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The copula is a linguistic unit that means bond, conjunction, relation, connector of the predicate to the subject in a proposition, and in logic expresssing judgement. In most Indo-European languages the main copula is a verb meaning to be such as to be in English or être in French. In ancient Greek, the language of Aristotle, the word είναι (einai), is the infinitive of the verb εἰμί (eimi), which has the third person singular ἐστί (esti) and is -dir in Turkish. Originally from what is now Kazakhstan, al-Fārābī drew on the work of Aristotle in his own work on logic, which he wrote in Arabic in accordance with the scientific understanding of the period. Although the Arabic, which belongs to the Semitic family of languages, is perfectly capable of combining words, it lacks an explicit copula. However, it was necessary to create one in order to translate Aristotle accurately, so earlier Arabic translators of his work had already proposed the terms ھو (huwa) or الموجو د (mawjūd) which were used in the form of یوجد (yūjad), both derived from الوجو د (wujūd), meaning "being, existing", for an explicit copula. Similarly influenced by Aristotle to feel that to use of copula is necessary for the exposition of logic, there is a need for a use of a copula, al-Fārābī is clearly drawn to yūjad. What brings him to this position is his mutliligualism and his ethnicity. For in addition to his native Turkish language and the Arabic, his knowledge of the Indo-European languages of Sogdian and Fārsī gives him with an understanding of a verb meaning to be that is بودن (būdan) in Fārsī and which is cognate with Aristotle's είναι (einai). The same sense is carried in Turkic languages, not through a verb as such, but rather through a predicate adjective, which in modern Turkish is var, but which also carries a meaning of to be present. With al-Fārābī's ethnic Turkic background, as it is the similarities between "yujad" and the Turkic term "var" that make it so attractive to him. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1906, Ismail Gasprinsky (1851–1914), a Crimean Tatar intellectual with ties to the Russian and the Ottoman intelligentsia published his novel The Muslims of the Land of Serenity [Darürrahat Müslümanları], one of the earliest utopian texts in a Turkic language. The narrative uncovers a secret land beyond the Sierra Nevada in Andalusia where some Muslims, having fled after the fall of Grenada in 1492, set up the ideal Muslim state preserving the memory of Islamic Spain over the centuries. This paper discusses factors in the Ottoman literary context that influenced the broad reception of the novel beyond Muslim communities and highlights influences on Gasprinsky from the Ukraine and Russia. After examining the complexities surrounding the religious 'other' and its relationship with the external world in Gasprinsky's utopia, the paper concludes with reflections on the religious 'other' contributing to discussions on religious pluralism and freedom within utopian societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To obtain a reliable and accurate automatic speech recognition (ASR) machine learning model, it is necessary to have sufficient audio data transcribed, for training. Many languages in the world, especially the agglutinative languages of the Turkic family, suffer from a lack of this type of data. Many studies have been conducted in order to obtain better models for low-resource languages, using different approaches. The most popular approaches include multilingual training and transfer learning. In this study, we combined five agglutinative languages from the Turkic family—Kazakh, Bashkir, Kyrgyz, Sakha, and Tatar,—in order to provide multilingual training using connectionist temporal classification and an attention mechanism including a language model, because these languages have cognate words, sentence formation rules, and alphabet (Cyrillic). Data from the open-source database Common voice was used for the study, to make the experiments reproducible. The results of the experiments showed that multilingual training could improve ASR performances for all languages included in the experiment, except Bashkir language. A dramatic result was achieved for the Kyrgyz language: word error rate decreased to nearly one-fifth and character error rate decreased to one-fourth, which proves that this approach can be helpful for critically low-resource languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Divanu lugat-it-turk vocabulary live colloquial speech of various Turkic tribes who lived in the Karakhanid state and family lexicon used in the first old Turkic literary language have significant place. In this article, the words of family lexicon related to household items names used in the process of cooking are discussed. In order to investigate these words' formation and development stages we focused on the encyclopedic work created by the great genius of Mahmud Koshgari. The discovery of the technology of smelting iron ore by the Turkic peoples was considered an extraordinary event in the human society, and it had an important and positive significance in the radical change of the people's lifestyle and in the step forward. As a result, people had the opportunity to hunt wild animals, make and prepare weapons and armor, which are very necessary for fighting off raids, as well as tools and equipment for daily living. The names of the kitchen items used in cooking, recorded in Divanu lugat-it-turk, indicate that the national culture and household lifestyle of the ancestors was at a very high level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historical Turkic texts, starting from Orkhon Turkic and progressing on the basis of Eastern and Western Turkic until the 20th century, contain daily vocabulary on many conceptual areas, especially religious teachings. Turkic languages developed as a result of cultural and religious changes and have been represented for centuries by literatures under the influence of Manichaeism, Buddhism and Islam. The present study consists of evaluations of the verb alar- and its derivatives, which mean “to dazzle, to blush, to catch leprosy” in Eastern and Western Turkic. The verb alar-, which was first witnessed in Old Uyghur Turkic, is a cognitive verb that has taken place in the minds and literary languages of the people who speak the Turkic language from the 10th century to the present day. Alar- is a word related to the conceptual field of “seeing/looking” and has been seen in new words during historical periods by taking various morphemes in line with the derivational power of the Turkic language. In this respect, the study first traces alar- and its derivatives in historical texts, processes examples of the relevant phrase in terms of language, and reveals the appearance of the verb alar- and its derivatives on the basis of both etymology and linguistics. In addition, the study show the verb alar- to have experienced contamination in both Eastern and Western Turkic due to the influence of the verb alart-, and instead of having two different meanings in a single article, it became represented by homophonic structures. Here the study attempts to determine the boundaries of the conceptual area of the verb alar- by taking into account the meanings of the word during both historical and modern periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although compilations of the Turkic language of Khalaj had been made before Doerfer, Doerfer was the first to determine the importance of this language, after which he sent his students to Iran in 1968 to do fieldwork. Thus, a comprehensive study of Khalaj was carried out during this period. The collected materials were examined in Doerfer’s book Khalaj Materials in 1971. The book’s third chapter contains materials from the dialects of Talxab, Mansurabad, and Xaltabad. These materials are given in word lists. The longest most comprehensive list contains 319 words compiled from Talxab village. The Mansurabad and Xaltabad word lists have 111 words in common with the Talxab list. This study was carried out to determine the changes in the vocabulary of Khalaj as published by Doerfer. In order to achieve