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In this study, tocopherol‐derived ionizable lipids were synthesized to create functional lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery. Tocopherol succinate is considered a biocompatible material because it has anti‐cancer effects and degrades into vitamin E in the body. Two types of new ionizable tocopherol derivative lipids (DMT and AIT) were synthesized by introducing ionizable functional groups. The synthesized tocopherol lipids were used to make lipid nanoparticles with helper lipid, cholesterol, and PEG‐DMG. The DMT LNP showed high mRNA encapsulation efficiency. Using HeLa cell lines, it was confirmed that gene transfection efficiency was increased approximately 2‐fold in DMT LNP‐treated cells compared to that of MC3 LNP. The two types of tocopherol derivative lipids exhibited high cell viability of over 90%, confirming very low levels of toxicity. The results of this study confirmed that lipid nanoparticles using newly developed ionizable tocopherol derivatives have potential as biocompatible and effective mRNA delivery vehicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Retinaldehyde (RAL), or retinal, is a vitamin A derivative that is widely used for several skin conditions. However, it is light sensitive and has low water solubility, limiting its efficiency in transdermal delivery. This study developed a novel delivery system for retinal (RAL) using flexible liposomes (FLPs) infused with α-tocopherol succinate (α-TS) to improve stability, and enhance skin permeability. The RAL-FLPs were embedded in pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) hydrogels, creating a delivery platform that supports prolonged skin residence and efficient permeation of RAL. The stability and skin permeation as well as human skin irritation and adhesion capabilities were assessed to determine the formulation's safety and efficacy. Our findings suggested that the addition of α-TS could improve liposomal stability and RAL chemical stability. Moreover, the skin permeation and fluorescence microscopic-based studies suggested that the addition of α-TS could enhance skin permeability of RAL through hair follicles. The RAL-FLP was embedded in PSA hydrogels fabricated from 25% GantrezTM S-97 (GT) and 1% hyaluronic acid (Hya) with aluminum as a crosslinker. The PSA hydrogel exhibited desirable peeling and tacking strengths. The developed hydrogels also demonstrated greater skin deposition of RAL compared with its aqueous formulation. Additionally, the RAL-FLP-embedded PSA hydrogels showed no skin irritation and maintained better adhesion for up to 24 h compared to commercial patches. Hence, the developed hydrogels could serve as a beneficial platform for delivering RAL in treating skin conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most prevalent ocular disease in the elderly, resulting in blindness. Oxidative stress plays a role in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) pathology observed in AMD. Tocopherols are potent antioxidants that prevent cellular oxidative damage and have been shown to upregulate the expression of cellular antioxidant proteins. Here, we determined whether oxidative stress and tocopherols, using either normal cellular conditions or conditions of sublethal cellular oxidative stress, alter the expression of proteins mediating sterol uptake, transport, and metabolism. Human telomerase transcriptase-overexpressing RPE cells (hTERT-RPE) were used to identify differential expression of proteins resulting from treatments. We utilized a proteomics strategy to identify protein expression changes in treated cells. After the identification and organization of data, we divided the identified proteins into groups related to biological function: cellular sterol uptake, sterol transport and sterol metabolism. Exposure of cells to conditions of oxidative stress and exposure to tocopherols led to similar protein expression changes within these three groups, suggesting that α-tocopherol (αT) and γ-tocopherol (γT) can regulate the expression of sterol uptake, transport and metabolic proteins in RPE cells. These data suggest that proteins involved in sterol transport and metabolism may be important for RPE adaptation to oxidative stress, and these proteins represent potential therapeutic targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: The significance of periodontal disease as a public health issue prompts the exploration of effective treatments, including the potential use of tocopherol (Vitamin E) due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Materials and Methods: The PICO statement (Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcome) was as follows: In patients with periodontal disease, does tocopherol (Vitamin E) supplementation compared to no supplementation or insufficient Vitamin E intake improve clinical outcomes such as gingival inflammation, pocket depth, and clinical attachment levels? This study searched through PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science up to June 2024 focused on studies involving human subjects with various forms of periodontal disease, analyzing the impact of tocopherol through dietary or supplementary intake. Primary outcomes evaluated included improvements in gingival inflammation, pocket depth, and clinical attachment levels, with data synthesis conducted according to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Quality assessment and risk of bias were meticulously performed for the included observational studies and randomized controlled trials. Results: The meta-analysis incorporated 8 studies that were used for data extraction, totaling 12,832 patients, revealing a heterogeneous response to tocopherol supplementation, with a pooled odds ratio for efficacy in reducing periodontal disease severity at about 0.97 (95% CI: 0.96–0.98). Noteworthy findings indicated a statistically significant increase in clinical attachment loss and pocket depth with odds ratios ranging from 1.15 to 9.33 when Vitamin E was insufficient. However, the considerable heterogeneity (I2 = 88.35%) underscores variations in tocopherol's effectiveness across different populations and study designs. Conclusions: While tocopherol supplementation shows a modest benefit in managing periodontal disease, particularly in reducing clinical attachment levels and pocket depth, the variability in outcomes emphasizes the necessity for more research to establish standardized treatment protocols and dosages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hemp seed oil (HSO) is an edible oil low in saturated fat and rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as omega‐6 and omega‐3 fatty acids. When they are in contact with oxygen in the air, PUFAs are easily oxidized even at room temperature due to the multiple double bonds that facilitate the formation of reactive radicals when exposed to air. This study aimed to evaluate the oxidation of HSO under different conditions and to examine the encapsulation of HSO with zein as a new method to prevent its oxidation. Peak time of weight gain monitored with thermogravimetric analysis and oxidation products detected with high‐performance liquid chromatography were used to determine the oxidation of fatty acids and HSO. It was found that the thermal decomposition of fatty acids prevailed over autoxidation beyond a certain temperature (at about 100–140°C). Encapsulating HSO into zein microcapsules, which isolates oil droplets from contact with oxygen in the air, effectively prevented its oxidation. The induction period of HSO oxidation was delayed by 7.3–9.3 times with the zein‐to‐HSO ratio of 0.5–1.25. In contrast, 0.5% (w/w) α‐tocopherol could prolong the induction period up to 2.5 times indicating that the encapsulation method was much more effective than α‐tocopherol in preventing the oxidation of HSO. This method may also be applied for other oils susceptible to oxidation such as omega‐3 oils. Practical Application: This research compares the effects of three schemes that stabilize hemp seed oil from oxidation: (1) lowering temperature to slow down the oxidation reaction, (2) adding antioxidant to deactivate the initiation of oxidation reaction, and (3) encapsulating oil droplets into protein microcapsules to keep the oil from contact with oxygen. The experimental result showed the encapsulation of oils in protein microcapsules is more effective than the other two. The stabilization approaches applied to hemp seed oil can also be applied to other edible oils that are unstable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer is a disease resulting from uncontrolled cell division, which significantly contributes to human mortality rates. An alternative approach to cancer treatment, such as cancer immunotherapy, is needed as the existing chemotherapy and radiotherapy approaches target the cancer cells and healthy dividing cells. Vitamin E is a plant‐derived lipid‐soluble antioxidant with numerous health‐promoting benefits, including anticancer and immunomodulatory properties. Vitamin E comprises eight natural isoforms: tocopherols (α, β, δ, and γ) and tocotrienols (α, β, δ, and γ). While initial research focused on the anticancer properties of α‐tocopherol, there