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Most contemporary storage rings operate in the multibunch mode. In this case, the transverse dynamics in the presence of feedback may be complicated. Indeed, generally, the amplified signal of beam position monitor kicks all circulating bunches. In this paper, the stability of such system with many degrees of freedom is considered. Damping times are estimated for the simplest cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to strong sextupole corrections, the vertical dynamic aperture of a low-emittance storage ring is rather small. Therefore, in-vacuum short-period undulators can provide a sufficiently high field. In particular, a significant electrostatic field value can be obtained near electrodes. To eliminate the field emission, the high-field surfaces should be at a positive electric potential. In this paper, we consider the feasibility of an undulator using a comb of such electrodes. It is worth noting that a variable-period design may be rather simple for electrostatic undulators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerical simulation of the acousto-optic filter of a terahertz radiation was p erformed. In contrast to the well- known works in which the sound beam was assumed to be homogeneous and having plane wave front, we used the model structure of the sound beam. The nonpolar liquid hexane was chosen as the acousto-optic interaction medium, since it is characterized by acceptable values of transparency and attenuation of ultrasound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A review is given of recent experiments in the field of terahertz optics conducted on the Novosibirsk free electron laser (NovoFEL). The NovoFEL facility configuration is briefly described, and radiation characteristics of the three laser systems of the facility are presented. Considerable attention has been paid to the development and testing of quasi-optical elements designed for this range and methods to produce high-power beams of terahertz radiation with a given mode composition. The use of terahertz radiation in the spectroscopy of gases and semiconductors and generation and research on surface plasmon polaritons, as well as applying the latter in surface study and communication applications, are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Free Electron Laser (FEL) based on multi-turn microtron-recuperator is currently operating in Novosibirsk. For successful operation of the facility, a specialized control system was developed. The software part of this system consists of a set of different program modules. For ensuring program connection between a client and server parts of the control software, the Channel Access protocol from the EPICS framework was employed. Features and examples of using this protocol without utilizing the whole EPICS system are described in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structural changes vs alumina matrices porosity for nickel nanocoatings deposited by DC magnetron evaporation has been studied. Using porous alumina matrices after etching during 30, 45 and 60 minutes with different inter-pore walls allow obtaining Ni coatings with hexagonal arrangement of triangle and spherical nanoparticles. XANES spectra demonstrate insignificant difference cased by local disordering and 1st peak of EXAFS Fourier transforms present different amplitude that can be explained both increasing of border contribution and local disordering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conditions for investigation of specimens by the micro XRF method on the existing SR source VEPP-4M and the prospective SR source SKIF are compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective optics is crucial to realize all the possibilities and fully reveal the potential of 4th generation synchrotron sources. Compound Refractive Lenses (CRLs) are commonly used for focusing X-rays at synchrotrons due to easy alignment and good focusing efficiency. Diamond CRLs have low absorption, high heat conductivity and are well reproducible, that makes such lenses a perfect candidate for a different type of experiments that require high focusing. Unfortunately, optics, made of single-crystal material, has one drawback that was recently reported - intensity modulation at certain energies in the transmission spectrum. This issue is well known in X-ray spectroscopy and is called "diffraction loss" or "glitch effect". It is especially bad for spectroscopic experiments, where a certain energy range has to be scanned. However, glitches affect not only spectroscopic experiments – they are often present in the transmission spectrum of single-crystal materials. Therefore it is necessary to understand the formation of glitches and to be able to predict glitches for any experimental conditions. In this paper, we present an algorithm that can determine the precise orientation of the lens solely from the measured spectrum of glitches and analytical approach to refine the actual orientation of the lens and cell constant. Moreover, we propose a method of "getting rid" of glitches for each energy with the help of a small tilt of the lens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis with using synchrotron radiation (SR) is a powerful technique for resolving elemental composition of the different samples with high sensitivity and good space resolution. For precise quantitative analysis, the procedure for robust and reliable processing of the XRF spectra is necessary. Especially, such code is very important for realization scanning mode of the XRF