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The heliospheric current sheet (HCS) serves as the boundary that separates two sectors in which the interplanetary magnetic field lines diverge in opposite directions. In this study, we conducted a statistical analysis of 216 HCS events, utilizing data from the Wind spacecraft to examine the impact of stream interaction regions (SIRs) on the HCSs. Our findings revealed that out of all the HCS events, 153 (70.8%) were succeeded by a SIR within 36 h. Conversely, 63 HCS events (29.2%) were not followed by any SIR. The occurrence of HCSs accompanied by SIRs displayed a rough anti-correlation with solar sunspots. The statistical results further indicated that the presence of a SIR exerts some influence on the preceding HCS. Specifically, the thickness of the HCS is significantly reduced by the trailing SIR, and the subsequent SIR can cause the leading HCS to stand more vertically to the ecliptic plane and more aligned with the Sun–Earth line (a smaller angle between the normal of the HCS and the Earth's dawn–dusk line in the ecliptic plane). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black carbon, a part of harmful PM2.5 air pollution, is the second largest contributor to global warming. Due to per unit of mass, black carbon has a warming impact on climate 460–1,500 times stronger than CO2. UNEP emphasizes that the black carbon issue is more urgent than CO2 now. Unfortunately, current technologies cannot help large factories in preventing emission of black carbon particles into air because they fail to catch them effectively. Therefore, a new technology, which can catch black carbon and other PM2.5 pollution effectively, is critically needed. Here we report that electrorheology is the solution we are looking for. Under a strong electric field, black carbon and other particles are polarized. When the polluted air flow becomes a special flow with pollution particles moving adjacent to the electrodes, black carbon and other particles are captured by the electrodes effectively. Our tests have confirmed that with this technology, more than 98% black carbon and other PM2.5 particles can be caught. Moreover, this technology is not only suitable as incoming air filters, but also appropriate for large factories in preventing emitting black carbon and pollution into air. We hope that electrorheology will improve our environment and reduce global warming effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a panel of 14 microsatellite markers was screened to determine the parentage of 144 progenies in 12 Chinese hooksnout carp (Opsariichthys bidens) full-sib families. The combined exclusion probabilities for 14 loci were 97.6% and 99.9%, respectively, when there was no available parent information or only one parent information was provided. Simulation analysis demonstrated that the power of five loci to exclude false parents exceeded 99.0%, while that of eight loci reached 99.9% based on allele frequency data obtained from full-sib families (168 individuals). Moreover, the cumulative assignment success rate reached 100% with known parental and filial information when utilizing 13 or more loci, even in cases where no parent information was available. The results showed that this set of microsatellite markers proved to be a reliable and efficient tool for parentage determination of O. bidens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the prevailing form of the generalized Ohm's law (GOL), −me/e(J/en)⋅∇(J/en) ${-}\left({m}_{e}/e\right)\left[(\boldsymbol{J}/en)\cdot \nabla \right](\boldsymbol{J}/en)$ is often neglected. Because of the resemblance to the magnetic tension, we refer to this term as the current tension electric field (ECT). Our theoretical analysis reveals that ECT with a characteristic length of mi/me1/6λe ${\left({m}_{i}/{m}_{e}\right)}^{1/6}{\lambda }_{e}$ dominates the electron inertia terms in the electron diffusion region (EDR) and is comparable to the electron pressure term in low‐βe conditions. Using particle‐in‐cell simulations, we demonstrate that ECT can contribute significantly to the reconnection electric field and energy dissipation at the boundaries of the inner EDR and in the outer EDR. Positive and negative J ⋅ ECT can be used to identify inner and outer electron diffusion regions, respectively. Plain Language Summary: Magnetic reconnection is a fundamental physical process which allows for the explosive release of magnetic energy into thermal and kinetic energy. It underlies many dynamic phenomena in the universe, including solar eruptions, geomagnetic substorms and tokamak disruptions. In collisionless plasma, the generalized Ohm's law (GOL) introduces collisionless effects which break the frozen‐in constraint and enable reconnection to occur. The term, −me/e(J/en)⋅∇(J/en) ${-}\left({m}_{e}/e\right)\left[(\boldsymbol{J}/en)\cdot \nabla \right](\boldsymbol{J}/en)$, which is one of the electron inertia terms of GOL, is referred to as the current tension electric field (ECT) by us due to its mathematical resemblance to magnetic tension. In many classic textbooks and review papers, ECT is considered as a small quantity and thus is ignored. In this study, we present solid evidence from both theoretical studies and particle‐in‐cell (PIC) simulations to demonstrate that ECT dominates the electron inertia terms and plays important roles in providing reconnection electric field and energy dissipation in reconnection. Therefore, it should not be ignored. Based on our results, many classic textbooks in which ECT has been ignored must be modified. Key Points: ECT dominates the electron inertia terms in the electron diffusion region (EDR) and thus cannot be ignored in the generalized Ohm's lawECT contribute significantly to the reconnection electric field and energy dissipation in the inner and outer EDRsPositive and negative J · ECT can be used to identify inner and outer EDRs, respectively [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microservices architecture is a new paradigm for application development. The problem of optimising the performance of microservice architectures from a non-functional perspective is a typical Nondeterministic Polynomial (NP) problem. Therefore, aiming to quantify the non-functional requirements of computing microservice systems, while solving the problem of latency in computing the best combination of services with the maximum QoS objective function value, this paper proposes a microservice combination approach based on the QoS model and a CGWO algorithm for optimisation computation for this model. The experimental results verify that the error rate of the method is only 0.528% on the non-functional combination optimisation problem, and the computational efficiency of the algorithm increases by 97.29% when the complexity of the problem search space increases, while CGWO improves 65.97% and 81.25% respectively in the accuracy of optimisation compared to the prototype of the algorithm (GWO), and has a stable optimisation performance, aspect. It proves that the research in this paper has a high advantage in automatically searching for the best QoS for the microservice combination problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main focus of this paper is the amphibious vehicle's water-land trans-media capability, specifically its ability to efficiently carry out transportation tasks in rivers and nearshore areas. This capability relies on three key processes: launching, water exiting, and river crossing. To study these processes, hydrodynamic numerical simulations are conducted. The Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes) equation, simplified terra mechanics model, and body force method are adopted to analyze the trans-media and self-propulsion processes. Results indicate that the optimal launching speed is around 15 km/h, with a stable trim and heave, and a launching angle range of 15°–25° for insubmersibility and stability. Furthermore, high-speed water exiting enhances insubmersibility and imposes lower requirements on road adhesion conditions, outperforming low-speed water exiting. In terms of self-propelled river crossing, higher heading angles and faster river currents improve hydrodynamic lift, with the fastest crossing achieved at a 10° heading angle for a current speed of 2.5 m/s and a forward speed of 30 km/h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A numerical approach is established to study the hydrodynamic performance using an amphibious transport vehicle (ATV) as a research object. Numerical calculation based on the Reynolds average Navier–Stokes method is studied in terms of first layer grid height, surface meshing partition scale, and prismatic layer coefficient. Through uncertainty analysis, the correctness and convergence of the numerical approach are verified. Towing tests are conducted to compare the experimental data with the simulation results, which validated the reliability of the numerical approach under all working conditions. Results show that the numerical approach will affect the simulated results, with an average error of 3.91% for the resistance and 4.21% for the trim, meeting the requirements for analysis accuracy. Based on the proposed numerical approach, an optimization design is carried out to improve the hydrodynamic performance of the ATV. Effects of bow plate angle, stern flap angle, and stern flap install height are studied. Latin hypercube is used for sampling in optimization design, and the Kriging method is applied to establish an approximate model. The cross-validation is carried out using the leave-one-out method. Particle swarm optimization is used for parameter optimization, and the optimized configuration is verified using the numerical approach. Results indicate that the combination of bow plate and stern flap shows excellent improvement in the hydrodynamic performance of amphibious vehicles. Numerical error of the approximate model is only 0.292%, which fully verifies its accuracy and effectiveness. The optimized ATV configuration shows the best drag reduction