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Specially modified fighter-director destroyers were critical to amphibious air defense against Japanese suicide air attacks during the Battle of Okinawa from April to June 1945. They suffered extremely high and unanticipated losses, especially during the first month of the battle. This paper analyzes the operational and strategic impacts of insufficient initial resourcing and the high losses. Insufficient numbers of fighter-director-equipped destroyers forced ad hoc assignment of available ships incapable of adequately defending themselves. This prevented the development of effective doctrine and degraded fleet readiness, affecting future operations in the summer of 1945. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crystal structures that form with more than one molecule in the asymmetric unit (Z′ > 1) are a fascinating and important, if overlooked, aspect of crystal engineering. With the recent publication of the results of the 'seventh blind test of crystal structure prediction' the challenges that these structures present and the questions they provoke for the prediction and design of crystalline solids are brought sharply into focus. This article documents developments in the study of high Z′ structures over the last ten years and shines a spotlight on the most extreme and intriguing examples from recent publications. The lessons learned from these studies will inform future crystal engineering and design efforts as strides are made to work around the computational expense inherent in the prediction of structures with large asymmetric units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study tests the implications of men’s and women’s gender-related attitudes for relationship quality and wellbeing. We apply ambivalent sexism theory to differentiate between attitudes that should have detrimental versus beneficial effects for relationships by promoting antagonism (hostile sexism) versus complimentary relational roles (benevolent sexism) between men and women. Actor-partner interdependence analyses of heterosexual couples participating in a nationally representative panel study (N = 755) revealed that men’s hostile sexism predicted greater relationship conflict and lower relationship satisfaction, which in turn were associated with greater psychological distress and lower wellbeing for both men and their women partners. In contrast, men’s benevolent sexism predicted lower relationship conflict and greater satisfaction, which in turn was associated with lower distress and greater wellbeing for men but not women partners. Women’s sexist attitudes had differential effects. Women’s hostile sexism predicted lower relationship conflict and greater satisfaction, which was associated with higher wellbeing for men partners. In contrast, women’s benevolent sexism predicted greater relationship conflict, which related to greater distress and lower wellbeing for women and men partners. These results highlight the importance of gender-related attitudes on relationship quality, which has important implications for wellbeing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Methods Results Conclusion Early onset rectal cancer (EORC) is increasing internationally. While EORC cancer presents with some distinct clinical features, there is currently insufficient evidence that age of onset should alter treatment. This study examines treatment patterns for EO versus late‐onset (LO) metastatic rectal cancer in Canterbury, New Zealand, to better understand appropriate treatment strategies and there effect on patient outcomes.A retrospective study on all patients diagnosed with stage 4 rectal adenocarcinoma in Canterbury from 2010 to 2021 was undertaken. Patients under 50 were compared to a control group aged 60–74, analysing treatment patterns, hospital stays, and survival outcomes.Between 2010 and 2021, there were 949 rectal cancer diagnoses in Canterbury, of which 23 were EO and 64 were LO with stage 4 cancer. Survival analysis revealed a significant difference in median survival times between EORC (47.9 months) and LORC patients (26.5 months; P = 0.03). There was no significant difference in the surgical or oncological management between age groups (P > 0.05). Mean admissions per 100 days of life was 0.45 in LORC and 0.44 in EORC (P = 0.9119). There was no significant difference in the median proportion of time spent in hospital between EO and LO groups (2.5 vs. 2.2 days for every 100 days of life, P = 0.88).Surgical and oncological treatments were similar for both EORC and LORC groups. The EO group exhibited better survival, with hospitalization burdens comparable for both. These findings underline the importance of maintaining an approach to metastatic RC balancing survival and quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

UK young adults saw sharp mental health declines during the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper examines whether living with siblings helped moderate this negative effect. We compare the outcomes of young adults (age 19), i) who were living with parents and siblings, with ii) those who were living with only parents, and iii) with those who were living away from parents. We used data from the Millennium Cohort Study COVID-19 survey, linked with the mainstage survey (N = 2,578), and captured mental health with: the Shortened Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale and the Kessler-6 Psychological Distress scale. As young men and women may be differently affected by sibling co-residence, we vary living arrangements effects by gender. While average young adult mental health deteriorated during the first national lockdown, there were variations by gender and living arrangements. For young men, living with siblings was associated with improved mental health on both measures during the first COVID-19 lockdown. For young women, living with parents was associated with lower psychological distress than living away from home, but siblings provided no additional benefit. Data from later in the pandemic suggests that, as young adults became more accustomed to social restrictions, the importance of family living arrangements declined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New polymorphs of (2-(chloro(pyrrol-2-ylidene)methyl)pyrrole)-difluoro-borane (1) and (2-(chloro(4-ethyl-3,5-dimethyl-2H-pyrrol-2-ylidene)methyl)pyrrole)-4-ethyl-3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrrolato)-difluoro-borane (2) were identified using single crystal X-ray diffraction. The new polymorph of 1 crystallises in the triclinic, P-1 space group with an asymmetric unit comprising two crystallographically-independent molecules (Z′ = 2). The differences between this structure and that of the known polymorph of 1 are attributed to the formation of two distinct dimer motifs in each polymorph and the packing between these dimer units. The new polymorph structure of 2, exhibits a similar asymmetric unit to the known form, comprising 3 molecules (Zʹ = 3). The two structures differ in the orientation of the molecules within the trimeric asymmetric unit and the manner in which these trimers pack along the crystallographic [010] direction. The triclinic polymorph of 8-chloro BODIPY exhibits an asymmetric unit with two crystallographically-independent molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use is associated with riskier daily drinking. However, little research has tested momentary mechanisms through which simultaneous use predicts continued drinking during acute drinking episodes. The current study tested whether simultaneous use moments predicted within‐episode increases in subjective responses, craving, and continued drinking, and whether these relations were potentiated in social versus solitary settings. Methods: Emerging adults who co‐use alcohol and cannabis (N = 85) completed 21 days of ecological momentary assessment with event‐contingent reports during drinking episodes. Three‐level multilevel models tested whether simultaneous (vs. alcohol‐only) use moments indirectly predicted subsequent, continued drinking through subjective responses (i.e., high‐arousal positive/stimulant, high‐arousal negative/aggression, low‐arousal positive/relaxation, low‐arousal negative/impairment) and alcohol craving, and whether relations differed by social