is growing interest in other natural forms and modified synthetic analogues of vitamin E due to their unique properties and enhanced anticancer effects. Hence, this review is aimed at outlining the effect of vitamin E and its analogues at various steps of the cancer‐immunity cycle that can be used to stimulate anticancer immune responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin with several forms. Among these, α-tocopherol (TOC) is preferentially absorbed and accumulated in humans. In the body, it acts as an antioxidant, helping to protect cells from the damage caused by free radicals. It is an organic chemical compound that undergoes degradation upon irradiation with UV light. To protect this bioactive chemical compound from UV light degradation, encapsulation was carried out using zein as a shell material. Due to the unique phase diagram of TOC in aqueous ethanol, the encapsulation efficiency was >99%. The size of encapsulated particles was ~300 nm or smaller, and the thickness of the shell wall was ~30 nm. The presented procedure offers the most simple and efficient encapsulation process that yields edible products. The investigation of the irradiation effect of UV on TOC revealed that the encapsulation effectively blocks UV light and prevents TOC from being degraded. The presented procedure offers an instantaneous and highly efficient encapsulation process, which yields edible products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In the present study, the effect of microwave roasting on the total phenolic quantities, antioxidant activities, phenolic constituents, fatty acids and tocopherol amounts of the pistachio kernel and oil was revealed. The moisture, oil, total phenolic amounts and antioxidant capacity value of raw and roasted pistachio nuts were assessed as 31.13%, 28.58%, 34.79 mgGAE/100 g and 0.75%–3.18%, 56.91%, 18.80 mgGAE/100 g and 2.26%, respectively. The raw pistachio nut contains 1.90 gallic acid, 0.22 3,4‐dihydroxybenzoic acid, 0.87 (+)‐catechin, 0.15 1,2‐dihydroxybenzene, 0.15 rutin trihydrate, 0.16 resveratrol, 0.1 quercetin, 0.19 kaempferol and 0.24 mg/100 g isorhamnetin. In addition, microwave‐roasted nuts contained 0.75 gallic acid, 0.62 3,4‐dihydroxybenzoic acid, 0.83 (+)‐catechin, 0.47 1,2‐dihydroxybenzene, 0.21 syringic acid, 0.17 caffeic acid and 0.17 mg/100 g quercetin. The raw and roasted pistachio nut oils contained 74.12% and 71.16% oleic, 13.76% and 15.23% linoleic, 8.16% and 8.92% palmitic and 2.09% and 2.10% stearic acids, respectively. The oil samples of the raw and roasted kernels contained 8.15 and 0.00 α‐tocopherol, 63.78 and 7.60 β‐tocopherol, 8.72 and 7.40 ɣ‐tocopherol and 5.61 and 6.77 mg g−1 δ‐tocopherols, respectively. The total phenolic quantity of the pistachio kernel roasted by microwave decreased significantly. Phenolic compounds of the pistachio kernel showed partial differences depending on microwave heating. Differences were monitored in the fatty acid profiles of Pistachio kernel oils. β‐tocopherol quantity of the oil of the pistachio kernel heated by microwave significantly decreased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a second most common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the selective and progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta. Rotenone is a neurotoxin which selectively degenerate dopaminergic neurons in striatum, leading to cause PD like symptoms. Rotenone was administered at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg, i.p. from day 1 to day 40. Treatment with doxycycline (50 and 100 mg/kg, p.o), tocopherol (5 mg and 10 mg/kg, p.o) alone, doxycycline (50 mg/kg, p.o) in combination with tocopherol (10 mg/kg, p.o), and ropinirole (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) was given for 40 days 1 h prior to administration of rotenone. All behavioral parameters were analyzed on weekly basis. On day 41, animals were sacrificed and the striatum region was isolated for neurotransmitters estimation (dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, GABA and glutamate), biochemical analysis (GSH, nitrite, LPO, mitochondrial complexes I and IV), inflammatory markers estimation (IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α) and activity of MAO-A, MAO-B. Doxycycline and tocopherol in combination significantly attenuated behavioral, neurotransmitters and biochemical alterations induced by rotenone in experimental rats as compared to alone treatment with DOX and TOCO. Similarly, DOX and TOCO combination significantly reduced the level of inflammatory markers, prevented the biochemical changes, decreased MAO-A and MAO-B and improved complex-I, complex-IV, cAMP levels significantly. The current study revealed that a combination of doxycycline with tocopherol contributed to the prevention of PD like symptoms in rats by antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, MAO inhibitory and neuromodulatory mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Almonds are one of the most popular and widely consumed tree nuts in the world, prized for their taste, texture, and nutritional benefits. However, the quality and characteristics of almonds can vary significantly depending on the variety and growing conditions. In this context, a comparative study was conducted to explore the nut quality traits of almond local and foreign cultivars, as well as their F1 hybrid offspring resulting from crossbreeding. "Nut quality" is a dynamic concept changing based on consumer needs and perceptions that reflect sociocultural evolution. The aim of this study was to identify the most promising almond varieties and hybrids based on some nut quality traits including macro–micro elements and tocopherol contents. To accomplish this goal, samples were collected from local (Gulcan 2 and Nurlu) and foreign (Lauranne and Guara) almond cultivars, as well as F1 hybrid offspring resulting in two cross-breading ("Gulcan 2 × Lauranne" and "Guara × Nurlu"), and conducted a comprehensive analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography and atomic absorption spectroscopy. Our results showed that the nut quality traits of almonds can vary significantly among different cultivars and hybrids, with some varieties and hybrids exhibiting superior characteristics compared to others. These findings provide important insights into the potential for improving almond quality through crossbreeding and the development of new varieties with improved characteristics which can help inform breeding programs and improve the quality of almonds available in the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In this study, the effect of microwave on oil contents, bioactive components, antioxidant activity, polyphenols, tocopherols, fatty acid compositions and nutrients of purslane seeds was investigated. The moisture amount of the purslane seeds decreased significantly, while the oil and bioactive properties of the seeds increased compared to the control. Raw (control) and purslane seeds roasted in microwave contained 24.72 and 26.27 mg/100 g gallic acid, 34.12 and 38.30 mg/100 g 3,4‐dihydroxybenzoic acid, 111.57 and 118.55 mg/100 g catechin, 8.70 and 3.46 caffeic acid, 5.95 and 5.09 mg/100 g syringic acid, 18.73 and 8.34 mg/100 g rutin and 3.07 and 2.26 mg/100 g quercetin, respectively. Stearic, linoleic, arachidic, linolenic, behenic and erucic acid results of the oils of raw and purslane seeds roasted in microwave were partially increased compared to raw seed oil. The applied heat treatment had a positive effect on the tocopherol results of the purslane seed oils, and the tocopherol contents of the oils obtained from the roasted seeds increased compared to the control. In general, the protein and mineral values of heat‐treated purslane seeds increased (except Ca, Fe and Mn). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) is a major crop worldwide, providing essential dietary proteins and edible oils for agriculture, food, animal feed and biofuel industries. However, its limited genetic variation makes it vulnerable to harsh environmental conditions, and its chemical diversity was strongly reduced after long domestication. Wild soybean (Glycine soja Sieb. et Zucc.), the ancestor of the G. max, possesses a high level of genetic diversity and thus present a precious reservoir for improving cultivated soybean. Characterising metabolomes of different G. soja accessions is crucial in exploring metabolite accumulation patterns for developing metabolic breeding strategies. This study successfully revealed the metabolomes of sixty‐four seed lines of G. soja collected throughout Japan by a widely targeted metabolomics approach, therefore, providing a good source of information for further studies to induce the production of bioactive compounds and the defence mechanism to stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The rate of germination and other physiological characteristics of seeds that are germinating are impacted by deep sowing. Based on the results of earlier studies, conclusions were drawn that deep sowing altered the physio-biochemical and agronomic characteristics of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Results: In this study, seeds of wheat were sown at 2 (control) and 6 cm depth and the