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Although the non-orthogonal multiple access network (NOMA) network has already been used in 5G in wireless communication, it still needs to be supplied with large enough energy, especially for the amplify-and-forward (AF) process. Reconfigurable intelligence surface (RIS)-aided NOMA answers this weakness because it can relay without an AF process so that it could reduce the energy required for NOMA. This is conducted by vigorously relaying communication signals via transmitted signal reflection. In addition, the decode-and-forward process is dispatched to increase the signal coverage performance. It is thus expected that the RIS-aided NOMA will substantially ensure the obtainment of a lower outage probability towards the signal to noise ratio, relative channel estimation error, and distance between a base station and near users. Despite its potential, RIS might encounter a challenge to being effectively incorporated with communication networks regarding channel estimation error. This study evaluates the RIS-aided NOMA to address the issues mentioned above, and carefully derives the closest-form expressions of outage probability for a pair of users by applying perfect channel statistic information over Nakagami-m fading channel. The performance of cooperative relaying scenarios during outages is thoroughly analyzed. According to the simulation results, RIS-aided NOMA has a lower outage probability than conventional NOMA. Additionally, the optimal location for user relaying in RIS-aided NOMA and conventional NOMA networks should be closest to the base station. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interactions between pathogens during infection and the impact of these interactions on drug effectiveness are poorly understood, making polymicrobial infections challenging to treat. During an infection, cross-interactions between bacteria and fungi can strengthen virulence mechanisms and affect how the disease develops. The purpose of this study is to determine how Pseudomonas aeruginosa interacts with Candida glabrata, Candida albicans, Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida tropicalis in the development of polymicrobial biofilms. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis, Candida glabrata, and Candida tropicalis isolates were used in this experimental investigation. After preparing a 0.5 Mc Farland suspension of each isolate, the gold standard for measuring biofilm was applied: the Tissue Plate Culture (TCP) method. After that, an ELISA reader with a wavelength of 595 nm was used to measure the optical density (OD) of the biofilm. SPSS 26.0 was then used for statistical analysis to compare the OD values between Pseudomonas aeruginosa that had not been exposed to Candida and those that had. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida are found to interact synergistically if there is an increase in OD, and antagonistic interaction is discovered if there is a decrease in OD. In comparison to the group that was not exposed to Candida, Pseudomonas aeruginosa exposed to Candida albicans, Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis, Candida glabrata, and Candida tropicalis showed an increase in the OD value of biofilm. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida tropicalis interact synergistically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air is an important part of human life. However, air can be contaminated with microorganisms such as airborne bacteria and fungi. Temperature and relative humidity in a room can have an impact on the quantity of airborne bacteria and fungi. This study aims to figure out the correlation between the number of airborne bacteria and fungi with temperature and relative humidity. In 15 rooms of Microbiology laboratory, NA and SDA Petri plates were placed, after incubation, the number of colonies in each plate was counted. Pearson test was conducted with SPSS to determine the correlation between temperature and relative humidity to the number of airborne bacteria and fungi. The highest number of airborne bacteria was in the reading room (352 CFU/m³ ), while the lowest number was in the laundry room (13 CFU/m³ ) and the highest number of airborne fungi was in the Mycology room (156 CFU/m³ ), while there were no airborne fungi found in the urine and laundry rooms. Based on the results of the Pearson test, it was found that the value of p = 0.668 (p> 0.5) showed that there was no correlation between temperature and the number of airborne bacteria and fungi. Based on the results of the Pearson test, the value of p = 0.745 (p> 0.5) showed that there was no correlation between relative humidity and the number of airborne bacteria and fungi. There is no correlation between temperature and relative humidity with the number of airborne bacteria and fungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Addressing the challenges of internet-based 5G technology, namely increasing density through micro-cell systems, frequency spectrum, and reducing resource costs, is needed to meet the use of IoT-based 6G technology with the goal of high-speed, high-capacity, and low-latency communication. In this research, we considered the coverage performance and ergodic capacity of the Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS)-aided cooperative nonorthogonal multiple-access network (NOMA) of an IoT system. This enables the upgrading of 5G- toward 6G-technology-based IoT systems. We developed a closest-form formula of near and far user coverage probabilities as a function of perfect channel statistical information (p-CSI) using only a single-input single-output (SISO) system with a finite number of RIS elements under the Nakagami-m fading channel. We also define ergodic capacity as a simple upper limit by simplifying the use of symbolic functions and it could be used for a sustained period. The simulation findings suggest that RIS-assisted NOMA has a reduced risk of outage than standard NOMA. All of the derived closed-form formulas agree with Monte Carlo simulations, indicating that the distant user's coverage probability outperforms the nearby user. The bigger the number of RIS parts, however, the greater the chance of coverage. They also disclose the scaling law of the number of phase shifts at the RIS-aided NOMA based on the asymptotic analysis and the upper bound on channel capacity. In both arbitrary and optimum phase shifts, the distant user's ergodic capacity outperforms the near user. