production in Turkey and aimed need to focus points to be considered. The nitrogen pollution load created by farm animals in 2019 is 1 062 004 tons N/year and 834 381 tons N/year in 2020 in Turkey. Cattle are the animal species that have the greatest effect on nitrogen excretion. Because the daily manure production amounts are higher than other types, and the moisture content is high. Therefore, processing and control are more difficult than other species. The integrated approach is needed to reduce elementary nitrogen formation due to the gradual formation of nitrogen from agricultural systems and intensive agriculture areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, the volatiles of mosses [Hylocomium splendens (Hedw.) Schimp. (Hylocomiaceae) and Leucodon sciuroides (Hedw.) Schwägr. (Leucodontaceae)] have been investigated by GC-FID and GC/MS. Fifty-eight compounds in the oil of H. splendens, representing 75.4%, and 41 compounds in the oil of L. sciuroides, representing 87.6%, were identified. The major components were found to be ß-pinene (11.6%) and β-pinene (8.9%) in the oil of H. splendens, and nonanal (26.8%) and heptanal (13.7%) in the oil of L. sciuroides. The essential oil of H. splendens was rich in monoterpenes (30.8%), and aldehydes (49.9%) were the major constituents in the oil of L. sciuroides. The antimicrobial activities of the isolated essential oils of the mosses were also investigated. The essential oil of H. splendens showed antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus cereus, Mycobacterium smegmatis, and the fungus Candida albicans with minimum inhibition concentrations in the range of 428-857 µg/mL, respectively. The oil of L. sciuroides only showed activity against fungus C. albicans (711 µg/mL). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, the volatiles of mosses [Hylocomium splendens (Hedw.) Schimp. (Hylocomiaceae) and Leucodon sciuroides (Hedw.) Schwägr. (Leucodontaceae)] have been investigated by GC-FID and GC/MS. Fifty-eight compounds in the oil of H. splendens, representing 75.4%, and 41 compounds in the oil of L. sciuroides, representing 87.6%, were identified. The major components were found to be ß-pinene (11.6%) and α-pinene (8.9%) in the oil of H. splendens, and nonanal (26.8%) and heptanal (13.7%) in the oil of L. sciuroides. The essential oil of H. splendens was rich in monoterpenes (30.8%), and aldehydes (49.9%) were the major constituents in the oil of L. sciuroides. The antimicrobial activities of the isolated essential oils of the mosses were also investigated. The essential oil of H. splendens showed antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus cereus, Mycobacterium smegmatis, and the fungus Candida albicans with minimum inhibition concentrations in the range of 428-857 µg/mL, respectively. The oil of L. sciuroides only showed activity against fungus C. albicans (711 µg/mL). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]