impact of exogenously applied salicylic acid and tocopherol (Vitamin-E) on its physio-biochemical and agronomic features was assessed. As a result, seeds grown at 2 cm depth witnessed an increase in mean germination time, germination percentage, germination rate index, germination energy, and seed vigor index. In contrast, 6 cm deep sowing resulted in negatively affecting all the aforementioned agronomic characteristics. In addition, deep planting led to a rise in MDA, glutathione reductase, and antioxidants enzymes including APX, POD, and SOD concentration. Moreover, the concentration of chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids, proline, protein, sugar, hydrogen peroxide, and agronomic attributes was boosted significantly with exogenously applied salicylic acid and tocopherol under deep sowing stress. Conclusions: The results of the study showed that the depth of seed sowing has an impact on agronomic and physio-biochemical characteristics and that the negative effects of deep sowing stress can be reduced by applying salicylic acid and tocopherol to the leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The groundbreaking discovery of vitamin E by Evans and Bishop in 1922 was an important milestone in vitamin research, inspiring further investigation into its crucial role in both human and animal nutrition. Supplementing vitamin E has been proved to enhance multiple key physiological systems such as the reproductive, circulatory, nervous and muscular systems. As the main antioxidant in the blood and on a cellular level, vitamin E maintains the integrity of both cellular and vascular membranes and thus modulates the immune system. This overview showcases important and innovative routes for synthesizing vitamin E on a commercial scale, provides cutting‐edge insights into formulation concepts for successful product form development and emphasizes the importance and future of vitamin E in healthy and sustainable animal nutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cationic dendritic amphiphiles were prepared through the linkage of interesting hydrophobic molecules such as cholesterol or vitamin E to the focal point of carbosilane dendrons. These new dendritic systems self-assembled in saline, producing micellar aggregates with hydrodynamic diameters ranging from 6.5 to 9.2 nm, and critical micelle concentrations of approximately 5 and 10 μM for second- and third-generation systems, respectively. The assemblies were able to encapsulate drugs of different charges (anionic, neutral, and cationic). Surprisingly, a 92% encapsulation efficiency for diclofenac was achieved in micelles prepared from second-generation dendrons. Toxicity measurements on peripheral blood mononuclear cells indicated different behavior depending on the generation, corresponding to the micellar regime. In contrast to the third-generation system, the second-generation system was non-toxic up to 20 μM, opening a window for its use in a micellar regimen, thereby operating as a drug delivery system for different biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the potential functional properties and added value of okra seed oil and provide a scientific basis for further industrial development and production of okra seed oil, its fatty acid profile, total phenolic, fat‐soluble vitamin composition, mineral element composition, and antioxidant activities were examined in this study. Also, correlations between bioactive components and the antioxidant activities of okra seed oil were explored. The study results show that okra seed oil contains 12 types of fatty acids, 65.22% of which are unsaturated acids, and among these unsaturated acids, linoleic acid (43%) and oleic acid (20.16%) are two dominant acid types. Compared with walnut oil and peanut oil, okra seed oil contains relatively high total phenols, fat‐soluble vitamins, and a variety of essential mineral nutrients, with a total phenolic content (TPC) of 959.65 μg/mL, a total tocopherol content of 742.71 μg/mL, a vitamin A content of 0.0017 μg/100 mL, a vitamin D content of 1.44 μg/100 mL, and a vitamin K1 content of 52.54 ng/100 mg. Also, okra seed oil exhibits better scavenging activities on hydroxyl (IC50 = 0.50 mg/mL) and ammonium salt (ABTS) free radicals (IC50 = 6.46 mg/mL) and certain reducing power (IC50 = 17.22 mg/mL) at the same concentration. The scavenging activities of okra seed oil on hydroxyl radicals and ABTS radicals, as well as its reducing power, are significantly correlated with its contents of total phenol, total tocopherol, α‐tocopherol, and γ‐tocopherol (p <.01). These results show that okra seed oil is rich in bioactive substances, thus presenting great nutritional potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: A quick, simple, environmentally friendly and cost‐effective screening approach for identifying parameters of adulteration in cold‐pressed olive oil (CPOO) was developed. The technique focused on the electrochemical examination of the peak of alpha‐tocopherol oxidation on pencil graphite electrode (PGE). Rapeseed oil (RO), sunflower oil (SO), and corn oil (CO) were added to local CPOO in varying amounts, and the mixtures were then tested by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) on PGE. Voltammetric analysis of CPOO and its artificially created mixtures with other commercial oils have demonstrated statistically significant discrimination with an ability to detect adulteration under the level of 10% on weight basis. The method's relative standard deviation (RSD) was 20%, and the α‐tocopherol in CPOO cut‐off value was 30.98 ± 12.57 nA. As far as our knowledge, no data on utilisation of voltammetric techniques for the detection of olive oil adulteration are available to date by using PGE. The results showed that the developed method is capable of detection of adulteration in natural olive oils without any pretreatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the course of two winter periods, researchers at the Agricultural Experiment Unit, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, studied the effects of covering wheat (the Al-Furat variety) and “vitamins B9” (“folic acid”) and E “(tocopherol)” on a number of growth traits. Three independent trials were conducted utilizing a factorial design within a Randomized Complete Block Design. The first component was folic acid at 0, 250, and 500 mg L-1 ; the second component was vitamin E at 0, 1, and 2 ml L-1 . At the start of the tillering and flowering stages, both vitamins were applied. All measured characteristics (plant height, flag leaf area, total tiller count, plant dry weight at booting and 100% blooming phases, and “vitamin B9” 500 mg L-1 ) were found exceeded at this dosage. Aside from that, total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a and b content in leaves, and the pace of crop growth.Since the focus of 2 ml L-1 was higher than most of the attributes, applying vitamin E influenced the growth characteristics. The number of tillers, plant dry weight, crop growth rate, total chlorophyll, biological yield, chlorophyll a and b in leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Heat stress has severe negative consequences on performance and health of pigs, leading to significant economic losses. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of supplemental vitamin E and a botanical extract in feed or drinking water on growth performance, intestinal health, and oxidative and immune status in growing pigs housed under heat stress conditions. Methods: Duplicate experiments were conducted, each using 64 crossbred pigs with an initial body weight of 50.7 ± 3.8 and 43.9 ± 3.6 kg and age of 13-week and 12-week, respectively. Pigs (n = 128) were housed individually and assigned within weight blocks and sex to a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement consisting of 2 environments (thermo-neutral (21.2 °C) or heat-stressed (30.9 °C)) and 4 supplementation treatments (control diet; control + 100 IU/L of D-α-tocopherol in water; control + 200 IU/kg of DL-α-tocopheryl-acetate in feed; or control + 400 mg/kg of a botanical extract in feed). Results: Heat stress for 28 d reduced (P ≤ 0.001) final body weight, average daily gain, and average daily feed intake (−7.4 kg, −26.7%, and −25.4%, respectively) but no effects of supplementation were detected (P > 0.05). Serum vitamin E increased (P < 0.001) with vitamin E supplementation in water and in feed (1.64 vs. 3.59 and 1.64 vs. 3.24), but not for the botanical extract (1.64 vs. 1.67 mg/kg) and was greater when supplemented in water vs. feed (P = 0.002). Liver vitamin E increased (P < 0.001) with vitamin E supplementations in water (3.9 vs. 31.8) and feed (3.9 vs. 18.0), but not with the botanical extract (3.9 vs. 4.9 mg/kg). Serum malondialdehyde was reduced with heat stress on d 2, but increased on d 28 (interaction, P < 0.001), and was greater (P < 0.05) for antioxidant supplementation compared to control. Cellular proliferation was reduced (P = 0.037) in the jejunum under heat stress, but increased in the ileum when vitamin E was supplemented in feed and water under heat stress (interaction, P = 0.04). Tumor necrosis factor-α in jejunum and ileum mucosa decreased by heat stress (P < 0.05) and was reduced