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We demonstrate a robust signal extraction method for x-ray speckle-based tensor tomography. We validate the effectiveness of the method for several carbon fiber composites, highlighting its potential for industrial applications. The proposed method can be adapted to various acquisition schemes and wavefront-marking optical elements, making it a versatile and robust tool for x-ray scattering tensor tomography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article highlights the comprehensive focus of the sixth issue of the periodical which addresses critical topics pertinent to nurses in this field. Topics include respiratory care, delirium, and the well-being of patients and families, reflecting a wide range of evidence-based studies and reviews aimed at improving practice and outcomes in critical care settings.

The invasive intra‐arterial approach is the gold standard for measuring blood pressure in intensive care units where accuracy is crucial. However, invasive procedures increase the risk of infections and mortality. This evidence‐based review aimed to determine whether continuous non‐invasive blood pressure (CNIBP) monitoring, using Radial Artery Applanation Tonometry (RAAT) devices, is as accurate as invasive methods. Six papers were included: three prospective cohort studies and three comparative studies. Most studies showed that mean arterial pressure is accurately recorded through RAAT monitoring; however, more research is needed to assess the accuracy of non‐invasive readings of systolic and diastolic blood pressures, as data are not always concordant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Approximately 9% of people who are exposed to a nonbenzodiazepine sedative‐hypnotic medication ("z‐drug") misuse this medication, yet, the reasons why people misuse z‐drugs are not well‐characterized. Methods: Using population survey data, we examined gender and age differences in motives for z‐drug misuse. Results: Results suggested women and older adults have higher odds of misusing z‐drugs for sleep, and young adults have higher odds of misusing for recreation. Discussion and Conclusions: Although the majority of people who misuse z‐drugs report misusing to manage sleep, this is particularly common in women and older adults. Scientific Significance: Addressing inadequately treated sleep concerns may help mitigate z‐drug misuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer is a leading cause of mortality worldwide. By 2040, over 30 million new cancers are predicted, with the greatest cancer burden in low-income countries. In 2015, the UN passed the Sustainable Development Goal 3.4 (SDG 3.4) to tackle the rising burden of non-communicable diseases, which calls for a reduction by a third in premature mortality from non-communicable diseases, including cancer, by 2030. However, there is a paucity of data on premature mortality rates by cancer type. In this study, we examine annual rates of change for cancer-specific premature mortality and classify whether countries are on track to reach SDG 3.4 targets. This is a retrospective, cross-sectional, population-based study investigating premature mortality trends from 2000–19 using the WHO Global Health Estimates data. All cancers combined and thirteen individual cancers in 183 countries were examined by WHO region, World Bank income level, and sex. The risk of premature mortality was calculated for ages 30–69 years, independent of other competing causes of death, using standard life table methods. The primary objective was to compute average annual rate of change in premature mortality from 2000 to 2019. Secondary objectives assessed whether this annual rate of change would be sufficient to reach SDG 3.4. targets for premature mortality by 2030. This study was conducted using data retrieved for the years 2000–19. Premature mortality rates decreased in 138 (75%) of 183 countries across all World Bank income levels and WHO regions, however only eight (4%) countries are likely to meet the SDG 3.4 targets for all cancers combined. Cancers where early detection strategies exist, such as breast and colorectal cancer, have higher declining premature mortality rates in high-income countries (breast cancer 48 [89%] of 54 and colorectal cancer 45 [83%]) than in low-income countries (seven [24%] of 29 and four [14%]). Cancers with primary prevention programmes, such as cervical cancer, have more countries with declining premature mortality rates (high-income countries 50 [93%] of 54 and low-income countries 26 [90%] of 29). Sex-related disparities in premature mortality rates vary across WHO regions, World Bank income groups, and by cancer type. There is a greater reduction in premature mortality for all cancers combined and for individual cancer types in high-income countries compared with lower-middle-income and low-income countries. However, most countries will not reach the SDG 3.4 target. Cancers with early detection strategies in place, such as breast and colorectal cancers, are performing poorly in premature mortality compared with cancers with primary prevention measures, such as cervical cancer. Investments toward prevention, early detection, and treatment can potentially accelerate declines in premature mortality. WHO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are anticancer agents with the capacity to selectively deliver their payloads to cancer cells. Antibody–drug conjugates consist of a monoclonal antibody backbone connected by a linker to cytotoxic payloads. Antibody–drug conjugate effect occurs either by directly targeting cancer cells via membrane antigen or through "bystander effect." Antibody–drug conjugates have demonstrated efficacy against various types of tumors, including breast cancer. Ado-trastuzumab emtansine is presently the only approved ADC for the treatment of breast cancer in the early setting, while several ADCs are now approved for metastatic breast cancer. Due to the transformative impact that several ADCs have reported in the setting of advanced breast cancer, researchers are now testing more of such compounds in the early setting, to portend benefits to patients through highly potent anticancer drugs. Ongoing trials hold the potential to transform treatment protocols for early breast cancer in the near future. These trials are aiming at evaluating different treatment modulation approaches, as informed by breast cancer risk of recurrence, including toward treatment de-escalation. Efforts are provided in ongoing clinical trials to identify the patients who will benefit most, to pursue paradigms of precision medicine with the novel ADCs. This review focuses on the potential role of ADCs in early breast cancer, providing an overview of the latest progress in their development and how they are implemented in ongoing clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the development of hydrogels that can adapt their properties and internal structure in response to external stimuli. The hydrogels contain redox-responsive and light-responsive units that can independently react to specific triggers, but also demonstrate adaptability and self-regulation in terms of stiffness when simultaneously addressed. The study describes the formation of hydrogels with a redox-sensitive disulfide-crosslinked network and light-sensitive ortho-nitrobenzyl units, which can quickly adjust their network properties. The hydrogels show potential for applications in drug delivery and tissue engineering. [Extracted from the article]