performance of 38.81% compared to the original model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microservices architecture is a new paradigm for application development. The problem of optimising the performance of microservice architectures from a non-functional perspective is a typical Nondeterministic Polynomial (NP) problem. Therefore, aiming to quantify the non-functional requirements of computing microservice systems, while solving the problem of latency in computing the best combination of services with the maximum QoS objective function value, this paper proposes a microservice combination approach based on the QoS model and a CGWO algorithm for optimisation computation for this model. The experimental results verify that the error rate of the method is only 0.528% on the non-functional combination optimisation problem, and the computational efficiency of the algorithm increases by 97.29% when the complexity of the problem search space increases, while CGWO improves 65.97% and 81.25% respectively in the accuracy of optimisation compared to the prototype of the algorithm (GWO), and has a stable optimisation performance, aspect. It proves that the research in this paper has a high advantage in automatically searching for the best QoS for the microservice combination problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the 8.5‐year Venus Express measurements, we demonstrate the asymmetric plasma distributions in the Venusian magnetosheath. An escaping plume is formed by pickup oxygen ions in the hemisphere where the motional electric field points outward from Venus, while the velocity of solar wind protons is faster in the opposite hemisphere. The pickup O+ escape rate is estimated to be (3.6 ± 1.4) × 1024 s−1 at solar maximum, which is comparable to the ion loss rate through the magnetotail, and (1.3 ± 0.4) × 1024 s−1 at solar minimum. The increase of O+ fluxes with extreme ultraviolet (EUV) intensity is significant upstream of the bow shock, partially attributed to the increase of exospheric neutral oxygen density. However, the solar wind velocity just has a slight effect on the pickup O+ escape rate in the magnetosheath, while the effect of solar wind density is not observed. Our results suggest the pickup O+ escape rate is mainly controlled by EUV radiation. Plain Language Summary: The atmospheric evolution and water escape of Venus might be influenced by the solar wind‐Venus interaction. The atoms outside the induced magnetosphere are ionized by the solar radiation and accelerated to the escape velocity by solar wind electric field. In this way, the oxygen ions are picked up by solar wind and lost from the atmosphere to space. We use the data from Venus Express spacecraft to analyze the distribution of pickup oxygen ions in the vicinity of the planet. The planetary oxygen ions form a strong escaping plume, indicating the pickup process is an efficient escape channel removing the atmospheric particles. With an enhanced solar extreme ultraviolet radiation, the escape rate through this channel would be higher because more ions are produced and then picked up. This indicates an enhanced ion loss billions of years ago since the young Sun is more active, which might be a reason for the disappearance of a presumably‐existed ocean. Key Points: The pickup O+ escape rate at Venus increases with solar activity, and it is comparable to the ion loss rate through the magnetotailThe solar wind velocity has a slight effect on the pickup O+ escape rate in the magnetosheathThe neutral oxygen density upstream of the bow shock might increase by a factor of two from solar minimum to maximum [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) has observed oscillations in the density, velocity, and temperature of ionospheric plasma on Mars. Atmospheric gravity waves can be an underlying mechanism. We propose a linearized wave–electron interaction model adopting a Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin approximation to explore the electron density variations in the Martian day-side ionosphere for two regions, which are dominated by crustal magnetic fields and horizontal draped interplanetary magnetic fields. Our model results reveal that the electron density fluctuations associated with the crustal magnetic fields and the draped magnetic fields range from ∼ 40 per cent to ∼ 83 per cent and ∼ 29 per cent to ∼ 125 per cent, respectively. The wave-induced vertical electron flux peaks occur in a region ranging from ∼ 115 km to ∼ 179 km altitude. These results are comparable to the satellite observations. We further investigate the effect of the Martian magnetic topology on the wave-induced electron fluxes and demonstrate that the electron motions associated with the propagating gravity waves can be significantly influenced by the magnetic field orientations. The wave-induced variations in the electron temperature, ion density, and magnetic field combined with a comprehensive gravity wave model will be studied in further work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The two-fluid generalized Ohm's law (GOL) is based on the assumption that plasma is composed of only protons and electrons. The three-fluid GOL is obtained theoretically for the three-fluid plasma consisting of heavy ions, light ions, and electrons, which prevails in planetary ionospheres and magnetospheres. Three inertial lengths corresponding to the three-scale diffusion region in the three-fluid magnetic reconnection are derived. The ion inertial lengths and reconnection rate as well as the Hall magnetic and electric fields are modified due to the two-step decoupling process of ions. Our results provide a framework to extend the reconnection theory for even more ion species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metals and pesticides are significant pollutants in aquatic environments, often leading to combined pollution and exerting toxic effects on aquatic organisms. With the rapid growth of modern industry and agriculture, heavy metal cadmium (Cd) and pesticide triazophos (TRI) are frequently detected together in various water bodies, particularly in agricultural watersheds. However, the combined toxic mechanisms of these pollutants on fish remain poorly understood. This experiment involved a 21-day co-exposure of Cd and TRI to the hook snout carp Opsariichthys bidens to investigate the toxic effects on liver tissues at both enzymatic and transcriptional levels. Biochemical analysis revealed that both individual and combined exposures significantly increased the content or activity of caspase-3 (CASP-3) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Moreover, the impact on these parameters was greater in the combined exposure groups compared to the corresponding individual exposure groups. These findings suggested that both individual and combined exposures could induce mitochondrial dysfunction and lipid peroxidation damage, with combined exposure exacerbating the toxicological effects of each individual pollutant. Furthermore, at the molecular level, both individual and combined exposures upregulated the expression levels of cu-sod , cat , and erβ , while downregulating the expression of il-1. Similar to the patterns observed in the biochemical parameters, the combined exposure group exhibited a greater impact on the expression of these genes compared to the individual exposure groups. These results indicated that exposure to Cd, TRI, and their combination induced oxidative stress, endocrine disruption, and immunosuppression in fish livers, with more severe effects observed in the combined exposure group. Overall, the interaction between Cd and TRI appeared to be synergistic, shedding light on the toxic mechanisms by which fish livers responded to these pollutants. These findings contributed to the understanding of mixture risk assessment of pollutants and were valuable for the conservation of aquatic resources. [Display omitted] • Triazophos exhibited higher acute toxicity to the hook snout carps than cadmium. • Combination of cadmium and triazophos showed synergistic acute toxicity. • Cadmium and triazophos exposures induced changes in caspase-9 and MDA levels. • Expressions of ap , klf2α , il-1 , and erα were obviously altered by the co-exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of COVID-19, the epidemic prevention requirements of city subway system have become stricter. This study studies the transmission path of epidemic disease in city subway system. Using FLUENT software and AnyLogic software, the simulation models of subway platform ventilation structure and crowd behavior mode in subway system are constructed, respectively, and SEIR (vulnerable exposed affected recovered) is used as the general infection model of epidemic disease. According to the actual situation, the parameters such as shoulder width, flow, and moving speed of crowd are determined, and the simulation analysis of epidemic disease transmission in subway system is carried out. The analysis results show that the transmission speed of the disease in the subway will increase with the enhancement of the transmission capacity of the disease and the increase of the contact rate. When the disease transmission capacity is 0.14, the number of latent persons reaches the peak at 14.115 time units, which is 1374, and the number of patients reaches the peak at 28.541 time units, which is 1925. According to the simulation results, the simulation analysis results show that with the enhancement of disease transmission ability and the increase of exposure rate, the maximum number of latent and sick people in the subway environment will increase. The corresponding suggestions on risk management and control of infectious disease transmission in subway are put forward. The research results can provide a useful reference for the epidemic prevention management of urban subway transportation system in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high uncertainty regarding global gross primary production (GPP) remains unresolved. This study explored the relationships