by vitamin E supplementations under heat stress (interaction, P < 0.001). Conclusions: The addition of the antioxidants in feed or in drinking water did not alleviate the negative impact of heat stress on feed intake and growth rate of growing pigs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical components in the hexane‐extract mixture from Phalaenopsis leaves were isolated and identified during the spike induction process. Several lipophilic components in the hexane‐extract mixture were isolated and identified as oleic acid, 1,2‐O‐dilinolenoyl‐MGDG, 1‐O‐linolenoyl‐2‐O‐linoleoyl‐MGDG, and α‐tocopherol by HPLC and NMR techniques. It is noteworthy that only one isomer of α‐tocopherol was isolated from Phalaenopsis leaves based on NMR spectra analysis. MGDG have a great potential to be a control factor in the regulation of spike process of Phalaenopsis. It is the first time to identify the chemical MGDG related to temperature‐controlled process of Phalaenopsis. These components have hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties in the same molecule to act as potential amphiphiles. The use of the entire mixed hexane extract to form liposomes containing the dmbpyPtCl2 complex greatly enhanced the reactivity of the complex for inhibiting E. coli growth compared with the use of a single amphiphile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The aim: to assess the level of retinol, and tocopherol in the oral fluid of children with progressive myopia. Materials and methods. We examined 34 children (68 eyes) with mild myopia included in group I. It was divided into two subgroups: Ia — 16 children (32 eyes) with a progressive course of myopia, and Ib — 18 children (36 eyes) with a stable course of myopia. The control group consisted of 18 conditionally healthy children (36 eyes). A standard eye examination was carried out: visometry, autorefractokeratometry before and after cycloplegia, biomicroscopy, ophthalmoscopy. The level of retinol, and tocopherol in the oral fluid was determined by the enzyme immunoassay. Results. In children with a progressive course of myopia, the retinol indicator is on average 1.2 times lower than in those with a stable course of myopia (p < 0.05), and also on average 2.3 times lower than in controls (р < 0.05). At the same time, in children with a progressive course, the level of tocopherol was 1.3 times lower than in patients with a stable myopia (p < 0.05). In the subgroup with a progressive course, this indicator was 3 times lower than in children without ophthalmic pathology (p < 0.05). Correlation analysis showed a moderate reliable inverse relationship between the level of retinol and the progression of myopia (r= –0.43; p < 0.05). A moderate reliable inverse relationship was found between the level of tocopherol and the progression of myopia (r = –0.47; p < 0.05). Correlation analysis demonstrated a reliable direct relationship between the level of retinol and tocopherol (r = 0.89; p < 0.05). The optimal value of the cut-off threshold, which provides the maximum sensitivity and specificity, is ≤ 99.602 ng/ml (р < 0.05) for the indicator of retinol in the oral fluid of children with progressive myopia. Conclusions. In pediatric patients with a progressive course of myopia, the level of retinol in the oral fluid is on average 2.3 times lower and the level of tocopherol is 3 times lower than that of children without ophthalmic pathology (p < 0.05). An inverse correlation was found between the levels of retinol and tocopherol and the progressive course of myopia. It was revealed that determining the level of retinol and tocopherol in the oral fluid allows diagnosing the progressive course of myopia, with retinol levels ≤ 99.602 ng/ml, tocopherol ≤ 5.129 ng/ml (p < 0.001). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a cluster of metabolic changes including hypertriglyceridemia, elevated glucose tolerance and fatty liver. The aim of this research was to study the bioactivity of petroleum ether extracts prepared from quinoa 1 and Hualhuas quinoa in a MS rat model. Fatty acids and a-tocopherol were assessed in the extracts. MS was induced by feeding a high fructose-high fat diet (HFFD). Four groups of rats were assigned: the control group, fed a balanced diet; the control group, fed a HFFD diet; and two test groups, fed on a HFFD diet and treated by either quinoa 1 or hualhuas extract. The Glucose tolerance, plasma lipids, oxidative stress biomarkers, liver lipids and histopathology of the liver and heart were assessed. The results showed that extracts from both quinoa varieties had the potential to prevent MS; although quinoa 1 was more effective. In both varieties, the major fatty acid was linoleic. Hualhuas showed a higher percentage of linolenic acid than quinoa 1; while more alpha-tocopherol was present in quinoa1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adulteration of camellia oils from the same source should be avoided. Hence, using chromatographic techniques, this study aimed to analyze and select components (fatty acids, squalene, tocopherols, and volatile substances) as variables for the precise characterization and discrimination of seven camellia oil varieties (Camellia gigantocarpa, Camellia vietnamensis, Camellia osmantha, Camellia nanyongensis, Camellia oleifera, Camellia semiserrata, and Camellia amplexicaulis). The principal component and hierarchical cluster analyses were performed to identify camellia seed oils, and their identification ability for different components was compared. All the components, except fatty acids, could clearly distinguish camellia oil varieties. However, when the fatty acids were combined with either squalene or tocopherol, the identification ability significantly improved. Identifying different varieties of camellia oils according to the abovementioned components provides a solid foundation for the fine processing of camellia oils, and the corresponding products should be developed according to these characteristics to enhance their value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vegetable oil deodorizer distillates (VODDs), which are the main source of natural tocopherol, are easily contaminated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and pose health threats to human beings. To remove 16 priority-control PAHs in VODD, three graphene (GR) composites, including TiO2-GR, sepiolite-GR and Fe3O4-GR, were prepared. PAH concentrations and removal rates were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrum (GC-MS). Additionally, density functional theory (DFT) calculation was conducted to simulate and illustrate PAH adsorption on GR composites. The results indicated that the highest BaP removal rate was given to TiO2-GR with 90.37 ± 3.23 % after 2 h in standard solution. The adsorption followed the pseudo-first order kinetic, with the constant of -0.0141. In contrast, 61.62 ± 7.88 % total PAHs were removed in VODD using TIO2-GR. Moreover, DFT calculation verified that the strongest adsorption effect occurred between TIO2-GR and PAHs, with the adsorption energy of -2.69 eV. Additionally, GR composite morphology would be changed when LP AH concentrations are higher than 30 µg kg-1. The results also indicated the retention rates tocopherol ranged from 91.91 ± 1.92 % to 99.22 ± 0.88 %. This study firstly provides a useful tool for PAH removal in VODDs while retaining tocopherol. Moreover, it will increase the understanding of adsorption process between PAHs and GR composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study was realized to evaluate the effects of supplementation with blends of water and fat-soluble vitamins on animal performance and carcass traits of young Nellore bulls. Methods: Forty-three Nellore bulls, with an initial weight of 261±27.3 kg and a mean age of 8±1.0 months, were used. Five animals were slaughtered at the beginning of the experiment (reference group), to determine the initial empty body weight of the bulls that remained in the experiment. The remaining 38 bulls were fed ad libitum and distributed in a completely randomized design in a 2×2 factorial scheme, with or without supplementation of water-soluble (B-blend+ or B-blend-) and fat-soluble (ADE+ or ADE-) vitamin blends. Diets were isonitrogenous (120 g of crude protein/kg dry matter [DM] of total mixed ration) and consisted of a roughage:concentrate rate of 30:70 based on total DM of diet. The experiment lasted 170 days, with 30 days of adaptation and 140 days for data collection. At the beginning and end of the experimental period, the bulls were weighed to determine the average daily gain. To estimate the apparent digestibility of nutrients and microbial efficiency, spot collections of feces and urine were performed for five consecutive days. Results: DM, ashes, organic matter, crude protein, ethereal extract, neutral detergent fiber corrected for residual ash and residual nitrogenous, and N intake and apparent digestibility were not influenced by vitamin supplementation, but total digestible nutrients intake and non-fibrous carbohydrates digestibility were influenced by B complex vitamin supplementation. Nitrogen balance, microbial efficiency, and performance data were not influenced (p>0.05) by vitamin supplementation. Conclusion: Vitamin supplementation (a blend of water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins or their combinations) does not influence the animal performance and carcass traits of young Nellore bulls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tocopherols serve a critical role as antioxidants inhibiting lipid peroxidation in photosynthetic organisms, yet are seldom used in geobiological investigations. The ubiquity of tocopherols in all photosynthetic lifeforms is often cited as an impediment to any diagnostic paleoenvironmental potential, while the inability to readily analyze these compounds via conventional methods, such as gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, further diminishes the capacity to serve as useful 'biomarkers'. Here, we analyzed an exceptionally preserved black shale sequence from the Demerara Rise that spans Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 (OAE‐2) to reexamine the significance of tocopherols and associated derivatives (i.e. tocol derivatives) in ancient sediments. Tocol derivatives were analyzed via liquid chromatography–quadrupole time‐of‐flight–mass spectrometry and included tocopherols, a methyltrimethyltridecylchroman, and the first reported detection of tocopherol quinones and methylphytylbenzoquinones in the geologic record. Strong correlations between tocol derivatives were observed over the studied interval. Tocol derivative concentrations and ratios, which normalized tocopherols to potential derivatives, revealed absolute and relative increases in tocopherols as exclusive features of OAE‐2 that can be explained by two possible mechanisms related to tocopherol production and preservation. The development of photic zone euxinia during OAE‐2 likely forced an upward migration of oxygenic photoautotrophs, increasing oxidative stress that elicited heightened tocopherol biosynthesis. However, shoaling euxinic conditions may have simultaneously acted to enhance tocopherol preservation given the relatively high lability of tocopherols in the water column. Both scenarios could produce the observed stratigraphic distribution of tocol derivatives in this study, although the elevated tocopherol concentrations that define OAE‐2 at the Demerara Rise are primarily attributed to enhanced tocopherol production by shoaling phytoplanktonic communities. Thus, the occurrence of tocopherols and associated derivatives in sediments and rocks of marine origin is likely indicative of shallow‐water anoxia, tracking the phytoplanktonic response to the abiotic stresses associated with vertical fluctuations in pelagic redox. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin E represents a group of lipophilic phenolic compounds, including α‐tocopherol, β‐tocopherol, γ‐tocopherol, and δ‐tocopherol, and α‐tocotrienol, β‐tocotrienol, γ‐tocotrienol, and δ‐tocotrienol isomers. Different forms of vitamin E have been proven to exhibit varying biological activities. However, due to their structural similarities, the separation of vitamin E isomers is a challenging task. Therefore, it is crucial to establish an efficient method for isolating individual isomers. In this study, co‐current countercurrent chromatography was employed to isolate vitamin E isomers from commercial capsules using a n‐heptane‐methanol‐water (10:9.5:0.5, v/v) solvent system. The partition coefficients of the main constituents in the capsules ranged from 0.94 to 6.23, requiring over 450 min for a complete separation. To improve separation efficiency, a co‐current elution mode was implemented and the flow rates of the two liquid phases as well as sample amount were examined. The results suggested that increasing the flow rate of the stationary phase and sample size could result in more effective separation, shorter separation time, and higher yield. It proved that co‐current countercurrent chromatography was an effective method for the separation of vitamin E isomers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nano-vitamins and minerals are used in animal nutrition to improve performance and health of broiler chickens as a potential alternative to antibiotic growth promoters. Objective: To evaluate the effect of several levels of a dietary nano α-tocopherol acetate plus selenium compound (NTS) on growth, intestinal histomorphometry, carcass traits, and immune status of broiler chickens. Methods: A total of 240 one-day-old Ross 308 chickens were randomly divided into four groups, each one with three pens (n=20 per pen). Four doses of nano α-tocopherol acetate and selenium (0, 5, 7, and 10 mg/kg) were included in the basal diet for 42 days. Results: Final body weight, cumulative body weight gain, and final conversion ratio significantly improved with increasing NTS levels (p<0.05). Carcass traits and weight of internal organs increased in the groups fed 7 and 10 mg/kg NTS. High NTS doses significantly increased immune vaccine titers against Newcastle disease, avian influenza virus, infectious bursal disease, and infectious bronchitis. Moreover, dietary addition of NTS improved intestinal morphometry. Conclusion: Thus, NTS (7 and 10 mg/kg) can be added to poultry rations to improve production, carcass characteristics, and immune status of broilers. Further studies are needed to evaluate NTS residues in meat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to determine the effects of different harvest times of hazelnuts on their lipid profiles and bioactive compound accumulations. Tombul hazelnut cultivar was harvested at four different harvest stages, namely in PH (pre-harvest time), EH (early harvest time), NH (normal harvest time) and LH (late harvest time). According to the results of the study, oil accumulation continued up to NH but did not further increase into LH (from 49.58 to 58.54 mg/100 g). Oxidative stability indices changed positively due to decreased poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) from 9.87 to 7.70% in LH. The highest total sterol amount was reached in LH (122.32 mg/100 g). Although the change in the tocopherol content in the oil was irregular with the progression of the harvest time, its amount in the nuts increased continuously. Total carotenoid, phenolic, flavonoid, and antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS) peaked in EH and decreased to a minimum in LH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tomato processing industry generates a significant amount of a by‐product (pomace), which is a mixture of peels and seeds. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of conventional oven‐roasting (at 120°C, 150°C, and 180°C for 25 min) and innovative microwave‐roasting (at 240, 388, and 536 W for 3 min) pretreatments on the physicochemical properties, fatty acid profiles, bioactive contents, and aroma profiles of tomato seeds and their hexane‐extracted oils. The total flavonoids contents (TFCs) of the seeds decreased from 258.40 to 141.20 mg quercetin equivalent (QE) per kg after roasting. All roasting treatments improved the extractability of both α‐ and γ‐tocopherols. The amounts of total tocopherols in the seeds increased from 917.61 to 1256.25 mg kg–1 after pretreatment. Luteolin was found to be the most abundant phenolic in seed oils, increasing from 10.68 to 91.72 mg kg–1, followed by quercetin, ferulic acid, and catechin. Within each roasting technique, the ones treated at 150°C and 338 W yielded the oils with the highest concentrations of aroma compounds, 418 and 92 mg kg–1, respectively. The detrimental effect of microwave‐roasting on these compounds was more pronounced. In conclusion, microwave‐roasting at shorter times than conventional roasting produced tomato seed oils with well‐preserved bioactive components and few unfavorable changes. Industrial relevance: Conventional oven‐roasting has been widely applied to oilseeds to improve oil yield as well as to obtain desirable sensory characteristics of extracted oils for years. However, longer roasting times may also cause detrimental changes in the properties of oils. On the other side, microwave‐assisted applications as an emerging technology provide homogenous and well‐controlled heat distribution, shorter treatment times, and considerable energy savings for the processing of various foods. Microwave technology has been easily scaled up and is currently employed for sterilization, drying, pasteurization, precooking, and extraction by the food and chemistry industries. Therefore, the present research suggests the use of microwaves for comparatively short roasting times to produce edible oils with enhanced physicochemical attributes and bioactives contents, and well‐maintained sensory properties. This promising innovative technology has the potential to be industrialized for a cost‐effective seed roasting process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recycling of metabolic products is a major way to reduce the energy cost of de novo biosynthesis. The salvage pathways involved not only regain a metabolic product but also generate additional molecules that might serve specific physiological, developmental and/or defensive functions. The isoprenoid pathway is a perfect example of a fine-regulated biosynthetic pathway, by virtue of the large number of molecules with different functions that must