analysis for the operative treatment big spectral data. As a rule, the specialized codes for conventional XRF systems are not suitable for this aim because of the SR excitation provides a big variety of the analysis modes. Thus, the proposal of the code for processing of the SRXRF spectra is a very actual. The modern program libraries provide a simple ways for organizing robust fitting XRF peaks with keeping a prior data for X-ray lines. In this paper, the reliable code for estimation of the XRF peaks areas was proposed. The algorithm is suitable for calculation net areas of the peaks in the case of series overlapping and in case violation of the mutual intensity ratios of the line in the series due to sample absorption and due to difference in the registration efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents results of XAFS study of the local structure and state of rutenium in the active component of low-percentage model metal-carbon catalysts for the low temperature synthesis/decomposition of ammonia. All XAFS spectra (Ru-K edge) of the initial and reduced samples studied were recorded at the Siberian Synchrotron and Terahertz Radiation Center (SSTRC, Novosibirsk). The structural parameters and phase composition of samples of different pre-histories were determined. The obtained information about Ru/C nanosystem can provide an optimal direction for the development of preparation methods for creating nanocomposite (platinoid - carbon) supported catalysts with desired properties. Perspectives of the used approach were shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The comprehensive experimental and theoretical study of the cation-substituted disulfides CuCr0.99Ln0.01S2 (Ln=La, Ce, Gd) XANES spectra was carried out. The cationic substitution with lanthanide atoms affect to the conduction band structure was studied using the finite difference method, DFT calculations of conduction band structure and the experimental spectra interpretation. The conduction band bottom of CuCrS2 is formed mainly with the contribution of the mixed copper s-, p- and d-states, chromium d-states and sulfur p-states. After the cationic substitution the unoccupied lanthanide f-states localize near the conduction band bottom area replacing the chromium d-states. The unoccupied copper, chromium and sulfur states distribution character is preserved after cationic substitution. In the case of solid solutions CuCr1-xLaxS2 the lanthanum f−states main contribution is shifted into the high energy area from the conduction band bottom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fragments of the Sikhote-Alin meteorite sample were examined by two-dimensional panoramic scanning micro-XRF-SR method using the principle of localization of inclusions. Inclusions were found with an abnormally high W content. High-precision 2D micro-XRF scanning method was used for analysis of inclusion. To determine the nature of the origin of tungsten in the sample particle for the selected inclusion, micro-XANES studies were performed. It was shown that obtained XANES data indicates rather the introduction of tungsten-containing particles during the process of sample preparation than about its extraterrestrial cosmic origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Implantation of argon and oxygen ions into the surface of iron in a pulse-periodic mode has been carried out. The chemical compound of ion-modified layers of iron has been studied by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), the local atomic structure of the surface has been studied by XAFS (X-ray Absorption Fine Structure) and spectroscopy of electron energy loss fine structures (EELFS). It is shown that irradiation by ions in the oxygen-argon sequence leads to more significant changes in both the chemical state of iron and the local atomic structure of a thin surface layer than irradiated by an argon ion alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the spectroscopic properties of praseodymium-doped phosphates, borates and silicates. Polycrystalline samples of Pr3+-doped KLuP2O7, Li6Y(BO3)3, LiY6O5(BO3)3, LiSrPO4, Sr9Sc(PO4)7, K3Lu(PO4)2, K3LuSi2O7 were synthesized using a solid state reaction. Spectra of X-ray excited luminescence and its decay kinetics were measured. Studied samples demonstrate interconfigurational 5d-4f, intraconfigurational 4f-4f transitions and defect-related luminescence. Comparative analysis of spectroscopic properties and application perspectives is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical composition of the bottom sediments of Bering Sea (northwest of the Pacific) was measured by method of X-ray fluorescence analysis using synchrotron radiation (SRXRF) at the collective station, VEPP 3 (Institute of Nuclear Physics, SB RAS). Column length is 560 cm. The study of the chemical composition of this column is a continuation of large-scale work aimed at studying the climate of the North Pacific. The aim of the work is to construct several climate change schemes for the Bering Sea and the subarctic of the Pacific for the characteristic time slices of the last two glacier-ice cycles: the maximum of the last glaciation, the Marine Isotope Stage 4 (MIS 4), the maximum of the last interglacial glaciation (MIS 5.5), the maximum of the penultimate glaciation (Heinrich event 11, MIS 6.2) and the warmest possible MIS 6.5. The general characteristic patterns of orbital and millennial environmental, climate and ventilation changes in the Bering Sea and the Pacific subarctic that have occurred during global climate change over the last two