between phenology, physiology, and annual GPP to provide viable alternatives for accurate estimation. A statistical model of integrated phenology and physiology (SMIPP) was developed using GPP data from 145 FLUXNET sites to estimate the annual GPP for various vegetation types. By employing the SMIPP model driven by satellite-derived datasets of the global carbon uptake period (CUP) and maximal carbon uptake capacity (GPPmax), the global annual GPP was estimated for the period from 2001 to 2018. The results demonstrated that the SMIPP model accurately predicted annual GPP, with relative root mean square error values ranging from 11.20 to 19.29% for forest types and 20.49–35.71% for non-forest types. However, wetlands, shrublands, and evergreen forests exhibited relatively low accuracies. The average, trend, and interannual variation of global GPP during 2001–2018 were 132.6 Pg C yr−1, 0.25 Pg C yr−2, and 1.57 Pg C yr−1, respectively. They were within the ranges estimated in other global GPP products. Sensitivity analysis revealed that GPPmax had comparable effects to CUP in high-latitude regions but significantly greater impacts at the global scale, with sensitivity coefficients of 0.85 ± 0.23 for GPPmax and 0.46 ± 0.28 for CUP. This study provides a simple and practical method for estimating global annual GPP and highlights the influence of GPPmax and CUP on global-scale annual GPP. • Global annual GPP was projected using phenology and physiology data combined. • Global mean annual GPP between 2001 and 2018 was 132.6 Pg C yr−1. • GPPmax is more crucial in regulating annual GPP than CUP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN measurements, we observed a wave train of vortices in different developing phases of the Kelvin‐Helmholtz (K‐H) instability at the ionopause above the Martian northern hemisphere during 09:35:00–09:55:00 Universal Time on 24 March 2017. Based on the sawtooth‐like oscillations in the magnetic fields associated with the quasi‐periodic fluctuations in the ion densities, velocities, and total pressure, we identified three fully and two partially developed vortices. The wavelength of the K‐H waves is ∼2 Martian radii and the period is ∼2 min. The magnetic topologies associated with the vortices are observed to change from draped in the magnetosheath to open in the transition region and finally to closed approaching the ionosphere. Significant ion loss caused by the K‐H instability is observed. The total oxygen loss rate is estimated to be ∼1025 s−1, which is comparable to the global ion loss as previously estimated. Plain Language Summary: Shear‐driven Kelvin‐Helmholtz (K‐H) instability can form along the boundary of the solar wind interaction with non‐magnetic planets (such as Venus and Mars). Previous studies reported partially and fully developed K‐H vortices at the Martian induced magnetosheath. In this study, we directly observed both types of the K‐H vortices during the developing process of the K‐H instability at the Martian ionopause. The magnetic topologies associated with the K‐H vortices change from draped in the magnetosheath to open in the transition region and to closed approaching the ionosphere. The K‐H instability can be an effective mechanism that leads to ion escape at Mars. A large number of ions within the K‐H vortices are observed to escape from Mars. The loss rate of oxygen caused by the K‐H instability is estimated to be significantly high. Our results confirm that the K‐H instability is important for the Martian ion loss. Key Points: We report a wave train of Kelvin‐Helmholtz (K‐H) vortices during different developing phases of the K‐H instability at the ionopause of MarsThe wavelength of the K‐H waves is ∼2 Martian radii and the period is ∼2 min; the magnetic topologies within the K‐H vortices changedThe estimated loss rate of oxygen caused by the K‐H instability is on the order of 1025 s−1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Slow shocks are introduced to be the main dissipation sites in Petschek reconnection model, but they are seldom observed in interplanetary space. We report a slow shock pair bounding a plasmoid/macro magnetic hole observed by Parker Solar Probe. The jump conditions across the shocks are examined and confirmed to satisfy the Rankine‐Hugoniot relations. The flow speed in the preshock and postshock regions of both shocks match up with the characteristics of slow shocks. The slow shock pair is suggested to be a part of a curved slow shock bounding the plasmoid produced by magnetic reconnection. Our findings append a new dissipation site to the picture of energy conversion through solar wind magnetic reconnection. In addition, the results suggest that plasmoids emitted by local magnetic reconnections could be a possible origin of macro magnetic holes in the solar wind. Plain Language Summary: There are two basic types of magnetohydrodynamic shocks: Fast shocks and slow shocks. Slow shocks, across which the magnetic field strength decreases from the upstream to the downstream, are suggested to be the main sites of energy conversion at the boundary of outflow jets in Petschek reconnection model. Slow shocks are seldom observed in the solar wind. Based on the magnetic field and plasma measurements by Parker Solar Probe, we report a slow shock pair bounding a macro magnetic hole in the solar wind. Surprisingly, the observed slow shock pair are not located at the boundary of reconnection outflow jets, but at the boundary of a dense and hot plasmoid. These two slow shocks are suggested to be parts of a curved slow shock bounding the plasmoid produced by magnetic reconnection, which is in agreement with previous numerical studies of fast magnetic reconnection, confirming that slow shocks could be formed at the boundaries of giant plasmoids downstream the Petschek reconnection exhausts. This finding updates the picture of dissipation sites in solar wind magnetic reconnection. In addition, plasmoids emitted by local magnetic reconnections might be a possible origin of macro magnetic holes in the solar wind. Key Points: We report a slow shock pair bounding a plasmoid/macro magnetic hole observed by Parker Solar Probe in the inner heliosphereThe two slow shocks are probably parts of a curved slow shock bounding a plasmoid produced by magnetic reconnectionThe plasmoids emitted by magnetic reconnection could be a possible origin of macro magnetic holes in the solar wind [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present an imaging sensor used in the viscoelastic detection of composite resins. Composite resins are the mainstream materials in dental restorative procedures. After restoring the carious cavity, the module of the composite resin increases with the curing time of the light-curing unit. After a specific time, the composite resin is cured to the ideal state (not completely cured; this refers to the initial curing of the dental restorative material, after which it takes some time to cure completely). The sensor provides a new, fast, and non-contact optical method for module detection of composite resins. This study determined the time required to cure composite resins ideally by qualitative analysis of decorrelation time (τ) and quantitative module G * (w) . The results showed that the composite resin cured ideally in the ninth second and exhibited a high linear correlation (r = 0.965, p = 0.007 81). The successful development of this sensor will help to avoid subjective judgment about the curing degree of composite resins and detect the curing process of composite resins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging evidence shows that histone modification and its related regulators are involved in the progression and chemoresistance of multiple tumors including acute myeloid leukemia cells (AML). Our present study found that the expression of histone lysine demethylase Jumonji domain containing-3 (JMJD3) was increased in AML cells as compared with that in human primary bone marrow (HPBM) cells. Knockdown of JMJD3 can decrease the proliferation of AML cells and increase the chemosensitivity of daunorubicin (DNR) and cytarabine (Ara-C). By screening the expression of cytokines involved in AML progression, we found that knockdown of JMJD3 can inhibit the expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6). Recombinant IL-6 (rIL-6) can attenuate si-JMJD3-suppressed proliferation of AML cells. Mechanistically, JMJD3 can positively regulate the promoter activity and transcription of IL-6 mRNA, while had no effect on its mRNA stability. Further, JMJD3 can regulate the expression of p65, which can directly bind with promoter of IL-6 to increase its transcription. Over expression of p65 significantly attenuated si-JMJD3-suppressed expression of IL-6. Collectively, we revealed that JMJD3 can regulate the proliferation and chemosensitivity of AML cells via upregulation of IL-6. It suggested that JMJD3 might be a potential therapy target for AML treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lunar wake is usually rapidly refilled when the background plasma is substantially subsonic. Here we present observational case studies, by the two ARTEMIS spacecraft, of the lunar wakes in the magnetosheath near the magnetopause under transonic plasma flows with relatively large plasma beta and different magnetic field orientations. The associated background plasma betas are near 1, suggesting that the plasmas are not strongly controlled by the magnetic fields. As a result, the part of the lunar wake under subsonic plasma was rapidly refilled. Pitch angle distributions reveal that a significant portion of the refilling ions are from the downstream wake. This is consistent with the fact that higher sound speed than bulk speed of the background plasma enables downstream particles to get access to upstream wake due to the pressure gradient. The other part under supersonic plasma remains a typical wake structure with high plasma density or flux depletions. Our results show that the Mach number and plasma beta primarily determine the rapid refilling of the lunar