be synthesized simultaneously. Additionally, isoprenoid salvage pathways have been characterized. Thus, to produce isoprenoid precursors such as farnesyl diphosphate or phytyl diphosphate, short-chain isoprenols recovered from end-chain metabolites are phosphorylated. In the first instance, the so-called FPP-salvage machinery recycles farnesyl diphosphate from proteolyzed farnesylated proteins. In a second example, phytyl diphosphate is recycled from degraded chlorophyll, to be used for the biosynthesis of vitamin E. Both compounds are recovered as alcohols and require two phosphorylation events to be reactivated and reintegrated into the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway. This review covers current knowledge of isoprenol biosynthesis, metabolism and function, as well as potential benefits of recycling pathways for plants, with a particular focus on stress responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A recombinant inbred line (RIL) population was used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and their candidate genes controlling the tocopherol (Toc) synthesis pathway. The RIL population was cultivated in field conditions in 3 years. A genetic map constructed using 1624 DNA markers was used for QTL analysis. We identified 22 QTLs for seed tocopherol contents and their ratios, of which two QTL clusters on chromosomes (Chr) 9 and 14 exerted consistent large effects on tocopherol composition across the 3 years. The QTL cluster localized on Chr 9 might correspond to γ‐TMT3, which controls the conversion of γ‐Toc into α‐Toc. The QTL cluster localized on Chr 14 was novel, which might regulate the conversion of MPBQ (a precursor of δ‐Toc) into DMPBQ (the precursor of γ‐Toc). The effect of the QTL cluster on Chr 14 was validated in a pair of near isogenic lines, and its candidate gene was mined. The identified QTLs and their candidate genes might be used in breeding programmes to improve α‐Toc content in soybean seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to fabricate new variations of glycerol-based polyesters by grafting poly(glycerol adipate) (PGA) with hydrophobic bioactive moieties, tocopherol (TOC), and cholesterol (CHO). Their effects on nanoparticle (NP) formation, drug release, and cellular responses in cancer and normal cells were evaluated. CHO and TOC were successfully grafted onto PGA backbones with 30% and 50% mole grafting. Increasing the percentage of mole grafting in both molecules increased the glass transition temperature and water contact angle of the final polymers but decreased the critical micelle concentration of the formulated particles. PGA-TOC NPs reduced the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cancer cells. However, they enhanced the proliferation of primary dermal fibroblasts within a specific concentration range. PGA-CHO NPs minimally affected the growth of cancer and normal cells. Both types of NPs did not affect apoptosis or the cell cycle of cancer cells. PGA-CHO and PGA-TOC NPs were able to entrap SN-38, a hydrophobic anticancer drug, with a particle size <200 nm. PGA-CHO NPs had a higher drug loading capacity and a greater drug release than PGA-TOC NPs. However, SN-38-loaded PGA-TOC NPs showed higher toxicity than SN-38 and SN-38-loaded PGA-CHO NPs due to the combined effects of antiproliferation and higher cellular uptake. Compared with SN-38, the drug-loaded NPs more profoundly induced sub-G1 in the cell cycle analysis and apoptosis of cancer cells in a similar pattern. Therefore, PGA-CHO and PGA-TOC polymers have potential applications as delivery systems for anticancer drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin E in animal feeds is important for biological development and nutritional equilibrium. Insects are important protein sources for animal feed. The most widely used insects are Musca domestica (MD), Hermetia illucens (HI) and Tenebrio molitor (TM). The data of vitamin E content comparison among different animal feed insects are limited. High performance liquid chromatography was used to detect in vitamin E content of MD, HI and TM. The results showed that the content of vitamin E in larvae of MD, HI and TM was 616.5 ± 47.2, 614.6 ± 36.5 and 218.4 ± 12.0 µg/g, respectively. The ratio of tocopherol and tocotrienol changed in adults of MD and HI when compared to their own larvae stage. The larvae of MD and HI have a maximum value, that α- tocotrienol was nearly 200.0 µg/g. The proportion of isomer monomers in three insects was significantly different when compared with raw wheat bran. Interestingly, α- tocopherol was detected in larvae, pupae, and adults of MD, but only in larvae of HI and adults of TM. The content of vitamin E in wheat bran eaten by insects was significantly different with raw wheat bran. This indicates that insects have selective specificity in the absorption and accumulation of vitamin E isomers. Our results contributed to the development of insects derived vitamin E and the biological function of different isomers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Countercurrent chromatography (CCC) is a preparative instrumental method where both the mobile and stationary phases are liquids and which are predominantly used for the isolation of natural products. In this study, we widened the scope of CCC by using it as an instrumental method for the direct enrichment of the free sterol fraction from plant oils to which they contribute with ~ 1%. For the enrichment of sterols in a narrow band, we employed the so-called co-current CCC (ccCCC) mode in which both liquid phases of the solvent system (here: n-hexane/ethanol/methanol/water (34:11:12:2, v/v/v/v)) are moved at different flow rates in the same direction. Different from previous applications of ccCCC, the lower and predominant "stationary" phase (LPs) was pumped twice as fast as the mobile upper phase (UPm). This novel reversed ccCCC mode improved the performance but also required a higher demand of LPs compared to UPm. Therefore, the exact phase composition of UPm and LPs was determined by gas chromatography and Karl Fischer titration. This step enabled the direct preparation of LPs which considerably reduced the waste of solvents. Internal standards (phenyl-substituted fatty acid alkyl esters) were synthesised and utilised to frame the free sterol fraction. This approach allowed a fractionation of free sterols based on the UV signal and compensated run-to-run variations. The reversed ccCCC method was then applied to the sample preparation of five vegetable oils. In addition to free sterols, free tocochromanols (tocopherols, vitamin E) were also eluted in the same fraction as free sterols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws (MRONJ) is a challenging situation in clinics. Previous studies have shown that pentoxifylline combined with tocopherol proved to be beneficial in patients with osteoradionecrosis, due to their antioxidant and antifibrotic properties. The aim of this randomized study was to evaluate the effect of pentoxifylline and tocopherol in patients that had developed MRONJ after tooth extractions. The study population consisted of 202 Stage I MRONJ female patients with an average age of 66.4 ± 8.3 years, who were divided into two groups. The test group (n = 108) received a pharmacological protocol with pentoxifylline and tocopherol (2 months pre-operatively and 6 months post-operatively). The control group (n = 94) had sequestrectomy operations without any pharmacological preparation. The main outcomes were clinical healing of the mucosa after 1 month, and clinical and radiographic healing of the bone lesion at 6 months. In the test group all patients had mucosal healing and there was only one relapse within 6 months. In the control group, in 17% of the patients the mucosa did not heal, 71% of the patients relapsed within two months, and 7% developed infectious complications (such as abscess or phlegmon). After 6 months, the control group patients with persisting issues were prescribed pentoxifylline and tocopherol, as in the test group. At a subsequent follow-up, all those patients healed completely. Patients were monitored for a period of 7.8 ± 0.3 years, during which no relapse or additional problems were reported. As a conclusion, pentoxifylline and tocopherol protocol seems to be beneficial in the management of MRONJ patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Retention of micronutrients in high oleic palm oil (HOPO) was evaluated by comparing two methods; standard refining (260 °C) and modified refining (160, 180, 200 °C). Tocopherol analysis showed that α‐tocopherol loss during standard refining was relatively low for both refined bleached and deodorised (RBD) PO control (10%) and RBDHOPO (2%). On the contrary, the carotene loss for both RBDPO control and RBDHOPO in standard refining methods was 99% (1.9 and 5.9 ppm, detected). Modified refining temperatures, can maintain up to 99% more carotenes than standard refining. Applying modified refining to RBDHOPO retains ~78%–83% more carotene than regular RBDPO. This examination shows, suitably processed RBDHOPO has the capability for producing a red palm oil (RPO), enriched with carotenoid for provitamin A function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metabolic