versus solitary contexts. Results: Within drinking episodes, simultaneous (vs. alcohol‐only) use moments were associated with increased stimulation, which was indirectly associated with continued drinking through increased alcohol craving. Additionally, the relation between simultaneous (vs. alcohol‐only) use and stimulating effects was potentiated during solitary drinking moments, whereas the relation between stimulating effects and craving was potentiated during social drinking moments. However, stimulating effects were higher in social contexts across all moments. Finally, simultaneous (vs. alcohol‐only) use moments were associated with increased relaxation, which was indirectly associated with a lower likelihood of continued drinking through lesser craving. Conclusions: Simultaneous use predicted both continued within‐episode drinking and cessation of drinking, with acute subjective effects and craving as mechanisms, dependent upon context. Just‐in‐time interventions should consider targeting affect, craving, and context in event‐specific interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The social movements of #metoo and #notokay illuminated the extent of sexual violence. By providing a safe platform the movement enabled victims/survivors opportunity to share their own experiences of victimization, often in a delayed disclosure, years after the violence occurred. With new disclosures of sexual violence, also comes a growing awareness of the lasting impact and the requirement to take steps to improve responses to sexual violence across the social and clinical spectrum to address and respond to victims/survivors' holistic needs. The primary research question is, what is the retrospective life experience of individuals marginalized by gender who encounter sexual violence in post-secondary education? The authors of this manuscript used trauma- informed qualitative individual interviews with a feminist perspective to explore the retrospective experience of 10 victim/survivors, a decade or more after their experience of sexual violence. The inquiry discovered the themes of recognizing the wrong, the internal struggle, forging new relationships, and the lasting trauma of sexual violence. Learning from those that lived it legitimizes victims/survivors' experiences and deepens clinical knowledge of these impacts and associated needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elevated glucocorticoids alter the skeletal muscle transcriptome to induce a myopathy characterized by muscle atrophy, muscle weakness, and decreased metabolic function. These effects are more likely to occur and be more severe in aged muscles. Resistance exercise can blunt the development of glucocorticoid myopathy in young muscle, but the potential to oppose the signals initiating myopathy in aged muscle is unknown. To answer this, young (4-mo-old) and aged (24-to 25-mo-old) male C57BL/6 mice were randomized to receive either an intraperitoneal (IP) injection of dexamethasone (DEX; 2 mg/kg) or saline as a control. Two hours postinjections, the tibialis anterior (TA) muscles of mice were subjected to unilateral high-force contractions. Muscles were harvested 4 h later. The glucocorticoid- and contraction-sensitive genes were determined by RNA sequencing. The number of glucocorticoid-sensitive genes was similar between young and aged muscle. Contractions opposed changes to more glucocorticoid-sensitive genes in aged muscle, with this outcome primarily occurring when hormone levels were elevated. Glucocorticoid-sensitive gene programs opposed by contractions were primarily related to metabolism in young mice and muscle size regulation and inflammation in aged mice. In silico analysis implied peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-1 (PPARG) contributed to the contraction-induced opposition of glucocorticoid-sensitive genes in aged muscle. Increasing PPARG expression in the TA of aged mice using adeno-associated virus serotype 9 partially counteracted the glucocorticoid-induced reduction in runt-related transcription factor 1 (Runx1) mRNA content, recapitulating the effects observed by contractions. Overall, these data contribute to our understanding of the contractile regulation of the glucocorticoid transcriptome in aged skeletal muscle. NEW & NOTEWORTHY: We establish the extent to which muscle contractions oppose changes to the glucocorticoid-sensitive transcriptome in both young and aged muscle. We also identify peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG) as a transcription factor likely contributing to contraction-induced opposition to the glucocorticoid transcriptome in aged muscle. Overall, these data contribute to our understanding of the contractile regulation of the glucocorticoid transcriptome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Haemophilus influenzae is prevalent within the airways of persons with cystic fibrosis (pwCF). H. influenzae is often associated with pulmonary exacerbations (PEx) in pediatric cohorts, but in adults, studies have yielded conflicting reports around the impact(s) on clinical outcomes such as lung function decline. Accordingly, we sought to discern the prevalence, natural history, and clinical impact of H. influenzae in adult pwCF. Methods: This single-centre retrospective cohort study reviewed all adult pwCF with H. influenzae sputum cultures between 2002 and 2016. From this cohort, persistently infected subjects (defined as: ≥2 samples with the same pulsotype and > 50% sputum culture-positive for H. influenzae in each year) were matched (1:2) to controls without H. influenzae. Demographic and clinical status (baseline health or during periods of PEx) were obtained at each visit that H. influenzae was cultured. Yearly biobank isolates were typed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) to assess relatedness. Results: Over the study period, 30% (n = 70/240) of pwCF were culture positive for H. influenzae, of which 38 (54%) were culture-positive on multiple occasions and 12 (17%) had persistent infection. One hundred and thirty-seven isolates underwent PFGE, with 94 unique pulsotypes identified. Two (1.5%) were serotype f with the rest non-typeable (98.5%). H. influenzae isolation was associated with an increased risk of PEx (RR = 1.61 [1.14–2.27], p = 0.006), however, this association was lost when we excluded those who irregularly produced sputum (i.e. only during a PEx). Annual lung function decline did not differ across cohorts. Conclusions: Isolation of H. influenzae was common amongst adult pwCF but often transient. H. influenzae infection was not associated with acute PEx or chronic lung function decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most diagnosed cancer in the world, with an estimated 1.93 million cases diagnosed in 2020. While the overall CRC incidence in many countries is falling there has been a dramatic increase in CRC in those aged under 50 (early onset colorectal cancer, EOCRC). The reason for this increase in EOCRC is unknown. As the best predictor of survival is stage at diagnosis, early diagnosis is likely to be beneficial and population screening may facilitate this. Methods: A narrative review of the literature was undertaken. Results: Improving time to diagnosis in symptomatic patients is beneficial. However, by the time symptoms develop, over a third of patients already have metastatic disease. Screening asymptomatic patients (with Faecal Immunochemical test (FIT) and colonoscopy) has been proved to be effective in older patients (>60 years). In younger populations, the decreasing incidence rates of CRC previously made cost effectiveness, compliance and therefore benefit questionable. Now, with the increasing incidence of CRC in those under 50 years of age, modelling suggests screening with FIT and colonoscopy is cost effective from 40 years of age. There is evidence that some countries screening below 50 have prevented the rise in EOCRC incidence. Additionally the use of new and novel non‐invasive biomarkers may also be able to improve the accuracy of screening asymptomatic patients. Conclusion: Diagnosis of EOCRC once symptoms develop is often too late, and screening patients from age 40 is the best way to improve outcomes in this group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

