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The specific mechanisms underlying bacteria‐triggered cell death and osteogenic dysfunction in host bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) remain unclear, posing a significant challenge to the repair of infected bone defects. This study identifies ferroptosis as the predominant cause of BMSCs death in the infected bone microenvironment. Mechanistically, the bacteria‐induced activation of the innate immune response in BMSCs leads to upregulation and phosphorylation of interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7), thus facilitating IRF7‐dependent ferroptosis of BMSCs through the transcriptional upregulation of acyl‐coenzyme A synthetase long‐chain family member 4 (ACSL4). Moreover, it is found that intervening in ferroptosis can partially rescue cell injuries and osteogenic dysfunction. Based on these findings, a hydrogel composite 3D‐printed scaffold is designed with reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐responsive release of antibacterial quaternized chitosan and sustained delivery of the ferroptosis inhibitor Ferrostatin‐1 (Fer‐1), capable of eradicating pathogens and promoting bone regeneration in a rat model of infected bone defects. Together, this study suggests that ferroptosis of BMSCs is a promising therapeutic target for infected bone defect repair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The study's purpose is to investigate the constraints and facilitators influencing skiing participation in Beijing. This research includes three segments based on the frequency of skiing participation (i.e. non-, low-frequency-, and high-frequency skiers). By doing so, the study offers an enhanced understanding of the Chinese skiing market and unveils insights assisting industry professionals to effectively address their customers' diverse needs and expectations. Design/methodology/approach: An online survey was developed based on prior research and consisted of four sections: (1) skiing participation; (2) constraints; (3) facilitators; (4) demographics. Items in the constraint and facilitator scale were measured using a 7-point Likert scale. A total of 409 participants completed the survey. The participants included 137 non-skiers, 134 low-frequency skiers, and 138 high-frequency skiers. Findings: Through an exploratory factor analysis, three constructs emerged: general constraints, facilitators and learning constraints. As expected, facilitators were a positive predictor of skiing participation. Importantly, the emergent construct of learning constraints was a negative predictor of skiing and yet, the construct of general constraints was insignificant. Furthermore, the three segments differ significantly in household status, income, and education level. Originality/value: These results support previous research noting the relevance in skiing participation of the dimensions: facilitators and learning constraints. The findings point to the need for ski resorts in Beijing to offer instructional sessions for beginners so they may become familiar with skiing fundamentals and enhance their confidence, particularly among nonskiers and low-frequency skiers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing upon the fundamental principles of mixture continuum and thermodynamics, planar S-wave incident model for layered unsaturated soil is formulated. Employing the Helmholtz vector decomposition principle, the wave field within the layered unsaturated soil is analyzed using the transfer matrix method, accounting for the influence of thermal effects. An analytical solution is obtained for the seismic response in layered unsaturated soil under the action of thermal effect. The results of the numerical analyses show that the thermo-physical parameters such as relative heat of solid, temperature, and thermal expansion coefficient have a notable effect on the seismic response of the site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing upon the fundamental principles of mixture continuum and thermodynamics, a planar P wave incident model for layered unsaturated soil is formulated. Employing the Helmholtz vector decomposition principle, the wave field within the layered unsaturated soil is analyzed using the transfer matrix method, accounting for the influence of thermal effects. A conversion matrix for the wave amplitude coefficients in layered unsaturated soil layers is derived in the bedrock-layered unsaturated soil system. An analytical solution is obtained for the seismic response in layered unsaturated soil under the action of thermal effect. Numerical calculations are employed to analyze the effect of thermal physical parameters, including temperature and solid relative heat, on ground motion within layered unsaturated soil. A substantial disparity exists in the magnification factors for surface displacement obtained under the modeling of the two theories with thermal effect and thermo-free effects, and the displacement amplifying coefficient of the layered unsaturated foundation under thermal effect is different from that of the homogeneous unsaturated soil foundation. The influence of solid relative heat on the displacement amplifying coefficient is primarily determined by the thermal stability of the soil, while the impact of the thermal expansion coefficient on this factor is intricately linked to the magnitude of solid relative heat within the soil. As the saturation grows, the horizontal and vertical displacement amplifying coefficient rises continuously. The orders of arrangement of soft and hard soil layers, temperature, and frequency have noteworthy effects on the displacement amplifying coefficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: A number of lncRNAs participate in the stemness-related signaling pathways. In this article, we provided insights into the emerging data for the interaction between BCSCs and TIME, and comprehensively reviewed the functions and mechanisms of lncRNAs in maintaining stemness and reprogramming TIME in breast cancer. The key role of lncRNAs in maintaining stem-like properties and tumor immune microenvironment implied that lncRNAs can be employed as potential therapeutic targets for breast cancer, as well as biomarkers for diagnosis and prognostic evaluation. Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) is a subpopulation of cancer cells with self-renewal and differentiation capacity, have been suggested to give rise to tumor heterogeneity and biologically aggressive behavior. Accumulating evidence has shown that BCSCs play a fundamental role in tumorigenesis, progression, and recurrence. The development of immunotherapy, primarily represented by programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors, has greatly changed the treatment landscape of multiple malignancies. Recent studies have identified pervasive negative associations between cancer stemness and anticancer immunity. Stemness seems to play a causative role in the formation of cold tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). The multiple functions of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in regulating stemness and immune responses has been recently highlighted in breast cancer. The review focus on lncRNAs and keys pathways involved in the regulation of BCSCs and TIME. Potential clinical applications using lncRNAs as biomarkers or therapies will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Convert waste coarse and short hairs of meat goats to high-value, fine, long, and elastic protein fibers via manipulation of keratin alignment and crosslinkages. [Display omitted] • Fine fibers with high performance developed from waste coarse wool for the first time. • Model developed to quantify effect of crosslinkage lengths on properties of fibers. • Reasons for limited hair extension from previous endeavors unveiled. • Resultant fibers similar to commercial wool in terms of fineness and elasticity. • A technology to add substantial values to meat processing wastes. We have converted waste coarse and short hairs of meat goats to high-value, fine, long, and elastic protein fibers via manipulation of keratin alignment and crosslinkages. The shortage of non-petroleum-based fibers has become one of the most prominent concerns. However, few technologies could convert such coarse hairs to fine and flexible fibers for textile uses due to limitations in extensions of fibers, less than 100% of their initial length, and poor flexibility retention of extended fibers, less than 20% of breaking elongation. Limited stretchability and flexibility retention of hair fibers mainly resulted from the difficulty in recovery of crosslinkages in stretched fibers. Here, we