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This paper presents a study on the interaction effect of particles on nanofluid flow through microtubes of radii 140 and 231 μm. A flow model is firstly built and solved by using the marching implicit (MI) procedure. A stable water-based magnetite (Fe3O4) nanofluid is then prepared, and a flow test system is further designed, so as to investigate the role of particle interaction in microflow characteristics. The results reveal that the particle interaction effect is to increase the pressure drop (or reduce the volume flow rate). The role of particle interaction becomes more significant when the particle volume fraction increases or the tube size decreases. The collision and friction between particles and tube wall could be found to dominate the role as a major interaction for a sufficiently small tube size and to result in a dramatic increase in effective viscosity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study that explores the efficacy and safety of combination salmeterol/fluticasone propionate (SFCs) inhalation in the management of Chinese chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. The subjects were people who never smoke, former smokers and current smokers. The results revealed that SFC therapy achieved sustained improvement in lung function, quality of life and control of symptoms which was well tolerated among patients.