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Plectania rhytidia is an uncommon discomycete now detected in Brazil. It is characterised by having a black ascomata, and transversally ribbed on one side ascospores measuring 19.6–27.4 (–29.4) × (6.9–) 7.8–12.3 μm. This species has been briefly referred to from Rio Grande do Sul without a detailed description and discussion. Studies on the genus Plectania in this country are scarce, and only P. chilensis, P.camplyspora, and P. milleri were cited. Previously, members of the genus have been mostly reported from temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, and in Australia and New Zealand. In this report, an interesting species of Plectania, found for the first time in the State of Paraiba, Brazil, is presented and comprehensively described. We also address the typification status of Peziza rhytidia, Urnula platensis, and U. torrendii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gymnopilus is an agaricoid genus of mostly wood-rotting mushrooms, with ca. 200 species worldwide distributed, of which 23 of them are currently known in Brazil. In the Amazon region, Gymnopilus taxa correspond mostly to very old names described under Agaricus, later recombined into Gymnopilus, such as G. marasmioides, G. panurensis, G. psamminus, and G. trailii. Based on the examination of a well-annotated exsiccate at the INPA Herbarium, Gymnopilus ianthinilophus is described as a new species. It is characterized by the densely cespitose habit, squarrose pileus with blackish brown squamules, adnate to subdeccurent lamellae with decurrent tooth, violaceous brown stipe, weakly dextrinoid basidiospores 7.6-9.2 × 5.1-6.1 µm, interwoven pileus trama, lageniform with capitate or subcapitate apex cheilocystidia measuring 15.3-25.5 × 5.6-8.2 µm, and absence of pleurocystidia and caulocystidia. Description, photographs, illustrations of the new species, and discussion and comparison with morphologically similar taxa are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pseudotulostoma is a genus described for fungi with stipitate sporocarps that have an exposed gleba and a woody, volvate base. The two species that belong to this genus (P. volvatum and P. japonicum) form unusual epigeous ascomata that are atypical among the hypogeous members of the Elaphomycetaceae. The genus was first described from the Guiana Shield and was suggested to be restricted to rainforests dominated by the ectomycorrhizal tree Dicymbe corymbosa (Leguminosae-Detarioideae). Pseudotulostoma volvatum was also later described from Colombia in association with Pseudomonotes tropenbosii (Dipterocarpaceae- Monotoidea). Here we report a new occurrence of P. volvatum that is also the first occurrence of an ectomycorrhizal Ascomycota fungus in a native host plant in Brazil. The description includes images of the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics, a discussion of the distinctive features, and phylogenetic placement using the nLSU of this fungus among Elaphomyces species. This new collection (third known location) demonstrates that P. volvatum also occurs in a white-sand forest composed of the canopy tree Aldina heterophylla (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae). Thus, we provide additional information regarding P. volvatum that expands its known distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amanita is a well established genus corresponding one to the major groups of Agaricales having with a rich systematic story. Several species belonging to this genus were recently reported from Brazil. Recent studies changed drastically its infrageneric classification, recognizing the subgenera Amanita, Amanitina and Lepidella. Within the subg. Amanitina, the ectomycorrhizal species with amyloid basidiospores, appendiculate pileus and stipe base with more globose to subglobose bulb belong to sect. Roanokenses. Amanita xenokommosis belongs to this section and is described here a new species from the Brazilian Coastal Sand Dune. It is characterized by elongate to cylindrical amyloid basidiospores, brown pileus with sharp floccose appendiculate remnants and bulb covered by a large limbate/saccate universal veil. Amanita caojizong, A. manginiana, A. modesta, A. pseudomanginiana and A. pseudoporphyria are similar species, but differ in many aspects, such as basidiospores size, shape of bulb and characteristics of the universal veil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phlebopus (Boletales) is a genus of Fungi with species characterized by robust basidiomata with glabrous to tomentose or velvety pileus, a central thick and non-reticulated, non-hollow stipe, and an adnate-depressed hymenophore. Their context is variable in color and unchanging or slowly develops a blue reaction when exposed to air. They also have short subglobose to ellipsoid basidiospores that are smooth and possess clamped hyphae. A recent collection in Brazil turned up the rare Neotropical species P. brasiliensis, which is only known from type materials from the original description, and which is only one of six species present in the country. Here,we validate the identity of this species and insure its separation from similar congeners including P. mexicanus. Phlebopus brasiliensis is characterized by the dry velutinous pileus surface that then becomes finely areolate in older basidiomata and with an olivaceous color; hymenophore with small pores to0.5 mm wide with a context that is cream-colored then greenish-blue onexposure to air, and the absence of hymenial cystidia. Alternatively, Phlebopus mexicanus has slightly smaller basidiospores (average 6.435lm), larger pores(1–2 per mm, each 0.5–1 mm diameter) and granulose-pruinate stipe to base.These differences help confirm the identity of P. brasiliensis and also establish its presence in a new location in Brazil i.e., a conservation zone that differs in disturbance from its type locality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the tropics, the diversity of ectomycorrhizal milkcaps is predominantly represented by genus Lactifluus. In Brazil, species traditionally described as