used a series of dithiols via multiple cycles of reduction, drawing, and oxidation to produce fine and flexible fibers from coarse and short wool for the first time. Dithiols with long backbones ensured sufficient crosslinkages in proteins after high ratios of drawings. Besides, long crosslinkages brought by dithiols secured sufficient movement between protein molecules and prevented of rupturing chains of protein molecules. As a result, short and coarse hairs of meat goats were turned into long and fine fibers, 350% of their original lengths and 54% of their original diameters, with excellent performance properties, with retentions of 170% of tenacity, and 50% of breaking elongation compared to original hairs. Also, a set of models developed to quantify the effects of extensions of fibers and structures of crosslinkers on the mechanical properties of fibers guides scientists and engineers on property improvement of materials via controlled crosslinkings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common and lethal cancers worldwide, but current treatment options remain limited and cause serious life-threatening side effects. Aberrant FGFR4 signaling has been validated as an oncogenic driver of HCC, and EZH2, the catalytic subunit of the PRC2 complex, is a potential factor that contributes to acquired drug resistance in many tumors, including HCC. However, the functional relationship between these two carcinogenic factors, especially their significance for HCC treatment, remains unclear. In this study, we systematically evaluated the feasibility of a combination therapy targeting FGFR4 and EZH2 for HCC. Methods: RNA sequencing data of patients with Liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC) from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were analyzed to determine FGFR4 and EZH2 expression and their interaction with prognosis. Moreover, the HCC cell lines, zebrafish/mouse HCC xenografts and zebrafish HCC primary tumors were treated with FGFR4 inhibitor (Roblitinib) and/or EZH2 inhibitor (CPI-169) and then subjected to cell proliferation, viability, apoptosis, and tumor growth analyses to evaluate the feasibility of combination therapy for HCC both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, RNA-Seq was performed in combination with ChIP-Seq data analysis to investigate the critical mechanism underlying the combination treatment with Roblitinib and CPI-169. Results: EZH2 accumulated through the non-canonical NF-kB signaling in response to FGFR4 inhibitor treatment, and the elevated EZH2 levels led to the antagonism of HCC against Roblitinib (FGFR4 inhibitor). Notably, knockdown of EZH2 sensitized HCC cells to Roblitinib, while the combination treatment of Roblitinib and CPI-169 (EZH2 inhibitor) synergistically induced the HCC cell apoptosis in vitro and suppressed the zebrafish/mouse HCC xenografts and zebrafish HCC primary tumors development in vivo. Moreover, Roblitinib and CPI-169 synergistically inhibited HCC development via repressing YAP signaling. Conclusions: Collectively, our study highlighted the potential of the therapeutic combination of FGFR4 and EZH2 inhibitors, which would provide new references for the further development of clinical treatment strategies for HCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetic infected bone defects (DIBD) with abnormal immune metabolism are prone to the hard-to-treat bacterial infections and delayed bone regeneration, which present significant challenges in clinic. Control of immune metabolism is believed to be important in regulating fundamental immunological processes. Here, we developed a macrophage metabolic reprogramming hydrogel composed of modified silk fibroin (Silk-6) and poly- l -lysine (ε-PL) and further integrated with M2 Macrophage-derived Exo (M2-Exo), named Silk-6/ε-PL@Exo. This degradable hydrogel showed a broad-spectrum antibacterial performance against both Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. More importantly, the release of M2-Exo from Silk-6/ε-PL@Exo could target M1 macrophages, modulating the activity of the key enzyme hexokinase II (HK2) to control the inflammation-related NF-κB pathway, alleviate lactate accumulation, and inhibit glycolysis to normalize the cycle, thereby promoting M1-to-M2 balance. Using a rat model of DIBD, Silk-6/ε-PL@Exo hydrogel promoted infection control, balanced immune responses and accelerated the bone defect healing. Overall, this study demonstrates that this Silk-6/ε-PL @Exo is a promising filler biomaterial with multi-function to treat DIBD and emphasizes the importance of metabolic reprogramming in bone regeneration. • A New multifunctional hydrogel is composed of modified silk protein, ε-polylysine, and M2-exosome. • This multifunctional hydrogel exhibited an effect of targeting macrophage reprogramming to control inflammation. • This hydrogel improved bone reconstruction and healing in diabetic infected bone defects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A facile and economic colorimetric strategy was designed for ATP detection by rationally using urease, a pH-responsive molecule, and a metal-mediated switchable DNA probe. By utilizing metal ions as a modulator of urease activity, the concentration of ATP is translated into pH change, which can be readily visualized by naked eye. An unmodified single-stranded DNA probe was designed, which consists of a target binding sequence and two flanked cytosine (C)-rich sequences. This C-rich single-stranded DNA can form a hairpin structure triggered by Ag+ ions via C-Ag+-C base mismatch. Upon introduction of ATP, Ag+-coordinated hairpin DNA structure will be broken and release the included Ag+, thus inhibiting the activity of urease. Conversely, urease can hydrolyze urea and raise pH value of the solution, resulting in the color change of the sensing solution. The proposed assay allows determination of ATP as low as 1.6 nM and shows a satisfactory result in human serum. Because of simple operation and low cost of this method, we believe it has a potential in point-of-care (POC) testing in resource-limited areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Expression of HLA-DR and KLRG1 enhances the cytotoxic potential and cytokine secretion capacity of CD3+ T cells in tuberculosis patients, suggesting CD3+ T cells expressing HLA-DR and KLRG1 are important effector cell phenotypes involved in the host anti-tuberculosis infection. • HLA-DR and KLRG1 expressed by CD3+ T cells may be potential predictive markers of TB disease progression and clinical immune assessment. Human T cells play an important role in immunity against tuberculosis (TB) infection. Activating receptor HLA-DR and inhibitory receptor KLRG1 are critical regulators of T cell function during viral infection and tumorigenesis, but they have been less studied in TB infection. In this study, we explored the relationship between CD3+ T cell expression of HLA-DR and KLRG1 receptors and function against TB infection. Flow cytometry was conducted to assess the immunomodulatory effects of HLA-DR and KLRG1 receptors on CD3+ T cells in patients with different TB infection status. We found activating receptors HLA-DR, NKG2C, CD57 and NKP46, and inhibitory receptors KLRG1 and KIR on CD3+ T cells in different TB infection status showed different distribution patterns; the cytotoxic potential and cytokine secretion capacity of CD3+ T cells after Mtb-specific antigen stimulation were significantly enhanced in TB infection groups. Further studies revealed HLA-DR+ T and KLRG1+ T cells expressed higher activating and inhibitory receptors than the negative population. In addition, the expression of cytotoxic potential and cytokine secretion capacity of HLA-DR+ T and KLRG1+ T cells was significantly higher than that of HLA-DR- T and KLRG1- T cells. Expression of HLA-DR and KLRG1 enhances the cytotoxic potential and cytokine secretion capacity of CD3+ T cells in TB patients, suggesting CD3+ T cells expressing HLA-DR and KLRG1 are important effector cell phenotypes involved in the host anti-TB infection. HLA-DR and KLRG1 expressed by CD3+ T cells may be potential predictive markers of TB disease progression and clinical immune assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The buckling propagation in deep-sea service sandwich pipes is prone to occur under the influence of third-party loads. Therefore, it is crucial to determine the carrying capacity of the sandwich pipes under combined loading conditions for safety. Currently, the predominant method for studying the carrying capacity of sandwich pipes relies on hyperbaric chamber tests, which fail to reflect adequately the buckling behavior under lateral loads. In this