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) can cause serious lung inflammation and death. COVID-19 is characterized by a high mortality rate. This severity is associated with the overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines called "cytokine storms". One of the cytokines that play a central role is Interleukin-6 (IL-6). High IL-6 levels are associated with mortality. Expectedly, the IL-6 blockade could reduce cytokine storms and thus reduce deaths in severe COVID-19 patients. This systematic review aimed to summarize the comparison between mortality using anti-IL-6 therapy and mortality using standard treatment in severe COVID-19 patients. We systematically searched the PubMed, ScienceDirect, and ProQuest databases until 13 August 2020. After screening, twelve studies matched the inclusion criteria. The mortality of the anti-IL-6 therapy group was lower than the standard treatment group without anti-IL-6 therapy in COVID-19 patients in 10 of the 12 studies obtained. Four of the ten studies statistically found a significant difference in mortality of the anti-IL-6 therapy group and the standard treatment group. Confirmation of anti-IL-6 therapy effectiveness in reducing mortality in severe COVID-19 patients will require randomized controlled trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aluminium whose Silicon as its main alloying element, i. e. Silumin, is widely applied in engineering due to its novel properties. For particular application, e. g. as block engine of seawater vessel, Silumin's properties must be enhanced, e. g. strength at elevated temperature, hardenability and corrosion resistance. For those purposes, Nickel and Copper is added to Silumin in this work. As a result, Copper addition by 4.1 % wt increases Silumin density by 13.9 % from 2.95 to 3.36 g/cm³, decreases grain size by 35.3 % from 39.4 to 25.5 μm, increases hardness by 178.8 % from 21.66 to 60.38 HR30T and increases the corrosion rate by 24.5 % from 0.354 to 0.441 mmpy. Meanwhile, addition of Nickel by 6.35 % wt increases Silumin density by 14.9 % from 2.95 to 3.39 g/cm³, decreases grain size by 29.7 % from 39.4 to 27.7 μm, increases hardness by 161.8 % from 21.66 to 56.71 HR30T and decreases the corrosion rate by 41.2 % from 0.354 to 0.2211 mmpy. To investigate the influence of Copper and Nickel addition on Silumin's microstructure, micrograph is also taken by using an optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope. The micrograph shows dendrite presence only for the case of Copper added Silumin which deleterious for mechanical properties of Silumin. This dendrite is predicted due to slower cooling rate of the cast Silumin after Copper addition. In addition, the needle-like β-precipitate is sharper after Copper addition. This circumstance is responsible for higher hardness increase for the case of Copper addition compared to Nickel addition. The micrograph shows the existence of CuAl2 intermetallic phase. This intermetallic phase is nobler than Aluminium which is responsible for higher galvanic corrosion in Silumin after Copper addition. On the other hand, the dendrite cannot be observed in the case of Silumin after Nickel addition. The intermetallic phases after Nickel addition, i. e. AlxNiy contribute to the hardness increase. These phases also remain stable at elevated temperature which then then contributes to better mechanical properties of Silumin at the elevated temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Candidiasis is an opportunistic infection caused by Candida albicans. This infection commonly affects the skin, oral mucosa, vagina, and gastrointestinal tract. Excessive use of azole antifungals in the treatment of Candida albicans infections can lead to the development of resistance. Therefore, it is necessary to explore alternative treatments using medicinal plants such as Selaginella plana, commonly referred to as "rutu-rutu" in a local language spoken across Maluku, Indonesia. Selaginella plana contains active compounds belonging to various chemical classes, including terpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, and saponins. This study aimed to determine the ability of Selaginella plana extract as an antifungal agent against Candida albicans by evaluating its inhibitory and antifungal effects. This study used an actual experimental design and broth dilution method. The research methodology involved the extraction of Selaginella plana using a solvent of 96% ethanol. The extract was then prepared in various concentrations, i.e., 100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, and 3.125%. Additionally, ketoconazole and distilled water were included in the experiment for the positive and negative controls, respectively. The results of this study demonstrated that Selaginella plana extract inhibited