Inspired by nature, self‐regulation can be introduced in synthetic hydrogels by incorporating chemo‐mechanical signals or coupled chemical reactions to maintain or adapt the material's physico‐chemical properties when exposed to external triggers. In this work, we present redox and light dual stimuli responsive hydrogels capable of rapidly adapting the polymer crosslinking network while maintaining hydrogel stability. Upon irradiation with UV light, polymer hydrogels containing redox responsive disulfide crosslinks and light responsive ortho‐nitrobenzyl moieties show a release of payload accompanied by adaptation of the hydrogel network towards higher stiffness due to in situ crosslinking by S‐nitrosylation. Whereas the hydrogel design allows the network to either become softer in presence of reducing agent glutathione or stiffer upon UV irradiation, simultaneous application of both stimuli induces network self‐regulation resulting in a pulsatile form of payload release from the hydrogel. Finally, adaptive stiffness was used to make tunable hydrogels as substrates for different cell lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tissue homeostasis and disease states rely on the formation of new blood vessels through angiogenic sprouting, which is tightly regulated by the properties of the surrounding extracellular matrix. While physical cues, such as matrix stiffness or degradability, have evolved as major regulators of cell function in tissue microenvironments, it remains unknown whether and how physical cues regulate endothelial cell migration during angiogenesis. To investigate this, a biomimetic model of angiogenic sprouting inside a tunable synthetic hydrogel is created. It is shown that endothelial cells sense the resistance of the surrounding matrix toward proteolytic cleavage and respond by adjusting their migration phenotype. The resistance cells encounter is impacted by the number of covalent matrix crosslinks, crosslink degradability, and the proteolytic activity of cells. When matrix resistance is high, cells switch from a collective to an actomyosin contractility‐dependent single cellular migration mode. This switch in collectivity is accompanied by a major reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, where stress fibers are no longer visible, and F‐actin aggregates in large punctate clusters. Matrix resistance is identified as a previously unknown regulator of angiogenic sprouting and, thus, provides a mechanism by which the physical properties of the matrix impact cell migration modes through cytoskeletal remodeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D) face an increased risk for cognitive decline and dementia. Diabetes-related and vascular risk factors have been linked to cognitive decline using detailed neuropsychological testing; however, it is unclear if cognitive screening batteries can detect cognitive changes associated with aging in T1D. Method: 1,049 participants with T1D (median age 59 years; range 43–74) from the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT), and the follow-up Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC) study, completed the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (NIHTB-C) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Neuropsychological assessments, depression, glycated hemoglobin levels (HbA1c), severe hypoglycemia, T1D complications, and vascular risk factors were assessed repeatedly over 32 years to determine associations with current NIHTB-C performance. Available cognitive data was clinically adjudicated to determine cognitive impairment status. Results: NIHTB-C scores had moderate associations (r = 0.36–0.53) with concurrently administered neuropsychological tests. In multivariate models, prior severe hypoglycemic episodes, depression symptoms, nephropathy, lower BMI, and higher HbA1c and LDL cholesterol were associated with poorer NIHTB-C Fluid Cognition Composite scores. The NIHTB-C adequately detected adjudicated cognitive impairment (Area Under the Curve = 0.86; optimal cut score ≤90). The MoCA performed similarly (Area Under the Curve = 0.83; optimal cut score ≤25). Conclusions: The NIHTB-C is sensitive to the cognitive effects of diabetes-related and vascular risk factors, correlated with neuropsychological testing, and accurately detects adjudicated cognitive impairment. These data support its use as a screening test in middle to older aged adults with T1D to determine if referral for detailed neuropsychological assessment is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The intensive care unit (ICU) brings together high‐risk patients and interventions in a complex environment. Based on this consideration, medication administration error is the most common type of error that occurs in ICUs. Literature confirms that human factors (lack of knowledge, poor practices and negative attitudes) of nurses are the main contributors to the occurrence of medication administration errors in ICUs. Aim: To examine and compare the knowledge, attitudes and behaviour scores on medication administration error according to nurses' sociodemographic and professional variables. Study Design: This is a secondary analysis of data from a cross‐sectional international study based on a survey. Descriptive statistics were computed for all items of the questionnaire. Non‐parametric tests (Kruskal Wallis and Mann Whitney U tests) were used to carry out the comparison between groups. Results: The international sample consisted of 1383 nurses in 12 different countries. Statistically significant changes were seen in knowledge, attitudes and behaviour scores among several subgroups of the international population. Eastern nurses were more likely to show adequate knowledge about medication administration error prevention than Western nurses; concurrently, Western nurses were significantly more likely to show positive attitudes than Eastern nurses. No statistically significant differences in the behaviour scale were found in this study. Conclusions: The findings show a difference between knowledge and attitudes in relation to cultural background. Relevance to Clinical Practice: Decision makers in ICUs should consider cultural background when planning and implementing prevention strategies for medication administration errors. Further research is needed to investigate the effectiveness of educational systems on the decrease of the incidence of medication administration errors in ICU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An editorial is presented the evolution and optimization of the peer review process in academic publishing, emphasizing the need for efficient and effective strategies to handle manuscript submissions. Topics include the roles of authors and editors in improving the peer review experience, methods for reducing editorial rejection, and the benefits of updated review policies and practices.