wake, which is allowed only in subsonic plasma with plasma beta greater than or close to 1 and hardly influenced at all by the magnetic field orientation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic reconnection is a fundamental and important physical process that can release magnetic energy and change magnetic topology. A statistic study of reconnected magnetic field lines has been carried out by Cluster spacecraft 1 during 58 current sheet crossing events. We calculated the values of at different distances from reconnection site to describe the loosing process of magnetic field lines. Our results suggest that current sheets in ion diffusion regions have small values of. As the distance from reconnection site increases, the reconnected magnetic field lines relax, and subsequently have relatively large values of. However, such large values of are found to be closely related to open magnetic field lines that connect the Earth's magnetosphere and the solar wind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies suggested that the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) has a significant influence on the Venusian-induced magnetosphere. We present observations by Venus Express under a nearly flow-aligned IMF condition to investigate the demagnetization of the Venusian ionosphere. Our results show that the magnetic barrier becomes weak and narrow, and the ionosphere can be demagnetized under the IMF with the dominating flow-aligned component while the solar wind dynamic pressure remains almost unchanged. The demagnetization of the Venusian ionosphere implies that the total pressure of the magnetic barrier above the ionopause decreases. The magnetic field lines upstream from Venus drape differently under the nearly flow-aligned IMF condition. And thus the upstream solar wind flow is affected by the outward magnetic tension, which leads to the decrease of the dynamic pressure that directly acts on the magnetic barrier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pragmatic use of Spin Torque Nano-Oscillators (STNOs) in real electronic systems is severely hindered due to their low output power and poor noise figure. The most accepted and promising way to increase the output power and decrease the signal noise of STNOs is through their mutual synchronization. However, it is confused that the mutual synchronization of STNOs is very difficult to achieve at room temperature although the non-linear nature of STNOs contributes to the large frequency range of injection locking. In this work, first, it is revealed that the difficulty of STNOs' mutual synchronization stems from the high output signal noise of STNOs. Based on this observation, a noise reduction technique is invented, which introduces a Band Pass Filter in the coupling loop of STNOs. Using the noise reduction technique, it is demonstrated that even non-identical STNOs can be mutually synchronized at room temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: In this paper, we focus on the configuration design of a reconfigurable robot that merges the functions of wheels, tracks, and legs together. A deformable rim is utilized to make the robot wheel reconfigurable to change its locomotion mode. Three rules of configuration design to achieve reconfiguration between different modes are proposed: (1) in wheel mode, the track wheel set should be hidden inside the wheel rim; (2) in track/leg mode, the folded wheel rim should be hidden inside the caterpillar loop; (3) the circumference of the wheel rim in wheel mode should be equal to the length of the track ring in track mode. According to these rules, the configuration of the deformable rim, track wheel set, and telescopic spoke are analyzed and designed. A prototype of the reconfigurable wheel is fabricated by three-dimensional printing, and its functions of locomotion in different modes, the switch between different modes, and its load-bearing ability are tested, verifying the effectiveness of the configuration design. Furthermore, a prototype of the reconfigurable robot is manufactured by computerized numerical control (CNC) machining to verify the structural design of the reconfigurable wheel. Compared to traditional hybrid robots with separate wheels, tracks, and legs, this reconfigurable design lends the multimodal robot both excellent terrain adaptability and a compact structure; thus, it can be widely used as a universal mobile platform in search and rescue missions and explosive object disposal missions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are ligand-gated ion channels mediating fast cholinergic synaptic transmission in nervous system. In insects, nAChRs are the target sites for several naturally occurring and synthetic compounds, including the neonicotinoid insecticides. So far, one of the major strategies to explore the interaction of nAChR and ligands is based on the heterologous expression of nAChR, which is tough, and needs to be explored. In this study, we expressed and purified extracellular domain of rat a7 subunit (Rα7-ECD), the binding site of the ligands in E. coli and determined the interactions and kinetic constants of neonicotinoid insecticides with Rα7-ECD. The recombinant Rα7-ECD is water-soluble and appears to be correctly folded. The interactions of three neonicotinoid pesticides with Rα7-ECD were assessed by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor. The results revealed a fast association and fast disassociation binding mode of Rα7-ECD/pesticides complexes with the KD value of clothianidin (6.414E-9 M) > imidacloprid (9.030E-9 M) > acetamiprid (2.874E-6 M), respectively. This study demonstrated that the nAChR expressed from E. coli was functional, and SPR biosensor technology would be a good alternative for characterizing members of nAChR receptor family. Unlabelled Image • The extracellular domain of rat nAChR α7 subunit was functional expressed in the E.coli. • Surface plasmon resonance was used to evaluate the action of neonicotinoids and nAChRs. • Neonicotinoids showed a fast association and fast disassociation binding mode with nAChRs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the second most common cause of cancer‐related death worldwide, colorectal cancer (CRC) requires novel therapy strategies. Biodegradable polymers are used as drug carriers for treating CRC and other cancers. However, one of the limitations for the polymeric drug carriers is that they do not directly involve the treating procedure. Herein, to develop a polymeric drug delivery system with additional therapeutic effect from that of the polymer itself, poly(ursolic acid) (PUA) is, for the first time, simply synthesized via polycondensation of ursolic acid (UA), a bioactive ingredient widely distributed in herbal medicine. PUA can self‐assemble into nanoparticles (PUA‐NPs) with a diameter of ≈122 nm and an effective load of ≈10.1%, and deliver drugs, such as paclitaxel (PUA‐NPs@PTX). In vitro studies show that PUA‐NPs@PTX have strong cytotoxicity against colorectal cancer CT26 cells, while in vivo results indicate that these NPs have a prolonged blood circulation time, enhanced tumor accumulation, and significantly improved antitumor efficacy in CT26 tumor‐bearing mice. Furthermore, both in vitro and in vivo results confirm that the PUA‐NPs themselves have therapeutic effects on CT26 cells, without causing obvious toxicity to main organs, such as bledding or necrosis. In summary, such a therapeutic polymer platform provides a new therapeutic strategy for treating cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary lymphoma of the male genital tract (PLMGT) is rare, and data on its epidemiology and prognosis are lacking. Our study aimed to estimate the incidence and develop a predictive nomogram for PLMGT. We pooled the incidence and survival data of PLMGT over the last 20 years from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Incidence rates were calculated by year of diagnosis, age, race, and histology. Independent prognostic factors selected by Cox regression analysis were used to develop a nomogram for predicting overall survival (OS). Our study enrolled 1312 patients with PLMGT. The overall incidence rate of PLMGT was 0.437/1,000,000 during 2000–2019. OS was associated with age, marital status, histological subtype, Ann Arbor stage, and therapeutic strategy, which were used to construct nomograms to predict 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS rates. Receiver operating characteristic curves, calibration plots, and decision curve analysis showed good performance of the nomogram. Based on the total score of each patient from the nomogram, the patients were clustered into three risk groups, and the risk stratification model was more successful in predicting clinical outcomes than the traditional Ann Arbor staging system. The incidence rate of PLMGT has remained relatively stable over the past two decades. For the OS of patients with PLMGT, we established a novel predictive nomogram involving all independent risk factors obtained from the SEER database and developed a corresponding risk classification system that showed better predictive performance than the Ann Arbor staging system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A universal vehicle-wheel-ground coupling modeling method of all-terrain DDUGV with variable structure is proposed. • Based on Bekker-Wong-Janosi theoretical model and co-calibration of geotechnics experiment and DEM simulation, the mathematical model of wheel- soil interaction is verified and optimized, which is much more efficiency than Discrete Element Method (DEM) simulation. • The coupling model can simulate the real vehicle system by considering strong nonlinear factors and time delaying of hydraulic system and electric driving system. • Newton-PSO algorithm is established to simplify the problem of solving theoretical mathematical model of wheel-soil interaction and prevent chattering and sawtooth phenomenon during simulation. • The accuracy and computation efficiency of the coupling model are verified by co-simulation