School outdoor spaces provide many mental and physical benefits for students. Yet, teachers may not have the opportunity to conduct lessons in these outdoor spaces due to personal or systemic barriers. While K-8 teachers' perceptions of barriers have been well explored, there is currently a lack of research investigating high school teachers' perceptions. This study used an online survey to explore the barriers and strategies of 154 high school teachers in using their schools' outdoor spaces. These results showed that there were differences between barriers from previous studies that could affect how high school teachers overcome them. Knowing these barriers and some strategies teachers have used to overcome them can play a major role in increasing the use of school outdoor spaces to meet the needs of today's high school students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Perinatal infection is a major risk factor for diffuse white matter injury (dWMI), which remains the most common form of neurological disability among very preterm infants. The disease primarily targets oligodendrocytes (OL) lineage cells in the white matter but also involves injury and/or dysmaturation of neurons of the gray matter. This study aimed to investigate whether neuroinflammation preferentially affects the cellular compositions of the white matter or gray matter. Method: Neuroinflammation was initiated by intracerebral administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to rat pups at postnatal (P) day 5, and neurobiological and behavioral outcomes were assessed between P6 and P21. Results: LPS challenge rapidly activates microglia and astrocytes, which is associated with the inhibition of OL and neuron differentiation leading to myelination deficits. Specifically, neuroinflammation reduces the immature OLs but not progenitors and causes acute axonal injury (β-amyloid precursor protein immunopositivity) and impaired dendritic maturation (reduced MAP2+ neural fiber density) in the cortical area at P7. Neuroinflammation also reduces the expression of doublecortin in the hippocampus, suggesting compromise in neurogenesis. Utilizing a battery of behavioral assessments, we found that LPS-exposed animals exhibited deficits in sensorimotor, neuromuscular, and cognitive domains. Conclusion: Our overall results indicate that neuroinflammation alone in the early postnatal period can produce cardinal neuropathological features of dWMI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The story of the rich glutton Dives and the poor beggar Lazarus (Luke 16:19–31) was a popular subject in sermons, pamphlets, poems and ballads in early modern England. This article is the first substantial analysis of how the short but powerful biblical narrative was adapted and explained over the course of the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It shows that—despite the huge religious, social and economic changes of this period—the message remained remarkably consistent. The beggar Lazarus himself was always depicted as a straightforwardly positive figure, offering an unusually clear association of poverty with virtue. However, many authors also used him to present a model of acceptable behaviour that imposed severe limits on the agency of the poor, and some turned him into a foil to criticise sharply those who failed to conform to such a model. Meanwhile, most portrayals of the rich man Dives presented his sinful misuse of his wealth as a lesson about not only the dangers of luxury but also the virtue of charity. A few authors offered more extreme interpretations that fitted with their specific circumstances, including radical condemnations of the rich and powerful during the political unrest of the mid-seventeenth century. Even more noticeable, however, is the striking resilience of a very 'traditional' core message, which previous scholarship on early modern religious attitudes towards wealth and poverty has tended to neglect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adolescent sleep and mental health are closely linked; however, less is known regarding how unique patterns of sleep influence youth mental health. This study aimed to identify subgroups of adolescent sleepers, demographic predictors of subgroup membership, and their prospective links with mental health outcomes. Youth from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (N = 5411; 51.8% female) self-reported sleep (duration, sufficiency, problems, bedtime), depressive symptoms, alcohol use, cannabis use, and demographics at baseline (W1; 1994–1995; Mage = 15.06) and 1 year later (W2; 1996). Latent profile analysis revealed three sleep profiles: Optimal (highest quantity/quality, earliest bedtime), Low-Quantity/Later Bedtime (lowest duration/sufficiency, latest bedtime), and Low-Quality (highest problems). Several demographic covariates were associated with profiles. Less-optimal profiles were associated with greater W2 depressive symptoms and substance use, controlling for W1 levels. Youth with low-quantity/later bedtimes were especially at-risk for cannabis use. Results may inform interventions seeking to improve adolescent mental health by targeting multiple aspects of sleep. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context. The soft excess, a surplus of X-ray photons below 2 keV with respect to a power law, is a feature of debated physical origin found in the X-ray spectra of many type-1 active galactic nuclei (AGN). The eROSITA instrument aboard the Spectrum-Roentgen-Gamma (SRG) mission will provide an all-sky census of AGN. Spectral fitting of these sources can help identify the physical origin of the soft excess. Aims. The eROSITA Final Equatorial Depth Survey (eFEDS) field, designed to mimic the expected average equatorial depth of the all-sky survey, provides the ideal sample to test the power of eROSITA. The primary goal of this work is to test a variety of models for the soft X-ray emission of AGN (thermal emission, non-thermal emission, ionised absorption, or neutral partial covering absorption) to help identify the physical origin of the soft X-ray spectral complexity. Differences between these models are examined in the context of this sample to understand the physical properties. Methods. We used Bayesian X-ray analysis to fit a sample of 200 AGN from the eFEDS hard X-ray–selected sample with a variety of phenomenological and physically motivated models. Model selection is performed using the Bayes factor to compare the applicability of each model for individual sources as well as for the full sample, and source properties are compared and discussed. Black hole masses and Eddington ratios were estimated from optical spectroscopy. Results. We find that 29 sources have evidence for a soft excess at a confidence level > 97.5%, all of which are better modelled by an additional soft power-law, as opposed to thermal blackbody emission. Applying more physically motivated soft excess emission models, we find that 23 sources prefer a warm corona model, while only six sources are best fit with relativistic blurred reflection. Sources with a soft excess show a significantly higher Eddington ratio than the remainder of the sample. Of the remainder of the sample, many sources show evidence for complex absorption, with 29 preferring a warm absorber, and 25 a partial covering absorber. Many (18/26) sources that show significant neutral absorption when modelled with an absorbed power law, in fact show evidence that the absorber is ionised, which has important implications on the understanding of obscured AGN. In contrast to the soft excesses, warm absorber sources show significantly lower Eddington ratios than the remainder of the sample. We discuss the implications of these results for the physical processes in the central regions of AGN. Conclusions. Spectral fitting with Bayesian statistics is ideal for the identification of complex absorption and soft excesses in the X-ray spectra of AGN, and can allow one to distinguish between different physical interpretations. Applying the techniques from this work to the eROSITA all-sky survey will provide a more complete picture of the prevalence and origin of soft excesses and warm absorbers in type-1 AGN in the local Universe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Homelessness increases the risk of acquiring an infectious disease. We conducted a systematic review of the literature