Objectives: Preventing postpartum depression (PPD) is a public health goal. The scientific literature has demonstrated the short-term efficacy of Mindfulness-Based Interventions (MBIs) delivered during pregnancy on PPD. Nevertheless, the long-term outcomes of MBIs are still unclear. Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Four databases were searched to identify RCTs focused on describing the efficacy of MBIs on PPD and published in English up to February 2022. Settings/Location: The study was conducted globally. Subjects: Pregnant women who received MBIs. Interventions: MBIs were delivered during pregnancy in the included RCTs. Outcome Measures: Data collection and analysis effect size were combined using a random-effects model. The reporting in this study was consistent with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Results: Six studies were included. The overall effect size significantly reduced PPD symptoms severity in the MBI group versus the control group in the first 3 months after childbirth (standardized mean difference = −0.26; 95% confidence interval = −0.51 to −0.01; I2 = 30.65%). The effects of MBIs were significant in women who started MBIs with a low risk of developing PPD. Conclusions: MBIs delivered during pregnancy have long-term benefits for PPD. Implications for Practice: Further studies focused on testing MBIs starting during pregnancy and lasting over the postpartum and modulating the intensity of delivering MBIs based on the risk for developing PPD are needed to inform the practice with solid evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In patients with central venous catheters (CVCs) in situ, the development of catheter‐related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs) is often linked with increased morbidity and mortality. Sterile gauze or transparent polyurethane dressings are conventionally used as extraluminal barriers; however, antimicrobial chlorhexidine CVC dressings could potentially reduce infection risk. This short evidence‐based review examined the literature comparing the effectiveness of chlorhexidine‐based CVC dressings against non‐chlorhexidine dressings in reducing CRBSI occurrence. Four systematic reviews with meta‐analysis were reviewed, all of which reported a statistically significant reduction in CRBSI occurrence on using chlorhexidine‐based dressings. Further research is needed to determine the cost‐effectiveness of chlorhexidine‐based CVC dressings and their effectiveness in reducing CRBSIs in different catheter types and entry sites because infection risk is not uniform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to assess the effectiveness of two surfactants (Polysorbate 80 – Tween 80 and Sodium Dodecyl Benzensulphonate – SDBS) for the remediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated soil. To study the effectiveness of these surfactants, an experimental laboratory-scale apparatus was set up for the simulation of a soil flushing intervention. Different surfactant concentrations and flushing flow rates were investigated. At the end of the experiments, the removal efficiency was evaluated and phytotoxicity tests were performed by means of germination index (GI). Results showed that the use of both surfactants allows to reach high removal efficiency (∼50% for Tween 80 and ∼70% for SDBS) of hydrocarbons from soil and that either the surfactant concentration and the contact time between surfactant and contaminant affected the extraction performance. GI results showed different effects of the two surfactants on the phytotoxic features of the soil after treatment. Indeed, while the soil treated with SDBS was found to be more phytotoxic, leading to a lowering of the GI (10.88 %), the soil samples flushed with Tween 80 were characterized by higher values (146.61%). These results might be of interest in the case of surfactant application in remediation interventions in soils intended for future agricultural activity. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An editorial is presented which focuses on safety, nutrition and well-being in critical care, featuring various studies, reviews, and protocols addressing these aspects. Topics include medication errors, patient safety and COVID-19 experiences, with a broad range of quantitative and qualitative research from different countries.

The Covid-19 pandemic heightened already intense and increased scrutiny of public education in recent years. The administrative impulse to stage community engagement efforts to deliberate upon these questions, however well-intentioned, rarely realises full community engagement and reflection. Based on an examination of public engagement events held at Florida schools related to the Covid-19 health crisis, the proposed essay identifies a more concerning transformation of "public comment" into a weaponisable prop for lawmakers seeking the public legitimacy necessary for their agenda, marrying the worlds of critical studies with those of public administration and its orientations. More than merely failing to genuinely engage the public, we argue that such events forestall a more productive arrangement of the democratic form that does not rely on publicness and the leader that secures that space. Ultimately, we suggest a path that affords the possibility of public engagement, but that does not seal off the possibility of that more radical democratic future to come. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: According to the last WHO classification, steatohepatitic hepatocellular carcinoma (SH‐HCC) is recognized as a distinct HCC subtype, even though a consensual definition is still lacking. The objectives of the study were to carefully describe the morphological features of SH‐HCC and evaluate its impact on prognosis. Methods and results: We conducted a single‐centre retrospective study including 297 surgically resected HCC. Pathological features including SH criteria (steatosis, ballooning, Mallory–Denk bodies, fibrosis, and inflammation) were assessed. SH‐HCC was defined by the presence of at least four of the five SH criteria and the SH component represented >50% of the tumour area. According to this definition, 39 (13%) HCC cases corresponded to SH‐HCC and 30 cases (10%) corresponded to HCC with an SH component (<50%). SH criteria in SH‐HCC and non–SH‐HCC were distributed as follows: ballooning (100% versus 11%), fibrosis (100% versus 81%), inflammation (100% versus 67%), steatosis (92% versus 8%), and Mallory–Denk bodies (74% versus 3%). Inflammation markers (c‐reactive protein [CRP] and serum amyloid A [SAA]) were significantly more expressed in SH‐HCC compared to non–SH‐HCC (82% versus 14%, P = <0.001). Five‐year recurrence‐free survival (RFS) and 5‐year overall survival (OS) were similar for SH‐HCC and non–SH‐HCC (P = 0.413 and P = 0.866, respectively). The percentage of SH component does not impact OS and RFS. Conclusion: We confirm in a large cohort the relatively high prevalence (13%) of SH‐HCC. Ballooning is the most specific criteria for this subtype. The percentage of the SH component does not impact prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inherited forms of blindness and deafness are highly prevalent and severe conditions that significantly impact the lives of millions of people worldwide. The lack of therapeutic options for these conditions poses a major socioeconomic burden. Over the last decades, gene therapy has proven to be a life changing treatment for hereditary and acquired forms of diseases, and extensive preclinical investigation in animal models of both retinal and inner ear disorders has highlighted promising translational opportunities for these disorders too. This led to dozens of clinical trials investigating the efficiency of gene therapy-based approaches, with some of the products for retinal conditions successfully reaching phase III of development or even market authorization. However, challenges remain for the use of gene therapy, which are related to both the features of the delivery vehicles currently available and characteristics of the retinal and inner ear disorders targeted. Therefore, further developments in gene therapy platforms' design, including exploitation of novel technologies such as genome editing, RNA-targeted therapies, and optogenetics, are actively ongoing, driving the field forward. In this study, we review the ongoing applications and achievements of gene therapy for treatment of inherited forms of blindness and deafness as well as the developments that are being pursued in the field to overcome the current limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors discuss the importance for nurses to understand basic statistics. They talk about the benefits of understanding basic statistics, importance of statistical skills for research-active nurses who have the motivation to become research leaders and chief investigators, and recommendation for urgent changes to undergraduate nursing education in higher education institutions where statistics are not already taught to nurses.