results. The establishment of a dynamic model of distributed driving unmanned ground vehicle (DDUGV) is the premise of vehicle state identification and high-quality control. However, due to the strong nonlinearity of the DDUGV system itself, the various external influence and the difficulties of real-time calculating, the simulation results based on existing conditions are far from the actual vehicle test results, resulting in the huge gap between the simulation test and the actual engineering practice. Regarding the problem mentioned above, this paper takes the 3-axles DDUGV with variable structure as the research object, and proposes a universal dynamic modeling method for DDUGV, which considers the uncertainty of terrain and variable structural parameters. Firstly, based on Newtonian mechanics, mathematical models of the vehicle's variable structure, body posture, static/dynamic suspension, hydraulic transmission, wheel and in-wheel motors are established. Secondly, taking the wheel as the coupling node between vehicle dynamics and ground mechanics, 3 tire models in typical driving environments are established, which are the magic tire model used in paved road, and the Bekker-Wong-Janosi theoretical model used in sandy and clay soil, respectively. Thirdly, based on the established mathematical model, a universal DDUGV modeling method is proposed. Then, based on the co-calibration of geotechnics and discrete element method (DEM), the particle parameters of sandy soil are obtained and the theoretical mathematical model of wheel-soil interaction is verified and optimized. Finally, based on the established vehicle-wheel-ground coupling model of the 3-axles DDUGV with variable structures, simulation tests are carried out under typical working conditions, which are compared with the results of existing vehicle dynamics software to verify the accuracy, computation efficiency and real-time property. The vehicle-wheel-ground coupling dynamic model established in this paper can provide a reference for the construction of the vehicle dynamic models, the analysis of driving characteristics, and the research of control strategies in complex environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate-induced changes in plant phenology and physiology plays an important role in control of carbon exchange between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere. Based on dataset during 1997–2014 from 41 flux tower sites (440 site-years) across the northern hemisphere, relationships between long-term trends in start of growing season (SOS), end of growing season (EOS), length of growing season (LOS), maximal gross primary production (GPP max), and seasonal and annual gross primary production (GPP) were analyzed. Statistical Models of Integrated Phenology and Physiology (SMIPP) were built for predicting the long-term trends in annual GPP. Results showed that SOS advanced and EOS delayed for forest sites, while both SOS and EOS for grassland (GRA) sites delayed. Long-term trends in SOS and EOS of evergreen needle-leaf forests (ENF) sites were greater than those of deciduous broadleaf forests (DBF) sites. Seasonal and annual GPP for forest sites increased, among which long-term trend in annual GPP of ENF sites was the largest. Spring GPP of GRA sites decreased, but annual GPP increased. Strong relationships between long-term trends in phenological and physiological indicators and seasonal GPP were found. Long-term trend in GPP max had the highest relationship with long-term trend in annual GPP for forest sites, but long-term trend in SOS was the most related to long-term trend in annual GPP for GRA sites. Increases in spring and autumn GPP due to a one-day advance in SOS and delay in EOS for DBF sites were greater than ENF sites. Delay in EOS resulted in more carbon sequestration than advance in SOS for forest sites, while advance in SOS significantly increased spring GPP for GRA sites. The SMIPP model driven by long-term trends in LOS and GPP max had stronger explanatory power for predicting long-term trend in annual GPP than the SMIPP model driven by long-term trends in SOS, EOS, and GPP max. Long-term trend in annual GPP was accurately predicted by using the SMIPP model, while long-term trend in annual GPP for GRA sites was more difficult to be captured than the forest sites. Drought and disturbance effects on phenology and physiology were major factors for model uncertainty. This study is helpful to understand changes in phenology and carbon uptake and their differences among different vegetation types and provides a potential way for predicting annual rate of change in carbon uptake through vegetation photosynthesis at a global scale. • Carbon sequestration through photosynthesis is increasing during 1997–2014. • SOS advanced and EOS delayed for forest sites, but both delayed for GRA sites. • Delay in EOS caused more carbon sequestration than advance in SOS for forest sites. • Trend in GPP was well predicted using the phenology and physiology information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A new method to significantly enhance the availability of RNA structural templates. • A new web interface for template-based RNA 3D structure prediction. • A novel efficient algorithm for constructing putative RNA 3D scaffolds. RNA three-dimensional (3D) structures are critical for RNA cellular functions. However, structure prediction for large and complex RNAs remains a challenge, which hampers our understanding of RNA structure-function relationship. We here report a new web server, the VfoldLA server (http://rna.physics.missouri.edu/vfoldLA), for the prediction of RNA 3D structures from nucleotide sequences and base-pair information (2D structure). This server is based on the recently developed VfoldLA, a model that classifies the single-stranded loops (junctions) into four different types and according to the loop-helix connections, assembles RNA 3D structures from the loop/junction templates. The VfoldLA web server provides a user-friendly online interface for a fully automated prediction of putative 3D RNA structures using VfoldLA. With a single-RNA or RNA-RNA complex sequence and 2D structure as input, the server generates structure(s) with the JSmol visualization along with a downloadable PDB file. The output result may serve as useful scaffolds for future structure refinement studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple, rapid, label-free, and sensitive colorimetric method for efficient screening of single base-pair mismatches was developed, which was based upon the interactions of single-stranded peptide nucleic acid (PNA) and PNA/DNA duplexes with unmodified gold nanoparticles. • A colorimetric SNPs screening method was developed using PNA and unmodified AuNPs. • This assay can effectively discriminate a range of different mismatches. • It has a low LOD of 2.3 nM for single-base mismatched target in cell lysate. • This assay can be used to detect any kind of gene mutation in biological samples. Rapid and sensitive single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) genotyping is of particular important for early diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of specific human diseases. A simple and low-cost SNP detection method would be valuable for routine analysis in resource-limited settings. Here, we demonstrated a novel and convenient gold nanoparticle (AuNPs) based colorimetric approach for efficient screening of SNPs at room temperature without instrumentation. SNP detection is performed in a single tube with one set of unmodified AuNPs, a label-free peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probe, a single exonuclease (S1 nuclease), and the target to be tested. S1 nuclease could digest DNAs in DNA/PNA duplexes involving a mismatch into small fragments, while DNAs in the fully-matched DNA/PNA duplexes can be effectively protected by PNA from enzymatic degradation. This difference could be easily discriminated by color changes associated with gold aggregation. PNA oligomers can induce immediate AuNP aggregation even in the presence of nucleoside monophosphates (dNMPs), the digestion products of DNA. Whereas PNA/DNA duplexes can effectively stabilize unmodified AuNPs, and the stabilization effect of PNA/DNA is better than single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). Without the need of precise temperature control and extra salt addition, SNPs are detected with a detection limit of 2.3 nM in cell lysate. Moreover, this system can effectively discriminate a range of different mismatches even in spiked cell lysate, demonstrate the potential use of this biosensor for biological samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sliding clamp proteins encircle duplex DNA and are involved in processive DNA replication and the DNA damage response. Clamp proteins are ring-shaped oligomers (dimers or trimers) and are loaded onto DNA by an ATP-dependent clamp loader complex that ruptures the interface between two adjacent subunits. Here we measured the solution dynamics of the human clamp protein, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, by monitoring the change in the fluorescence of a site-specifically labeled. To unravel the origins of clamp subunit interface stability, we carried out comprehensive comparative analysis of the interfaces of seven sliding clamps. We used computational modeling (molecular dynamic simulations and MM/GBSA binding energy decomposition analyses) to identify conserved networks of hydrophobic residues critical for clamp stability and ring-opening dynamics. The hydrophobic network is shared among clamp proteins and exhibits a "key in a keyhole" pattern where a bulky aromatic residue from one clamp subunit is anchored into a hydrophobic pocket of the opposing subunit. Bioinformatics and dynamic network analyses showed that this oligomeric latch is conserved across DNA sliding clamps from all domains of life and dictates the dynamics of clamp opening and closing. Unlabelled Image • A cluster of hydrophobic residues in DNA clamp proteins maintains