syndrome (Met-S) reflects a congregate of metabolic derangements including central obesity, hypertension, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia leading to enhanced risk of developing cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Both tocopherol (TCP) and tocotrienol (T3) have significant role in Met-S. However, it is still unclear regarding better clinical efficacy of either one in management of Met-S. This review compares clinical efficacy of different isomers of tocopherol with tocotrienol in stewardship of Met-S by search of human clinical studies only. Literature search was conducted till 20th May 2023 on PubMed, google scholar, open google search, pak- medinet and Cochrane data-bases. So far evidence revealed that Tocotrienol have been found safer and more beneficial as compared to tocopherol, having great potential in improving diabetes, hypertension and hyperlipidemia in Met-S patients and robust candidate for further future research regarding ameliorating obesity in metabolic syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite routine supplementation of dairy cattle with vitamins with antioxidant functions, such as α-tocopherol, the high energy demand of the transition period creates a pro-oxidant state that can overcome antioxidant defenses and damage macromolecules. Known as oxidative stress, this condition impairs host immune defenses, predisposing cattle to disease and causing dysfunctional inflammation through a dysregulated production of lipid inflammatory mediators known as oxylipids. Non-α-tocopherol analogs of vitamin E have functions in other species that limit oxidative stress and dysfunctional inflammation but have largely remained unstudied in cattle. As non-α-tocopherol analogs of vitamin E have functions similar to α-tocopherol yet are more rapidly metabolized, they may provide further antioxidative functions with a reduced risk for adverse effects. Indeed, in vitro and in vivo evidence in cattle show a strong safety profile of most non-α-tocopherol analogs, and by several measures, non-α-tocopherol analogs present equally or more potent antioxidative activities than α-tocopherol alone. Further, vitamin E analogs are shown to compete with certain fatty acids for enzymatic metabolism, which may impact proinflammatory mediator production. Given that non-α-tocopherol analogs of vitamin E reduce the production of pro-inflammatory mediators and act as potent antioxidants, their safety and efficacy for these purposes should be further evaluated in cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipid‐based delivery systems are widely used to incorporate chemicals with poor solubility. The influence of tocopherol and sesamol on emulsion delivery systems, including their bioactivity, is not well‐known. Herein, the overall aim of this study is to understand the effect of tocopherol and sesamol on the physical stability and bioactivity of various emulsions comprised of oil (medium chain triglyceride, coconut oil, palm oil) with different carbon chain lengths using the C. elegans model. All emulsions show good physical stability; droplet size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and microstructure are relatively constant over the incubation time. Tocopherol and sesamol show the greatest bioactivity (greater lipid‐lowering effect and in vivo antioxidant activity) in emulsions fabricated with palm oil. Knowledge on emulsion stability and bioactivity is important for delivery systems in the food industry involving tocopherol, sesamol, and other related bioactive compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• 15 Phenolic compounds from different families were identified. • Chaaibi and Zeitoun el ouaha cultivar olive oils were characterized by the highest content of tocopherols. • Regregui cultivar olive oil was the most abundant in phenolic compounds. • Ajmi olive fruits have the highest oil content (51.4%), followed by Chemlali and Zarrazi varieties. To enrich the Tunisian olive oil production, six minor and rare Tunisian olive cultivars were investigated and compared to the two main varieties (Chemlali and Chaaibi). This is the first evaluation of such minor varieties. Phenolic compounds profile, fatty acids composition and tocopherol compounds have been investigated in the resulting oils. The analysis of extra virgin olive oils from the minor varieties showed that all the quality parameters fall within the limits established for the extra virgin olive oils (EVOO) In particular, the olives of Regregui and Zeitoun el ouaha varieties have high content of phenolic compounds in their oils (510.65 and 354.43 mgkg−1, respectively). Moreover, the olive oils Chaaibi and Zeitoun el ouaha were characterized by the highest content of tocopherols (320.30 mgkg−1 and 264.12 mgkg−1, respectively). The olive oil of the Regregui cultivar was the richest in dialdehydic form of decarboxymethyl oleuropein aglycone (DDOA) (187.10 mgkg−1), tyrosyl acetate (106.62 mgkg−1), dialdehydic form of decarboxymethyl ligstroside aglycone (DDLA) (57.21mgkg−1) and plastochromano-8 (P8) (9.28mgkg−1). Our results showed that Ajmi oil and Zeitoun el ouaha were characterized by the highest content of apigenin (2.12 mgkg−1 and 2.49 mgkg−1, respectively). Finally, the olive Oueslati and El Guim olive oils contained the highest content of β-tocopherol (4.11mgkg−1 and 3.42 mgkg−1, respectively). In addition, with the principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) the varieties can be differentiated from each other with regard to their phenol, tocopherol and fatty acid compositions. Thus, these compounds appear to be a useful tool for distinguishing between the monovarietal oils investigated. These varieties can be selected by Tunisian olive growers for large-scale plantation in the future [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of hydrogen peroxide along with ferrous iron produces hydroxyl radicals that preferably oxidize polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) to alkyl radicals (L•). The reaction of L• with an oxygen molecule produces lipid peroxyl radical (LOO•) that collectively trigger chain reactions, which results in the accumulation of lipid peroxidation products (LOOH). Oxygenase enzymes, such as lipoxygenase, also stimulate the peroxidation of PUFA. The production of phospholipid hydroperoxides (P-LOOH) can result in the destruction of the architecture of cell membranes and ultimate cell death. This iron-dependent regulated cell death is generally referred to as ferroptosis. Radical scavengers, which include tocopherol and nitric oxide (•NO), react with lipid radicals and terminate the chain reaction. When tocopherol reductively detoxifies lipid radicals, the resultant tocopherol radicals are recycled via reduction by coenzyme Q or ascorbate. CoQ radicals are reduced back by the anti-ferroptotic enzyme FSP1. •NO reacts with lipid radicals and produces less reactive nitroso compounds. The resulting P-LOOH is reductively detoxified by the action of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) or peroxiredoxin 6 (PRDX6). The hydrolytic removal of LOOH from P-LOOH by calcium-independent phospholipase A2 leads the preservation of membrane structure. While the expression of such protective genes or the presence of these anti-oxidant compounds serve to maintain a healthy condition, tumor cells employ them to make themselves resistant to anti-tumor treatments. Thus, these defense mechanisms against ferroptosis are protective in ordinary cells but are also potential targets for cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tocopherol plays an important role as a powerful antioxidant in human beings and in plants. This study investigated the genetic basis of tocopherol content in soybean. A RIL population of 192 lines derived from 2 cultivars, ZH13 and ZH35, was evaluated for tocopherol content across 3 environments. QTL mapping identified 38 QTL for tocopherol, with stable QTL identified on Chromosomes 5 and 12. Ninety polymorphic genes were identified from these regions. Further SNP variation of a natural population identified 47 SNPs, with missense variants in 19 genes, including the heat shock transcription factor gene (GmHSFA8) and gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase (GmVTE4), potentially related to tocopherol accumulation in soybean. Haplotype analysis revealed significant variations in these missense variants in the natural population. This study provides insights into the genetic mechanisms underlying tocopherol content in soybean, which is important for breeding high tocopherol soybean cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The general biochemical composition and profile of low molecular weight metabolites of euglena (Euglena gracilis Klebs.) cells grown in a mixotrophic culture supplemented with 0.5% ethanol, glucose, butanol, glycine, or glycerol was studied. Ethanol and glucose significantly stimulated the growth of the Euglena culture and the accumulation of storage compounds (paramylon and wax esters) in the cells. Butanol also contributed to the division of euglena cells and increased biosynthesis of protein, mono- and disaccharides, carotenoids, and tocopherols. Glycine and glycerol were metabolized