Toxicologic/veterinary pathologists are working remotely from Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) test facilities (TFs) in increasing numbers, most commonly in home-office settings. A study pathologist (SP) generating data on GLP-compliant nonclinical studies must be keenly aware of applicable national GLP regulations and comply with TF and protocol requirements. This Toxicological Pathology Forum Opinion Piece will summarize primary areas of emphasis for the SP generating GLP data using glass slides. Peer review and digital review of whole slide images are out of scope for this opinion piece. Key GLP considerations for primary pathology on glass slides are discussed with respect to SP location and employment status, including pathologist qualifications, specimen management, facilities, equipment, archive, and quality assurance. Notable differences between national GLP regulations of the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, the Netherlands, France, Ireland, Switzerland, Italy, and Israel are presented. With the understanding that each combination of location and employment is unique, the authors provide a general overview of considerations for successful remote GLP work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have already formulated solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) in which the combination of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) and the antioxidant grape-seed-derived proanthocyanidins (grape seed extract, GSE) was supposed to be favorable for Parkinson's disease (PD) treatment. In fact, GSE supply would reduce the PD-related oxidative stress in a synergic effect with DA. Herein, two different methods of DA/GSE loading were studied, namely, coadministration in the aqueous phase of DA and GSE, and the other approach consisting of a physical adsorption of GSE onto preformed DA containing SLNs. Mean diameter of DA coencapsulating GSE SLNs was 187 ± 4 nm vs. 287 ± 15 nm of GSE adsorbing DA-SLNs. TEM microphotographs evidenced low-contrast spheroidal particles, irrespective of the SLN type. Moreover, Franz diffusion cell experiments confirmed the permeation of DA from both SLNs through the porcine nasal mucosa. Furthermore, fluorescent SLNs also underwent cell-uptake studies by using flow cytometry in olfactory ensheathing cells and neuronal SH-SY5Y cells, evidencing higher uptake when GSE was coencapsulated rather than adsorbed onto the particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medical cannabis (MC) has gained traction in oncology for managing cancer-related symptoms, but its integration faces challenges due to limited evidence, inconsistent guidelines, and varied legal frameworks. The TASMAN study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of oncologists and palliative care providers globally regarding MC use in cancer care. A survey of healthcare providers from diverse regions and income levels was conducted. we study included 179 participants (response rate: 51.1 %), with an equal gender distribution (49.4 % female) and a median age of 37 years. Participants were primarily oncologists (71.5 %), practicing in university hospitals (40.2 %) or cancer centres (32.4 %), with over half from low- and middle-income countries. Most respondents (92.7 %) were unaware of clinical guidelines for MC. A proportion of 44.1 % were familiar with MC use, 78.8 % recognized its role in cancer pain, and 34 % identified its role in managing cachexia. Awareness of specific products was low, with only 10 % familiar with specific cannabis products. Three-quarters of respondents (84.4 %) did not prescribe MC routinely. Legal status and regulations were unclear for most participants; 40 % noted cannabis as illegal. MC use and patient requests were more common in high-income countries and the EURO region, with palliative care providers demonstrating the highest awareness and prescription rates. Clearer regulations, standardized guidelines, and targeted education are essential to support the safe integration of MC into oncology and palliative care, ultimately improving the quality of life for cancer patients. • We report the first survey on the global use of medical cannabis (MC) in oncology. • We identified limited awareness on clinical guidelines for the use of MC. • Common use of MC related indications with weak to no evidence in support. • Regional differences are highlighted, with most of the use of MC in Europe and US. • Barriers for the use of MC are identified, including normative and legislative restraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is the most aggressive clinical presentation of breast cancer, recapitulating a specific biology with more immune-vulnerability than non-IBC. Patients with metastatic, triple-negative IBC (mTN-IBC) receive immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and chemotherapy, similarly to patients with triple-negative non-IBC. However, the benefit derived from ICI incorporation in this rare type of breast cancer is unknown. We conducted a multicenter, international, retrospective, cohort study to evaluate the activity of ICIs in patients with metastatic, triple-negative, primary IBC, who received ICIs plus first line chemotherapy from January 2015 to April 2023. A sample size of 42 patients allowed to detect an increase in 6-months real-world progression-free survival (rwPFS) rate from 40 % with only chemotherapy to 60 % with ICI and chemotherapy. 41 patients from eight international IBC referral centers were included (61 % with primary, de novo mTN-IBC, 61 % with visceral disease). All received ICIs plus first line chemotherapy and 24 % underwent breast surgery and/or locoregional radiotherapy. After a median follow-up of 19.3 months, the 6-months rwPFS rate was 30 % (95 % Confidence Interval [CI], 17–45 %), the median rwPFS was 3.3 months (95 % CI: 2.2–5.4), the median overall survival was 15.7 months (95 % CI: 6.8–16.3). This one-sample analysis showed a poor outcome of patients with mTN-IBC, despite the treatment with ICI, in contrast with the expected benefit based on preclinical evidence of immune-vulnerability of IBC. These results suggest the need to further investigate the role of immunotherapy in this aggressive and rare type of breast cancer presentation. • Triple-negative inflammatory breast cancer (TN-IBC) is a rare aggressive disease. • The benefit derived from immunotherapy (IO) incorporation in TN-IBC is unknown. • We report a 6-months progression-free survival of 30 % with IO incorporation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoviruses are plant multipartite viruses with a genome composed of six to eight circular single-stranded DNA segments. The distinct genome segments are encapsidated individually in icosahedral particles that measure ≈18 nm in diameter. Recent studies on the model species Faba bean necrotic stunt virus (FBNSV) revealed that complete sets of genomic segments rarely occur in infected plant cells and that the function encoded by a given viral segment can complement the others across neighbouring cells, presumably by translocation of the gene products through unknown molecular processes. This allows the viral genome to replicate, assemble into viral particles and infect anew, even with the distinct genome segments scattered in different cells. Here, we question the form under which the FBNSV genetic material propagates long distance within the vasculature of host plants and, in particular, whether viral particle assembly is required. Using structure-guided mutagenesis based on a 3.2 Å resolution cryogenic-electron-microscopy reconstruction of the FBNSV particles, we demonstrate that specific site-directed mutations preventing capsid formation systematically suppress FBNSV long-distance