the growth of Candida albicans when administered starting at a concentration of 12.5%. However, the antifungal potential of Selaginella plana extract that induced cell death was only observed at a concentration of 100%. The fungicidal activity was exclusively identified in the undiluted, pure extract. The inhibitory and cytotoxic effects of Selaginella plana on Candida albicans cells were attributed to the presence of bioactive compounds in Selaginella plana, including flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, and saponins. These bioactive compounds had the ability to inhibit cell growth by altering membrane permeability, causing mitochondrial dysfunction, and disrupting ergosterol biosynthesis. It can be concluded that Selaginella plana extract can act as a fungistatic agent against the proliferation of Candida albicans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stagnation temperatures at the nozzle exit of the University of Southern Queensland hypersonic wind tunnel facility have been identified using an aspirating tube device with a 0.075 mm diameter k-type butt-welded thermocouple junction positioned at its inlet. Because of the finite thermal inertia of the thermocouple, a response time correction is introduced, and uncertainties in the response time correction are assessed and minimized by operating the aspirating device over a range of different initial temperatures. Pressure measurements within the barrel of the wind tunnel facility were used to estimate a theoretical upper bound on the flow stagnation temperature by assuming isentropic compression of the test gas. Results demonstrate that for the current operating conditions, the gas which is first delivered into the hypersonic nozzle has a stagnation temperature almost identical to the isentropic compression value of around 560 K, but a cooling effect is registered for the duration of the test flow which is about 200 ms. Thermodynamic simulations based on an unsteady energy balance model with turbulent heat transfer from the test gas within the barrel demonstrate a cooling effect of a similar magnitude to that indicated by the measured temperature variation, suggesting that strong mixing of the test gas occurs within the barrel during flow discharge through the hypersonic nozzle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) is the most typical type of infection associated with healthcare. This infection constitutes a significant health problem due to its complications and frequent recurrence. The high annual incidence of CAUTI leads to infectious complications and a high cost of treatment. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria further complicate the problem because multiresistant pathogenic bacteria are often responsible for these infections. Moreover, the lack of a comprehensive case reporting system in Indonesia hinders the determination of CAUTI incidence. This study aimed to determine the bacterial profile and antibiotic use in CAUTI patients (n=22) at the Internal Medicine Inpatient Unit of Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia. This retrospective descriptive study collected data from patient medical records to describe the incidence, type of bacteria, sensitivity patterns, and antibiotic use in CAUTI patients. The data collection process included collecting medical records, recording information on data collection sheets, and recapitulating and analyzing the data. The criteria for CAUTI diagnosis were a bacterial count of =105 CFU/mL and a catheterization that lasted more than 48 hours. Samples were selected using non-probability sampling, also known as saturation sampling. Meanwhile, variables analyzed in this study were the type of pathogenic bacteria, antibiotics used, age, and sex. Descriptive analysis was employed to analyze the data. The findings suggested that the most common bacteria were Escherichia coli, with eight of nine bacteria showing extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production. Female patients aged 35-65 years were the majority of the CAUTI patients. Amikacin was the antibiotic with the highest sensitivity (90.9%), while ceftriaxone was the most common type of antibiotic administered to the patients. In addition, intravenous (IV) administration was the most common route of antibiotic administration, with an average therapy duration of seven days. In conclusion, identifying the type of pathogenic bacteria and performing antibiotic susceptibility testing can help minimize antibiotic resistance and prevent more severe complications in CAUTI patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vanda limbata is one of the most popular ornamental orchids. Currently, its growth is slow, making it necessary to improve its cultivation techniques. One of the possible ways to achieve this is to use plant growth regulator (PGR) treatment. Thidiazuron (TDZ) is a cytokinin used to increase the growth of V. limbata. This study aimed to determine the effect of TDZ concentration on the growth rate of V. limbata. The study involved cultivating V. limbata on planting media and spraying it with TDZ at various concentrations. This research uses a CRD (Completely Randomized Design) singlefactor, which is TDZ concentration at three concentrations (factor levels) of 0, 25, and 50 ppm. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and Duncan's Multiple Range Test at 5% significance level. The study ran for three months and the following response variables were measure: the number of new leaves, increase in length of old leaves, length of new leaves, increase in width of old leaves, width of new leaves, number of roots, and stomatal density. The results showed that TDZ significantly increased leaf length and the number of new leaves of V. limbata, but decreased the density of stomata. Thidiazuron at 50 ppm was the best treatment for increasing the growth of V. limbata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MRSA-infected patients incur twice as many costs as MSSA-infected patients. Vancomycin, Linezolid, and, most recently, Ceftaroline are among Indonesia's several MRSA treatment options. Therefore, we sought to assess the efficacy of these three medications. The investigation was done at the Dr. Soetomo General Academy Hospital's Clinical Microbiology Laboratory in Surabaya. The bacterium ATCC 25923, ATCC 43300, MSSA clinical isolate, and MRSA clinical isolate of Staphylococcus aureus were studied. Vancomycin, Linezolid, and ceftaroline were administered at respective dosages of 1 MIC, 2 MIC, and 4 MIC. In addition, a time-kill test was performed, which consisted of counting the growth of colonies on solid media, generating a time-kill curve, and determining MBC. The number of colonies in the antibiotic groups at 4, 6, and 8 hours varied significantly, according to the study (Vancomycin, Linezolid, and Ceftaroline). In contrast, the number of bacteria did not differ significantly between Vancomycin and Linezolid until the fourth hour. Except at 6 and 24 hours, neither Vancomycin nor Ceftaroline significantly altered the number of bacteria. There was a significant difference in the number of colonies between Ceftaroline and Linezolid at 4, 6, and 8 hours. Vancomycin, Linezolid, and Ceftaroline against MSSA and MRSA isolates vary greatly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flora biodiversity has been known to have a vital function in reducing carbon emissions in the air and contributing oxygen in significant levels to the environment. PT. Pertamina (Persero) Fuel Terminal Boyolali (FTB) has an important role in the conservation programs, protection of flora biodiversity, and environmental management. This study aims to analyze carbon stocks found in trees, plants cover soil, litter, necromas, and carbon in the soil and evaluate conservation of flora and fauna. This study uses a purposive random sampling method of carbon sources followed by the determination of carbon stocks in three conservation areas managed by PT. FTB, namely in the Wonopotro Forest, in the Pepe River watershed, and Pertamina's operational area. The samples from carbon sources include trees, litter, ground cover plants, necromas, and soil. The trees and necromas carbon sources sampling at each location was carried out at 2 stations with a size of 10 x 50 m2. Meanwhile, the sampling of litter, ground cover plants, and soil was carried out at 2 stations, each consisting of 3 plots. The results showed that the total carbon stock in the conservation areas was 1,688,0791 tons. The Pepe River watershed has the highest total carbon stock, which was 1,466,0928 tons/ha. The FTB and Wonopotro Forest, respectively, have about 180.7569 and 41.2294 tons/ha. The novelty of this research is the method of calculating carbon stocks in a conservation area that can be used as a database for assessing environmental management performance to the preservation of biological resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Indonesia Engineers Association has used Microsoft Dynamics Axapta (AX) enterprise resource planning (ERP) software as its operational support system. However, there are obstacles that are obstacles to completing business processes effectively by users, which have an impact on declining work performance and not achieving company targets. In addition, for the next 3 years, IT solutions are also needed to be able to support business development in the company. The implementation of Enterprise Architecture is expected to be the answer for the Indonesia Engineers Association in the next 3 years, so that the company can be more productive and develop as well as there is alignment between the business strategies owned by the company to optimize the use of information systems and information technology owned by the Indonesia Engineers Association. The basis for choosing using the TOGAF ADM method in designing Enterprise Architecture is that TOGAF ADM has a complete methodology, clear and structured stages, so that the design and specifications become easier and reduce the implementation risks faced by the Indonesia Engineers Association. This research is expected to provide insights for policymakers and enterprise architecture practitioners in selecting and implementing the framework that best suits the context and needs of their organizations. In addition, this study also provides recommendations to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the implementation of enterprise architecture in the Indonesia Engineers Association. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the volatility of gold prices by applying the Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH) model and extending it with the GARCH-M model, incorporating the Federal Reserve's interest rate as an external variable. The GARCH(1,1) model revealed a positive average daily return for gold, with high sensitivity to recent price changes, indicated by the significant estimation of mu and a high alpha1 value. The persistence of past volatility on current volatility is reflected by a beta1 value close to one. In the GARCH-M model development, a significant negative relationship was found between the Federal Reserve's interest rates and gold returns, suggesting that an increase in the Federal Reserve's interest rates could potentially decrease gold returns. An increase in the Log Likelihood value and improvements in information criteria such as the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) indicate that the GARCH-M model provides a better fit than the GARCH(1,1) model that uses only gold price data. The study concludes that macroeconomic factors like the Federal Reserve's interest rates play a crucial role in influencing gold price volatility, and these findings can aid investors and portfolio managers in devising more effective risk management strategies. Additionally, the findings contribute to financial theory by highlighting the importance of multivariate models in the analysis of asset price volatility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malabar plum [Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston.] is a tropical plant which is used as a medicinal plant, because it contains secondary metabolites, especially in the leaves. The different leaves developmental stages can affect physiological changes, especially metabolic processes, so it is suspected to affect the antioxidant content and activity. The objective of this research was to study the difference of leaves morphology, chlorophyll contents, antioxidant contents, and activity at the different leaves developmental stages. Samples were taken from Kaliboto Village, Purworejo, Central Java. The leaf color measurement was using colorimetry; determination of chlorophyll, carotenoids, ascorbic acid, and total phenol content is was using spectrophotometry; and antioxidant activity was using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Qualitative data were analyzed descriptively, while quantitative data were analyzed by ANOVA tests. The results showed that the higher level of leaves development, the higher pigment content, total phenol, and antioxidant activity ascorbic acid content in the mature leaves is lower when compared to the young and old leaves. The results of this research provide the information that can support the use of Malabar plum leaves in traditional medicinal activity and pharmaceutical industry, as well as basic information for plant breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tawangmangu tangerine (Citrus reticulate Blanco subsp. tawangmangu) is one of prime local fruit from Tawangmangu region, Karanganyar, Central Java. This tangerine have good appearance, easy to peeled, sweet flavored fruit, and high production rate. However at 1984 Tawangmangu tangerine run into depreciation of population caused by CVPD (Citrus Vein Phloem Degeneration). As a result, this variety listed as endangeredThe effort of consevation by culture tissue technique can order to obtain prime seeds that free from virus or disease. This study was aimed to understand the effect of IBA and BAP in culture medium on growth of apical and lateral shoot of Tawangmangu tangerine. The treatment provided were IBA (0 ppm, 0.5 ppm, and 1 ppm) and BAP (0 ppm, 1 ppm and 2 ppm). The treatment in this research was using complete randomized factorial design in 9 different treatment. This research resulted that added combination of IBA and BAP affecting growth of Tawangmangu tangerine but the interaction of IBA and BAP did not happen. The highest shoot length occurs on treatment IBA 1 ppm+BAP 2 ppm while when the fastest shoot appears occurs on treatment IBA 0 ppm+ BAP 2 ppm and the highest shoot formed on treatment IBA 0.5 ppm+BAP 2 ppm. Benefit of the research Efforts to conserve Tawangmangu orange plants need to be done to maintain the diversity of germplasm and support the cultivation in a manner. One technique that can support the conservation of plants is by tissue culture techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efforts to improve the physical and chemical properties of vegetable oils as diesel fuels such as viscosity and calorific value are indispensable with the depletion of fossil oil reserves. Jatropha oil with long chain fatty acids and high degree of unsaturation is mixed with short chain saturated fatty acid coconut oil in various compositions. The mixture was heated and stirred for 30 min at 90 °C. This mixing leads to a decrease in viscosity which allows for the breaking of the bond. The fatty acid molecule structure undergoes transformation that changes the degree of unsaturation and the average length of the carbon chain. Consequently, the kinematic viscosity and flash point of the mixture decreases while its calorific value increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tandem metal inert gas (MIG) process uses two wires that are continuously fed through a special welding torch and disbursed to form a single molten pool. Within the contact tip of the modern approach, the wires are electrically insulated from one another. This study identified the effect of welding electrode spacing on the distortion of AA5052 aluminum plates and different mechanical properties including hardness and thermal cycle using grey relational analysis. Plate distortion was subsequently predicted using the grey prediction model GM (1, 6). This research used a pair of 400 mm × 75 mm × 5 mm of AA5052 plates and electrode distances of 18, 27, and 36 mm. The welding current, voltage, welding speed, and argon flow rate were 130 A, 23 V, 7 mm/s, and 17 L/min, respectively. The temperature was measured using a type-K thermocouple at 10, 20, 30, and 40 mm from the center of the weld bead. The smallest distortion at an electrode distance of 27 mm was 1.4 mm. At an electrode distance of 27 mm, the plate may reach a proper peak temperature where the amount of heat input and dissipation rate are similar to those for electrode distances of 18 mm and 36 mm. The highest relative