to identify quantitative data related to infectious diseases and homelessness. We searched Google Scholar, PubMed, and SCOPUS for quantitative literature published from January 2003 through December 2022 in English from the United States and Canada. We excluded literature on vaccine-preventable diseases and HIV because these diseases were recently reviewed. Of the 250 articles that met inclusion criteria, more than half were on hepatitis C virus or Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Other articles were on COVID-19, respiratory syncytial virus, Staphylococcus aureus, group A Streptococcus, mpox (formerly monkeypox), 5 sexually transmitted infections, and gastrointestinal or vectorborne pathogens. Most studies showed higher prevalence, incidence, or measures of risk for infectious diseases among people experiencing homelessness as compared with people who are housed or the general population. Although having increased published data that quantify the infectious disease risks of homelessness is encouraging, many pathogens that are known to affect people globally who are not housed have not been evaluated in the United States or Canada. Future studies should focus on additional pathogens and factors leading to a disproportionately high incidence and prevalence of infectious diseases among people experiencing homelessness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychiatric and mental health (PMH) nurses integrate the concept of trauma-informed care into practice, policy, and education. Despite the frequency of PMH nurses practicing in a trauma-informed manner, there is a paucity of literature focused on integrating trauma-informed principles into research methods. Professions outside of the nursing sphere, specifically social work and social sciences, predominate the discourse around trauma-informed research. The authors of this manuscript provide detailed methods on a project using trauma-informed qualitative research methods with a feminist perspective. Semi-structured interviews with ten individuals with an experience of sexual violence answered the research question: what is the retrospective experience of women who encountered sexual violence in post-secondary education? An important part of the research design was an informal debrief with the audio recorder off, after the interview. Field notes were taken within this debrief, and participants reviewed these field notes as part of the member-checking process. By explaining the methods used in detail, referencing the available literature, and using the critical reflection of participants captured in the field notes, the authors of this manuscript explore strengths, conflicts, and boundary issues PMH nurses need to consider when integrating trauma-informed research methods into their research practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pregnant women involved in decisions about their care report better health outcomes for themselves and their children. Shared decision‐making (SDM) is a priority for health services; however, there is limited research on factors that help and hinder SDM in hospital‐based maternity settings. The purpose of this study was to explore barriers and facilitators to SDM in a large tertiary maternity care service from the perspectives of multiple stakeholders. Methods: Qualitative semi‐structured interviews were undertaken with 39 participants including women, clinicians, health service administrators and decision‐makers, and government policymakers. The interview guide and thematic analysis were based on the Theoretical Domains Framework to identify barriers and facilitators to SDM. Results: Women expect to be included in decisions about their care. Health service administrators and decision‐makers, government policymakers, and most clinicians want to include them in decisions. Key barriers to SDM included lack of care continuity, knowledge, and clinician skills, as well as professional role and decision‐making factors. Key facilitators pertained to policy and guideline changes, increased knowledge, professional role factors, and social influences. Conclusion: This study revealed common barriers and facilitators to SDM and highlighted the need to consider perspectives outside the patient–clinician dyad. It adds to the limited literature on barriers and facilitators to SDM in hospital care settings. Organizational‐ and system‐wide changes to service delivery are necessary to facilitate SDM. These changes may be enabled by education and training, changes to policies and guidelines to include and support SDM, and adequately timed information provision to enable SDM conversations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measurement of the unit cell of (R)-BINOL over a 200° temperature range (300–100 K) reveals an anisotropic contraction where the c-axis contracts ca. 2.3% compared to a ca. 0.45% contraction of the a and b axes, a ca. six-fold difference in linear thermal expansion coefficient. This contraction corresponds to a decrease in the helical pitch of the 31 screw axis in the [001] direction. The anisotropic nature of the contraction is rationalised by a thorough analysis of intermolecular contacts within the crystal and their impact on the conformation of the molecule and crystal packing. The crystal structure of (R)-BINOL exhibits a pronounced anisotropic thermal expansion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prejudicial behaviors toward female journalists are on the rise, yet few instruments are available to measure stereotyping of female journalists. The present work validates a new scale for measuring the prominent sexual stereotype that female journalists have sex with their sources using exploratory (N = 561) and confirmatory factor analysis (N = 580). Results reveal that the proposed scale has a reliable and replicable factor structure that is distinct from measures of sexism and journalist mistrust, attesting to concurrent and discriminant validity. The proposed scale also negatively predicts the credibility of news written by women, which demonstrates predictive validity. Theoretical and practical implications of these results for journalism studies is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses considerations for defining homelessness in public health data collection. Topics include importance of improving collection of data on housing status in public health data collection efforts, reason that collecting data related to homelessness and disease is considered complicated, and various criteria used to define homelessness.

Several studies have found that microgravity diffusion flames with sufficient heat loss cool until they extinguish at a critical temperature near 1130 K. In this work, the associated chemical kinetics are explored for spherical diffusion flames burning ethylene. The flames are simulated with a transient numerical model with detailed chemistry, transport, and radiation. This incorporates the UCSD mechanism with 57 species and 270 reactions. Species concentrations, reaction rates, and heat release rates are examined. Upon ignition, the peak temperature is above 2000 K, but this decreases until extinction due to radiative losses. This allows the chemistry to be studied over a wide range of peak temperatures for the same fuel and oxidiser. When the peak temperature is high, the dominant chemistry is similar to that for typical normal-gravity ethylene diffusion flames. There are two distinct zones: an ethylene pyrolysis zone and an oxidation zone, and negligible reactant leakage. The ethylene mainly reacts with H and OH. The concentration of OH in the ethylene pyrolysis zone is high due to the long residence times and reactions of CO2 and H2O with H. As the flame cools and the peak temperature approaches the critical extinction temperature, there is increased reactant leakage leading to higher O, OH, and HO2 concentrations on the fuel side. Most reactions shift towards the oxidiser side and there is large overlap between the two zones. Reactions involving HO2 become more significant and the large consumption rates of H by HO2 increase the concentrations of OH and O on the fuel side. The appearance of warm flame chemistry delays extinction but is not sufficiently exothermic to prevent it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hostile attitudes toward refugees are