glaciation-ice cycles (190-0 thousand years ago) will be established. Analysis of mutual influence of environment and climate parameters between the subarctic of the Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea over the last 190 thousand years. The experiment is aimed at studying the distribution of chemical elements, markers of paleoclimatic changes along the core of bottom sediments in order to identify orbital and rapid climate changes in the last two cycles of glaciation-icing. And also to clarify the role of the region in changes in the palaeoceanology of the world's oceans and in the interaction of water and atmosphere that had occurred during orbital and millennial climate changes. As part of the work were obtained distributions of chemical elements (from K to Mo for K-series and U, Th, Pb for L-series) along the column under study in 1 cm steps. The conducted cluster analysis showed the presence of two large groups of elements. The first one reflects the terrigenous component of the sediment (K, Rb, Nb, Th, Y, Zr, Mo, Ti, Fe, etc.) and the second - biogenic (Ca, Sr, U, Ge, As, Br). In the Fourier and wavelet spectra of the distribution of the chemical elements were found periodically components comparable with periods of D-O events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We demonstrate the capabilities of ion-beam lithography (IBL) for the manufacturing of the X-ray refractive micro-optics. With the help of IBL, the hardest of current materials - diamond - was milled, and microscale diamond lenses were produced. Lenses have a rotationally parabolic profile with radii of parabola apexes less than 5 µm. As has been confirmed with SEM and AFM, shape profile errors of fabricated lenses were<200 nm, while the surface roughness was estimated to be 50 nm. Single lenses were stacked in the CRL within one technological process with high alignment precision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the work was to conduct a panoramic and detailed study of distribution with a submillimeter spatial resolution of chemical elements in human hairs in order to confirm or deny the possibility of strict analysis of spatial variations in the distribution of chemical elements in human hairs. We carried experiments using the confocal x-ray fluorescence microscope posed on two different synchrotron radiation user stations at different times in order to solve the above mentioned problem by the scanning micro-SR-XRF method. An appropriate fluorescence signal distribution was selected from the experimental data and was then analyzed by two special mathematical methods of time series analysis (SSA and EMD). On the basis of the work done, we conclude that both panoramic and detailed analysis of information contained in cyclic components of distribution of certain fluorescence signals in human hairs is achievable with the equipment applied and can be fruitful for certain practical cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Samples for analysis (optical thin section) were prepared from several core intervals of Lake Kucherlinskoe bottom sediments with well visually distinguished separate annual layers (varves). The annual nature of the layers was previously confirmed by the coincidence of varvechronology (layer counting) with isotopic dating (Cs-137, Pb-210, C-14). The thickness of the annual layers ranged from <1 to 3-4 mm. To study the internal structure of annual layers, we used the scanning μ_XRF-SR with focusing x-ray optics (polycapillary lenses). The experiments were carried out at the Siberian Center for Synchrotron and Terahertz Research (INP SB RAS, Novosibirsk) and the Kurchatov Complex of Synchrotron-Neutron Research (KISI, Moscow) using a confocal X-ray microscope, as well as at the Shanghai Synchrotron Center at the μ_XRF-SR station. The monochromatic excitation energy of 17 and 22 keV was used. The size of the scanning spot was determined by the used focusing polycapillary lenses and amounted to 15-25 microns. The scanning step was 50 or 100 µm. The measurement time was determined by the counting rate and ranged from 10 to 100 seconds per point. Scanning profiles were superimposed on the optical images of the thin section obtained with a high-resolution scanner. Given that the thickness of the thin section is less than 20 µm, a change in elemental composition reflects visual changes in the structure of the bottom sediment. Thus, while tracking visual changes in the structure and elemental composition of individual annual layers, seasonal geochemical features and boundaries between the layers can be distinguished. The obtained changes in the elemental composition made it possible to calculate the annual layers by the found lithological and geochemical indicators of the layer boundaries (Rb / Sr ratio). A geochemical trace of a catastrophic seismic event, the Mongolian earthquake of 1761, was found in the section of bottom sediments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unique properties of X-ray fluorescent analysis with synchrotron radiation and classical morphological method allowed to reveal interrelation between the trace elements content and structure of lymph nodes. Belonging of lymph nodes to different regions is defining in formation of a certain microelemental profile and features of the microanatomic organization of lymph nodes. Lymph nodes have different functional specialization with prevalence of immune or drainage function and a certain microelement composition. The inguinal lymph node has active drainage function because of the developed sinus system at the maximum of Mn, Fe, Zn concentration; immune function prevails in a tracheobronchial lymph node at the low content of all trace elements; the mesenteric lymph node has evenly developed drainage and immune functions at the maximum of Cu, Se contents. The content of trace elements is considered as the leading mechanism limitation the structural organization of lymph nodes. Innovative approach helped to reveal formation of lymphoid-microelemental association. Features of this association modify the structural organization of lymph nodes depending on localization (region specifics). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper is devoted to the use of transverse modes and beams with orbital angular momentum (OAM) for the development of THz multichannel systems using mode division multiplexing (MDM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The SR-XRFA method has been first used to study the elemental composition of the Syringa L. (Lilac) in the urban ecosystem of Novosibirsk, under background conditions, and in soil samples. About 19 elements have been found in the leaves and shoots of the Syringa species – S. josikaea and S. vulgaris, represented by the three cultivars: cv. 'Pamyat' o Kirove', cv. 'Olimpiada Kolesnikova', and cv. 'Nadezhda', growing in urban and background conditions. In plants, the concentration of Mn, Fe, Cr, Br, Rb, and Nb increased and that of Zn and Mo decreased under technogenic impact as compared with the "background". In urban conditions, the strongest heavy metal pollution was recorded for S. vulgaris cv. 'Nadezhda'. The S. vulgaris cv. 'Pamjat' o Kirove' samples were most resistant to pollution and thus can be recommended both as reference and for use in green construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the data on chemical composition and crystal morphology of mondmilch (moon milk) sampled from Botovskaya cave, the largest in Russia. This type of sediment has been studied with the application of XRF SR method for the first time. The research of sampled specimens provides new information on chemical composition and structure of moon milk in carbonate karst caves of Eastern Siberia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our research 20 benthic samples were collected from small rivers and streams from industrial and nature areas of Novosibirsk region. Benthic invertebrates were fixed at 75% ethanol and identified up to the family taxonomical level at the laboratory. Samples were dried up to stable weight, animals from each taxonomical group were placed at the conductive tape for further investigation. The analysis was carried out using the μXRF-SR according to the standard certified method at the experimental station "Elemental analysis" in the SCSTR (Budker INP SB RAS). Experimental conditions: excitation energy 21 keV, dimensions of the exciting radiation beam 0.5 mm in height and 10 mm in width of the sample. Measuring time for one point was 100 s. The contents of more than 20 elements, including essential Cl, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, and trace elements Ti, V, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Pb were determined. The concentration range for essential elements was 150-500000 ppm, for trace elements 0.3–15000 ppm. Scanning was done in two directions – the length and width of the sample animal. The profile of scanning was compared with photos from the electronic microscope. That gave us an opportunity to find out a specific locus of accumulation of some elements. Results obtained shown patchy spreading distribution of elements in the samples, that could be interpreted by various forms of chemical compounds, which included explored elements. For more complete result 3d scanning with the function of focused X-ray optics could be used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A technique combining SR XRF, XRF mapping, μ-XRF, and μ-XAFS for search for microparticles in different matrices and determination of particle size, as well as analysis of their composition and structure, has been developed at Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics. The technique is based on comprehensive examination of sample with gradually increasing the spatial resolution and constricting the study area for locating the desired microparticle. The beam size for preliminary studies ranges from 1 mm to 100 um in height and 10 mm in width. The next stage is examination using X-ray optics (polycapillary lenses) with single-lens and confocal schemes. The apparatus function of each lens is measured, which enables controlled variation of the focal spot size from 10 um to 70 um. This multifacet technique was tested on search for and study of micro-inclusions of light platinum group metals (Ru and Pd) in Bushveld (South Africa) Intrusive Complex samples. An area with high concentration of Pd has been found. The particle sizes (∼ 50 um) have been identified. A localized particle was studied using the μ-XAFS method. The forms of Pd state in the particle have been established; their structural parameters (interatomic distances and coordination numbers) have been determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis with using synchrotron radiation (SR) is a powerful technique for resolving elemental composition of the different samples with high sensitivity. This technique is suitable for nondestructive multi-elemental analyses of heavy elements such as rare-earth elements. In this paper, the choice of optimal excitation energies for the determination of the trace amounts of the different rare-earth elements (REEs) from La