this aim, the Persian words in the Talxab list in the fifth chapter of Khalaj Materials were presented to people native to the specific areas, who were then asked for their Khalaj equivalents. Due to the lists in Khalaj Materials being the first comprehensive study compiled on the Turkic language of Khalaj, this book was chosen as the primary source in this research. In addition, the words are even more important, as they were compiled by a team of Turcologists. Thus, the similarities and differences were revealed by comparing the words compiled from the Xarrab (currently Baharistan) region in January 2022 with those the Doerfer team had compiled in 1968. The results reveal how much the Khalaj Turkish vocabulary has changed under the influence of other languages over half a century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Words whose meaning has expanded or narrowed or whose original meaning has changed are phenomena characteristic of language. Words can have several meanings in Turkic languages, including Kazakh. A certain word may quite possibly have a figurative meaning in dialects or examples from oral literature. One example of this is the literary word täte, which is used in dialects in the derivative (as well as original) sense of the word. The word täte in literary language is used to refer to older female relatives. Its opposite meaning (i.e., father or uncle) is used in relation to men and has a dialectical character. Nevertheless, writers from southern regions of Kazakhstan continue to use this word’s dialectal meaning. In addition, such usage is observed in earlier works. For example, in a letter to Abai’s brother, Khaliolla, Abai used the word täte with the meaning of father. This article examines the reasons and bases for the uses of the word täte in the Kazakh language when addressing a man and analyzes the word’s scope and origin. The article also examines the meanings of other Kazakh kinship honorifics such as äje, äke, and apa, which have undergone more semantic changes compared to in other Turkic languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The roots of the communication history of the Turkic language, which has a history of at least 1300 years as a written language, are, of course, much older. If we take into account the features of the words in the language of the Orhon-Yenisey monuments, which are the first written sources, and the similarities of words in other languages, we see that the Turkic language has a history of four to five millennia as a language of communication. The Turkic language, whose origin goes back thousands of years, has been influenced by many languages as a result of the cultural, social, and political relations of Turks with other nations. The settling of large territories by Turks, leading a sedentary and nomadic life, constantly migrating for new lands, and coming into contact with many peoples against the background of these events led to the contact of the Turkic language (the languages of the Turkic-speaking peoples and tribes) with many related and unrelated languages. As a result of these relations, sometimes the Turkic language influenced these languages from the lexical and even grammatical aspects, and sometimes, on the contrary, it borrowed words from those languages. In this research article, we will try to talk about the language policy in the Turkic state and societies and the developments in the historical process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Turkic varieties of the Balkans use two main diametrically opposed subordination strategies: (i) the Turkic model, where typical subordinate clauses are prepositive, nonfinite, contain clause-final subordinators, etc. and (ii) the Indo-European model, where typical subordinate clauses are postpositive, finite, contain clause-initial subordinators, etc. The paper observes that Balkan Turkic additionally uses several kinds of subordinate clause that allow for problematic mixtures of these two models ('X-clauses'). Spread over a spectrum between the Turkic and Indo-European extremes, X-clauses can, for instance, be prepositive but contain clause-initial subordinators. The paper, then, hypothesizes that X-clauses emerge due to uncertainties in the structural parameters of the Balkan Turkic subordination system. Such uncertainties are typical of complex systems undergoing change and arise in the present case due to the shift in Balkan Turkic away from Turkic towards Indo-European subordination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of language and script change among the Turkic communities of the Soviet Union often focuses on the switch from Arabic to Latin scripts. Less attention is paid to adaptations of the Arabic script to Turkic vernaculars, and to attempts aimed at convincing the literate masses of their usefulness. In the current paper, I aim to do just that. By making use of Turkic-language periodicals from Crimea, Azerbaijan and Uzbekistan, I throw light on the era before Latin. I explore writers', editors' and other intellectuals' efforts to vernacularize written languages and enforce national boundaries along Soviet lines through changes to the dominant script. More than this, I investigate these actors' use of magazines to convince their readers of new vernacular, language- and territory-based national identities. In doing so, I demonstrate that periodicals became implements of national consciousness creation targeted at the Turkic citizens of the early Soviet Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turks and Iranians have interacted in different geographies for centuries. Although the traces of this interaction can be detected in various Iranian and Turkic languages, the obvious examples are presented in Khalaj. Although many archaic features are preserved today, numerous linguistic copies made from Persian are also used in Khalaj. This article focuses on the texts collected from the village of Talkhab, where the majority of the Khalaj population is located. In the texts, it is seen that the features of Persian such as sound, form, syntax etc. are copied into Khalaj as a result of intense language relations. Global lexical and global grammatical copies in these texts are discussed. The use of these units, which can have simple and complex structures, differs according to age groups. When the data collected from different age groups are examined, it has been detected that while the number of lexical copies is higher in the middle (35-60) and upper middle (60-...) age groups, both lexical and grammatical copies are often used in the young population (15-35). However, this article highlights the large number of people fluent in the Khalaj language in the village of Talkhab, which has a multilingual language ecology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Karaim is a severely endangered language belonging to the Turkic language family and its only surviving dialect is Northwest Karaim with speakers in Lithuania and Poland. In the past few years numerous Karaim translations of the Bible have been discovered. Some of these are among the oldest texts written in this language. The authors present some of the oldest Karaim texts known today as well as recently discovered Karaim translations of the entire Tanakh. It is shown how these recent research results have broadened our knowledge regarding the Karaim written heritage. Furthermore, some preliminary conclusions are drawn on the relationships among the manuscripts and the biographies of the copyists and translators involved in their creation. Textual similarities between sources created separately in communities located far from one another in the regions of Crimea, Lithuania, Volhynia, and Galicia suggest that a common Karaim tradition of Bible translation must once have existed. Moreover, the textual complexity and the use of sophisticated translation techniques in the oldest known texts support the claim that they were based on older texts or on a well-established oral tradition of translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