on the rise, yet individuals who hold negative beliefs toward out-groups are the most difficult to persuade. Is an explicit persuasive appeal effective for such groups, or should fictional narratives with implicit messages be used instead? An online experiment (N = 1, 749) was conducted to test this possibility with three possible media-based interventions: a fictional sympathetic portrayal, a fictional hostile portrayal, or a documentary-based portrayal. Hostile portrayals increased negative attitudes toward refugees, while documentary portrayals increased positive attitudes and promoted stereotype reversal. These effects were observed regardless of nationalism or social dominance orientation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One way that benevolent sexism contributes to gender inequality is by offering wellbeing benefits to women and men who fulfil idealised gender roles, such as taking on differentiated parenting roles and priorities. Yet, how benevolent sexism relates to parenting outcomes has received little attention. Extending a pre-pandemic study of heterosexual couples with young children (N = 175 dyads), we provide initial tests of the associations between benevolent sexism, parenting strain, and psychological distress. We assess whether benevolent sexism predicted parenting strain and psychological distress during two lockdowns at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic (Lockdown 2020) and 17 months later (Lockdown 2021). Accounting for pre-pandemic psychological distress, actors' and partners' higher pre-pandemic benevolent sexism was associated with lower psychological distress, and these associations were accounted for by lower parenting strain during lockdowns. However, the associations between mothers' benevolent sexism and parenting outcomes dissipated at Lockdown 2021, suggesting that any protective benefits benevolent sexism offers to women are precarious. These results provide novel, preliminary evidence for the palliative function of benevolent sexism in the parenting domain, and advance understanding on why benevolent sexism is appealing and helps sustain gender inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use is associated with negative outcomes, yet little is known about what motivates the decision of simultaneous use. One possibility is that early-episode subjective effects motivate simultaneous use to complement or replace the first substance's effects. The current study used a hypothetical decision-making task to test this hypothesis. Objectives: College students (N = 486) were presented eight scenarios characterized by alcohol/cannabis subjective effects (i.e., high/low arousal positive [e.g., excited, relaxed], high/low arousal negative [e.g., aggressive, dizzy]) and asked their likelihood of simultaneously using the other substance per scenario. Multilevel modeling tested whether subjective effect scenarios predicted a higher likelihood of simultaneous use and whether ordering moderated this association. Results: Task-based simultaneous use likelihood was associated with self-reported simultaneous use, showing task validity. Scenarios characterized by high/low arousal positive effects were associated with higher likelihood of simultaneous use, whereas high/low arousal negative scenarios were associated with lower likelihood. Alcohol vs. cannabis-first scenarios were associated with higher likelihood of simultaneous use, and significant interactions were observed for high/low arousal positive and high arousal negative effects. High arousal positive scenarios were associated with higher likelihood of simultaneous use when cannabis was used first, low arousal positive scenarios with higher likelihood when alcohol was used first, and high arousal negative scenarios with lower likelihood when cannabis was used first. Conclusions: Beginning-of-episode subjective substance effects may be a promising event-level predictor of simultaneous use, and just-in-time interventions may benefit from targeting the ordering and subjective experiences of alcohol and cannabis use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite calls for journalists and media agencies to address a disconnect between news audiences and news prose, content continues to increase in its difficulty to read and comprehend for the masses. While readability is often associated with audience comprehension and engagement, studies have neglected to assess whether readability is a factor in audience assessments of the credibility of content. Using an online experimental design, this study examines whether readability acts as a heuristic that helps news consumers make credibility judgments of news. Results show that readability tends not to be a predictor of credibility perception, regardless of partisanship strength or media use preferences. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines Southern religious pamphlet literature or narratives that have defined the Civil War era. It explains themes of the tracts that contributed to the Confederate war effort including significance of the religious devotion of soldiers, divine providence and role of God in the war's outcome, salvation and death, morale of soldiers and importance of their sacrifice. It explores the influence of religious pamphlets on enlisted men beyond the use of chaplains.

The Integrator is a multi-subunit protein complex that catalyzes the maturation of snRNA transcripts via 3' cleavage, a step required for snRNA incorporation with snRNP for spliceosome biogenesis. Here we developed a GFP based in vivo snRNA misprocessing reporter as a readout of Integrator function and performed a genome-wide RNAi screen for Integrator regulators. We found that loss of the Argonaute encoding csr-1 gene resulted in widespread 3' misprocessing of snRNA transcripts that is accompanied by a significant increase in alternative splicing. Loss of the csr-1 gene down-regulates the germline expression of Integrator subunits 4 and 6 and is accompanied by a reduced protein translation efficiency of multiple Integrator catalytic and non-catalytic subunits. Through isoform and motif mutant analysis, we determined that CSR-1's effect on snRNA processing is dependent on its catalytic slicer activity but does not involve the CSR-1a isoform. Moreover, mRNA-sequencing revealed high similarity in the transcriptome profile between csr-1 and Integrator subunit knockdown via RNAi. Together, our findings reveal CSR-1 as a new regulator of the Integrator complex and implicate a novel role of this Argonaute protein in snRNA 3' processing. Author summary: Small nuclear RNA molecules are an important structural component of the spliceosome, which is the cellular machinery that performs RNA splicing. Proper RNA splicing is important for ensuring proteins are accurately produced within the cell, and this process is broadly important for contributing to basic physiological processes such as development. Inside the cell, small nuclear RNA is processed by a protein complex called the Integrator, and mutations to the Integrator affect RNA splicing and can lead to neurodevelopmental defects. Here, we used the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans to describe how an Argonaute encoding gene called csr-1 is required for maintaining Integrator protein expression and that loss of csr-1 gene expression contributes to the dysregulation of small nuclear RNA processing. These results provide new insights into our understanding of fundamental factors that regulate small nuclear RNA processing in cells, which are directly important in RNA splicing control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The incidence of early-onset colorectal cancer (EOCRC), diagnosed before age 50, has been rising in many countries in the past few decades. This study aims to evaluate this trend in Aotearoa New Zealand and assess its impact on Māori. Methods: Crude incidence and age-standardized incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) was analyzed from all new cases from the Aotearoa New Zealand national cancer registry for the period 2000–2020. Trends were estimated by sex, ethnicity, age group and location of cancer and projections made to 2040. Results: Between 2000 and 2020, there were a total of 56,761 cases of CRC diagnosed in Aotearoa New Zealand, 3,702 of these being EOCRC, with