Lactarius need to be revised and recombined. Thus, seven milkcaps from Amazonia and Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, published by Rick, Singer and co-authors were reviewed. Lactarius amazonensis, L. brasiliensis, L. braunii, L. mamorensis and L. russula, along with the recently described L. rupestris, are combined in Lactifluus. In addition, Lactifluus annulifer together with Lf. braunii and Lf. russula, have lectotypes designated. A modern and detailed microscopic description, drawings and taxonomic discussion are provided for each species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psathyrella euthygramma is reported for the first time from Brazil, growing on rotting wood in the Atlantic Forest. The diagnostic features are the small basidiomes with stipe bearing a fugacious annulus and densely strigose base, the small basidiospores bearing germ pore and cystidia thin to slightly thick walled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Inocybe (Inocybaceae) has a wide distribution, with species occurring in both temperate and tropical zones. Despite being a well known ectomycorrhizal genus, descriptions of species are infrequent in the Neotropics and poorly documented. Only five species are well documented from Brazil and studies on this genus are needed. This report describes I. lepidosparta as a new species from tropical montane forest (‘brejo de altitude’) of Pernambuco, Brazil. The usual methodology for analysis of agaric fungi was followed and colour codes are annotated based on a standard colour chart; the microscopic examinations were made using 3%-5% KOH and stained with Congo red, and 30 basidiospores were measured for statistics. The new species is characterised by its brownish squamulose pileus, scattered squamulose-fibrillose stipe, nodulose basidiospores 9-11.5 × (5.8-) 6.5-8.5 µm, large metuloid pleurocystidia 68-93 × 13-25 µm and absence of caulocystidia. Inocybe amazonensis, I. epidendron and I. paralanuginosa are compared with our new species and differ in several features; for example, pileus surface (fibrillose or squamulose), stipe colour, basidiospores size and characteristics of the metuloids (size, shape and wall thickness). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulzbacheromyces is a recently erected genus in Lepidostromatales, differing from Lepidostroma in the crustose thallus. After the initial discovery of S. caatingae, the only species to be found in Brazil so far, a large quantity of additional data and ITS barcoding sequences for this taxon from a much broader geographical range and different habitats was collected. Phylogenetic analysis under a maximum likelihood framework demonstrated that all specimens are genetically uniform, showing no variation in their ITS, suggesting that S. caatingae has a wide ecological amplitude beyond the Brazilian Caatinga and Atlantic Forest biomes. Detailed descriptions and illustrations of the species are presented, including a map showing the distribution of S. caatingae in the Brazilian semi-arid region and the north-eastern Atlantic rainforest. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Sarcodon atroviridis sensu lato has a rich nomenclatural history as a result of its variable morphology. Here we discuss the species most plastic morphological characters as well as its ecology and distribution, and we report it for the first time from the State of Roraima, Brazil. Color images of the basidiomata, complete descriptions and microscopic images are also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amanita lippiae is described as a new species from a semi-arid (caatinga) region of northeastern Brazil. It possesses clampless basidia and elongate to nearly cylindrical inamyloid basidiospores, bears irregular remains of universal veil on the stipe bulb and is a gemmatoid species assignable to Amanita sect. Amanita. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tylopilus nigripes sp. nov. is described from an Atlantic Forest fragment in the state of Paraíba, Northeast Brazil. The new species is characterized by the small basidioma with a brownish pileus and blackish stipe, rufescent hymenophore turning blackish during handling, and whitish non‐bluing context that changes fuscous to pale vinaceous upon exposure. Microscopically, the size and shape of the basidiospores, the boletoid tube trama, the pileipellis that is a trichodermial palisade, and the frequently septate cheilocystidia are also diagnostic features of the new species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neotropicomus australis var. porulosus is characterized macroscopically by the small basidiomata, the dark reddish brown, slightly viscid and scrobiculate pileus with unchanging context, the greenish and unchanging hymenophore with small (≤0.5 mm in diam.) pores and the brownish stipe with unchanging context, creamy towards the base and fibrillose. Microscopically, the variety is characterized by pale to slightly dark yellowish basidiospores of 11.7–13.3(–13.8) × 4.1–5.1 µm, a pileipellis as epithelium consisting of erect to suberect then sometimes very slightly intertwined chains of aggregated globose, subglobose to ellipsoid cells, a phylloporoid tube trama, subparallel to barely divergent, and some caulocystidia with apex bearing an elongate cylindrical projection. The new taxon is described here from the Caatinga biome, in a 'brejo de altitude' forest in the states of Paraíba and Pernambuco. Thus, this is the first record of this genus from northeastern Brazil. We also propose here a modification of the genus to include small-pore specimens, and a new combination of Xerocumus globuliger with Neotropicomus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The biogeography of neotropical fungi remains poorly understood. Here, we reconstruct the origins and diversification of neotropical lineages in one of the largest clades of ectomycorrhizal fungi in the globally widespread family Russulaceae.We inferred a supertree of 3285 operational taxonomic units, representing worldwide internal transcribed spacer sequences. We reconstructed biogeographic history