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According to Garfield and Priest's interpretation, the positive use of the catuskoti by Nāgārjuna in Mūlamadhyamakakārikā (MMK) shows that he endorses a four-valued semantics similar to that of Belnap's First-Degree Entailment (FDE), while the negative use of the catuskoti by Nāgārjuna in MMK indicates that what he really has in mind is a plurivalent five-valued semantics. This paper argues that their interpretation suffers from a number of problems: adequate logic, collapse of kotis, lack of literature support, and a suitable explanation of the third koti. The final part of the paper combines insights from Westerhoff, Cotnoir, Garfield and Priest together and describes the right interpretation of Nāgārjuna's use of the catuskoti in MMK with the right semantics and the right logic of MMK. The authors argue that Nāgārjuna's 'rebuttal' of all four kotis in a catuskoti should be understood as a mere denial or a mere rejection of these kotis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary  Epoxy-acrylate sample was prepared by two-stage feed emulsion polymerization. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectra indicated the acrylic and styrene monomer were grafted onto epoxy resin. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) showed that epoxy-acrylate composite particles with different epoxy resin content stained by pH1.5 phosphotungstic acid (PTA) had an obvious core-shell structure, with styrene-acrylate as the core and epoxy resin as the shell. TEM micrographs also showed the acrylate cores concentrically or eccentrically were positioned inside epoxy resin shells, which was consonant with the particle structures designed. But the Epoxy Resin/Methyl Methacrylate (EP/MMA) particles showed a strange quadrangle-like structure and Epoxy Resin/Methyl Methacrylate/ Butyl Acrylate (EP/MMA/BA) particles showed a hexagon-like structure, which were different from the normal particle structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Differentiation of bone-resorbing osteoclasts from hematopoietic precursors depends upon expression of the cytokine receptor activator of NFκB ligand (RANKL) by fibroblastic stromal cells, which some evidence suggests are of the osteoblast lineage. We have shown previously that hormonal-responsiveness of the murine RANKL gene is mediated in part by a distal enhancer that binds Runx2, a transcription factor required for commitment to the osteoblast lineage, supporting the idea that osteoclast-supporting stromal cells may be osteoblasts or their progenitors. However, in this study we demonstrate that parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulation of RANKL in mice is not affected by a significant reduction in the number of osteoblasts. Consistent with this, neither Runx2, nor Cbfb, a binding partner essential for Runx activity, are required for basal or PTH-stimulated RANKL expression in fibroblastic stromal cell models. Nonetheless, RANKL responsiveness to PTH was elevated in cultured calvaria cells expressing high levels of osterix, another transcription factor required for osteoblast differentiation, and this was associated with elevated PTH receptor expression. The responsiveness of RANKL to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 was not elevated in the osterix-expressing cells. Together, these results suggest that commitment to the osteoblast lineage is not a requirement for RANKL gene transcription in fibroblastic stromal cells but may enhance responsiveness of this gene to specific hormones via control of their receptors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]