to Lu by the SRXRF method was discussed. The SRXRF spectra have received at the synchrotron radiation (SR) station using radiation from the 9-pole wiggler on VEPP-4M at the Siberian Synchrotron and Terahertz Radiation Center (SSTRC). As samples the Russian and international standards of magmatic rocks (AGV-1, BCR-1, DNC-1, BIR-1, SGD-1A, and G-2) were used. This powerful technique should be useful for nondestructive analyses of rare-earth and heavy elements in geological, geochemical and archaeological samples as well as industrial materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) microscopy is one of the most sensitive label-free microscopy methods, however with low lateral resolution. This drawback is primarily caused by the fact that surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) excited by terahertz (THz) radiation propagate macro distances (about ∼100 1) from their excitation spot, thereby blurring the observed region, like with a scattering medium. To eliminate this disadvantage, we adapt a method known as ghost imaging (GI), which is notable for its tolerance to environmental aberrations between the object and camera. We propose an optical scheme of SPR microscopy for the THz range with an additional optical arm to implement the classical GI and provide an analysis of factors affecting the image quality. To implement the classical GI in the THz range, we propose to use the Novosibirsk free electron laser (NovoFEL) as a THz radiation source. The high beam power of the NovoFEL provides a speckle structure with a pronounced profile, which is required to achieve a high level of contrast in the obtained image. Moreover, the large coherence length of the NovoFEL radiation is necessary to ensure a large degree of correlation between the beams emerging from the beam splitter, which allows reconstructing an image with a lower noise level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the results of a study of the thermal loads of materials used in the production of x-ray optics. The development of new types of x-ray studies and the transition to the fourth generation of synchrotron radiation sources, which is realized by reducing the emittance of undulator sections, requires advanced studies of the thermal stability of the first components of the optical line of the beam. Increasing in the radiation power density is a critical design problem for the optical elements of the undulator section. Optical elements are subjected to high thermal stresses - monochromators, windows, lenses, slits and transfokators. Therefore, it is important to consider the effect of thermal loads on materials of adaptive x-ray optics to predict cooling modes, and thermal deformations. Here we carried out studies on the interaction of X-ray radiation with the main materials used in the production of X-ray optics - aluminum, beryllium, diamond and UHWPE (ultra high molecular weight polyethylene). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is focused on the comparison of different beryllium materials quality grades for coherent X-ray applications and the influence of the beryllium microstructure on the imaging and optical properties of compound refractive lenses. The main optical characteristics for a wide range of beryllium grades are presented. The process of formation of speckle-pattern from the material microstructure is experimentally investigated at the ESRF ID06 beamline in the X-ray coherent transmission microscopy mode. Comparative studies on focusing 2.5 keV X-ray beam using refractive lenses made of different beryllium grades were carried out. The paper includes recommendations on beryllium refractive lenses and beryllium windows manufacturing processes by using different beryllium grades for various applications of X-ray optics for the 3rd and 4th generation synchrotrons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tungsten-containing composite based on PMMA was obtained by method of radiation-initiated polymerization. The composite was investigated by several methods. The XANES/EXAFS method showed that tungsten in the composite is in the carbonyl form. The study of the luminescent properties showed that the tungsten-containing composite has the properties of an ultrafast X-ray scintillator in the red region of UV-spectrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phase-sensitive X-ray imaging technique based on the bilens interferometer is demonstrated. The technique allows obtaining the absolute value of a phase shift profile of the sample with a high phase and spatial resolution. The imaging technique was employed to study fibers with different sizes. Experiments were performed at the ESRF ID06 beamline using hard X-rays. The corresponding phase shift profile reconstructions and computer simulations were performed. The experimental results are fully consistent with theoretical concepts and appropriate numerical calculations. Future improvements of the interferometric imaging technique, as well as applications, are discussed. The advantages of the proposed phase-contrast imaging method in the hard X-ray domain are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We are proposing a new X-Ray reflecto-interferometer method based on refractive optics. The focused x-ray beam produced by compound refractive lenses reflected from parallel flat surfaces creates an interference pattern in a wide angular range, which allows you to get information about the sample in one shot. The applicability of this method has been demonstrated at the ESRF ID06 beamline using X-rays from 10 to 20 keV and also using