History shows that each nation stood up not only for the land, but also for its culture and art, literature and language, which are the expression of its spirituality in the struggle to preserve their freedom. These national treasures are important elements that protect the nation's nationality and existence. In ancient times, usurper states either destroyed the riches or appropriated the national culture of the peoples they enslaved, as well as beautiful relics of art and science. Not satisfied with this, insulting their customs and traditions, beliefs, they tried to destroy their native language, arguing that their language was "rude" and that it could not express "deep thoughts and sensitive feelings." Even from the official state offices, they "expelled" the mother tongue, all work was done in the language of the ruling government. They tried to suppress such language in the family. However, history proves the second aspect, that every enslaved people, as mentioned above, opposed the destruction of their national identity and language, and made efforts to develop their native language. Thus, language was an unparalleled weapon in the struggle of nations for life and independence. It is also a fact that the Turkic-speaking peoples living in the former Soviet Union, after declaring their independence, occupy one of the most important places among the world's states. At this historical stage, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan conduct official negotiations in their national languages. This confirms that the sphere of influence of Turkish languages is gradually expanding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In history, the expeditions and migrations from Asia to Europe opened the door of new geographies to the Turks and made Turkish a world language. Our ancestors, who went to Europe with wars and conquests for many years, established a new civilization in the places they went. One of these areas of civilization is the Balkans. Before the Ottoman Empire conquered and dominated the region, the Avars, Uzs, Pechenegs and Cuman Turks came to the region. For this reason, it was earlier for the region to meet the Turks and the Turkish language. The domination of the Ottoman Empire in the region for up to five centuries made Turkish the language of culture in the Balkans. Today, Turkish culture and Turkish language still maintain their vitality in the Balkans. A large number of words have been transferred from Turkish to Balkan languages. Serbian is one of the languages in which Turkish gives the most words with approximately 7500-8000 words. Today, there are many Turkish words in Macedonian. In this study, Turkisms used in spoken language in the city of Shtip (Štip), which is located within the borders of today's North Macedonia from the states under the administration of the Former Yugoslav Republic, will be classified according to their areas of use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is no exact information about the number of languages that exist today. Studies show that there are nearly ten thousand languages in the world. Recent research, based on more specific data, shows that there are about 7,000 living languages in the world. It should also be noted that there is an uneven distribution between the number of languages and the number of speakers. Today, a number of measures are taken to protect the languages and national identities of Turkic peoples living in different communities. Today, Turks live as a community in Russia, Iran, China, Bulgaria, Germany, Moldova, Georgia, Hungary and other countries. The policy towards the languages of the Turks in the mentioned countries is not at all satisfactory. The fact that the laws of the Russian Federation, the People's Republic of China and the Islamic Republic of Iran do not guarantee the protection of the languages of the minority Turkic peoples by the state makes it difficult for the Turkic peoples living in these countries. Today, the isolation policy towards Turkic communities is carried out for specific political purposes in countries where a small number of Turkic people live predominantly. In this article, we will try to talk about the language policy applied against Turks in Georgia, one of the countries where Turks live the most. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fact that Macedonian Turks living in a multilingual geography experience a different process from standard Turkish and Anatolian dialects is an event that can be explained by language interaction. Since the late 19th century in Macedonia, the Turkish language, which transitioned from a dominant language to a dominated language, has become susceptible to the influence of Macedonian and Albanian. This influence, which works against Turkish, has brought the Macedonian Turkish dialect closer to the Balkan languages, which belong to the Indo-European language family, and distanced it from Turkish in Turkey. In this study, based on examples obtained by scanning certain issues of the "Sevinç" magazine, which was published in Macedonia, some sentence types resulting from language interaction are discussed. The distinctive aspects of these sentences, which differ from similar structures in Turkish in Turkey, are emphasized, and alternative sentence types used in their functional context are examined. In the identified sentence examples from the scanned texts, it is observed that noun-relative clauses, constructed with the imperative-mood and borrowed from the Indo-European languages, are used instead of nominal verbal sentences used in Standard Turkish. It is also noted that the phrase "ne zaman" takes on the function of certain adjectival verbs, and in direct speech constructions requiring the conjunction "ki" and the adverbial verb "diye" they are not used. Furthermore, it is evident that formations contradicting the sentence structure of Turkish are employed. The identification of different structures resulting from language interaction in the spoken and written language of Turks living in Macedonia is crucial in terms of understanding their causes, demonstrating their correct forms, and preventing deterioration and alienation in our language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turkic languages are critical in studies on evidentiality, since it is one of the language groups that have grammatical markers to indicate the source of information as the basis of a proposition. In this conceptual framework, -mIš, seen since Old Turkic, is considered as an aspect-tense marker or evidential, and er-miš as an evidential. The particle e(r)mish, which has been grammaticalized in most Turkic languages, is used for hearsay in Uzbek and then it was lexicalized as mish-mish(lar) by reduplication in the semantic domain of hearsay under evidentiality. The lexicalized morpheme is defined with the synonyms of 'rumor' as a lexical entry. Similar uses are found in other Turkic languages such as Kyrgyz, Kazakh and the Cypriot dialect of Turkish. The evolution of these items in four languages shows that grammatical markers of hearsay tend to lead to lexicalization. In this study, the lexicalization of the grammatical evidential is discussed in terms of the hearsay under evidentiality in Uzbek. The study aims to present data about lexicalized structures in Turkic languages, to explain the importance of evidentiality in communication and the role of the semantic domain in this process. Qualitative and quantitative research methods were used in the analysis. The findings indicate that mish-mish(lar) evolved from a bound-morpheme to a free-morpheme by reduplication over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A great number of works have been created as instances of the joke/quip genre of oral tradition in almost all Turkish dialects with the character of Nasreddin Hodja, who is known not only in Western and Eastern Turkic languages but also all over the world. This study evaluates jokes included in the manuscript registered under No. 007 in the manuscript collection of the Chinghiz Aitmatov Institute of Language and Literature of the National Academy of Science of the Kyrgyz Republic, which is missing pages from the beginning and the end. Due to those missing pages, we do not know the date of publication. However, the language of the jokes belongs to Late Chagatai Turkish. In this study, we address the linguistic features