movement, and thus systemic infection of host plants, despite positive detection of the mutated coat protein when the corresponding segment is agroinfiltrated into plant leaves. These results strongly suggest that the viral genome does not propagate within the plant vascular system under the form of uncoated DNA molecules or DNA:coat-protein complexes, but rather moves long distance as assembled viral particles. Author summary: The genome of multipartite viruses is divided in two or more segments, each encapsidated separately in an individual viral particle. An unresolved question about these viral systems is the maintenance of the genome integrity. Two opposing hypotheses exist. One proposes that, somehow, the distinct segments can be sorted and assembled into a macromolecular complex containing at least one copy of each. This imposes either a propagation as non-encapsidated nucleic acids that could interact to form such "sorted" complexes, or structural differences between viral particles containing distinct segments also allowing assembly of sorted complexes. The other hypothesis postulates that the different segments spread independently, individually packaged in structurally similar particles, which eventually come together at random. We first determined the atomic structure of viral particles of a nanovirus (FBNSV), where no major structural differences were detected depending on the encapsidated segment. We then carried out structure-guided mutagenesis to prevent particle assembly, and thereby compromised systemic infection of host plants. These results strongly suggest that the viral genome moves long distance as assembled viral particles. Such a situation, where all particles of the viral population are alike, does not support the existence of a large macromolecular complex which would form by specifically sorting and assembling particles each containing a distinct segment. Instead, our results, together with other evidence from totally unrelated approaches, further support the independent and random propagation of the distinct segments of the FBNSV genome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given a self-adjoint operator A in a Hilbert space H , we analyze its spectral behavior when it is expressed in terms of generalized eigenvectors. Using the formalism of Gel'fand distribution bases, we explore the conditions for the generalized eigenspaces to be one-dimensional, i.e., for A to have a simple spectrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Childhood cancer and cancer‐related treatments disrupt brain development and maturation, placing survivors at risk for cognitive late effects. Given that assessment tools vary widely across researchers and clinicians, it has been daunting to identify distinct patterns in outcomes across diverse cancer types and to implement systematic neurocognitive screening tools. This review aims to operationalize processing efficiency skill impairment—or inefficient neural processing as measured by working memory and processing speed abilities—as a worthwhile avenue for continued study within the context of childhood cancer. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted to examine the existing research on cognitive late effects and biopsychosocial risk factors in order to conceptualize processing efficiency skill trends in childhood cancer survivors. Results: While a frequently reported pattern of neurobiological (white matter) and cognitive (working memory and processing speed) disruption is consistent with processing efficiency skill impairment, these weaknesses have not yet been fully operationalized in this population. We offer a theoretical model that highlights the impacts of a host of biological and environmental factors on the underlying neurobiological substrates of cancer survivors that precede and may even predict long‐term cognitive outcomes and functional abilities following treatment. Conclusion: The unified construct of processing efficiency may be useful in assessing and communicating neurocognitive skills in both outcomes research and clinical practice. Deficits in processing efficiency may serve as a possible indicator of cognitive late effects and functional outcomes due to the unique relationship between processing efficiency skills and neurobiological disruption following cancer treatment. Continued research along these lines is crucial for advancing childhood cancer outcomes research and improving quality of life for survivors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the psychological and emotional challenges faced in intensive and critical care settings, highlighting the need for empathy and holistic support. Topics include the impact of stress and emotions on patients, families, and healthcare providers, strategies to improve peer review processes in critical care nursing, and a range of research articles examining experiences and issues within critical care environments.

Introduction: The aim of our study was to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of a daily adaptive MR-guided SBRT on 1.5 T MR-linac in patients affected by lymph node oligometastases from PCa. Materials and Methods: The present study is a prospective observational study conducted in a single institution (protocol n°: MRI/LINAC n. 23748). Patients with oligometastatic lymph nodes from PCa treated with daily adaptive MR-guided SBRT on 1.5 T MR-linac were included in the study. There was a minimum required follow-up of 3 months after SBRT. The primary end-point was local progression-free survival (LPFS). The secondary end-points were: nodal progression-free survival (NPFS), progression-free survival (PFS), and toxicity. Results: A total of 118 lymph node oligometastases from PCa were treated with daily adaptive 1.5 T MR-guided SBRT in 63 oligometastatic patients. Of the patients, 63.5% were oligorecurrent and 36.5% were oligoprogressive. The two-year LPFS was 90.7%. The median NPFS was 22.3 months and the 2-year NPFS was 46.5%. Receiving hormone therapy before SBRT was correlated with a lower NPFS at the multivariate analysis (1 y NPFS 87.1% versus 42.8%; p = 0.002–HR 0.199, 95% CI 0.073–0.549). Furthermore, the oligorecurrent state during ADT was correlated with a lower NPFS than was the oligoprogressive state. The median PFS was 10.3 months and the 2-year PFS was 32.4%. Patients treated with hormone therapy before SBRT had a significantly lower 1-year PFS the others (28% versus 70.4%; p = 0.01–HR 0.259, 95% CI 0.117–0.574). No acute and late toxicities occurred during treatment. Conclusions: The present study is the largest prospective study of 1.5 T lymph node SBRT on MR-linac in patients with PCa. Lymph node SBRT by 1.5 T MR-linac provides high local control rates with an excellent toxicity profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To describe the prevalence and clinical correlates of functional limitations in middle-aged and older adults with long-standing type 1 diabetes.Research Design and Methods: Functional limitations were assessed for 1,094 participants in the Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC) study, a multicenter, longitudinal, observational follow-up of participants with type 1 diabetes randomly assigned to intensive or conventional diabetes therapy during the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT). The primary outcome measure was a score <10 on the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). The secondary outcome, self-reported functional limitation, was assessed by written questionnaire. Logistic regression models were used to assess associations of both outcomes with demographic and clinical factors (glycemic and nonglycemic factors, micro- and macrovascular complications, DCCT cohort, and treatment