VHN of 57 was found in the BM, while the lowest, 46, was found in the WM, showing good agreement with their respective grain sizes. Six parameters were designed using grey relational analysis (GRA) and subsequently employed in the grey prediction model GM (1, 6). Process evaluation results show that predictions for welding distortions are consistent with actual results, thus, the GM (1, 6) model can be used as a predictive model for welding distortions of 5052 aluminum plates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BBackground and Objectives: Neonatal sepsis is the third leading cause of neonatal death in the world. The patterns of pathogens causing neonatal sepsis varies in many countries. This study was aimed to identify hematological and microbiological profile of culture-proven neonatal sepsis in Indonesian tertiary neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Materials and Methods: Hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted in all inborn neonates that were suspected sepsis neonatal over a period of six months from April to September 2019. Complete blood count, c-reactive protein (CRP) and blood culture were examined before antibiotic administration. Statistical analysis were calculated based on Chi-Square's Test and Mann-Whitney U test and p <0.05 considered significant. Results: One hundred four inborn neonates admitted to NICU and diagnosed with suspected neonatal sepsis were recruited. Culture-proven neonatal sepsis were confirmed in 52 (50%) neonates, 13 (25%) in early-onset neonatal sepsis (EONS) and 39 (75%) in late-onset neonatal sepsis (LONS). The most common abnormal hematological profile were anemia and thrombocytopenia, with amount of 61.5% and 75%, respectively. High CRP only detected in 36.4% and only 18.5% experienced leukopenia. Gram negative bacteria responsible in 75% from total isolated pathogens. Klebsiella pneumoniae accounted for 48.1% followed by coagulase negative staphylococci (CONS) for 17.3% and Enterobacter cloacae for 11.5%. Conclusion: Anemia and thrombocytopenia were the top two hematological profile of culture-proven neonatal sepsis. Most causes of culture-proven neonatal sepsis were Gram negative bacteria and the dominant pathogen was K. pneumoniae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intensive exercise can induce pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines, which is clearly seen with an increase in leukocytes in the circulation.DAMPs trigger massive cytokine release including tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin (IL) -1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12 and IFN types I and II. HMGB1 in human monocyte culture stimulates the release of some TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8 and inflammatory protein macrophages (MIP)-1. Exercise can cause a high inflammatory response by increasing proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL6, IL8, IL10, IL1β, and TNF-α). In Men IL1β and TNF- αhigher levels than women, both at baseline values and on the results of the examination after exercise. Exercise with an exercise program can increase IFN, TNF levels-α, IL-6, IL-8, IL1β, VEGF and MCP. In aerobic exercise there were no significant changes in TNF levels-αand IL-6 but there is an increase in the number of neutrophils. Intensity and aerobic exercise in experimental animals increased TNF levels- αand IL-6 in High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) and Moderate Intensity Training (MIT) while in short-term aerobic exercise the HMGB1 level decreased. Conclusion: Exercise can affect DAMPs, HMGB1, proinflammatory cytokines, and blood leukocytes depending on variation, duration, intensity, type of exercise, and research subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacteremia is one of major nosocomial infection happen in intensive care unit (ICU). It will increase patient's hospitalization rate and mortality. Inappropriate usage of antibiotic also can increase morbidity, mortality, cost and antibiotic resistance. The qualitative evaluation about the appropriateness of the choice, dosage and the duration of antibiotic therapy will be assessed using Gyssen's category. This study is to identified the pattern of bacterial causing bacteremia and their sensitivity to antibiotics, and to analyze antibiotic usage at Intensive Care Unit at Dr. Soetomo Teaching Hospital with qualitative method using Gyssens's category. This is a descriptive observational cohort, prospective study. Patients who have positive blood culture during observation in ICU, were evaluated from January-March 2013. From May-November 2012 period, retrospectively, the most frequently isolated microorganism was negative-gram bacteria, mostly Acinetobacter followed by gram-positive bacteria, mostly CoNSStaphylodcoccus coagulase negative. Twenty two patients, with positive blood culture were analyzed prospectively from January-March 2013. The major empirical antibiotic treatment used in ICU were sefoperazon sulbactam and meropenem. The antibiotic usage qualitative evaluation using Gyssens's category, on eleven patients receiving definitive therapy, shows that 45% considered definitely appropriate; 27% were inappropriate regarding choice; 27% were inappropriate regarding dosage or duration. The empirical antibiotics used in ICU, meropenem and cefoperazone sulbactam, is already adequate according to the sensitivity pattern. The antibiotic usage qualitative evaluation using Gyssens's category, on eleven patients receiving definitive therapy, still shows inappropriateness regarding choice, dosage, or duration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]