of the Nasreddin Hodja jokes in the manuscript. The jokes contain certain sound changes because the language they were written in was experiencing a transition period. It can be said that the text was written during the transition period from Chagatai Turkish to Uzbek Turkish. An example from Uzbek Turkish has also been identified in relation to this situation (plurality 1st person imperative suffix -eylük/-ylük). In addition, the affix +nI, which we encounter in recent Chagatai Turkish texts, is also found in the text. The conclusion of this work scrutinizes the linguistic material at hand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the literature, verbs have been classified in various ways according to some morphological, syntactic and semantic features. Mental verbs are a classification of verbs that combine around thought, such as perception, reason, emotion, and will, according to the semantic features of the verbs. Perception verbs are a subtype of mental verbs. The basis of perception is the physical stimulation of the sense organs. For this reason, the verbs of perception have been examined in the literature as seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting and touching according to the five basic sense organs. Visual perception verbs are the most used perception verbs. For this reason, the number of visual perception verbs and the variety of meanings are higher. Various opinions have been put forward on the polysemy of the verbs of perception. The most prominent view is the emergence of connotations related to the basic meaning through the different features of the visual perception verbs in their basic meanings based on physical perception. Apart from this, many explanations such as morphology, metaphorization, syntactic environment, frequency of use have been made for the formation of polysemy. In this study, visual perception verbs in Tuvan, one of the Southern Siberian Turkic languages, are discussed in terms of polysemy. In this context, the verbs kör-, bakıla- and karakta- were determined from Tuvan dictionaries and the meaning diversity of these verbs has been revealed thanks to the classification of visual perception verbs accepted in the literature and the meanings encountered in Tuvan texts. Thus, it has been seen in which meanings Tuvan visual perception verbs can be used in context together with their primary meanings in dictionaries. Thus, it has been seen in which meanings Tuvan visual perception verbs can be used in context together with their primary meanings in dictionaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Uyghurs, who had to migrate to different regions after the collapse of the Uyghur Khaganate of Ötüken established in Ötüken, established the Turfan Uyghur State in Koço, Beş Balık and Turfan regions. With a peaceful policy, the Uyghurs living in this region became the most advanced Turkish society of that period in the fields of agriculture, trade, literature, education, law, etc. and left many documents called "civil documents" in the literature. Among these documents, the Old Uyghur Law Documents are important documents that reflect the cultural characteristics of that period and serve as a source for the study of the Old Turkic language. Especially due to the adoption of new religions, trade relations and migrations, there are many concepts in Old Uyghur Turkic that were created and signed by applying the morphological method, the syntactic method or the borrowing method to sign new terms. Considering that the signification of term formed by syntactic method is less considered in many studies, this study examines the situation of compound verbs formed with noun + (auxiliary) verb, which is one of the meaningful language elements, in the Old Uyghur Law Documents written in Old Uyghur Turkic. In the study, document analysis method is applied and compound verbs formed with noun + (auxiliary) verb are presented to the attention with examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary aim of this study was to contribute to the development of multilingual automatic speech recognition for lower-resourced Turkic languages. Ten languages—Azerbaijani, Bashkir, Chuvash, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Sakha, Tatar, Turkish, Uyghur, and Uzbek—were considered. A total of 22 models were developed (13 monolingual and 9 multilingual). The multilingual models that were trained using joint speech data performed more robustly than the baseline monolingual models, with the best model achieving an average character and word error rate reduction of 56.7%/54.3%, respectively. The results of the experiment showed that character and word error rate reduction was more likely when multilingual models were trained with data from related Turkic languages than when they were developed using data from unrelated, non-Turkic languages, such as English and Russian. The study also presented an open-source Turkish speech corpus. The corpus contains 218.2 h of transcribed speech with 186,171 utterances and is the largest publicly available Turkish dataset of its kind. The datasets and codes used to train the models are available for download from our GitHub page. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phonetics (phonics); It is one of the sub-branches of linguistics that examines the vocal organs, the structure of the sounds, the place and form of the sound. With phonetics, the states of the sounds according to their origins and forms are divided into certain schemes, strings and symbols, and their place in the language is determined. With phonology, the changes that these defined sounds go through and the sound rules that emerge as a result of these changes are examined. Most of the changes that occur are caused by the convergence of sounds according to the place of origin or the way of their output, according to the law of least effort in the language. Sound changes in Turkic languages have commonalities with few exceptions. However, the t>k, d>g change that occurs before /i/ in the Halich-Lutsk dialect of Karaite Turkish is distinctive among other Turkish dialects. This kind of sound change is also found in Austronesian languages in world languages. The opposite situation of this sound change in the direction of k>t, g>d is found in the language of Urum Turks who have Oghuz-Kipchak language features. In this study, t>k, d>g / k>t, g>d sound changes were examined in two main groups. In the first part, the change in the Halich-Lutsk dialect is presented in the table in comparison with Turkey Turkish and other Karay dialects: til-kil (language), tiyermen-kiyirmen (mill), tilek-kilek (wish), tivil-givil (not), kindiz-kingiz (daytime) etc. This type of sound feature can be found in the Austronesian language family such as Hawaiian, Somoan, Javanese, etc. Since it is also seen in other languages, examples from these languages are also included in the first part of the study. The second part of the article consists of the comparative analysis of Urum Turkish samples, in which the k>t, g>d change reflecting the opposite feature of this change is observed: t’eçe (gece/night), t’elin (gelin/bride), d’ibik (gibi/like), del- (gel-/come), t’ene (yine/again) etc. Since this type of change is also seen in Northeastern Anatolian dialects and especially in the mani (Turkish poem) texts collected by Räsenen (dizli~gizli/hidden, dibi-gibi/ like, iti-iki/two), and in children’s language (gel-del/come, git-dit/go, koy-toy/put, etc.), the lower These examples are also mentioned in the titles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 1930s, historiography in Turkey underwent a massive shift. Among the primary interests that emerged as part of the new nationalist historical narrative were a fascination with the physical appearance and the language of the ancient Turks. This paper explores one specific connection between these two topics: the influence that racial anthropology exerted over historical linguistics. By using the speeches made at the First and Second Historical Conferences, and those documented from the first three Turkish Language Congresses, I identify the seeds that were sown for a racial linguistics. I track the evolution of arguments for a physiological basis