the MetalJet Excillium micro-focus laboratory source, which has GaKα emission line at 9.25 keV. We studied the Si3N4 free-standing membranes of thicknesses with the range from 100 to 1000 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a method for metrological studies of the profiles of X-ray refractive lenses using laboratory tomography and phase contrast imaging techniques. The method is based on an algorithm that analyzes images of a refractive lens with a further approximation of the data obtained by a parabola by the least-squares method using regression analysis. The use of regression analysis allows us to evaluate the adequacy of the proposed model of the geometric description of the lens profile, thus ensuring the reliability and repeatability of the measurement results. The developed comprehensive laboratory metrological approach allows you to control the quality of the basic geometric characteristics of refractive lenses and, thus, significantly improve their quality by properly adjusting the production process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new normal-conducting, CW, thermocathode RF gun has been developed and tested recently at Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics. Providing an average current of up to 100 mA, this device will be used to upgrade the injector of the Novosibirsk FEL facility. Simulation of beam dynamics in the RF gun and its beamline was performed, the space-charge forces taken into account. Comparison of the simulation results and experimental measurements is presented in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The method of deep X-ray lithography has been developed, which allows the formation of self-aligned microstructures. Examples of microstructures are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work considers the optical properties and structure of thin films of titanium dioxide formed by glancing angle deposition to improve the light yield of scintillation materials. The experimentally obtained value of the refractive index was about 1.2, which is almost two times less than the refractive index of crystalline titanium dioxide. This allows you to use this method to modify the optical properties of the surfaces of scintillators with a large refractive index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper briefly describes the concept of scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) and the Nanoscope station, which is planned to be installed on the 4th generation SKIF synchrotron. The microscope is designed to study the internal structure of cells and dynamic processes in them with nanometer spatial resolution. The microscope uses a unique absorption contrast between proteins and water, in the region of 15, in the spectral range of the "water window", λ=2.3 - 4.3 nm, which eliminates the need for contrasting and fluorophores, and minimizes the doses absorbed in the samples necessary for obtaining high-quality 3D images. The article presents an X-ray optical diagram of a microscope, its main technical characteristics and an estimate of absorbed doses depending on the resolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have employed VEPP-4 synchrotron radiation to measure CCD detector absolute responsivity in vacuum ultraviolet (115-310 nm) spectral range. The detector is designed in the form of a stainless steel enclosure containing a backside-illuminated CCD to protect the CCD from contamination. The entrance window of the enclosure is a round MgF2 spectral filter transparent for ultraviolet radiation with wavelengths longer than 112 nm. The measurements were carried out at Kosmos Metrological Station at the operating temperature of -100°C on the sensitive surface of the CCD. We utilized SPD calibrated silicon photodiode with 1 cm2 sensitive area and a known spectral sensitivity profile as a reference detector. The resultant measurements show a clear CCD responsivity dip near 280 nm, and a great potential to improve the CCD responsivity values using specially designed anti-reflection coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The elements of beam-shaping refractive optics such as axicon lenses and interferometers based on parabolic refractive lenses are considered. A theoretical analysis of the formation of the beam by the axicons and interferometers was carried out and corresponding computer simulations were performed. The beam-shaping optical elements were experimentally tested at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF). Experimentally recorded images of shaped beams are in a good agreement with computer calculations. Several approaches to beam conditioning and source diagnostics were proposed. Future possible coherence-related applications of the beam-shaping optics are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A conceptual design of the "Structural Diagnostics" diffraction beamline 1-2 for "SKIF" synchrotron radiation facility (Koltsovo, Novosibirsk area, Russia) is presented. The beamline will be dedicated to various diffraction techniques (powder X-ray diffraction, single-crystal X-ray diffraction and SAXS). All the techniques will be implemented in in situ and operando modes to enable real-time monitoring of chemical, physical, or engineering processes. The paper describes scientific scope of the beamline, basic X-ray optical scheme and equipment that will be available at the end-stations. Results of simulations and ray tracing aimed at the optimization of the instrumental resolution and flux are also given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]