age-standardized incidence decreasing significantly (P = 8.2 × 10− 80) from 61.0 to 47.3 cases per 100,000. EOCRC incidence increased on average by 26% per decade (incidence rate ratio (IRR) 1.26, p = < 0.0001) at all sites (proximal colon, distal colon and rectum), while the incidence in those aged 50–79 years decreased on average by 18% per decade (IRR 0.82, p = < 0.0005), again across all sites. There was no significant average change in CRC incidence in those over 80 years. In Māori, there was no significant change in age-standardized incidence. There was however a significant increase in crude incidence rates (IRR 1.28, p = < 0.0005) driven by significant increases in EOCRC (IRR1.36, p = < 0.0005). By 2040, we predict the incidence of EOCRC will have risen from 8.00 to 14.9 per 100,000 (6.33 to 10.00 per 100,000 in Māori). However, due to the aging population an estimated 43.0% of all CRC cases will be diagnosed in those over 80 years of age (45.9% over 70 years of age in Māori). Conclusion: The age-standardized incidence of CRC from 2000 to 2020 decreased in Aotearoa New Zealand, but not for Māori. The incidence of EOCRC over the same period continues to rise, and at a faster rate in Māori. However, with the ageing of the population in Aotearoa New Zealand, and for Māori, CRC in the elderly will continue to dominate case numbers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research suggests that parental substance use disorder is associated with adolescent drinking indirectly through negative urgency, a form of impulsivity that is particularly associated with high-risk drinking. Moreover, childhood mechanisms of risk may play a role in this developmental chain such that childhood temperament and parenting may be mechanisms through which parental substance use disorder is associated with adolescent negative urgency and drinking behavior. Therefore, the current study tested whether parental substance use disorder was indirectly associated with adolescent drinking frequency through childhood temperament (i.e., "dysregulated irritability") and adolescent negative urgency, and whether relations differed by levels of maternal support and consistency of discipline. Data come from a multigenerational, longitudinal study of familial substance use disorder (N = 276, Mage in childhood = 6.28 (SD = 1.16), Mage in adolescence = 15.86 (SD = 1.56), 45.3% female). Findings indicated that parental substance use disorder indirectly predicted adolescent drinking through both childhood dysregulated irritability and adolescent negative urgency (mediated pathways). This indirect relation was stronger at higher vs. lower levels of maternal support but did not vary by maternal consistency of discipline. Parental substance use disorder also indirectly predicted adolescent drinking separately through childhood dysregulated irritability and negative urgency. Findings thus suggest that childhood dysregulated irritability may be an early marker of risk toward high-risk personality traits and behavior in adolescence that are associated with having a parental history of substance use disorder. Findings also suggest that increased maternal support may only be helpful in buffering risk for those with low levels of dysregulated irritability. Prevention efforts focused on childhood emotion regulation and emotion-based action may be useful in preventing adolescent risk behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the increase in media portrayals of transracial adoption, little is understood about how viewers perceive these portrayals. Therefore, 36 interviews were conducted (20 with transracially adoptive parents and 16 with non-transracially-adoptive parents) to discover the perceived realism and learning outcomes of three entertainment transracial adoption portrayals. While transracially adoptive parents were generally more inclined to deem the clips realistic, the two groups reported similar elements of realism/unrealism. In line with social cognitive theory, several learning outcomes were reported by both groups of parents in addition to anticipated positive and negative effects of these portrayals. Results extend the applicability of perceived realism to transracial adoption portrayal and highlight nuances of social cognitive theory and the extended elaboration likelihood model among adoptive and biological parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to evaluate if an electronic health record (EHR) self-scheduling function was associated with changes in mammogram completion for primary care patients who were eligible for a screening mammogram using U.S. Preventive Service Task Force recommendations. This was a retrospective cohort study (September 1, 2014–August 31, 2019, analyses completed in 2022) using a difference-in-differences design to examine mammogram completion before versus after the implementation of self-scheduling. The difference-in-differences estimate was the interaction between time (pre-versus post-implementation) and group (active EHR patient portal versus inactive EHR patient portal). The primary outcome was mammogram completion among all eligible patients, with completion defined as receiving a mammogram within 6 months post-visit. The secondary outcome was mammogram completion among patients who received a clinician order during their visit. The primary analysis included 35,257 patient visits. The overall mammogram completion rate in the pre-period was 22.2% and 49.7% in the post-period. EHR self-scheduling was significantly associated with increased mammogram completion among those with an active EHR portal, relative to patients with an inactive portal (adjusted difference 13.2 percentage points [95% CI 10.6–15.8]). For patients who received a clinician mammogram order at their eligible visit, self-scheduling was significantly associated with increased mammogram completion among patients with an active EHR portal account (adjusted difference 14.7 percentage points, [95% CI 10.9–18.5]). EHR-based self-scheduling was associated with a significant increase in mammogram completion among primary care patients. Self-scheduling can be a low-cost, scalable function for increasing preventive cancer screenings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavier drinking and depression are common mental health concerns in the USA, yet few studies have sought to understand transdiagnostic risk factors for both. Two health-focused risk factors are impulsive personality traits and sleep duration, but research typically separates the two, precluding additive and interactive relations. The current study sought to test a theoretical model where risk conferred from impulsive traits is heightened when individuals have reduced sleep. Public-access data from the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) were used to test study hypotheses. Participants reported on impulsive traits (i.e., lack of premeditation, sensation seeking), sleep duration, depression, and drinking across three waves spanning adolescence, emerging adulthood, and adulthood. Multilevel models distinguished risk processes at the between- vs. within-person level. At the between-person level, sensation seeking predicted drinking whereas premeditation predicted depression. Additionally, within-person deviations in both traits were associated with drinking, whereas within-person deviations in premeditation were associated with depression. Sleep duration was protective against outcomes at both levels. However, main effects were qualified by interactions at both levels, such that having below average sleep duration heightened the effects of premeditation at the between-person level, whereas within-person decreases in sleep heightened the effects of sensation seeking at the within-person level. Findings support a theoretical model where poor sleep exacerbates risk conferred from impulsive traits. Risk conferred from impulsive traits diverged based upon level of analysis, suggesting that global and just-in-time interventions may benefit from targeting specific impulsive traits as well as sleep. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2) is an intracellular Ca2+ release channel vital for the function of the heart. Physiologically, RyR2 is triggered to release Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) which enables cardiac contraction; however, spontaneous Ca2+ leak from RyR2 has been implicated in the pathophysiology of heart failure (HF). RyR2 channels have been well documented to assemble into clusters within the SR membrane, with the organisation of RyR2 clusters recently gaining interest as a mechanism by which the occurrence of pathological Ca2+ leak is regulated, including in HF. In this review, we explain the terminology relating to key nanoscale RyR2 clustering properties as both single clusters and functionally grouped Ca2+ release units, with a focus on the advancements in super-resolution imaging approaches which have enabled the detailed study of cluster organisation. Further, we discuss proposed mechanisms for modulating RyR2 channel organisation and the debate regarding the potential impact of cluster organisation on Ca2+ leak activity. Finally, recent experimental evidence investigating the nanoscale remodelling and functional alterations of RyR2 clusters in HF is discussed with consideration of the clinical implications. [Display omitted] • Ryanodine receptor (RyR2) Ca2+ release channels form clusters which are essential for Ca2+ handling in healthy cardiac function • RyR2 cluster organisation can be described through nanoscale parameters which influence Ca2+ handling properties • Remodelling of RyR2 clusters is a driver of pathological Ca2+ release in failing hearts [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Disorders of gut‐brain interaction (DGBI) are complex conditions that result in decreased quality of life and a significant cost burden. Linaclotide, a guanylin cyclase C (GCC) receptor agonist, is approved as a DGBI treatment. However, its efficacy has been limited and variable across DGBI patients. Microbiota and metabolomic alterations are noted in DGBI patients, provoking the hypothesis that the microbiota may impact the GCC response to current therapeutics. Methods: Human‐derived intestinal organoids were grown from pediatric DGBI, non‐IBD colon biopsies (colonoids). Colonoids were treated with 250 nM linaclotide and assayed for cGMP to develop a model of GCC activity. Butyrate was administered to human colonoids overnight at a concentration of 1 mM. Colonoid lysates were analyzed for cGMP levels by ELISA. For the swelling assay, colonoids were photographed pre‐ and post‐treatment and volume was measured using ImageJ. Principal coordinate analyses (PCoA) were performed on the Bray–Curtis dissimilarity and Jaccard distance to assess differences in the community composition of short‐chain fatty acid (SCFA) producing microbial species in the intestinal microbiota from pediatric patients with IBS and healthy control samples. Key Results: Linaclotide treatment induced a significant increase in [cGMP] and swelling of patient‐derived colonoids, demonstrating a human in vitro model of linaclotide‐induced GCC activation. Shotgun sequencing analysis of pediatric IBS patients and healthy controls showed differences in the composition of commensal SCFA‐producing bacteria. Butyrate exposure significantly dampened linaclotide‐induced cGMP levels and swelling in patient‐derived colonoids. Conclusions & Inferences: Patient‐derived colonoids demonstrate that microbiota‐derived butyrate can dampen human colonic responses to linaclotide. This study supports incorporation of microbiota and metabolomic assessment to improve precision medicine for DGBI patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: A key strategy to address system pressures on hip and knee arthroplasty through the COVID-19 pandemic has been to shift procedures to the outpatient setting. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort and case-control study. Using the Discharge Abstract Database and the National Ambulatory Care Reporting System databases, we estimated the use of outpatient hip and knee arthroplasty in Ontario, Canada. After propensity-score matching, we estimated rates of 90-day readmission, 90-day emergency department (ED) visit, 1-year mortality, and 1-year infection or revision. Results: 204,066 elective hip and 341,678 elective knee arthroplasties were performed from 2010–2022. Annual volumes of hip and knee arthroplasties increased steadily until 2020. Following the start of the COVID-19 pandemic (March 1, 2020) through December 31, 2022 there were 7,561 (95% CI 5,435 to 9,688) fewer hip and 20,777 (95% CI 17,382 to 24,172) fewer knee replacements performed than expected. Outpatient arthroplasties increased as a share of all surgeries from 1% pre-pandemic to 39% (hip) and 36% (knee) by 2022. Among inpatient arthroplasties, the tendency to discharge to home did not change since the start of the pandemic. During the COVID-19 era, patients receiving arthroplasty in the outpatient setting had a similar or lower risk of readmission than matched patients receiving inpatient arthroplasty [hip: RR 0.65 (0.56–0.76); knee: RR 0.86 (0.76–0.97)]; ED visits [hip: RR 0.78 (0.73–0.83); knee: RR 0.92 (0.88–0.96)]; and mortality, infection, or revision [hip: RR 0.65 (0.45–0.93); knee: 0.90 (0.64–1.26)]. Conclusion: Following the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario, the volume of outpatient hip and knee arthroplasties performed increased despite a reduction in overall arthroplasty volumes. This shift in surgical volumes from the inpatient to outpatient setting coincided with pressures on hospitals to retain inpatient bed capacity. Patients receiving arthroplasty in the outpatient setting had relatively similar outcomes to those receiving inpatient surgery after matching on known sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: (1) Evaluate the associations between L1-pelvic angle (L1PA) and both sagittal vertical axis (SVA) and T1-pelvic angle (T1PA), and (2) assess the clinical impact of L1PA. Methods: A single-institution retrospective cohort study was undertaken for patients undergoing adult spinal deformity (ASD) surgery from 2013 to 2017. Ideal L1PA was defined as (0.5xPelvic Incidence)-21. Pearson correlation was performed to compare L1PA, SVA, and T1PA. Univariate/multivariate regression was performed to assess the effect of L1PA on mechanical complications, controlling for age, BMI, and postoperative pelvic incidence-lumbar lordosis mismatch (PI/LL). Due to the overlapping nature of patients with pseudarthrosis and rod fracture, these patients were analyzed together. Results: A total of 145 patients were included. Mean preoperative L1PA, SVA, and T1PA were 15.5 ± 8.9°, 90.7 ± 66.8 mm, and 27.1 ± 13.0°, respectively. Mean postoperative L1PA, SVA, and T1PA were 15.0 ± 8.9°, 66.7 ± 52.8 mm, and 22.3 ± 11.1°, respectively. Thirty-six (24.8%) patients achieved ideal L1PA. Though the correlation was modest, preoperative L1PA was linearly correlated with preoperative SVA (r2 = 0.16, r = 0.40, 95%CI = 0.22–0.60, p < 0.001) and T1PA (r2 = 0.41, r = 0.62, 95%CI = 0.46–0.76, p < 0.001). Postoperative L1PA was linearly correlated with postoperative SVA (r2 = 0.12, r = 0.37, 95%CI = 0.18–0.56, p < 0.001) and T1PA (r2 = 0.40, r = 0.62, 95%CI = 0.45–0.74, p < 0.001). Achieving ideal L1PA ± 5° was associated with a decreased risk of rod fracture/pseudarthrosis on univariate and multivariate regression (OR = 0.33, 95%CI = 0.12–0.86, p = 0.024). No association between achieving ideal L1PA and patient-reported outcomes was observed. Conclusion: L1PA was modestly correlated with SVA and T1PA, and achieving ideal L1PA was associated with lower rates of rod fracture/pseudarthrosis. Future studies are warranted to better define the clinical implications of achieving a normal L1PA. Level of evidence: III. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A cataclysmic event, often spelling disaster for the environment, is an essential element to the backstory of any post-apocalyptic tale. In these stories, the presupposed ecological tragedy may have severely altered the environment, but it has not annihilated it. In fact, what has happened is that the apocalyptic catastrophe has neutralized the ecological threats that were the original catalysts for the devastation in the first place, resulting in an opportunity for the environment to rebound once its abusers have faced judgment. In other words, Earth may get beaten black-and-blue, yet the final effect is a green apocalypse—an event that rids Earth of its destructive inhabitants or at least counterbalances their negative effects, giving the global ecosystem a chance to renew. In this article I offer readings of two apocalyptic stories—1 Enoch and Darren Aronofsky's Noah. My approach to these stories utilizes elements from a method of ecological hermeneutics that has been developed by Norman Habel and others from the Earth Bible team. The Noahic flood story is one of the earliest examples of a "green" apocalypse, in which the penultimate event may have been devastation on the planet, but the ultimate end was a renewal of Earth. It is my hope that these ecological readings with their attention to the concept of a green apocalypse may be useful in appreciating the possibility of eco-friendly interpretations of apocalyptic texts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity is a mostly preventable diet-related disease and currently a major challenge for human populations worldwide. Obesity is a major risk factor for diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cardiovascular disease (CVD) and certain cancers. Dietary fiber is a complex mixture of non-digestible molecules, mostly polysaccharides. Multiple epidemiological studies have demonstrated statistically significant reductions in risks of obesity, T2DM, CVD, colorectal cancer, and pre-menopausal breast cancer with higher dietary fiber intakes. Various direct and indirect mechanisms have been proposed including altered digestion and absorption, stimulation of gut hormones including glucagon-like-peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY), reduced appetite, and altered metabolism of bile and cholesterol. These may act via pathways involving G-protein-coupled receptors (GPRs), histone deacetylase (HDAC), and aromatase enzymes. Ultimately, fiber intake contributes to improving glucose levels and insulin sensitivity, lowering risk of T2DM, CVD and certain cancers. Therefore, diets rich in dietary fiber should be encouraged to prevent obesity and associated chronic disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2 Iron(III)-Catalyzed Halogenation of Arenes When we began this program of research, we were aware of other transition-metal-catalyzed methods for arene iodination that used NIS. Keywords: iron and copper catalysis; halogenation; thioarylation; -Ullmann coupling; heterocycle synthesis EN iron and copper catalysis halogenation thioarylation -Ullmann coupling heterocycle synthesis 1852 1865 14 09/15/23 20231004 NES 231004 Graph 1 Introduction Traditionally, the most common method for the radioiodination of aromatic compounds to generate single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) tracers for medical imaging involves oxidative iodination of aryl stannanes (Scheme 1a). [36] As a Lewis acid catalyst for general iodination of arenes, silver(I) triflimide allowed fast and high-yielding reactions under similar conditions and in comparable yields to the corresponding iron(III)-catalyzed reaction. While the initial focus of this program was the development of halogenation reactions and in particular, a new procedure for radioiodination of aromatic compounds, we realized that both the synthetic utility of aryl halides and the mild nature of these transformations meant they could be combined with other reactions for the one-pot, multistep synthesis of functionalized arenes and benzannulated heterocycles. [Extracted from the article]

Families play a critical role in supporting currently serving and transitioned veterans' wellbeing and help-seeking for mental health concerns; however, little is known about families' experiences. This study used Australian national survey linked-data (n = 1217) from families (Family Wellbeing Study-FWS) and veterans (Mental Health Wellbeing Transition Study-MHWTS) to understand veteran-family help-seeking relationships. Veterans' and family members' responses to mental health and help-seeking questions in FWS and MHWTS datasets from perspective of family members were cross-tabulated. Help-seeking support provided by family members was compared by veterans' probable disorder. Results highlighted high levels of involvement and continuous assistance provided by families. Two in three family members thought the veteran had probable mental health concerns although they have never been diagnosed or treated. Clear disparities between family and veteran perspectives regarding mental health concerns indicates the extent of non-treatment seeking in this population, missed opportunities for early intervention, and need for greater support to families to promote help-seeking. Encouraging help-seeking is complex for veteran families particularly where veterans' reluctance to seek help may lead to family relationship strain and conflict. Families need early information, support, and recognition by service agencies of the role of the family in encouraging help-seeking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computed Axial Lithography (CAL) is a recent advancement in volumetric additive manufacturing (VAM) that delivers a light dose to a photopolymer volume through tomographic reconstruction. The precursor liquid or gel itself generally supports the emerging object, eliminating the need for wasteful dedicated solid supporting structures. A challenge, however, is that desired geometry can shrink or expand during solidification and on Earth, if the precursor material's viscosity is low enough. These effects may result in sinking or floating of the component, which can blur the geometry. In principle, CAL is promising for in-space manufacturing because, unlike layer-based processes, CAL does not require a flat liquid–gas interface to be maintained during printing. With suitable development, CAL is potentially capable of manufacturing parts such as organic tissue, flexible seals, rigid trusses, and microstructures for space exploration, as well as repairing existing tools and parts. 'SpaceCAL' flew on a microgravity parabolic flight in May 2022 to demonstrate the capabilities of CAL and analyse a CAL system in a microgravity. Initial findings show that 0.12 Pa-s low viscosity precursor can be printed in microgravity with less geometric distortion than an Earth-based gravity counterpart. • Computed Axial Lithography (CAL) demonstrated successful use for In-Space Manufacturing. • The printing process Computed Axial Lithography (CAL) can function with a wider range of materials in microgravity. • In microgravity Computed Axial Lithography (CAL) manufactured parts that were not possible to manufacture on earth. • Computed Axial Lithography (CAL) fabricated useful parts for space exploration in less than 20 s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to conduct a preliminary investigation of the associations between facets of impulsivity and alcohol outcomes through motives for drinking responsibly described by self-determination theory (SDT) among college students. Participants (N = 2808) were part of a multisite investigation of college student drinking across 10 universities in 8 states in the USA who reported past-month drinking. Results of a structural equation model testing all possible indirect associations simultaneously indicated that one-third (20 out of 60) of the indirect associations were statistically significant (p<.01). Facets with higher scores representing higher impulsivity (negative/positive urgency) were negatively associated with more internalized motives (autonomous motivation and introjected regulation) and positively associated with less internalized motives (external regulation and amotivation) for drinking responsibly. Facets with higher scores representing lower impulsivity (perseverance and premeditation) demonstrated opposite patterns of associations with motives for drinking responsibly. In turn, more internalized motives were related to higher frequency of protective behavioral strategies use, lower alcohol use severity, and fewer negative alcohol-related consequences; less internalized motives demonstrated an opposite pattern of associations with these alcohol outcomes. The present findings should be replicated using experimental and longitudinal studies for appropriately testing mediation but offer support for a novel hypothesis for motivational pathways from impulsivity to alcohol outcomes that may provide insight into intervention targets, if further supported by future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]