more slowly than other substrates, and they accumulated in E. gracilis cells along with their direct derivatives. Glycine did not stimulate the growth of the culture, but it caused the accumulation of paramylon, organic acids of the Krebs cycle, and nitrogen-containing metabolites (chlorophyll, free amino acids, and nitrogenous bases) in the cells. Apparently, glycine is equally effectively used by Euglena as an additional source of both carbon and nitrogen under the conditions of mixotrophy. Assimilation of glycerol was accompanied by the accumulation of wax esters and the amino acids proline and ornithine in Euglena cells. In general, the results obtained demonstrate the ability of Euglena to significantly rearrange its metabolism during the assimilation of organic substrates of various chemical nature. Our data can be used in the context of E. gracilis practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Certain polyunsaturated fatty acids with n-3 double bonds are essential nutrients for the human body and are part of the bilayer of cell membranes or precursors of tissue hormones. The most abundant dietary n-3 fatty acids in human nutrition are α-linolenic, eicosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acid and can be taken up through dietary sources such as vegetable oils or fish or, alternatively, dietary supplements with high levels of n-3 fatty acids. In previous studies, considerable variation of lipid patterns and quantities of n-3 fatty acids were observed. In this study, 33 dietary supplements from the German market, based on fish-, krill-, microalgae, and plant oil, have been analyzed. Lipid profiling (LC–MS) revealed triacylglycerols as the dominant lipid species in most samples. However, krill oil was rich in phospholipids and samples containing fatty acid concentrates featured abundant fatty acid ethyl esters and diacylglycerols. Furthermore, total lipid profiles showed considerable variance depending on the lipid sources (e.g., fish or plant oil), which was also apparent in fatty acid analysis. The contents of n-3 fatty acids ranged between 150 and 570 mg/g capsule content (GC–MS) and vitamin E (α-tocopherol and tocopheryl acetate) were found in quantities ranging from 1.2 to 86.1 mg/g capsule content (HPLC–UV/Vis). While our analyses indicated a good agreement between labeled and present quantities of total n-3 fatty acids and vitamin E for the majority of samples, significant differences in agreement between individual fatty acids were observed, as well as frequent mismatches between declared and present vitamin E derivatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The indiscriminate use of oral ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) doses induces significant oxidative damage to health. However, carotene-rich foods such as buriti oil can help the endogenous antioxidant defense and still maintain other body functions. This study aimed to assess the effects of buriti oil intake in iron-overloaded rats by FeSO4 administration. Buriti oil has β-carotene (787.05 mg/kg), α-tocopherol (689.02 mg/kg), and a predominance of monounsaturated fatty acids (91.30 g/100 g). Wistar rats (n = 32) were subdivided into two control groups that were fed a diet containing either soybean or buriti oil; and two groups which received a high daily oral dose of FeSO4 (60 mg/kg body weight) and fed a diet containing either soybean (SFe) or buriti oil (Bfe). The somatic and hematological parameters, serum lipids, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were determined after 17 days of iron overload. Somatic parameters were similar among groups. BFe showed a decrease in low-density lipoprotein (38.43%) and hemoglobin (7.51%); an increase in monocytes (50.98%), SOD activity in serum (87.16%), and liver (645.50%) hepatic GPx (1017.82%); and maintained serum GPx compared to SFe. Buriti oil showed systemic and hepatic antioxidant protection in iron-overloaded rats, which may be related to its high carotenoid, tocopherol, and fatty acid profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: 1) To test the hypothesis of the existence of a perinatal vitamin A (VA) programming of VA metabolism and to better understand the intestinal regulation of VA metabolism. Methods: Offspring from rats reared on a control (C) or a VA-deficient (D) diet from 6 weeks before mating until offspring weaning, i.e., 7 weeks after mating, were themselves reared on a C or D diet for 19 weeks, resulting in the following groups: C–C (parents fed C—offspring fed C), D-C, C-D and D-D. VA concentrations were measured in plasma and liver. β-Carotene bioavailability and its intestinal conversion rate to VA, as well as vitamin D and E bioavailability, were assessed after gavages with these vitamins. Expression of genes involved in VA metabolism and transport was measured in intestine and liver. Results: C–D and D–D had no detectable retinyl esters in their liver. Retinolemia, hepatic retinol concentrations and postprandial plasma retinol response to β-carotene gavage were higher in D–C than in C–C. Intestinal expression of Isx was abolished in C–D and D–D and this was concomitant with a higher expression of Bco1, Scarb1, Cd36 and Lrat in males receiving a D diet as compared to those receiving a C diet. β-Carotene, vitamin D and E bio-availabilities were lower in offspring receiving a D diet as compared to those receiving a C diet. Conclusion: A VA-deficient diet during the perinatal period modifies the metabolism of this vitamin in the offspring. Isx-mediated regulation of Bco1 and Scarb1 expression exists only in males severely deficient in this vitamin. Severe VA deficiency impairs β-carotene and vitamin D and E bioavailability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin E, which belongs to a class of lipid-soluble vitamins, is considered one of the most essential nutrients for the well-being of humans but can solely be obtained through diet. This Vitamin E group includes all the tocol and tocotrienol derivatives which are reported to exhibit diverse biological activities as evident from a literature survey. However, the current pharmacotherapies mainly target the different oxidation processes of the body that have been linked to numerous disease conditions such as cancer, arthritis, atherosclerosis, aging, and others. On that note, Vitamin E has multiple important roles within the body and recent studies indicate that γ-tocopherol, δ-tocopherol and γ-tocotrienol have unique antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties which are superior to a-tocopherol in the prevention of chronic diseases. In addition, Vitamin E scavenges peroxyl radicals and inhibits pro-inflammatory signaling which may be useful in the treatment of inflammation-related disorders. In this review, we have discussed different medicinal functions of Vitamin E in various human diseases based on available literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fatty acid, sterol, and tocopherol compositions; amino acid content; and some biological activities of Vincetoxicum fuscatum subsp. fuscatum seeds were investigated for the first time. The seeds were rich in linoleic acid (41.33%), δ-5,24-stigmastadienol (31.72%), β-sitosterol (30.42%), α-tocopherol (180.12 mg/kg), and glutamic acid (6388 mg/100 g). Antibacterial, antifungal, and antibiofilm activities were also studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since a 2014 meta-analysis, several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the effect of vitamin E intake on glycemic indices and insulin resistance in adults with diabetes have reached inconsistent conclusions. Therefore, we updated the previous meta-analysis to summarize the current evidence in this regard. Online databases including PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched to identify relevant studies published up to September 30, 2021, using relevant keywords. Random-effects models were used to obtain overall mean difference (MD) comparing vitamin E intake with a control group. In total, 38 RCTs with a total sample size of 2171 diabetic patients (1110 in vitamin E groups and 1061 in control groups) were included. Combining the results from 28 RCTs on fasting blood glucose, 32 RCTs on HbA1c, 13 RCTs on fasting insulin, and 9 studies on homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) showed a summary MD of -3.35 mg/dL (95% CI: -8.10 to 1.40, P = 0.16), -0.21% (95% CI: -0.33 to -0.09, P = 0.001), -1.05 µIU/mL (95% CI: -1.53 to -0.58, P < 0.001), and -0.44 (95% CI: -0.82 to -0.05, P = 0.02), respectively. This indicates a significant lowering effect of vitamin E on HbA1c, fasting insulin and HOMA-IR, while no significant effect on fasting blood glucose in diabetic patients. However, in subgroup analyses, we found that vitamin E intake significantly reduced fasting blood glucose in studies with an intervention duration of < 10 weeks. In conclusion, vitamin E intake has a beneficial role in improving HbA1c and insulin resistance in a population with diabetes. Moreover, short-term interventions with vitamin E have resulted in lower fasting blood glucose in these patients. This meta-analysis was registered in PROSPERO with code CRD42022343118. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]