assignment).Results: Participants were 53% male, with mean ± SD age 59.5 ± 6.8 years and diabetes duration 37.9 ± 4.9 years. The prevalence of SPPB score <10 was 21%. The prevalence of self-reported functional limitations was 48%. While DCCT treatment assignment was not associated with physical function outcomes measured ∼25 years after the end of the DCCT, the time-weighted mean DCCT/EDIC HbA1c was associated with both outcomes. Other clinical factors associated with both outcomes in multivariable analyses were BMI, general psychological distress, and cardiac autonomic neuropathy.Conclusions: Almost half of the middle-aged and older adults with long-standing type 1 diabetes reported functional limitations, which were associated with higher HbA1c and BMI, general psychological distress, and cardiac autonomic neuropathy. Future research is needed to determine whether these findings are generalizable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Sputum and aspirated secretions were obtained from COPD patients. • PEGylated mSLNs penetrated porcine gastric mucus (PGM) > Sputum > Aspirated secretions. • Elastic moduli followed a definite trend: PGM > Aspirated secretions ≥ Sputum. • The magnetic field increased mSLNs interaction with primary airway epithelial cells. In most chronic respiratory diseases, excessive viscous airway secretions oppose a formidable permeation barrier to drug delivery systems (DDSs), with a limit to their therapeutic efficacy for the targeting epithelium. Since mucopenetration of DDSs with slippery technology (i.e. PEGylation) has encountered a reduction in the presence of sticky and complex airway secretions, our aim was to evaluate the relevance of magnetic PEGylated Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (mSLNs) for pulling them through chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) airway secretions. Thus, COPD sputum from outpatient clinic, respiratory secretions aspirated from high (HI) and low (LO) airways of COPD patients in acute respiratory insufficiency, and porcine gastric mucus (PGM) were investigated for their permeability to mSLN particles under a magnetic field. Rheological tests and mSLN adhesion to airway epithelial cells (AECs) were also investigated. The results of mucopenetration show that mSLNs are permeable both in COPD sputum and in PGM, while HI and LO secretions are always impervious. Parallel rheological results show a different elastic property, which can be associated with different mucus mesostructures. Finally, adhesion tests confirm the role of the magnetic field in improving the interaction of SLNs with AECs. Overall, our results reveal that mesostructure is of paramount importance in determining the mucopenetration of magnetic SLNs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study thoroughly investigates a Membrane BioReactor – Integrated Fixed Film Activated Sludge – Intermittent Aeration (MBR-IFAS-IA) pilot plant operated from a biokinetic point of view. Specifically, respirometric techniques were applied on suspended and attached biomass to evaluate kinetic and stoichiometric parameters. The main aim was to investigate how the simultaneous presence of biofilm and activated sludge could affect the kinetic behaviour and the role of the Sludge Retention Time (SRT) variation in the kinetic behaviour of the system. The results highlighted a mutual interaction between suspended biomass and biofilm in the IFAS-MBR configuration. In Period I both the heterotrophic yield and growth rate of suspended biomass were higher compared to that of biofilm, thus highlighting higher affinity with organic matter; in contrast, the biofilm showed high affinity with nitrification, with increased nitrification rates with decreasing SRT and sustaining nitrification in the activated sludge due to "seeding" effect. Therefore, the suggestion is that it is possible to operate IFAS-MBR systems at low SRT without hampering the nitrification ability due to the growth of nitrifiers in the biofilm. Respirometry has been confirmed to be an effective tool for evaluating biomass kinetic and stoichiometric parameters. The results of this study highlighted the effect of IFAS configuration and can help apply mathematical models in the design phase and monitor biomass viability during plant operations. [Display omitted] • Respirometry was a useful tool to assess kinetic and stoichiometric coefficients. • Heterotrophic metabolic activity was not affected by the duration of aerated phase. • Nitrification ability in the biofilm was maintained when decreasing the SRT. • Nitrification of activated sludge was sustained by biofilm at SRT of 3.5 days. • It was observed a specialisation of suspended and attached biomass in the IFAS-MBR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents an experimental and numerical study investigating the effectiveness of two innovative stress sensors, i.e. piezoelectric and capacitive stress sensors, for use in Structural Health Monitoring (SHM). These sensors are installed within the mortar bed-joints and can measure vertical stress variations. The capability of the sensors in revealing stress state variations due to external events is experimentally tested by performing induced damage tests on two half-scale masonry wall specimens made of three piers and monitored by both the typologies of stress sensors. Two types of masonry, clay brick and calcarenite brick, are investigated. Experimental tests provided damage simulation by progressively reducing the cross-section of the central pier of the specimens by keeping the vertical load constant. Experimental sensor outputs are compared to those resulting from a reference refined finite element micro-model simulating the experimental tests. Simplified fiber-section equivalent frame modelling of masonry is finally proposed and tested as a computationally effective approach for real time monitoring. Results show that vertical stress variations in masonry structures can be effectively detected by the investigated sensors and potentially interpreted for the early prediction of structural stress-state modifications that can be eventually related to an ongoing damage. • Two types of stress sensors embedded in mortar joints are tested for real time monitoring of masonry structures. • Half scaled masonry wall specimens made of three piers were arranged with calcarenite and clay masonry. • Damage to the central pier was induced during the test by a progressive reduction of the cross-section. • A numerical micro-model is used as reference for comparison of vertical stress measures. • Simplified fiber-section equivalent frame modelling is validated as an effective approach for real time monitoring [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Masonry building aggregates constitute a significant portion of Italian and Mediterranean countries built heritage. These structures originate from the progressive transformation and interconnection of originally isolated structural units over time. Masonry aggregate seismic performance is affected by significant uncertainty arising from the lack of knowledge of their complex structural arrangement, which is also reflected in the reliability of modeling assumption adopted for the analysis and the descending outcomes. This paper presents a numerical study investigating the seismic behavior of an elementary building aggregate made of three almost identical structural units. Different boundary conditions are explored in the analysis, extracting and comparing the responses of the individual structural units modeled both in aggregate and isolated and with rigid or flexible floors. Homogenized masonry approach is implemented for the building aggregate models with 2D layered inelastic shell elements. The structural models