to narratives about language development, and the eventual harvest of a clear view about the importance of skull types for histories of language. The paper ends with a brief look at the fates of those engaged in enunciating a racialist linguistics in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the Turkish partial reduplication phenomenon, in which the reduplicant is derived by prefixing C1VC2 syllable, where C1V are identical to the word-initial CV of the base and the C2 ends in one of the four linking consonants: -p, -m, -s, -r. This study re-examines the factors conditioning the choice of the linking consonant, by focusing the nature of the (dis)similarity (feature specificity) and the proximity (locality) between the consonants in the base and the linking consonant, using an acceptability rating task with over 200 participants and a diverse set of stimuli in terms of length and word shapes. Results indicate a gradient identity avoidance effect that extends over all consonants in the base. Crucially, the effect of all consonants is not uniform, with the strength of the effect decreasing further into the base. The study also uncovers an elusive interplay between the distance-based decay effect and the syllable position effect, both of which turn out to play a role in these non-categorical patterns with multiple features. Furthermore, results indicate that identity avoidance operates over both individual features as well as whole segments. Overall, the study argues that locality-sensitive feature-specific identity avoidance constraints are part of the grammar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chagatai, which forms the eastern branch of historical Turkish written languages and is accepted as the fifth phase of this written language and the third phase of Central Asian Islamic Turkish Literature, is a historical written language that lasted from the beginning of the 15th to the beginning of the 20th century. As the continuation of the Karakhanid and Khwarezm literary languages, it has been the common written language of the Eastern Turks in Central Asia. Many studies have been conducted on Chagatai Turkish so far. However, there are very few studies on the syntax of Chagatai Turkish. This study is based on the thesis titled as "Syntax in Chagatai Turkish (In the Example of Translation of Chagatai Seyfu'l Mulûk Story Written in Uyghur Alphabet, Mecâlisu'n-Nefâ'is and Tezkire-i Evliyâ). In this study, syntactic comparison was made on the basis of three works in three different periods of Chagatai Turkish. These three works, represent the characteristic language features of Chagatai Turkish, and also contain some linguistic differences, present many materials on the syntactic level. The study has been prepared in order to create a perspective on the syntax of Chagatai Turkish in general terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In terms of expressing the concept of quantity in language, modern Turkic languages are on a par with other developed languages of the world and do not stay behind other languages in terms of the diversity of the concept of quantity (lexical, morphological, and syntactic method). Turkic languages do not recognize boundless and unlimited plurals, duality, trinity, quartet do not show special morphological forms in the language, either representative or distributive plural morphemes are used, the "singular-plural" correlation is characteristic of all Turkic languages. All these features of the quantitative category indicate the level of development of the quantitative category in the Azerbaijani and Turkic languages. In this study, the facts concerning old and midddle Turkic written monuments and modern Turkic languages are compared with the materials of medieval Azerbaijani literary language. The material of other language families was also touched upon to determine the accuracy of the obtained results, as well as to substantiate the scientific opinions put forward. Apart from minor differences, the stages of development of the quantity concept in all languages of the world, and in human cognition, are consistent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of the 28 contributors are experts in North-West Caucasian languages (hereafter NWC), Nakh-Daghestanian languages (hereafter ND), or Kartvelian, sometimes the leading authors for one or more specific language. Chapter 22, "Correlatives in languages of the Caucasus" (Ömer Demirok and Balkiz Öztürk), presents well-known correlatives in Indo-Aryan languages and also widely represented in the Caucasus. Chapter 11, "Kartvelian (South Caucasian) languages", and Chapter 12, "Megrelian", present Kartvelian languages, with a general overview by Yakov Testelets and Megrelian by Aleksander Rostovtsev-Popiel, respectively. [Extracted from the article]

Non-finite verbs in Turkic are typically categorised as participles, converbs, and sometimes infinitives, with multiple uses of a form within one category considered to constitute multiple functions. This multifunctionality approach predicts that all non-finite verb forms within each of the categories should have the same range of syntactic functions. We show that this is not the case. Based on analysis of a representative set of Turkic languages (Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Sakha, Tatar, Turkish, and Tuvan), we propose a categorisation based on morphological and syntactic properties of non-finite verbs, resulting in four categories: verbal nouns, verbal adjectives, verbal adverbs, and infinitives. Under this approach, forms that are typically labelled as participles end up categorised as verbal nouns, verbal adjectives, or both, and forms that are typically labelled as converbs end up categorised as verbal adverbs, infinitives, or both. Some forms even span these two divisions. When a non-finite verb form appears to exist in multiple categories, we consider this to be a case of syncretism; this is, there is a member of one category that has the same form as a member of another category. We propose historical trajectories that may have led to the types of situations that are attested, examine the limitations of this approach, and discuss its wider implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the relationship between affectedness and Differential Object Marking (DOM) of indefinite direct objects in Turkish and Uzbek. We argue that the distribution of DOM in the two Turkic languages is determined by the direct objects' specificity and animacy as nominal semantic properties, and affectedness as a verbal semantic property associated with the direct object. We provide original empirical evidence from two forced-choice studies that investigate DOM along the parameters of animacy, affectedness, and telicity, and their interaction with each other. Our findings indicate that affectedness shapes the distribution of DOM in both Turkish and Uzbek, with an interesting variation in how it is instantiated and interacts with animacy. The findings do not confirm an impact of telicity as an independent factor driving overt case marking in the languages investigated. Rather, its influence on DOM stems from interaction with affectedness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xinjiang has witnessed constant state attempts to reinforce the status of Mandarin Chinese as 'the Common Language' and to make local Turkic languages – mainly Uyghur and Kazak – more 'suitable' to the modern world. Official efforts to transform the linguistic landscape of Xinjiang have engaged in a complex interplay with Turkic speakers' own understandings of speaking, writing, and modernity across China and Central Asia. While tacitly subscribing to the dominant language ideology that Chinese is more useful, practical, and suitable for the modern world, Turkic speakers in Xinjiang also take pride in their languages. Especially since the government-initiated script reform in the early 1980s, the Arabic scripts' indexical association with literacy and Islamic identity has become stronger than ever for people in Xinjiang. Today, the Arabic script is not only an index of ethno-religious identity, but also an artistic expression. Thus, to many Turkic speakers in Xinjiang, Chinese is merely