their structural integrity. • The identified network of hydrophobic residues is conserved in clamps from all domains of life. • We provide a revised model for clamp protein oligomerization, opening and DNA loading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Due to the limited availability of slip systems, deformation twins have to play an additional role to accommodate strain in developing plastic deformation and undoubtedly influence the mechanical properties of materials with hexagonal structure. Therefore, understanding the interfacial characteristic of deformation twin and interaction behavior between different twin variants during plastic deformation is crucial to microstructural design, processing and application of hexagonal close-packed (hcp) materials. In the present study, { 11 2 ¯ 2 } twinning behavior in deformed titanium, with an emphasis on the misorientation across { 11 2 ¯ 2 } twinning boundary and the interaction between two { 11 2 ¯ 2 } twin variants sharing the same [ 10 1 ¯ 0] zone axis, is investigated by a combination of electron back-scatter diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. The results reveal that the actual value of misorientation across { 11 2 ¯ 2 } twinning boundary is not always equal to the theoretical one. Also, a distinctive phenomenon of one twin penetrating into the interior of the other twin, which is not observed when two { 10 1 ¯ 2 } twins encounter to each other, is discovered when the interaction between two { 11 2 ¯ 2 } twins takes place. Accordingly, the possible mechanisms behind such phenomena are proposed and discussed. These findings are expected to provide an insight into understanding the twinning behavior in hcp metals. Highlights • Interfacial feature and interactional behavior of { 11 2 ¯ 2 } twin have been investigated. • The actual misorientation angle value of { 11 2 ¯ 2 } twin can deviate from theoretical one. • The actual twinning boundaries can deviate from theoretical { 11 2 ¯ 2 } twinning plane. • When two { 11 2 ¯ 2 } twins meet, the tip of one twin is embedded in the other twin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • A newly designed closed atmospheric electrocoagulation system (CAEC) was used. • The generation of green rust can be adjusted by dissolved oxygen. • Green rust was gradually transformed into magnetite under anaerobic environment. • Relevant removal mechanisms were proposed. Abstract In this study, the effect of initial dissolved oxygen (DO i) on the efficiency of removing Cd2+ from wastewater using a newly designed closed-atmosphere electrocoagulation (CAEC) system was investigated. The effects of factors such as temperature, initial pH, current density, and electrolyte composition (NaCl and Na 2 SO 4) were investigated. The results indicated that the removal efficiency of Cd2+ could be enhanced by increasing the initial pH, current density, and Na 2 SO 4 dosage at initial DO concentration of 1.6 mg/L. However, a low current efficiency was also obtained when a high current density was applied because the high anodic potential resulted in water electrolysis. In brief, the generation of green rust (GR) promotes Cd2+ removal, particularly under anaerobic conditions, and Na 2 SO 4 positively affects the flocculation and adsorption efficiencies of GR by strong charge neutralization. The obtained results can provide meaningful insights for the application of Fe–electrocoagulation in real industrial wastewater and understanding the mechanism of Fe based hydroxide coagulations for toxic metal removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: As the fourth leading cause of death, injury is an important public health concern in Guangdong Province, China. The epidemiological characteristics of injury mortality is changing along with the social development. This study described the epidemiological characteristics of injury mortality in Guangdong Province by analyzing the death surveillance data in a few areas in Guangdong Province in 2015.Methods: Using the mortality data from the Disease Surveillance Points (DSP) system, injury deaths were classified according to the International Classification of Disease-10th Revision (ICD-10). The data were stratified by areas (urban/rural), gender, age groups, injury types, and then overall and type-specific injury mortality rates were estimated for the whole Guangdong Province, China.Results: We estimated that about 38,200 individuals died from injury in Guangdong Province in 2015, producing a mortality rate of 43.11/100,000. The overall age-standardized injury mortality in men was higher in rural areas compared with urban areas (41.29/100,000 versus 24.89/100,000). In terms of injury intent, unintentional injuries were the commonnest injury type, which accounted for 83.93% of the overall injury deaths, however, the deaths caused by suicide should not be ignored, which occupied 12.67% of the total injury deaths. In terms of injury cause type, falls, road-traffic accidents, suicide, drowning, and accidental poisoning were the top five leading types of injury deaths.Conclusions: In Guangdong Province, injury is an important cause of death. Road-traffic accidents, falls, suicide, drowning, and accidental poisoning should be the priorities of intervention. Moreover, in rural areas, the men were the most targeted subpopulation of the prevention activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Hedgehog (Hh) pathway hyperactivation has been observed in various tumors, including breast cancer, and Hh pathway inhibitors have demonstrated antitumor activity in breast cancer. The tumor microenvironment (TME) has been shown to play an important role in modulating cancer cell drug sensitivity, but the TME response to Hh pathway inhibitors is unclear. In the current study, we observed increased TME infiltration of macrophages in breast cancer tissue, and specifically, M2 polarized macrophages after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Furthermore, we observed an enhanced tolerance to Hh pathway inhibitors in MDA-MB-231 cells after co-culturing with M2 macrophages. In addition, we demonstrated that Hh pathway inhibition significantly induced IL6 expression, and validated that the tolerance to Hh pathway inhibitors was IL6-dependent. This study demonstrates a role of macrophages in Hh pathway inhibition resistance and a role of macrophage-derived IL6 in this resistance of breast cancer cells to Hh inhibition. These data indicate that antagonizing IL6 together with Hh pathway inhibitors may be a novel therapeutic strategy for breast cancer. Highlights • Breast cancer tissue has higher M1 and M2 macrophage infiltration. • Neoadjuvant chemotherapy increases breast cancer tissue M2 macrophage infiltration. • M2 macrophages attenuate the efficacy of a Hh inhibitor in breast cancer cells. • Hh pathway inhibition induces polarization of macrophages toward an M2 phenotype. • M2 macrophage-derived IL6 enhances cyclopamine resistance in breast cancer cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The residual stress with different degree is inevitable to be introduced during the welding process for high strength 7N01 Al alloys, which will deteriorate the mechanical properties in service. Therefore, a proper characterization method is of vital importance to obtain the detailed residual stress distribution. The conventional X-ray diffraction method can only measure the residual stress of near surface but cannot determine the internal bulk stress with nondestructive way. In the present work, a new Short-Wave X-Ray Diffraction (SWXRD) test methodology was utilized, which can evaluate not only the surface but also the internal residual stress of a crystalline material by applying the monochromatic short-wave X-ray of high-energy. The results show that there is a "M" shaped distribution of residual stress of longitudinal direction (LD) in different affected zone. Furthermore, the characterization of residual stress along weld depth direction demonstrates that the middle part of weld joint is subjected to tensile stress while the rest is subjected to compressive stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Isothermal sections of the Fe–Sb–Si system at 973 K and 1173 K were investigated using equilibrated alloys by means of scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive X–ray spectrometry and X–ray diffraction. No ternary compound was found at those two temperatures. A thermodynamic extrapolation of the Fe–Sb–Si system was carried out by considering the reliable experimental data from the literature and the present work. Calculated phase relationship agreed well with experimental results. It is worth noting that an isolated ternary miscibility gap generating from monotectic four–phase reactions exists in the calculated Fe–Sb–Si phase diagram. Highlights • The isothermal sections at 973 K and 1173 K of the Fe-Sb-Si system were determined. • Each of the isothermal sections consists of 5 three-phase regions. • Thermodynamic calculation of the Fe-Sb-Si system was carried out. • An isolated ternary miscibility gap exists in the calculated Fe-Sb-Si phase diagram. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global response to the most recent EBOV outbreak has led to increased generation and availability of data, which can be globally analyzed to increase our understanding of immune responses to EBOV. We analyzed the published antibody epitope data to identify regions immunogenic for humans on the main GP antigenic target and determine sequence variance/nonsynonymous mutations between historical isolates and variants from the 2013-2016 outbreak. Approximately half of the GP sequence has been reported as targeted by antibody responses. Our results show an enrichment of nonsynonymous mutations (NSMs) within epitopic regions on GP (70%, p = 0.0133). Mapping NSMs to human epitope reactivity may be useful for future therapeutic and prophylaxis development as well as for our general understanding of immunity against EBOV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amphibious vehicles are capable of moving on both water and land, which makes their design more complex than that of ships. The locomotion mechanism of an amphibious vehicle is the main distinguishing feature from ships and is also the primary source of water resistance. The resistance characteristics of amphibious vehicles with different locomotion mechanisms are mainly studied in this paper. Firstly, a numerical calculation method based on the RANS method is established and verified by experiments. Secondly, the resistance characteristics of the amphibious vehicle under a series of speeds are analyzed, and the importance of reducing pressure resistance is demonstrated. Then, the resistance characteristics of different amphibious vehicle configurations are compared. Hull 1 has the smallest resistance at low speed, with a maximum resistance reduction rate of 9.3%; Hull 3 has the best performance at high speed, with a maximum resistance reduction rate of 12.5%. The influence of different configurations is analyzed from the perspectives of the flow field, vehicle attitude, and pressure distribution. Finally, the resistance values and their proportion of total resistance acting on different locomotion mechanisms are analyzed. The results show that the resistance at low speed is related to the complexity of the surface, and the resistance at high speed is more dependent on the attitude. The conclusions of this study have guiding significance for the design of high-speed amphibious vehicles. • The hydrodynamic characteristic of a high-speed amphibious vehicle is investigated. • The resistance characteristics of different locomotion mechanisms are studied. • Hull 1 and Hull 3 perform best at low and high speeds, respectively. • The locomotion mechanism resistance mainly depends on its surface complexity at low speeds. • The attitude and flow field characteristics determine the high-speed performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amphibious transport vehicles have increasingly become an important tool for connecting water and land transportation, serving both water and land transport missions. However, due to the unique shape of amphibious vehicles, their sailing resistance is high, which severely restricts their widespread use. In this paper, a deformable trimaran amphibious transport vehicle with retractable side hulls is designed. Based on the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equation, a resistance prediction method for amphibious vehicles is established and verified through towing experiments. The resistance characteristic of the trimaran vehicle is studied and optimized. First, the effects of the side hull and its position on resistance performance are analyzed, and the sensitivity of position parameters is evaluated. Then, the bow plate angle on resistance is analyzed. Finally, a surrogate model of the side hull position parameters and the bow plate angle with resistance is established using the Kriging method. The Particle Swarm Optimization is used to search for the minimum resistance configuration Opt 2, which achieves a drag reduction effect of 19.84% at the design speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the performance of a continuous electrocoagulation system (batch recirculation mode) on the simultaneous removal of Zn 2+ , Cd 2+ , and Mn 2+ from real smelting wastewater by using Fe–Fe electrodes. Several parameters are evaluated to determine the optimal operating conditions. These conditions include the type of power supply ( p ), current density ( j ), aeration intensity ( v ), flow rate ( u ), and anions (SO 4 2– and SO 3 2– ). At current density = 10–20 mA/cm 2 , the DC power supply performs better than the APC power supply in treating wastewater. Current density positively affects the removal of heavy metals by increasing the production of Fe hydroxides. However, a lower aeration intensity of 0.5–1 L/min and a flow rate of 1 L/min are considerable because of flotation and turbulence, respectively. Moreover, adding SO 4 2– and SO 3 2– contributes to the precipitation of metal hydroxides. Lastly, the optimal parameters for the DC power supply used to treat smelting wastewater are as follows: pH i , 6.9; current density, 15 mA/cm 2 ; aeration intensity, 0.5 L/min; flow rate, 1 L/min; SO 4 2– , 25 mmol/L; and time, 120 min. The highest removal efficiency for each of Zn 2+ , Cd 2+ , and Mn 2+ reached 99.93%, 97.15%, and 85.46%, with electrical energy consumption = 14.76 kWh/m 3 (42 kWh/kg), electrode consumption = 2.09 kg/m 3 (5.88 kg/kg), and operational cost = 2.2 US$/m 3 (6.21 US$/kg), respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osthole is an active compound isolated from Chinese herb Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cusson, and had been reported to possess antitumor effect. However, the effect of osthole on the gastric cancer cells has not been investigated. In this study, the effects of osthole on the proliferation of human gastric cancer cells were tested. The data showed that osthole treatment significantly inhibited the proliferation of gastric cancer cells and resulted in the cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase in a dose-dependent manner. Western-blot study showed that the expression of cyclin B1 and cdc2 was markedly reduced by osthole. Moreover, expression of PI3K and pAKT was also significantly suppressed, and the results indicated that the inhibition of pAKT, cyclin B1, and cdc2 levels by osthole was notably enhanced by a PI3K inhibitor. These results demonstrate that osthole could inhibit gastric cancer cells proliferation via induction of cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase by the reduction of PI3K/AKT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessing the contribution of Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) forest to forest ecosystem carbon storage requires accurate estimation of gross primary production (GPP). Based on measurements of light-use efficiency (LUE), defined as the ratio of measured GPP to photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), from the eddy covariance flux tower, the linear regression model and partial least squares regression model were used for estimation of LUE using the Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) reflectance data. GPP estimates were then calculated by the product of LUE estimates and PAR (named the LUE-PAR model), which was compared with GPP from the GPP algorithm designed for the MODIS sensor aboard the Aqua and Terra platforms (MOD17A2 model) and the EC-LUE model. The results revealed the PLS model performed better than the linear regression model in LUE estimation but had lager uncertainties in high and low LUE values. GPP estimates driven by a MODIS-based radiation product with high spatial resolution was more accurate than those driven by Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) radiation product from the NASA’s Global Modelling and Assimilation Office data set. The LUE-PAR model had the highest accuracy than the other two LUE models. The GPP values derived from the EC-LUE model driven by photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) from MERRA and maximum LUE from the EC data were overestimated due to the overestimation in MERRA radiation product. The GPP values derived from the MOD17A2 model driven by PAR from the MERRA and maximum LUE from the biome properties look-up table were underestimated due to underestimation in the maximum LUE of Moso bamboo forest. This study implied that the LUE-PAR model driven by LUE estimates from the PLS model and PAR from MERRA is a superior approach in improving GPP simulations, and PAR products with high spatial resolution and accurate species-specific maximum LUE are necessary for the LUE models in estimating GPP at regional scale. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This study evaluated the properties of nine Scylla paramamosain microsatellite loci screened by us previously for inclusion in a parentage assignment marker suite. These nine highly polymorphic markers (mean He=0.847 and PIC=0.830) were determined as being suitable for parentage assignment. Simulations based on allele frequency data from 15 known maternal families (165 individuals) demonstrated that at least four loci were required to assign >95% of offspring to maternal parents with 95% confidence. In actual parentage assignments, all progenies were assigned to the maternal parents with six or more loci, which was similar to the simulation predictions. Our results suggest that this set of microsatellites provide a powerful and efficient tool for identifying pedigree information for selective breeding programmes of S. paramamosain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Systematic experimental investigations were conducted to study the microstructures and impact toughness of each heat affected zone (HAZ) formed during rail flash-butt welding. A high-strength carbide-free bainitic rail steel was subjected to different thermal simulation cycles to separately reproduce each HAZ subzone by tailoring the peak temperature (PT) with respect to 700, 850, 920, 1000 and 1350 °C, and hence to generate the corresponding microstructures by using Gleeble-3500 simulator. Results show that the HAZ subzones exhibit complicated microstructures depending on the PTs, and with increasing PT the dominant bainitic microstructure type evolves from polygonal bainitic ferrite (700 °C) to a mixture of fine bainitic ferrite and granular bainite (850–1000 °C), and finally to coarse bainitic ferrite and granular bainite (1350 °C). Impact tests demonstrate that the impact toughness initially increases significantly as the PT reaches 920 °C (i.e., fine-grained HAZ), beyond which the impact toughness starts to decrease. The fine-grained HAZ displays optimal impact toughness in HAZs, yet which is lower than the base metal. Moreover, the morphology and distribution of martensite-austenite (M-A) constituents is strongly dependent on the welding PT, and the high fraction blocky and coarse slender M-A constituents is