study, the finite element package ABAQUS was used to establish a finite element model that accounted for the lateral load on submarine sandwich pipes. It was solved for the maximum lateral load and compared the results with experimental tests, and then validated the accuracy of our numerical simulation method. This investigation focused on studying the buckling behavior of sandwich pipes under displacement control, and analyzed the relationship between buckling behavior and external pressure as well as lateral load. Furthermore, the comprehensive parametric studies were performed to analyze the impact of initial ovality, inner pipe thickness, and outer pipe thickness on the maximum lateral load of the sandwich pipe. The findings demonstrated that under coupled loads, sandwich pipes exhibited two types of buckling behavior: local buckling and buckling propagation. Moreover, as the external pressure increased, the buckling tendency in sandwich pipes transited from local buckling to buckling propagation. To enhance the capacity of sandwich pipes, there were two strategies proposed: increasing the thickness of the outer pipe and then reinforce the inner pipe to improve overall strength. Finally, based on an analysis of sandwich pipe applications up to 5000 m water depths, the sandwich pipe structure were proposed suitably for various water depths. • We found the higher pressure levels facilitated buckling propagation and collapse of the sandwich pipe. • The wall thickness of the outer pipe does not always result in an increase in the strength of the sandwich pipe. • We recommended to preferentially select a sandwich pipe with a larger outer pipe wall thickness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Host cell proteins (HCPs) are the process-specific and inevitable impurities during the manufacture via a host cell, which affect the safety or efficacy of the bio-product. However, the commercial HCP enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits may not apply to specific products such as rabies vaccine from Vero cells. More advanced and process-specific assay methods are needed in the quality control of rabies vaccine throughout the whole manufacturing process. Therefore, a novel time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay (TRFIA) for the detection of process-specific HCP of Vero cells in rabies vaccine was established in this study. Liquid chromatography coupled tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used during the preparation of HCP antigen. Based on a sandwich-type immunoassay format, analytes in samples were captured by one antibody coating in the wells and "sandwiched" by another antibody labeled with europium chelates. Due to the complex composition of HCP, both the capture and detected antibodies are polyclonal antibodies from the same anti-HCP antibodies pool. Multiple experiments have identified the optimal conditions to allow the valid and reliable detection of HCP in rabies vaccine. The TRFIA had a satisfactory limit of detection value (0.011 μg/ml) under optimal conditions, with the linear range from 0.0375 to 2.4 μg/ml of HCP. The coefficient variations (CVs) were all < 10%, and the recoveries were in the range of 97.00–102.42%. All the test results of Vero cell protein reference substance were included in the expected concentration, which demonstrated that the present method was available for the test of HCP in rabies vaccine. Based on these results, the novel TRFIA to detect HCP appears to be important for application in modern vaccine quality control during the whole manufacturing process. • Establishment of HCP process-specific assay method. • LC-MS/MS analysis of self-made HCP antigen. • Excellent performance of the assay method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Regenerated protein fibers developed from casein using alkaline solutions and crosslinked with citric acid have good tensile properties and water stability but were cytotoxic. Casein is obtained as a byproduct during skim milk production but has limited industrial applications. In this research, casein was dissolved using alkaline solutions and the effects of fiber formation conditions on the tensile properties was studied before and after crosslinking with citric acid. Crosslinked casein fibers had tensile strength as high as 110MPa and breaking elongation of 13.6%. The fibers were also stable in 90°C water between pH 3 and 9 but were hydrolyzed at pH 11. Casein was cytotoxic and did not support the attachment and growth of mouse fibroblasts. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We report a novel method of developing thermoplastics from steamed soyproteins with good tensile properties. Soyproteins are generally made thermoplastic by using plasticizers or by chemical modifications. However, soyprotein thermoplastics developed using plasticizers have poor tensile properties when wet and chemical modifications make soyproteins expensive and/or environmentally unfriendly. In this research, soyproteins were steamed at various temperatures and time and the steamed proteins were compression molded into thermoplastic films. The effect of steaming on the molecular weight and thermal behavior and tensile properties of the films at different steaming and compression conditions were studied. Steaming substantially reduced the molecular weights, decreased the melting temperature and increased the melting enthalpy. Thermoplastics developed from steamed soyproteins had good tensile strength (5MPa) and modulus (193MPa) but moderate elongation (14.5%). Although glycerol was necessary to improve the thermoplasticity, soyprotein thermoplastics developed in this research required lower glycerol to form thermoplastic films compared to films reported in literature. Steaming of soyproteins shows promise to be an inexpensive and environmentally friendly process to develop biothermoplastics. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Various natural and synthetic polymers are being explored to develop biomaterials for tissue engineering and drug delivery. Although proteins are preferable over carbohydrates and synthetic polymers, biomaterials developed from proteins lack the mechanical properties and/or biocompatibilities required for medical applications. Plant proteins are widely available, have low potential to be immunogenic and can be made into fibers, films, hydrogels and micro- and nano-particles for medical applications. Studies, mostly with zein, have demonstrated the potential of using plant proteins for tissue engineering and drug delivery. Although other plant proteins such as wheat gluten and soyproteins have also shown biocompatibility using in vitro studies, fabricating biomaterials such as nano-fibers and nano-particles from soy and wheat proteins offers considerable challenges. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We demonstrate that zein-jute fiber composites developed using water plasticized zein as matrix can have substantially higher flexural and tensile properties than composites obtained using polypropylene as matrix. Zein is a plant protein that has been used to develop various types of thermoplastic products. Zein can be extracted from corn distillers dried grains (DDG) with potentially much lower cost than biopolymers in current use. However, thermoplastics developed from zein are brittle and it is necessary to use plasticizers or chemically modify zein to obtain useful zein-based products. Hydrophilic plasticizers such as glycerol that are retained in the composite after fabrication absorb moisture and considerably decrease the properties of the composites. Similarly, chemical modifications make the matrix materials expensive and/or decrease their biodegradability. In this research, we have used water to plasticize zein composites reinforced with jute fibers. Unlike plasticizers such as glycerol, water used as a plasticizer in this research evaporates during composite formation and does not affect the properties of the composites. Zein-jute composites have about 100% higher flexural strength, 82% higher tensile strength than similar PP-jute composites. The zein-jute composites have better flexural and tensile properties than PP-jute composites even at 21 °C and 90% relative humidity. Water serves as an effective plasticizer to utilize zein as a matrix for composites. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper reports the development of electrospun zein fibers with improved water stability and tensile strength for potential drug delivery. The low morphological stability in aqueous environment and poor mechanical properties in dry and wet states have restricted the applications of electrospun protein materials, though these materials possess a unique structure, special adsorption properties, biocompatibility and biodegradability. In this study, the electrospun zein fibers were modified by non-toxic citric acid crosslinking catalyzed by NaOH. An up to 183% enhancement in dry tensile strength and an up to 448% improvement in wet tensile strength were generated. The cross-linked fibers were able to maintain their fibrous structure for 15 days in phosphate-buffered saline at 37°C. Moreover, those cross-linked electrospun zein fibers showed a potential in controlled drug delivery with a 58% drug-loading efficiency and a sustained profile drug release in artificial gastric juice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Soyprotein–jute fiber composites developed using water without any chemicals as the plasticizer show much better flexural and tensile properties than polypropylene–jute composites. Co-products of soybean processing such as soy oil, soyprotein concentrate and soy protein isolates are inexpensive, abundantly available and are renewable resources that have been extensively studied as potential matrix materials to develop biodegradable composites. However, previous attempts on developing soy-based composites have either chemically modified the co-products or used plasticizers such as glycerol. Chemical modifications make the composites expensive and less environmentally friendly and plasticizers decrease the properties of the composites. In this research, soyprotein composites reinforced with jute fibers have been developed using water without any chemicals as plasticizer. The effects of water on the thermal behavior of soyproteins and composite fabrication conditions on the flexural, tensile and acoustic properties of the composites have been studied. Soyprotein composites developed in this research have excellent flexural strength, tensile strength and tensile modulus, much higher than polypropylene (PP)–jute fiber composites. The soyprotein composites have better properties than the PP composites even at high relative humidity (90%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows that silk fibers produced by cecropia ( Hyalophora cecropia) have similar tensile properties but different amino acid composition than that of mulberry ( Bombyx mori) silk. The cecropia fibers are also much finer and have better strength and modulus than tasar silk, the most common non-mulberry silk. Cecropia is one of the largest silk producing moths and has similar lifecycle to that of mulberry silk but is easier to grow and produces larger cocoons than mulberry silk. In this study, we have characterized the composition, morphology, physical and tensile properties, and thermal behavior of the cecropia silk. C ecropia cocoons have a three tier structure and are larger (750 mg) than the cocoons produced by B. mori (650 mg) . Fibers in the three layers in cecropia cocoons have tensile properties similar to that of B. mori silk but are finer (1.7–2 denier) and have higher strength (3.8–4.3 g/denier) and modulus (68–92 g/denier) than tasar silk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Silk fibers produced by undomesticated wild insects belonging to the Saturniidae family have unique properties compared to the commonly used silks. Insects belonging to the Saturniidae family are one of the largest moths found throughout the world, produce large cocoons and are easier to rear than B. mori. In this research, we have characterized the morphology and tensile properties of silks produced by eight wild insects that belong to the Saturniidae family. Fibers produced by Saturniidae insects such as C. hercuels have properties similar to that of B. mori silk whereas fibers produced by Copaxa multifenestrata have inferior properties than B. mori or the common wild silks. In addition, the tensile properties of the fibers vary considerably between insects. Fibers with fineness ranging from 1.5 to 7.8denier and breaking tenacity ranging from 0.9 to 5g per denier are produced by the Saturniidae insects. Identifying the unique properties of Saturniidae silks such as tensile properties, yield of silk from the cocoons and ability to grow under different environments will help to evaluate the potential of rearing the wild insects for commercial production of silk for textile, medical and other applications. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper shows that citric acid can cross-link starch and improve the tensile strength, thermal stability and decrease the dissolution of starch films in water and formic acid. The poor mechanical properties and water stability of starch have restricted its industrial applications. Although cross-linking is a common approach to improve the properties of starch products, current starch cross-linking methods are either expensive, toxic or do not impart the desired properties to the cross-linked materials. In this research, the possibility of cross-linking starch films using citric acid to improve their strength and stability was examined. Citric acid cross-linked starch films show about 150% higher strength than non-cross-linked films and have strength better than most cross-linked starch and synthetic polymer blended films previously developed. Films cross-linked with 5% citric acid had only 35% loss in weight after being in formic acid for 5h at 50°C whereas the non-cross-linked films dissolved immediately. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper reports the development of natural cellulose fibers from hop stems with properties similar to that of hemp. Hop stems are currently considered as byproducts and have limited applications. Since hop belongs to the genus cannabis that also includes hemp, it should be possible to obtain natural cellulose fibers from the stems of hop plants with properties similar to that of hemp. A simple alkaline extraction was used to obtain fibers from the bark of hop stems. Fibers obtained have high cellulose content, low% crystallinity but show good orientation of the cellulose crystals to the fiber axis. The strength and modulus of the fibers are lower but elongation is higher than that of hemp. Based on the properties of the fibers, we expect that the hop stem fibers will be suitable for use in textiles and composites similar to the common cellulose fibers currently in use. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Natural cellulose fibers have been obtained from the bark of cotton stalks and the fibers have been used to develop composites. Cotton stalks are rich in cellulose and account for up to 3 times the quantity of cotton fiber produced per acre. Currently, cotton stalks have limited use and are mostly burned on the ground. Natural cellulose fibers obtained from cotton stalks are composed of approximately 79% cellulose and 13.7% lignin. The fibers have breaking tenacity of 2.9g per denier and breaking elongation of 3% and modulus of 144g per denier, between that of cotton and linen. Polypropylene composites reinforced with cotton stalk fibers have flexural, tensile and impact resistance properties similar to jute fiber reinforced polypropylene composites. Utilizing cotton stalks as a source for natural cellulose fibers provides an opportunity to increase the income from cotton crops and make cotton crops more competitive to the biofuel crops. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper reports the development of natural cellulose technical fibers from soybean straw with properties similar to the natural cellulose fibers in current use. About 220 million tons of soybean straw available in the world every year could complement the byproducts of other major food crops as inexpensive, abundant and annually renewable sources for natural cellulose fibers. Using the agricultural byproducts as sources for fibers could help to address the concerns on the future price and availability of both the natural and synthetic fibers in current use and also help to add value to the food crops. A simple alkaline extraction was used to obtain technical fibers from soybean straw and the composition, structure and properties of the fibers was studied. Technical fibers obtained from soybean straw have high cellulose content (85%) but low% crystallinity (47%). The technical fibers have breaking tenacity (2.7g/den) and breaking elongation (3.9%) higher than those of fibers obtained from wheat straw and sorghum stalk and leaves but lower than that of cotton. Overall, the structure and properties of the technical fibers obtained from soybean straw indicates that the fibers could be suitable for use in textile, composite and other industrial applications. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A novel method has been developed to fabricate composites from mechanically split cornhusks (MSHs). This cost effective method will potentially open the door for a wide variety of agro-wastes in composites. The effect of holding temperature, MSH concentration, weight/area of web in between MSH layers, and MSH length on mechanical properties of composites has been investigated. The effect of MSH concentration on sound absorption has also been studied. Although the mechanical properties of MSH-PP are inferior to jute-PP composites, the former have 100% better sound absorption due to the presence of microair pockets in husks. At a substantially lower cost compared with other natural fibers, cornhusk presents an opportunity to reduce environmental pollution and to provide a higher profit margin to the farmers. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Velvet leaf (Abutilon theophrasti) that is currently considered a weed and an agricultural problem could be used as a source for high quality natural cellulose fibers. The fibers obtained from the velvet leaf stems are mainly composed of approximately 69% cellulose and 17% lignin. The single cells in the fiber have lengths of approximately 0.9mm, shorter than those in common bast fibers, hemp and kenaf. However, the widths of single cells in velvet leaf fibers are similar to the single cells in hemp and kenaf. The fibers exhibited breaking tenacity from 2.4 to 3.9g/denier (325–500MPa), breaking elongation of 1.6–2.4% and Young’s modulus of 140–294g/denier (18–38GPa). Overall, velvet leaf fibers have properties similar to that of common bast fibers such as hemp and kenaf. Velvet leaves fibers could be processed on the current kenaf processing machineries for textile, composite, automotive and other fibrous applications. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Mechanical and acoustical properties of composites from ground chicken quill and polypropylene (PP) have been investigated and compared with jute–PP composites. A functional composite of ground poultry quill may potentially lead to significant reduction of environmental pollution through replacement of nonrenewable materials in composites. The effect of concentration of ground quill, holding temperature, and density on mechanical properties of composites and the effect of ground quill concentration and density on sound absorption have been studied. Void contents in composites and the effect of ground quill concentration and density on round cabsorption have also been related to mechanical and noise absorption properties. Quill has better compatibility to PP compared with jute. Optimized ground quill–PP composites have similar flexural strength and offset yield load, lower modulus of elasticity, and lower tensile strength and modulus compared with optimized jute–PP composites. Noise reduction coefficient (NRC) of ground quill composites is 71% higher than that of jute composites at optimized conditions in terms of flexural properties. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper explores some possibilities of using UV absorbers to improve lightfastness of inkjet prints. Up to 1-class increase in AATCC lightfastness was obtained by adding a UV absorber onto a printed fabric. This means that a designer, an artist or a textile/apparel producer can double the fading resistance of inkjet printed textiles to light by a simple treatment. Both water soluble and insoluble UV absorbers with benzophenone structures were examined. The effects of UV absorbers, their concentrations and application conditions on lightfastness improvement of reactive inkjet prints are discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Grafting various groups onto cellulose is found to substantially increase acid hydrolysis of the β-(1,4)-glycosidic linkages. Molecular modeling is used to explain how various substituents such as esters and ethers cause this phenomenon. A substituent helps stabilize hydrolyzed cellulose by serving as an anchor to the end of the cleaved cellulose to which it is bonded, making it less mobile, and allowing it to have stronger interactions than those in pure hydrolyzed cellulose. Hydrolysis increases with increasing size of the substituent. Molecules sorbed but not grafted to cellulose do not increase hydrolysis. Hydrolysis mainly occurs at glucoses bonded to the substituent, and supporting experiments show that hydrolysis approaches equilibrium when no substituent remains on the cellulose fiber. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Molecular modeling has been used to explain how the blending of poly(l-lactide) (PLLA) and poly(d-lactide) (PDLA) affects the resistance of poly(lactide) (PLA) to hydrolysis. Amorphous PLLA/PDLA blends were created using molecular modeling, and the minimum potential energy of the blends before and after hydrolysis were obtained. The 50/50 blend has the greatest resistance to hydrolysis, which agrees with past experiments and is due to its having stronger hydrogen-bonding and dipole–dipole interactions than pure PLLA or PDLA. This is based on the 50/50 blend having more of these interactions and shorter average lengths for the hydrogen-bonds and dipole–dipole interactions compared to pure PLLA and PDLA. Hydrogen-bonding possibly has a greater effect than the dipole–dipole interactions on the resistance to hydrolysis. The change in potential energy for hydrolysis decreases linearly with increasing % PLLA or % PDLA from 0 to 50%. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We have developed a fiber extraction method that produces fibers from cornstalks with mechanical properties similar to that of the common textile fibers. The fiber extraction method developed results in partial delignification and produces fibers from cornstalks that are suitable for textile and other industrial applications. The structure of the fibers obtained was investigated using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope. The structure and composition of the natural cellulose fibers obtained from cornstalks are different than that of the common bast fibers such as flax and kenaf. Tensile properties of the fibers were studied using an Instron tensile tester. This study found that cornstalk fibers have relatively lower percent crystallinity but similar microfibrillar angle as that of the common bast fibers. The structure and properties of cornstalk fibers indicate that the fibers are suitable for producing various textile products. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Curcumin, a common natural dye used for fabric and food colorations, was used as an antimicrobial finish due to its bactericidal properties on dyed textiles. A common dyeing process, either batch or continuous, could provide textiles with colour as well as antimicrobial properties. The relationship between the sorption of an interesting natural colorant onto wool and the antimicrobial ability of the dyed wool were investigated. Relations between the bacterial inhibition rate and curcumin concentration, and inhibition rate and K/S value were developed. Antimicrobial activity of wool fabric finished with curcumin can be predicted without antimicrobial testing based on the developed relationships. Durability of antimicrobial activity to laundering and to light is also discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Lignocellulosic agricultural byproducts are a copious and cheap source for cellulose fibers. Agro-based biofibers have the composition, properties and structure that make them suitable for uses such as composite, textile, pulp and paper manufacture. In addition, biofibers can also be used to produce fuel, chemicals, enzymes and food. Byproducts produced from the cultivation of corn, wheat, rice, sorghum, barley, sugarcane, pineapple, banana and coconut are the major sources of agro-based biofibers. This review analyses the production processes, structure, properties and suitability of these biofibers for various industrial applications. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Complete color separation from waste textiles to realize textile recycling. • Solvents with good dye solubility incapable of separating 100% dyes from fabrics. • Reducing fiber density raises μ dye in all parts of fibers higher than that in solutions. • Solvents with solubility parameter close to polymer raise dye desorption equilibrium. • Molecular weights of polymers and structures of dyes were not changed. Currently, only 1% of waste textiles, mainly whites, are recycled because dyes on fibers caused various problems. Unseparated colors might sublime during the fiber regeneration process and pollute the working environment. More seriously, final color quality of regenerated fibers is uncontrollable. Technologies for complete color removal from waste textiles either by dye-destruction or extraction have major challenges impeding their industrialization. Dye-destruction damages polymers, changes dyeability of regenerated textiles, and pollutes the environment. Since the differences in solubility parameters between polymers and dyes are large, and dye extractions focuses on finding solvents with high dye solubility, dye-extraction fails to remove all dyes from textiles. Finding solvents is almost impossible to lower the chemical potential of dyes in solutions than that in fibers where dyes are accessible, and polymers are tightly arranged. Lessening fiber density substantially disrupts physical interactions between dyes and fibers, and thus raises chemical potential of dyes in all parts of fibers higher than that in solutions, although reducing fiber density might increase the chemical potential of dyes in solvents. Here we demonstrate that minimization of fiber density by solvents and temperatures completely removes disperse dyes, acid dyes and direct dyes from polyethylene terephthalate, nylon and cotton fibers, respectively. The chemical structures of dyes and average molecular weight polymers did not change after dye removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Globally, millions of patients suffer from regenerative deficiencies, such as refractory wound healing, which is characterized by excessive inflammation and abnormal angiogenesis. Growth factors and stem cells are currently employed to accelerate tissue repair and regeneration; however, they are complex and costly. Thus, the exploration of new regeneration accelerators is of considerable medical interest. This study developed a plain nanoparticle that accelerates tissue regeneration with the involvement of angiogenesis and inflammatory regulation. Methods: Grey selenium and sublimed sulphur were thermalized in PEG-200 and isothermally recrystallised to composite nanoparticles (Nano-Se@S). The tissue regeneration accelerating activities of Nano-Se@S were evaluated in mice, zebrafish, chick embryos, and human cells. Transcriptomic analysis was performed to investigate the potential mechanisms involved during tissue regeneration. Results: Through the cooperation of sulphur, which is inert to tissue regeneration, Nano-Se@S demonstrated improved tissue regeneration acceleration activity compared to Nano-Se. Transcriptome analysis revealed that Nano-Se@S improved biosynthesis and ROS scavenging but suppressed inflammation. The ROS scavenging and angiogenesis-promoting activities of Nano-Se@S were further confirmed in transgenic zebrafish and chick embryos. Interestingly, we found that Nano-Se@S recruits leukocytes to the wound surface at the early stage of regeneration, which contributes to sterilization during regeneration. Conclusion: Our study highlights Nano-Se@S as a tissue regeneration accelerator, and Nano-Se@S may provide new inspiration for therapeutics for regenerative-deficient diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Globally, millions of patients suffer from regenerative deficiencies, such as refractory wound healing, which is characterized by excessive inflammation and abnormal angiogenesis. Growth factors and stem cells are currently employed to accelerate tissue repair and regeneration; however, they are complex and costly. Thus, the exploration of new regeneration accelerators is of considerable medical interest. This study developed a plain nanoparticle that accelerates tissue regeneration with the involvement of angiogenesis and inflammatory regulation. Methods: Grey selenium and sublimed sulphur were thermalized in PEG-200 and isothermally recrystallised to composite nanoparticles (Nano-Se@S). The tissue regeneration accelerating activities of Nano-Se@S were evaluated in mice, zebrafish, chick embryos, and human cells. Transcriptomic analysis was performed to investigate the potential mechanisms involved during tissue regeneration. Results: Through the cooperation of sulphur, which is inert to tissue regeneration, Nano-Se@S demonstrated improved tissue regeneration acceleration activity compared to Nano-Se. Transcriptome analysis revealed that Nano-Se@S improved biosynthesis and ROS scavenging but suppressed inflammation. The ROS scavenging and angiogenesis-promoting activities of Nano-Se@S were further confirmed in transgenic zebrafish and chick embryos. Interestingly, we found that Nano-Se@S recruits leukocytes to the wound surface at the early stage of regeneration, which contributes to sterilization during regeneration. Conclusion: Our study highlights Nano-Se@S as a tissue regeneration accelerator, and Nano-Se@S may provide new inspiration for therapeutics for regenerative-deficient diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) is a chromatin-modifying enzyme that catalyses the methylation of histone H3 at lysine 27 (H3K27me1/2/3). This complex maintains gene transcriptional repression and plays an essential role in the maintenance of cellular identity as well as normal organismal development. The activity of PRC2, including its genomic targeting and catalytic activity, is controlled by various signals. Recent studies have revealed that these signals involve cis chromatin features, PRC2 facultative subunits and post-translational modifications (PTMs) of PRC2 subunits. Overall, these findings have provided insight into the biochemical signals directing PRC2 function, although many mysteries remain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Type 17 T helper (Th17) cells, which are a subtype of CD4+ T helper cells, secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, IL-22, and GM-CSF, which play crucial roles in immune defence and protection against fungal and extracellular pathogen invasion. However, dysfunction of Th17 cell immunity mediates inflammatory responses and exacerbates tissue damage. This pathological process initiated by Th17 cells is common in kidney diseases associated with renal injury, such as glomerulonephritis, lupus nephritis, IgA nephropathy, hypertensive nephropathy, diabetic kidney disease and acute kidney injury. Therefore, targeting Th17 cells to treat kidney diseases has been a hot topic in recent years. This article reviews the mechanisms of Th17 cell-mediated inflammation and autoimmune responses in kidney diseases and discusses the related clinical drugs that modulate Th17 cell fate in kidney disease treatment. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: IL-17 and IL-17-producing cells (mainly Th17 cells) are crucial for kidney diseases. Multiple factors and mechanisms are involved in Th17 cell polarization, including oxidative stress, abnormal glucolipid metabolism, miRNA dysfunction, and microbial metabolism. This pathological process initiated by Th17 cells is common in kidney diseases associated with renal injury, such as glomerulonephritis, lupus nephritis, IgA nephropathy, hypertensive nephropathy, diabetic kidney disease and acute kidney injury. Modulating the direction of Th17 cell differentiation is a highly attractive therapeutic approach. This article reviews the mechanisms of Th17 cell-mediated inflammation and autoimmune responses in kidney diseases and discusses the related clinical drugs that modulate Th17 cell fate in kidney disease treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: ARGONAUTE 1 (AGO1) proteins can recruit small RNAs to regulate gene expression, involving several growth and development processes in Arabidopsis. Rice genome contains four AGO1 genes, OsAGO1a to OsAGO1d. However, the regulatory functions to rice growth and development of each AGO1 gene are still unknown. Results: We obtained overexpression and RNAi transgenic lines of each OsAGO1 gene. However, only up- and down-regulation of OsAGO1b caused multiple abnormal phenotypic changes in rice, indicating that OsAGO1b is the key player in rice growth and organ development compared with other three OsAGO1s. qRT-PCR assays showed that OsAGO1b was almost unanimously expressed in leaves at different developmental stages, and strongly expressed in spikelets at S1 to S3 stages. OsAGO1b is a typical AGO protein, and co-localized in both the nucleus and cytoplasm simultaneously. Overexpression of OsAGO1b caused adaxially rolled leaves and a series of abnormal phenotypes, such as the reduced tiller number and plant height. Knockdown lines of OsAGO1b showed almost normal leaves, but the seed setting percentage was significantly reduced accompanied by the disturbed anther patterning and reduced pollen fertility. Further anatomical observation revealed that OsAGO1b overexpression plants showed the partially defective development