and diversification and identified lineages in the Neotropics and adjacent Patagonia.The ectomycorrhizal Russulaceae have a tropical African origin. The oldest lineages in tropical South America, most with African sister groups, date to the mid‐Eocene, possibly coinciding with a boreotropical migration corridor. There were several transatlantic dispersal events from Africa more recently. Andean and Central American lineages mostly have north‐temperate origins and are associated with North Andean uplift and the general north–south biotic interchange across the Panama isthmus, respectively. Patagonian lineages have Australasian affinities. Diversification rates in tropical South America and other tropical areas are lower than in temperate areas.Neotropical Russulaceae have multiple biogeographic origins since the mid‐Eocene involving dispersal and co‐migration. Discontinuous distributions of host plants may explain low diversification rates of tropical lowland ectomycorrhizal fungi. Deeply diverging neotropical fungal lineages need to be better documented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fistulinella distromatica sp. nov. is described based on morphological and molecular data. It is characterized by the following features: pileus surface that is subviscid with appressed, small brownish fribrillose-squamulose; subviscid, minutely subviscid, minutely punctate stipe that is yellow at the base; the relatively large inamyloid spores; hymenial cystidia up to 70 µm long; two-layered stipitipellis with a trichodermal suprastipitipellis and interwoven substipitipellis that is interwoven in a strongly gelatinized matrix. Fistulinella distromatica clusters phylogenetically with a sequence of F. campinaranae var. scrobiculata recorded from Bahia, and in a distinct branch from Colombian Amazon material. Since Bahian specimens are morphologically and molecularly different from Amazonian ones, a new species is described. Description, drawings, photographs, discussion with comparison to similar taxa are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new monotypic sequestrate genus, Longistriata is described based on collections from the Neotropical forest of Atlantic forest in Paraíba, Northeast Brazil -- an area known for its high degree of endemism. The striking features of this new fungus are the hypogeous habit, the vivid yellow peridium in mature basidiomes, broadly ellipsoid basidiospores with a distinct wall that is ornamented with longitudinal striations and lageniform cystidia with rounded apices. Phylogenetic analysis, based on LSU and tef-1α regions, showed that the type species, Longistriata flava, is phylogenetically sister to the monotypic sequestrate African genus Mackintoshia in Boletaceae. Together these two species formed the earliest diverging lineage in the subfamily Zangioideae. Longistriata flava is found in nutrient-poor white sand habitats where plants in the genera Coccoloba (Polygonaceae) and Guapira (Nyctaginaceae) are the only potential ectomycorrhizal host symbionts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lactifluus (Russulaceae) is a genus of ectomycorrhizal fungi, comprising mostly tropical milkcaps with more than 150 described species. In Brazil 24 milkcap species are known, but only three of these are described from the north-eastern region. The north east of Brazil is composed of different types of habitats, namely Atlantic Forest, part of the Cerrado ecoregions and the Caatinga Domain. From the semiarid Caatinga Domain, Lf. caatingae is described in this paper as a new species, using morphological and molecular data. The new species is characterised by the rusty brown to brownish orange basidiomes, subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, rarely globose basidiospores with verrucose ornamentation composed of warts up to 0.6 µm, that are interconnected by fine lines forming a complete reticulum, and the lampropalisade structure of the pileipellis. Phylogenetic analysis shows that Lf. caatingae belongs to L. subg. Lactariopsis, more specifically to an unnamed clade containing exclusively Neotropical representatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article informs that VIIIth Brazilian Mycological Congress was held in Florianopolis, Brazil, in October 2016, by the Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina and brought together more than 1000 scientists of 20 nationalities. It is noted that the meeting highlighted recent discoveries and forthcoming challenges based on three complementary approaches including studies on fruitbodies and the metabarcoding of soil samples.

Craterellus olivaceoluteus sp. nov. and Craterellus cinereofimbriatus sp. nov. are described as new to science. These fungi were collected from Guyana in association with ectomycorrhizal host trees in the genera Dicymbe (Fabaceae subfam. Caesalpinioideae) and Pakaraimaea (Dipterocarpaceae). Cantharellus ffuyanensis Mont., originally described from French Guiana, is redescribed from recent collections from Guyana, with additional range extensions for the species provided based on material examined from French Guiana, Venezuela, and north central, northeastern and southern Brazil, circumscribing nearly the entire Guiana Shield region and beyond. A new distribution record from French Guiana is provided for Craterellus excelsus T.W. Henkel & Aime. Macromorphological, micromorphological and habitat data are provided for the new species and C. guyanensis as well as DNA sequence data from the nuclear ribosomal regions of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and 28S large subunit (LSU); additional sequence data is provided for C. guyanensis and C. excelsus specimens collected outside Guyana. The relationships of these taxa within the Cantharellaceae were evaluated with phylogenetic analyses of ITS and LSU sequence data. This work brings the total number of Cantharellaceae species known from Guyana to eight. A key to the Cantharellus and Craterellus species known from the lowland Neotropics and extralimital montane Central and South America is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]