considered to be detrimental for the impact toughness. • Simulated flash-butt welding HAZs were reproduced by tailoring peak temperature. • Peak temperature (PT) affects the transformation products and impact toughness. • BF varies from polygonization to refinement and finally to coarsening as rising PT. • High peak temperature elevates the size and quantity of M-A constituents. • Refined BF, dense HAGBs and tiny M-A constituents contributes to optimal toughness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The resistance reduction optimal design of amphibious vehicles is essential to improve efficiency and reduce energy consumption. In this paper, the hydrodynamic characteristics of an amphibious transport vehicle are investigated by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method based on the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) solver. A set of towing tests are conducted to verify grid independence and computational accuracy. Four typical shape control parameters are selected as optimal design variables and the independent effects of each variable are analyzed. The sample set is obtained using Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS), and corresponding three-dimensional models are generated based on the parameters of each sample point. CFD calculations are then used to obtain the resistance characteristics of the models. The Kriging method is utilized to establish an approximate model, and the credibility of the model is verified. The Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II (NSGA-II) is used to find a global optimal solution or set based on approximate models. Two optimized configurations, Opt1 and Opt2, are obtained, corresponding to single- and multi-objective optimization results, respectively. At the design speed of the amphibious transport vehicle, Opt1 has the highest resistance reduction rate of 12.7907% under the full load condition, while Opt2 has resistance reduction rates of 11.0863% and 8.5293% with and without load, respectively. [Display omitted] • The resistance characteristic of an amphibious transport vehicle is investigated. • The RANS method is adopted for resistance prediction. • Kriging approximation models are established based on LHS. • NSGA-II method is used for the optimal design. • The optimized models have significant improvements in resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amphibious vehicles have the unique ability to maneuver on land and water, due to their distinctive structural characteristics, their hydrodynamic performance differs significantly from that of ships. With the growing demand for high-speed navigation of amphibious vehicles, research into resistance and methods to drag reduction has become a hot issue. In this paper, drag reduction technology for amphibious vehicles is reviewed based on a thorough analysis of existing research. Various amphibious vehicles from different countries are introduced, outlining their different movement states on the water and classified based on their drag reduction mechanisms. The article explores the working principle and effects of various drag reduction technology from two perspectives: universal technology and amphibious technology. Research indicates that applying fouling and biofouling effect, surface drag reduction, and air injection as universal technology can effectively reduce the sailing resistance of amphibious vehicles. Due to the limitations of universal technology in some special military amphibious vehicles, amphibious technology is discussed as a supplement, such as planing hull, retractable walking mechanism, and drag reduction accessories. Finally, a summary of drag reduction technology for amphibious vehicles is provided, including pertinent design recommendations and an introduction to potential research areas for future development. • Traditional amphibious vehicles are weak in speed, maneuverability, and drag reduction methods. • Turbulence improvement, air injection, hydrodynamic lift, and multi-hulled designs have been validated in the laboratory. • Universal drag reduction technologies can be promoted to amphibious vehicles. • Planing hull, retractable walking mechanism, drag reduction accessory are efficient amphibious drag reduction technologies. • Future works should focus on structural, manufacturing, shape optimization, materials, and control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pickled mustard, the largest cultivated vegetable in China, generates substantial waste annually, leading to significant environmental pollution due to challenges in timely disposal, leading to decomposition and sewage issues. Consequently, the imperative to address this concern centers on the reduction and comprehensive resource utilization of raw mustard waste (RMW). To achieve complete and quantitative resource utilization of RMW, this study employs novel technology integration for optimizing its higher-value applications. Results: Initially, subcritical hydrothermal technology was applied for rapid decomposition, with subsequent ammonia nitrogen removal via zeolite. Thereafter, photosynthetic bacteria, Rhodopseudomonas palustris, were employed to maximize hydrogen and methane gas production using various fermentation enhancement agents. Subsequent solid-liquid separation yielded liquid fertilizer from the fermented liquid and soil amendment from solid fermentation remnants. Results indicate that the highest glucose yield (29.6 ± 0.14) was achieved at 165–173℃, with a total sugar content of 50.2 g/L and 64% glucose proportion. Optimal ammonia nitrogen removal occurred with 8 g/L zeolite and strain stable growth at 32℃, with the highest OD600 reaching 2.7. Several fermentation promoters, including FeSO4, Neutral red, Na2S, flavin mononucleotide, Nickel titanate, Nickel oxide, and Mixture C, were evaluated for hydrogen production. Notably, Mixture C resulted in the maximum hydrogen production (756 mL), a production rate of 14 mL/h, and a 5-day stable hydrogen production period. Composting experiments enhanced humic acid content and organic matter (OM) by 17% and 15%, respectively. Conclusions: This innovative technology not only expedites RMW treatment and hydrogen yield but also substantially enriches soil fertility. Consequently, it offers a novel approach for low-carbon, zero-pollution RMW management. The study's double outcomes extend to large-scale RMW treatment based on the aim of full quantitative resource utilization of RMW. Our method provides a valuable reference for waste management in similar perishable vegetable plantations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, three different scratch tests are compared on their ability to rank the abrasion resistance of low alloy steels for industrial applications where the abrasion play a key role, e.g., in earthmoving, agricultural and mining equipment. The first test involves single pass scratching of pristine surfaces with a relatively large rigid indenter. The second test involves multi-pass scratching along a fixed track using the same large indenter. The third test involves the creation of a multi-pass scratch track using the same large indenter followed by final scratching of the abrasion track with a sharp indenter, i.e., Multi-Pass Dual Indenter (MPDI) scratch test. The three test protocols activate different abrasion mechanisms. Five low alloy construction steel grades with different strain hardening capabilities, i.e., Interstitial-free Ferritic steel (IF steel), Fully Martensitic steel (FM steel), Dual Phase steel (DP steel), Quench Partitioning steel (Q&P steel) and TWining Induced Plasticity steel (TWIP steel), are used. The results show that for both single (large) indenter scratch test protocols, the scratch depths always increase with indenter load and the failure mechanism is pure ploughing except for the IF steel due to the nature of softness. While for the dual-indenter scratch test, the scratch depth is a more complex function of the load applied during creation of the work hardened surface layer. The conventional scratch test protocols cannot well reveal micro-cracks and defect in (sub) surface and cannot well reflect the real response of strain hardening of steels. However, the MPDI test can distinguish between different steels with different initial hardness and different strain hardening behaviour and reveal the damage and, equally important, can indicate how average loading conditions may affect the relative abrasion resistance of construction steels during steady state conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chinese soft-shelled turtle ( Pelodiscus sinensis ) is a highly important freshwater aquaculture species in China. The molecular mechanisms underlying changes in immunity and growth in hybrid vigor are not well understood. In the present study, the transcriptomes from significantly different P. sinensis strains (Qingxi black turtle, B and Japanese strain, J) and the resulting hybrid (Zajiao-1, F) were sequenced using an Illumina sequencing platform. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between Zajiao-1 and the Qingxi black turtle were enriched mainly in the HTLV-I infection and Hippo signaling pathways, while DEGs between the Zajiao-1 and Japanese strain were enriched mainly in tryptophan metabolism, caner-associated pathways, transcriptional dysregulation in cancer, amebiasis, Fcγ-mediated phagocytosis and the peroxisome pathway. Highly expressed genes involved in the regulation of disorders of the fatty acid biosynthesis, immune and cardiovascular systems in P . sinensis were found among the DEGs. Enrichment categories for gene ontology included cellular processes, metabolic pathways, and the actin cytoskeleton pathway. The reliability of the sequencing data was verified through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of 20 immunity or growth-related genes. These findings offer new insights into heterosis of growth traits and resistance to stresses and potential strategies for selective breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]