are realized with the STKO software platform for OpenSees, enabling parallel computing to analyze large scale models. Results will highlight the extent of the so-called "aggregate effect" for the elementary aggregate building and its potential benefits to the structural units, showing also that the behavior of structural units in aggregate strongly depends on their position and the polarity of the seismic forces. • The overall seismic response of masonry building aggregates is investigated by a refined finite element nonlinear model. • Homogenized modelling approach with 2D shell-layered finite elements is adopted for the masonry. • A three-story masonry building aggregate made of three elementary structural units is used as a case-study. • Structural units are analyzed as fully connected or isolated with rigid or flexible floors. • The extent of the so-called "aggregate effect" and its potential benefits to seismic safety are commented, [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper investigates the complex local interaction occurring between masonry infills and reinforced concrete (RC) frames subject to seismic loads, and its impact on the actual distribution of internal forces in frame members. A high-fidelity damage mechanics-based micro-modeling approach is adopted for the analysis. The modeling framework provides distinct physical modeling of masonry components (units and mortar) and of the reinforced concrete members as continuum 2D nonlinear elements. The STKO software platform for OpenSees is used to implement the modeling framework. Experimental validations are carried out with four infilled frame specimens arranged with different masonry typologies, including calcarenite unit, hollow clay unit, solid clay brick, and hollow clay brick masonries. The actual distribution of internal forces within the frame members is revealed via numerical integration of the nodal forces at different cross-sections. A comprehensive parametric study further investigates the key role of masonry design parameters on the distribution of shear demand and the expected damage mechanism, providing relevant insights about the design as well as the assessment of infilled frames. • Local frame-infill interaction between masonry infills and reinforced concrete frames under seismic loads is investigated. • A high-fidelity micro-modelling framework for the analysis is defined and experimentally validated. • Internal force diagrams due to the frame-infill local interaction are generated through the integration of nodal forces. • The impact of masonry design parameters on the distribution of shear demand is assessed through parametric investigation. • Considerations are drawn about design rules and assessment of infilled frames. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of our study was to better define the clinical pattern of diencephalic syndrome, a rare but potentially lethal cause of failure to thrive in infancy. Poor weight gain or weight loss, the characteristic presenting feature, often firstly attributed to gastrointestinal or endocrinological or genetic diseases, is secondary to a malfunctioning hypothalamus, caused by a diencephalic tumor. Due to its unexpected clinical onset, diagnostic delay and misdiagnosis are common. We described a case series of 3 children with diencephalic syndrome admitted at our Hospital, over a 5-year period. Furthermore, a narrative review on all pediatric cases published in the last seventy years was performed. Clinical pattern, timing to diagnosis, neuroimaging, management, and outcome were analyzed. Our three cases are singularly described in all clinical and diagnostic findings. Overall, 100 children were selected; all these cases as well as our children presented with failure to thrive: 96% had body mass index or weight-length/height ratio lower than 5th percentile. Vomiting and hyperactivity are reported in 35 and 26% of cases, respectively. The neurological features, mainly nystagmus reported in 43%, may occur late in the disease course. In conclusion, the diagnostic delay is the hallmark of diencephalic syndrome, confirming the lack of knowledge by clinicians. The poor weight gain/loss despite adequate length growth and food intake, especially in children with hyperactivity and good psychomotor development, should alert pediatricians towards this condition, before neurological signs/symptoms occurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the state-of-the-art technologies, characterizations, materials (precursors and encapsulants), and challenges concerning multicolor and white light-emitting diodes (LEDs) based on carbon dots (CDs) as color converters. Herein, CDs are exploited to achieve emission in LEDs at wavelengths longer than the pump wavelength. White LEDs are typically obtained by pumping broad band visible-emitting CDs by an UV LED, or yellow–green-emitting CDs by a blue LED. The most important methods used to produce CDs, top-down and bottom-up, are described in detail, together with the process that allows one to embed the synthetized CDs on the surface of the pumping LEDs. Experimental results show that CDs are very promising ecofriendly candidates with the potential to replace phosphors in traditional color conversion LEDs. The future for these devices is bright, but several goals must still be achieved to reach full maturity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Advances in cancer medicines have resulted in tangible health impacts, but the magnitude of benefits of approved cancer medicines could vary greatly. Health Technology Assessment (HTA) is a multidisciplinary process used to inform resource allocation through a systematic value assessment of health technology. This paper reviews the challenges in conducting HTA for cancer medicines arising from oncology trial designs and uncertainties of safety-efficacy data. Methods: Multiple databases (PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar) and grey literature (public health agencies and governmental reports) were searched to inform this policy narrative review. Results: A lack of robust efficacy-safety data from clinical trials and other relevant sources of evidence has made HTA for cancer medicines challenging. The approval of cancer medicines through expedited pathways has increased in recent years, in which surrogate endpoints or biomarkers for patient selection have been widely used. Using these surrogate endpoints has created uncertainties in translating surrogate measures into patient-centric clinically (survival and quality of life) and economically (cost-effectiveness and budget impact) meaningful outcomes, with potential effects on diverting scarce health resources to low-value or detrimental interventions. Potential solutions include policy harmonization between regulatory and HTA authorities, commitment to generating robust post-marketing efficacy-safety data, managing uncertainties through risk-sharing agreements, and using value frameworks. Conclusion: A lack of robust efficacy-safety data is a central problem for conducting HTA of cancer medicines, potentially resulting in misinformed resource allocation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The landscape of clinical trials testing risk-adapted modulations of cancer treatments is complex. Multiple trial designs, endpoints, and thresholds for non-inferiority have been used; however, no consensus or convention has ever been agreed to categorise biomarkers useful to inform the treatment intensity modulation of cancer treatments. An expert subgroup under the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) Precision Medicine Working Group shaped an international collaborative project to develop a classification system for biomarkers used in the cancer