a language of mundane concern, whereas Turkic languages are the medium of aesthetic elaboration such as oral poetry and epic stories. This paper demonstrates that attention to such historical particularities helps us better understand how certain language ideologies can remain unchallenged while others are easily contested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Case category is one of the oldest grammatical categories. As a result of the long historical development in Turkic languages, both the phonetic composition and the number of case suffixes have changed to a certain extent. This change was in the direction of convenience and simplicity within the laws of each language in the process of differentiation. In this article, the case category in the language of the Kipchak monument of the 13th-14th centuries "Codex Cumanicus" is involved in extensive research. The research mainly used descriptive method, as well as historical and comparative methods. In the article, the examples from the work "Codex Cumanicus" were selected from the photofacsimile of the original copy of the monument, and then an attempt was made to give the transcription and translation into Azerbaijani Turkish in parentheses. The analysis of "Codex Cumanicus" will show the unique features of the Kuman-Kipchak language, especially the vernacular, and in this way it will reflect the situation of that period on the way to the present state of the case category in Turkic languages in general. At the same time, in Turkological linguistics, it will help to generalize the distinguishing features of the Cuman-Kipchak language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There have been many studies on verb combinations, one of the categories that have been formulated within the framework of certain rules since the first written texts of the Turkic language. These studies have recently focused on the grammarization, modality, and actionality of verb combinations. When the verb combinations in historical and modern Turkic written languages are researched, it is seen that new auxiliary verbs have emerged in different phases of the Turkic language. In this article, the meaning and derivatives of the verb tüke-, which has been witnessed with its various derivatives since the first written texts of the Turkic language, will be emphasized. The role and meaning of the auxiliary verb tüket-in the verb combination will be evaluated within the framework of the structure of verb + vowel adverb suffix + tüket-, which can be witnessed especially in the Buddhist texts of Old Uyghur Turkic. It will be discussed through which processes the verb tüket-in Old Uyghur Turkic texts turns into an auxiliary verb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Arctic and sub-Arctic region, which is within the Siberia region of Russia, is a region where Turkic peoples/Turkic-speaking peoples live. Turkic peoples/Turkic-speaking peoples living in this region are adversely affected by Russia's cultural policies. For this reason, the problem of cultural security and language preservation arises. Today, with globalization, the possibilities offered by communication channels and the interaction provided by technological development have made the problem of keeping Turkic culture alive and language preservation in the Arctic and sub-Arctic more evident. For this reason, ensuring the cultural security of the Turkic peoples and Turkic language speakers living in the Arctic and sub-Arctic region, keeping the culture alive, and sustaining it requires some studies. The survival skills developed by the Turkic peoples against the harsh living conditions in this geography are of interest to the entire world culture. In this respect, the ancient Turkic culture and language, which is tried to be kept alive in Siberia has an important share in the cultural heritage of humanity. This study mentions that the sustainability of the culture and language of the Turkic-speaking peoples living in Siberia is under threat and points out the need for protection. It is thought that the Organization of Turkish States can take an active role in the international arena by obtaining the status of an observer member in the Arctic Council to ensure the cultural and linguistic security of the Turkish-speaking peoples living in both the Arctic and sub-Arctic regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article titled Organization of Turkic States as an International Organization in terms of International Law aims to assess the Organization of Turkic States, which is an umbrella organization for the Turkic States that was established in 2009 under the name of Organization of Turkic Language Speaking Countries. The assessment is carried out by analysing whether the Organization of Turkic States is an international organization in terms of international law. Therefore, the analysis was conducted by discussing the organizational structure of the Organization of Turkic States, as well as the competencies and missions of the organs and their working principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Talmy's motion event typology (Talmy, Leonard. 2000. Towards a cognitive semantics: Conceptual structuring systems, vol. 2. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press) has served as an influential framework for exploring event representation across languages. While confirming its basic premises, many studies argued that the typology cannot fully capture the vast intra- and inter-typological variations. Consequently, proposals have been made to expand the typology and/or reconceptualize it as a typology of constructional strategies for encoding events. This article furthers this line of inquiry by examining caused-motion expressions by adult speakers of an understudied Turkic language, Modern Uyghur. Systematic analyses of lexicalization patterns, that is, which components are typically selected for expression, how frequently they are selected, and how they are packaged in syntactic constructions, show that Uyghur is a prototypical verb-framed language. It differs most strikingly from English (considered satellite-framed) in terms of lexicalization patterns. Detailed comparisons with French and Turkish (putatively verb-framed) reveal intra-typological variations in that Uyghur speakers systematically used verb-framed constructions while French and Turkish speakers exhibit much flexibility and a general preference for satellite-framed constructions. Overall, our data lend support to Talmy's typology conceived as a strategy-based typological framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study introduces the phonetic features of the subdialects spoken in Manavgat, one of the biggest districts of Antalya. The study comparatively examines the vowels used in the Manavgat subdialects and their relationships to historical and contemporary Turkic written languages. The structure and features of Turkic languages are not an issue that can be solved by examining literary languages alone; subdialects can also provide powerful data in order to conclude unresolved points. The Manavgat subdialects have an important place among other Turkish subdialects with their unique phonetic features. Although Oghuz languages have a subdialect, the Manavgat subdialects have primarily preserved their archaic phonetic features. Vowel sounds should be handled in depth to reveal the characteristic features of the Manavgat subdialects, which contain many phonetic, morphological, and lexical language features that are not found in standard Turkish. For this reason, this study aims to explain the features of the vowels used in the local dialects and the phonological changes that occur within the vowels. During the examinations, primary and secondary vowel lengths are seen to be encountered in the region. Phonetic features are also found that can be considered Kipchak elements in the local dialects or that can be evaluated in the context of language relations. This study will contribute to Turkic language research and dialect atlas studies, which suffer from major deficiencies in the field of dialectology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This present study is focused on the comparative analysis of