of sclerenchymatous cells on the abaxial side of leaves. In situ hybridization showed OsAGO1b mRNA was uniformly accumulated in P1 to P3 primordia without polarity property, suggesting OsAGO1b did not regulate the adaxial-abaxial polarity development directly. The expression levels of several genes related to leaf polarity development and vascular bundle differentiation were observably changed. Notably, the accumulation of miR166 and TAS3-siRNA was decreased, and their targeted OSHBs and OsARFs were significantly up-regulated. The mRNA distribution patterns of OSHB3 and OsARF4 in leaves remained almost unchanged between ZH11 and OsAGO1b overexpression lines, but their expression levels were enhanced at the regions of vascular bundles and sclerenchymatous cell differentiation. Conclusions: In summary, we demonstrated OsAGO1b is the leading player among four OsAGO1s in rice growth and development. We propose that OsAGO1b may regulate the abaxial sclerenchymatous cell differentiation by affecting the expression of OSHBs in rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tough keratin fibers from chicken feathers have been produced continuously via controlled assembly of secondary protein structures. Though research on utilization of keratinous wastes began decades ago, very few regenerated products with high quality were developed due to damage to the primary structures during extraction and poor recovery of the secondary structures in the regenerated materials. Fibers have the highest quality requirements among the regenerated keratin products, including high toughness and resistance to repeated laundering. Our group developed regenerated keratin fibers on a lab scale previously. However, the regenerated keratin had poor spinnability with low recovery of secondary protein structures. As a result, keratin fibers could not be produced continuously, and their properties, especially the wet strength, were not acceptable. In this paper, high drawing ratios of keratin fibers on a continuous line have been achieved via stepwise oxidation and drawing technology. This technology resulted in controlled assembly of disulfide crosslinkages, optimum recovery of the secondary structures, satisfactory mechanical properties and scalable production of keratin fibers. Furthermore, the use of inexpensive chemicals makes the continuous keratin fiber production developed in this work affordable for scale-up. The technology developed for continuous production of tough keratin fibers has high potential for the development of high quality regenerated products from other cysteine-containing protein materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional nondegradable packaging and mulch films, after reaching the end of their use, become a major source of waste and are primarily disposed of in landfills. Accumulation of non-degradable film residues in the soil leads to diminished soil fertility, reduced crop yield, and can potentially affect humans. Application of degradable films is still limited due to the high cost, poor mechanical, and gas barrier properties of current biobased synthetic polymers. In this respect, natural polysaccharides and proteins can offer potential solutions. Having versatile functional groups, three-dimensional network structures, biodegradability, ease of processing, and the potential for surface modifications make polysaccharides and proteins excellent candidates for quality films. Besides, their low-cost availability as industrial waste/byproducts makes them cost-effective alternatives. This review paper covers the performance properties, cost assessment, and in-depth analysis of macromolecular structures of some natural polysaccharides and proteins-based films that have great potential for packaging and mulch applications. Proper dissolution of biopolymers to improve molecular interactions and entanglement, and establishment of crosslinkages to form an ordered and cohesive polymeric structure can help to obtain films with good properties. Simple aqueous-based film formulation techniques and utilization of waste/byproducts can stimulate the adoption of affordable biobased films on a large-scale. • Natural polysaccharides and proteins have potential to form high quality films. • Correlations among chemical, physical, and mechanical properties are highlighted. • Cost analysis shows promises for large-scale applications. • Strategies for dissolution and formation of cohesive structures are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the lipidomics differences of CD4+T immune cells in diabetic kidney disease (DKD) mice, and screen out the differential metabolites with biological significance. Methods: CD4 (L3T4) MicroBeads immunomagnetic beads were used to isolate CD4+T immune cells from spleen of BKS. Cg-Dock7m+/+ Leprdb/J mice with spontaneous DKD; the purity of CD4+T cells were identified by flow cytometry. The non-targeted lipidomics of CD4+T cells were detected by LC-MS/MS, and the differential metabolites were analyzed. Results: A total of 463 metabolites were detected by LC-MS. PCA and OPLS-DA analysis showed that the metabolic components were significantly separated; twenty-four differential metabolites were screened out. KEGG and enrichment analysis showed that the differential metabolites involved in the disorder of glycerol phospholipid metabolism. Conclusion: Phospholipid metabolism of CD4+T cells is closely related to the occurrence of DKD. Phospholipid metabolism targeting DKD CD4+T cells in DKD may be a new direction of DKD treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Keratin films were reinforced by interfacially-compatible nano-cysteine particles. • Cysteine particles with smaller sizes showed better reinforcing effects. • The keratin composite films were tough, pliant and stable in high humidity. • Keratin composite films demonstrated good biocompatibility in vitro study. Keratin films with wet stability and strength suitable for biomedical applications were developed via reinforcement with submicron cysteine particles for improved interfaces. Keratin products regenerated from wool or human hair were widely investigated as wound dressing and tissue engineering scaffolds for their satisfactory biomedical properties. However, regenerated keratin scaffolds usually did not have good mechanical properties, and also could not stand humid or wet biological environment due to poor moisture stability. Reinforcements for keratin materials were usually polysaccharides or synthetic polymers, and thus usually had non-ideal interfacial properties due to limited compatibility. In this research, submicron cystine particles were employed to reinforce keratin films for their high compatibility with keratin and bio-safety. Transition of primary and secondary structures of keratin due to matrix-reinforcement interaction was analyzed. The keratin films showed unprecedented pliancy, good tensile properties under humid conditions and biocompatibility, and thus had good potential for biomedical engineering applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • High cost hinders industrial-scale treatment of dye wastewater via bio-adsorption. • Adsorption and desorption capabilities, and adsorbent durability determine the cost. • Economic feasibility of bio-adsorption technology for dye removal is assessed. Abstract This review emphasizes the importance of costs in industrial-scale treatment of dye wastewater and provides a way to assess the cost-based feasibility of bio-adsorption technologies. Dye wastewater is one of the major contributors to environmental pollution. Bio-adsorption has attracted considerable attentions in dye wastewater treatment due to its technical feasibility, flexibility and operation simplicity. However, industrial-scale treatment of dye wastewater via bio-adsorption technologies remains stagnant, mainly due to high costs. So far, no review or research articles have systematically discussed the criteria for successful utilization of bio-adsorption technologies on a large scale. This review discusses the major factors affecting adsorption and desorption performance based on basic chemical and physical structures of bio-adsorbents available in literatures. A quantitative relationship has been summarized based on previous studies to assess the cost to utilize a bio-adsorption technology and serve as an access threshold for quality bio-adsorbents to be taken into real applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Green, sustainable and continuously spun keratin fibers finer and tougher than wool. • The toughness through enhanced molecular entanglement and conformation organization. • Enhanced protein unfolding and conformation controlled