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Terraces are known as areas that historically have been planted with rice for more than 1400 years. However, there are few reports about the characteristics of the local soil microbes. For this reason, Yuanyang terrace soil (YTS) characteristics and analytical metagenome analysis were investigated using chemical methods and Illumina HiSeq techniques. In this study, YTS samples had a higher content of organic matter than Greenhouse soil (GHS). Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria, consecutively, were the two dominant phyla accounting for almost 70% of the total sequence data. Within Proteobacteria, Geobacter and Bradyrhizobium accounted for an average of 11% and 4% of the GHS samples, while in the YTS samples they accounted for 4% and 0% (of the total sequences). The other substantial genera in the YTS samples were Methanoculleus (2%) and Methanosaeta (2%), which function in methane production and inhibit methane synthesis. The relative abundances of genes concerned in nitrogen absorption were higher in the GHS trails than in the YTS samples, particularly for the napA gene. Our results demonstrate that the YTS samples had an apparent higher relative abundance of genes involved in CO2 reduction and methane production which could provide protection to rice against attacks by pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Panax notoginseng, a traditional medicinal and edible plant, is widely used in medicine, health care, cosmetics, and other industries. Affected by the discrepancy between market supply and demand and price, the adulteration of P. notoginseng products with other plant-derived ingredients occurs at times. With the continuous development of technologies such as spectroscopy, chromatography, and DNA barcoding, the detection techniques for rapid and sensitive determination of the authenticity identification and origin of P. notoginseng have become more diversified to meet the needs of different regulatory goals and could effectively control practices that mislead consumers and promote false labeling. This review analyzes and summarizes the existing technologies for determining the authenticity and origin of P. notoginseng from these three aspects: morphological, chemical, and molecular biology methods from the literature since 2001; on this basis, the current problems and future research directions are discussed to provide a reference for the establishment of rapid and accurate methods to verify authenticity and origin to promote the further development and improvement of quality control technology systems for P. notoginseng. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using three kinds of labor skills training methods (expert team training, recruit training and local agricultural extension center training), based on enterprise planting and farmer planting, this paper analyzes the impact of training methods on the development of potato industry, such as yield, income and planting extension. The results show that the expert team training, recruit training and labor skills training of local agricultural extension center can significantly improve the labor quality and skills, and increase the yield and income of winter potatoes. The expert team training, recruit training and local agricultural extension center training can lift growers out of poverty and improve the willingness of people to plant and extend. The winter potato industry has become one of the pillar industries to shake off poverty and become rich, increasing local economic benefits. Through labor skills training, the winter potato industry has become one of the main industries to improve the quality of the local people and increase economic income, promoting the local people to shake off poverty and become well-off. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding how fungi specialize on their plant host is crucial for developing sustainable disease control. A traditional, centuries-old rice agro-system of the Yuanyang terraces was used as a model to show that virulence effectors of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzaeh play a key role in its specialization on locally grown indica or japonica local rice subspecies. Our results have indicated that major differences in several components of basal immunity and effector-triggered immunity of the japonica and indica rice varieties are associated with specialization of M. oryzae. These differences thus play a key role in determining M. oryzae host specificity and may limit the spread of the pathogen within the Yuanyang agro-system. Specifically, the AVR-Pia effector has been identified as a possible determinant of the specialization of M. oryzae to local japonica rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the global proteomic response of Phytophthora cactorum to zoxamide was evaluated using a two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE)-based proteomic approach. Among the 21 proteins identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF MS), four cytoskeleton-related proteins were down-regulated upon addition of zoxamide. Five detoxification metabolism enzymes, seven sugar metabolism proteins and one mitochondria-related protein were up-regulated by more than 2-fold in response to zoxamide. Taken together, these results suggest that zoxamide can decrease the expression of cytoskeleton-related proteins of P. cactorum, resulting in cell death; however, the up-regulation of detoxification metabolism-related enzymes may protect P. cactorum against zoxamide, and the up-regulation of proteins related to sugar metabolism and mitochondria may lead to the generation of more energy for detoxification metabolism. These data also suggest that proteomics may be useful not only in exploring the mode of action of fungicides but also for gaining insight into the resistance mechanisms that pathogens employ against fungicides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]