treatment de-intensification, based on a tiered approach. A group of disease-oriented clinical, translational, methodology and public health experts, and patients' representatives provided an analysis of the status quo, and scanned the horizon of ongoing clinical trials. The classification was developed through multiple rounds of expert revisions and inputs. The working group agreed on a univocal definition of treatment de-intensification. Evidence of reduction in the dose-density, intensity, or cumulative dose, including intermittent schedules or shorter treatment duration or deletion of segment(s) of the standard regimens, compound(s), or treatment modality must be demonstrated, to define a treatment de-intensification. De-intensified regimens must also portend a positive impact on toxicity, quality of life, health system burden, or financial toxicity. ESMO classification categorises the biomarkers for treatment modulation in three tiers, based on the level of evidence. Tier A includes biomarkers validated in prospective, randomised, non-inferiority clinical trials. The working group agreed that in non-inferiority clinical trials, boundaries are highly dependent upon the disease scenario and endpoint being studied and that the absolute differences in the outcomes are the most relevant measures, rather than relative differences. Biomarkers tested in single-arm studies with a threshold of non-inferiority are classified as Tier B. Tier C is when the validation occurs in prospective-retrospective quality cohort investigations. ESMO classification for the risk-guided intensity modulation of cancer treatments provides a set of evidence-based criteria to categorise biomarkers deemed to inform de-intensification of cancer treatments, in risk-defined patients. The classification aims at harmonising definitions on this matter, therefore offering a common language for all the relevant stakeholders, including clinicians, patients, decision-makers, and for clinical trials. • The landscape of clinical trials testing risk-adapted modulations of cancer treatments is complex. • Several trial designs and endpoints are used to evaluate de-intensified cancer therapies. • ESMO has developed a classification to categorise biomarkers to inform risk-guided intensity modulation of cancer treatments. • The classification includes three tiers, based on the clinical trial methodology and results. • The ESMO classification will help harmonise definitions, thereby facilitating communication with all relevant stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Long COVID-19 syndrome is a complex of symptoms that occurs after the acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, in the absence of other possible diagnoses. Studies on Long COVID-19 in pediatric population are scanty and heterogeneous in design, inclusion criteria, outcomes, and follow-up time. The objective of the present study is to assess the prevalence of Long COVID-19 syndrome in a cohort of Italian pediatric primary care patients, observed for a period of time of 8 to 36 weeks from healing. Prevalence was also assessed in a cohort of pediatric patients hospitalized during acute infection. Methods: Data concerning 629 primary care patients with previous acute SARS-CoV-2 infection were collected by a questionnaire filled in by Primary Care Pediatrician (PCP). The questionnaire was administrated to patients by 18 PCPs based in 8 different Italian regions from June to August 2021. Data concerning 60 hospitalized patients were also collected by consultation of clinical documents. Results: Cumulative incidence of Long COVID-19 resulted to be 24.3% in primary care patients and 58% in hospitalized patients. The most frequently reported symptoms were abnormal fatigue (7%), neurological (6.8%), and respiratory disorders (6%) for the primary care cohort. Hospitalized patients displayed more frequently psychological symptoms (36.7%), cardiac involvement (23.3%), and respiratory disorders (18.3%). No difference was observed in cumulative incidence in males and females in both cohorts. Previous diseases did not influence the probability to develop Long COVID-19. The prevalence of Long COVID-19 was 46.5% in children who were symptomatic during acute infection and 11.5% in asymptomatic ones. Children aged 0 to 5 years had a greater risk to develop respiratory symptoms, while adolescents (aged 11–16 years) had a greater risk to develop neurological and psychological Long COVID-19 symptoms. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that Long COVID-19 is a reality in pediatric age and could involve even patients with mild or no acute symptoms. The results stress the importance of monitoring primary care pediatric patients after acute COVID-19 infection and the relevance of vaccination programs in pediatric population, also in order to avoid the consequences of Long COVID-19 syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical trials and real‐world evidence (RWE) present conflicting results on the benefit of cyclin‐dependent kinase 4 and 6 inhibitors for patients with advanced hormone receptor–positive and human epidermal growth factor receptor‐2 overexpressing breast cancer. How can RWE be interpreted and used to help guide clinical decisions? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was born from the desire to highlight how, in the face of poor practice and frequency of the sacrament of reconciliation, commonly considered main channel of reconstruction of communion with God and with the brothers, but in fact often deserted, al people of God other celebratory possibilities are offered dynamics of reconciliation. However, it is different the sacramental value of these ritual acts, of which we will offer appropriate evaluations by asking us how much it is how the different ritual languages are able to implement dynamics of communion and reconciliatio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In less than one and a half year, the COVID-19 pandemic has nearly brought to a collapse our health care and economic systems. The scientific research community has concentrated all possible efforts to understand the pathogenesis of this complex disease, and several groups have recently emphasized recommendations for nutritional support in COVID-19 patients. In this scoping review, we aim at encouraging a deeper appreciation of magnesium in clinical nutrition, in view of the vital role of magnesium and the numerous links between the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection and magnesium-dependent functions. Methods: By searching PubMed and Google Scholar from 1990 to date, we review existing evidence from experimental and clinical studies on the role of magnesium in chronic non-communicable diseases and infectious diseases, and we focus on recent reports of alterations of magnesium homeostasis in COVID-19 patients and their association with disease outcomes. Importantly, we conduct a census on ongoing clinical trials specifically dedicated to disclosing the role of magnesium in COVID-19. Results: Despite many methodological limitations, existing data seem to corroborate an association between deranged magnesium homeostasis and COVID-19, and call for further and better studies to explore the prophylactic or therapeutic potential of magnesium supplementation. Conclusion: We propose to reconsider the relevance of magnesium, frequently overlooked in clinical practice. Therefore, magnesemia should be monitored and, in case of imbalanced magnesium homeostasis, an appropriate nutritional regimen or supplementation might contribute to protect against SARS-CoV-2 infection, reduce severity of COVID-19 symptoms and facilitate the recovery after the acute phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]