by amine-tuned chitin. • Excellent processibility of composite fibers throughout the entire garment-making process. We utilize chitin nanoparticles with controlled deacetylation and develop novel wet-spun keratin/chitin fibers on a pilot scale with strong interactions between keratin fibers and chitin nanoparticles. There is an urgent need to develop sustainable and degradable materials as alternatives to the current nondegradable textile fibers. Regenerating feather wastes into high-quality protein fibers promotes the sustainable development of the fiber industry. However, inferior properties of keratin fibers, resulting from insufficient protein unfolding, molecular entanglements, and recovery of secondary protein structures, hindered their large-scale commercialization. Inspired by chitin-protein interaction in crab shells, we reported the development of wet stable keratin composite fibers with similar fineness to silk and better toughness than wool. On the continuous spinning line, small amount of chitin nanoparticles with controlled amine content enhanced keratin molecular entanglement, improved fiber drawability, induced the formation of ß-sheet conformation, and incorporated external crosslinkages. As a result, keratin composite fibers with chitin nanoparticles had fineness, tenacity, breaking elongation, and toughness, and wet properties from 2.1 to 0.9 denier, 1.1 to 2.2 g/den, 11 % to 19 %, 21 to 50 J/cm3, and 0.6 to 1.2 g/den, respectively. We further fabricated the continuously spun keratin composite fibers into filament yarns and a sweater. Keratin composite fibers exhibited excellent processibility throughout the entire garment-making process. The green conversion from feather wastes to tough and wet stable composite fibers had a high potential for practical and sustainable applications in the textile industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies on osteosarcoma and matrix stiffness are still mostly performed in a 2D setting, which is distinct from in vivo conditions. Therefore, the results from the 2D models may not reflect the real effect of matrix stiffness on cell phenotype. Here, we employed a 3D bioprinted osteosarcoma model, to study the effect of matrix stiffness on osteosarcoma cells. Through density adjustment of GelMA, we constructed three osteosarcoma models with distinct matrix stiffnesses of 50, 80, and 130 kPa. In this study, we found that osteosarcoma cells proliferated faster, migrated more actively, had a more stretched morphology, and a lower drug sensitivity in a softer 3D matrix. When placed in a stiffer matrix, osteosarcoma cells secrete more MMP and VEGF, potentially to fight for survival and attract vascular invasion. Transcriptomic analysis showed that matrix stiffness could impact the signaling pathway of integrin α5-MAPK. The transplantation of 3D printed models in nude mice showed that cells encapsulated in the softer hydrogel were more likely to form subcutaneous tumors. These results suggest that matrix stiffness plays an important role in the development of osteosarcoma in a 3D environment and that inhibition of integrin α5 could block the signal transduction of matrix stiffness. [Display omitted] • This research focused on the effect of the 3D matrix stiffness but not 2D. • ATN-161 could block the differential expression of MAPK pathway proteins caused by stiffness changes. • Matrix stiffness influenced the process of subcutaneous tumors forming in nude mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triclocarban (TCC) is a widely used environmental endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC). Articular injury of EDCs has been reported; however, whether and how TCCs damage the joint have not yet been determined. Herein, we revealed that exposure to TCC caused osteoarthritis (OA) within the zebrafish anal fin. Mechanistically, TCC stimulates the expression of DNMT1 and initiates DNA hypermethylation of the type II collagen coding gene, which further suppresses the expression of type II collagen and other extracellular matrices. This further results in decreased cartilage tissue and narrowing of the intraarticular space, which is typical of the pathogenesis of OA. The regulation of OA occurrence by TCC is conserved between zebrafish cartilage tissue and human chondrocytes. Our findings clarified the hazard and potential mechanisms of TCC towards articular health and highlighted DNMT1 as a potential therapeutic target for OA caused by TCC. [Display omitted] • Triclocarban triggers osteoarthritis. • Triclocarban reduces the cartilage tissue to narrow the intraarticular space. • Triclocarban stimulates DNMT1 to suppress collagen expression. • The articular toxicity of triclocarban is conserved between zebrafish and human. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Completely amorphous chitosan sorbents with ultra-low density of polymers. • 7 g/g of dyestuff sorption capacity due to densely charges and superb accessible areas. • Complete dye desorption using minimal eluents by eliminating non-electrostatic forces. • 500 times higher speed than normal sorbents for continuous wastewater cleaning. • Durable sorbents ready for multiple treatment cycles and cost-effective industrialization. We have developed chitosan-formyl-sucrose sorbents with densely charged groups and ultra-low polymer chain density via a room-temperature one-step approach for industrial adaptations. This sorbent reaches theoretic sorption and maximum desorption capacities with extremely high concentration factors suitable for fast continuous dye removal. We focus on the development of affordable cleaning technology. Such a technology must have high cleaning capacity and durable reusability. Via sorption of three reactive dyes, Reactive Blue 19, Reactive Black 5, and Reactive Red 120, the sorbent we report provided a dyestuff sorption capacity of as high as 7 g/g, 99% of its theoretical sorption value, due to its densely charged groups and complete accessibility. This sorbent also exhibited a 99% desorption efficiency even when the eluate concentrated 19 times the initial dye solution due to the adjustable charged groups and ultra-low polymer chain density, therefore, minimal van der Waals attractions to the dyes. Formyl-sucrose endows the sorbents with desirable mechanical properties and excellent water stability for high-speed continuous wastewater cleaning and sorbent regeneration readily adaptable to cost-effective industrializations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, the treatment of bone defects in arthroplasty is a challenge in clinical practice. Nonetheless, commercially available orthopaedic scaffolds have shown limited therapeutic effects for large bone defects, especially for massiveand irregular defects. Additively manufactured porous tantalum, in particular, has emerged as a promising material for such scaffolds and is widely used in orthopaedics for its exceptional biocompatibility, osteoinduction, and mechanical properties. Porous tantalum has also exhibited unique advantages in personalised rapid manufacturing, which allows for the creation of customised scaffolds with complex geometric shapes for clinical applications at a low cost and high efficiency. However, studies on the effect of the pore structure of additively manufactured porous tantalum on bone regeneration have been rare. In this study, our group designed and fabricated a batch of precision porous tantalum scaffolds via laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) with pore sizes of 250 μm (Ta 250), 450 μm (Ta 450), 650 μm (Ta 650), and 850 μm (Ta 850). We then performed a series of in vitro experiments and observed that all four groups showed good biocompatibility. In particular, Ta 450 demonstrated the best osteogenic performance. Afterwards, our team used a rat bone defect model to determine the in vivo osteogenic effects. Based on micro-computed tomography and histology, we identified that Ta 450 exhibited the best bone ingrowth performance. Subsequently, sheep femur and hip defect models were used to further confirm the osteogenic effects of Ta 450 scaffolds. Finally, we verified the aforementioned in vitro and in vivo results via clinical application (seven patients waiting for revision total hip arthroplasty) of the Ta 450 scaffold. The clinical results confirmed that Ta 450 had satisfactory clinical outcomes up to the 12-month follow-up. In summary, our findings indicate that 450 μm is the suitable pore size for porous tantalum scaffolds. This study may provide a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of massive, irreparable, and protracted bone defects in arthroplasty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]