the grammatical and structural characteristics of paremiological units (PUs) with a modality element in Spanish, English, as well as the Tatar language. PUs with that element is absorbing for analyzing the linguistics worldview of Spanish, English, and Tatar language. This study's relevance is defined by the reality that PUs are among the most contradictory and complex notions in linguistics. The subject of the study is related to linguistics to recognize the structure and features of PUs of Spanish, English, and also Tatar language. To fulfil the study's aims, a descriptive-analytical method is utilized. This study revolves around the structural - lexical and structural - grammatical characteristics of the PUs expression of the compared tongues. The particular and general sorts utilizing the modality component of the linguistic worldview are determined, and their classification as well. The study outcomes provided are highly interesting to scientists examining the notions of PUs in Spanish, English, and Tatar language. The results have the capacity to be employed in the analysis and study of research and cultural issues and language learning procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large number of terms that mean illness, pain and ache were interchangeably practised in the Old Turkic language. The Uighur Turkic language particularly uses terms of disease, pain and ache abundantly. In most cases, the differences between these terms which mean disease are conspicuous and are frequently witnessed in collocations, mostly as reduplications or all together to provide the same. Most studies on medical terms have been carried out and still pursued in both Old Turkish and other historical periods of Turkish language. This study concerns the terms agrıg, ig, kegen, kem, tikig, toga which generally mean "sickness" and "pain", not terms referring diseases or limbs in Old Uighur Turkic and some determinations and attention will be presented about the use of these terms in the texts of the period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Eastern countries, especially the Turkic-Islamic peoples, left behind from the West in technology, industry and education, have become the colonies of great states in the last three centuries. For the peoples, especially the Turkic world, who could not keep up with the progress required by the age, this situation had dire consequences. Except for Turkey, all Turkic countries lost their independence due to the Russian invasion (19-20 centuries). However, in addition to the plundering of all their material and spiritual wealth, they also suffered great human losses. Intellectuals in the Turkic-Islamic world sought ways to get rid of this situation. Especially Gaspirali Ismail Bey's goal of "unity in language, thought and work" has been a very important intellectual step taken in this direction. Within the framework of his doctrine, schools providing education in a new way were opened in the Turkic world, the foundation of national press and theater was laid, and attempts were made to create a common language among Turkic peoples. All of these began to bear fruit in a short time. Gaspirali Ismail Bey, who was instrumental in this fruition, was loved by the Jadidians in the Turkic world as the father of the Jadid movement. His death shocked the Turkic-Islamic world. Condolence messages dedicated to him were published by Jadidist intellectuals in the newspapers and magazines he made popular in Turkestan; elegies were written, and the memories of Turkestani intellectuals about him were shared. There are many poems about the death of Gaspirali Ismail Bey in Uzbek Jadid poetry. In their elegies, the poets commemorated the reforms carried out by this exceptional personality, which the Turkic-Islamic world lost, by chanting Gaspirali Ismail Bey's superior morality, character, stance, love for his nation, patriotism, and having an ideal. On the other hand, they advised Muslim Turkic peoples to mourn for their spiritual "father", Gaspirali Ismail Bey, to pray for his soul, and most importantly, not to forget him until the Day of Judgment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the semantic and etymological names of taxes and duties recorded in the Turkic-language written monuments of the 11-14th centuries, created on the vast territory of Central Asia, the Volga region, Crimea and mamluk Egypt. Moreover, in this paper analyzed a small number of terms belonging to socio-economic terminology of the thematic group in the dictionary “Divan” by Mahmud Kashgari, and tribute and duties are noted in the Uyghur legal documents of the XII-XIV centuries. Obviously, different type of terminology system in communication in historical epoch, they were used in different names as an impact of political and social position of human language. Moreover, a number of scholars who investigated in different scientific objects are comparatively studies in this article. Accordingly, the fact that the results of a diachronic analysis of socio-economic terminology recorded in old Turkic monuments of the XI-XIV centuries provide useful information for periodizing the history of Turkic language development and identifying periods of evolution, as well as the creation of historical lexicology and etymological and terminological dictionaries for related Turkic languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The kitchen serves as its heart and main hub of social activity of almost any home. By extension, cuisine is a symbol of both eating and living well, and of social relations, making of the ways to understand any society. Cuisine brings society together -- from daily to celebratory meals for births, weddings, funerals, religious holidays -- and constitutes a key role in forming a society's cultural identity to be on from one generation to the next. Today, many theories regarding the ethnic origins of the Gagauz, an Orthodox Christian Turkic people. That said, they live in Eastern Europe around the Black Sea, and are known for their rich oral tradition. Many speculate that they hail from Seljuk, Kipchak, Pechenek, and even Uz roots. However, their language falls under Oghuz (southwestern) branch of the Turkic language family, alongside Modern Turkish and Azerbaijani. Alas, according to UNESCO, it is highly endangered. The study aims to examine Gagauz cuisine through the lens of language. In it, we will look at Gagauz food and drink, as well as how terminology related to cooking and food storing methods, festive meals (incl. banquets), kitchen layout, cooking utensils, food storage methods, alongside culinary customs as they exist in both the Gagauz oral tradition and folklore. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article an attempt is made to prove that the morpheme in Turkic languages considered till now to be an accusative ending is actually a post-positioned definite article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with a comparative analysis of the semantic characteristics of paremiological units (PU) with a modality element, explaining an animalistic feature in Spanish, English, and Tatar languages. PU with that factor is of tremendous interest for examining the linguistic world-view of the Spanish, English, as well as Tatar languages. The significance of this study lies in the fact that phraseological units are complicated and controversial notions in linguistics. A descriptive-analytical method is utilized to meet the study's aims. This research topic is substantial to modern linguistic sciences so as to detect the characteristics and structure of the PU of the Tatar languages, Spanish, and English. This paper examines the animalistic character of the paremiological units with the modality element in the various comparative languages. The common and specific types utilizing the modality element in linguistics and also in their classification are taken into consideration. The study's results obtained are of utmost importance for scientists who study the phraseological units' concepts in Tatar languages, Spanish, as well as English. These outcomes can be applied to the inspection and the examination of research and cultural problems and also to the procedures of language learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the simplest terms dream is the imagination sequences seen during sleep. It is the spiritual events that one sees with his soul and realizes with his mind. Depending on the structure of faith and culture, each nation and religion has its own dream motifs, assumptions and traditions of expression. Throughout the history of civilization, religious beliefs, traditions bearing religious identity, mystical customs and lifestyles played specific roles in understanding and explaining the dreams. During this time, with the formations, mysterious structures and features, dreams have become an important material in the art, folklore and literary works of the societies in which they had involved. The importance given to dream in Turkish culture is reflected in our literature. Studies on this subject are mostly focused on dreams in divan, dreams in mesnevi, dream motifs in Turkish folk poems and modern literature. The use of the dream as a literary element has gained frequency mainly in the post-Islamic period. As for the pre-Islamic dream texts, there are no data on the inscriptions, which are the first known written documents of Turkish. Therefore, the first dream texts in our written sources can be traced back to the Old Uighur period. These religions adopted (Buddhism, Manichaeism, Christianity, Tibetan Buddhism) were reflected in their literature; so that there were some Buddhist, Manichaeist and a small number of Christian Uighur manuscripts. Buddhist Uighur literature, which consists of translation works, most of which belong to Buddhist chapel, dates from the 9th century to the end of the 14th century. At the beginning, translations were made mostly from Sogdian, Tocharian and Chinese, while in the last period there have been translations from Chinese and Tibetan Buddhism. During the historical periods of the Turkic language, the periods before the Karakhanid/ Islamic period haven't been discussed much; a detailed and complete study of dream motifs in the Old Turkish texts before Kutadgu Bilig has not been studied yet. As is known, most of the manuscripts from the Old Uyghur period are translated works with Buddhist content. The dream texts and motifs presented in the article are also generally seen in these texts. In this article, dream motifs in the texts of the Old Uyghur period, the second phase of the Old Turkish period, and especially in the texts of the Buddhist Uyghur Literature, will be presented together with the examples identified. The dream pieces in mentioned works and their translation to Turkish have been provided and evaluated. The motifs in the detected dream texts were evaluated under different categories according to their interpretation in the text: I. Motives of birth prophecy; II. Motives of reaching the holiness of Buddha; III. Motives of herald of death; IV. Motives that point to the good end and good news; V. Motives that signify the reward earned after repentance and the right path; VI. Motives that point to salvation and purification from sins; VII. Motifs used in disease diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a diachronic study of the lexico-semantic sphere. The semantic field is the words that derive from the same root, belong to the same semantic field, and are formed as a result of the development of a certain root in various ways in the language system. In the study, the root words as (meal), köz (eye) and kör- (to see) and the words derived from them have been analyzed structurally. In the Kazakh language, examples of such words are the verbs 'kör-egen-dik' etc. 'Astık, közde, köregen' and similar words in Kazakh Turkish are some of the words derived from these roots. Many of the lexemes of this class are capable of forming verbs, nouns, etc. by adding various affixes. Thus, emphasising common Turkic roots for the Kazakh language or other grounds, we can determine the derived words of the same root. In this study, the common and different meanings of the above-mentioned words in Turkic languages were determined, and the words derived from these roots and their usage areas in Turkic languages are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rock inscriptions known as the Hoíd Tamir or Taikhar Chuluu Inscriptions in Mongolia are on the Hoíd Tamir rock. According to the information given by Alyılmaz, the GPS information of the rock where the inscriptions are located is 1596 m, 47T 0669407, UTM 5274337 (2003, p.188). There are many inscriptions on this rock. The writings on the rock need to be preserved. Because they have suffered too much damage. The inscriptions were written in various alphabets in various periods. In order to understand the importance that the ancient Turkic people gave to the region in their own time, the study was based on the runic letters found on the rock. In addition, it is aimed to reveal some findings about the world of belief and thought of the ancient Turkic people. The runic-letter inscriptions here are generally similar to each other in terms of their content. There is no convincing reading and interpretation work on the Hoíd Tamir X inscription, which differs from other inscriptions in the region. For this reason, the Hoíd Tamir X inscription was tried to be evaluated by reading and making two interpretations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the research is to determine the effect of regional Turkish features on the written expressions of high school students who study Turkish in Romania; to describe the problems experienced in this regard; and to provide ideas for students' effective and efficient language education in accordance with standard Turkish. In this regard, the study papers applied to the students consisting the study group were examined in terms of the characteristics revealed in oral studies of regional Turkish dialect, while qualitative analysis methods and techniques were used. Turkey Turkish is a language that is written in the Turkic language. As a result of the research, it was seen that the students formed their Turkey Turkish written expressions under the influence of the regional Turkish pronunciation characteristics and therefore they moved away from the standard Turkish from time to time. It was determined that the mistakes experienced in this subject are generally in the form of deterioration in the harmony of back vowel/front vowel, elision due to the tendency to speak quickly and easily in the oral language, syllable fusion, sound changes and transposition of the dialect of the region. In addition, it has been observed that some words and groups of words that are often used by some students in daily life are reflected in written expression by taking the usage form in oral language as a reference rather than the form in standard Turkish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effort to reach the root forms of the derived words witnessed in the vocabulary of Old Turkic through etymological explanations has an important place in revealing the concept roots of the Turkic language and the conceptual richness of that period. One of the root forms that have not been studied structurally and semantically by turcologists before is the verb kü-. The verb kü- is in the position of the source of some derived words that have great difficulties in explaining etymologically or that are currently connected to different roots. In this study, the structural and semantic dimensions of the root form of kü-, which is often used in relation to the word küzet- in Old Turkic vocabulary, especially in Old Uyghur Turkic texts, and which is also witnessed in the second line of the Yabogan inscription will be emphasized. In the rest of the article, in the light of the meanings that the word kü- is attributed to, kügçi / küglüg, küt- / kütçi / küteçi / kütmek / küttür- / kütül- / kütümlüg / kütün- / kütürül- / kütüş-, küzet / küzet- / küzetçi / küzetçilig / küzetdeçi / küzetdür- / küzetgen / küzetgü / küzetgüçi / küzetig / küzetiglig / küzetiglik / küzetil- / küzetin- / küzetiş- / küzetlig / küzetmeklig / küzetmiş and küzençü words, which are considered to be derived from this root form, will be discussed structurally and semantically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]