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Land degradation is a major environmental problem in Ethiopia posing serious threats to agricultural productivity and livelihoods. The interactions of numerous socio-economic, demographic, natural, and institutional factors constitute the underlying causes of soil degradation in Ethiopia. However, there exist evidence gaps on the contextual factors that hinder investments on soil conservation among smallholders. Using primary data generated through a stated preference survey among 359 sample smallholder farm households in Southern Ethiopia, this study investigates investment constraints on soil management technologies among smallholders. A random parameter logit model was implemented to estimate the model. Results indicate that smallholders are willing to invest in soil management technologies if appropriate incentive mechanisms, primarily, secured land tenure rights and access to finance are in place. Unfortunately, the prevailing land tenure regime in the country does not allow private property rights on land and smallholders have very limited access to credit. Thus, instituting secure land rights and improving credit access to smallholders should be considered as key interventions to enhance adoption of soil management technologies. The study highlights that policy interventions that incentivize adoption of soil management measures provide not only on-site private benefits but wider societal off-site benefits through the provision of multiple ecosystem services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we explore whether and how the dynamics of access shape the scaling of modern agricultural technologies. It is based on the experience of an agricultural research for development (AR4D) project called CASCAPE, which aims to validate and scale agricultural best practices for smallholder farmers in Ethiopia. The socio-political dynamics of external interventions are often taken for granted contextual factors in AR4D projects. By contrast, this article takes this context as the point of departure for its analysis. The aim of this in-depth case study is to unpack the concept of access as condition for scaling of agricultural technologies. We identify and analyse the mechanisms that determine access to the various components of a malt barley technology package which was introduced in two highland communities in southern Ethiopia (and later 'scaled' to a range of other communities). Our research approach is technographic, implying that we consider the technology to contain both material and social components. The findings suggest that social and clan-based exchange mechanisms (such as clan-based loyalty, reciprocity and vertical accountability) are often rendered invisible even though they are of critical importance in governing access to the material and social components of modern agricultural technologies. Ignoring this socio-political context in the malt barley interventions resulted in an unintended scaling effect in terms of widening the social and economic gap between a few better off farmers and a larger group of poor farmers. The paper thus provides evidence that the socio-political dynamics of access to technology can have an important influence on its wide spread application and may complicate efforts to scale the uptake of technology. Paying more attention to such processes would help to improve the effectiveness of AR4D efforts. • Scaling and adoption arise from a web of interactions in farming communities • Ignoring the socio-political context may result in perpetuating the status quo • Tackling social exclusion requires addressing the constrained agency of the poor • Mechanisms that affect access determine the success or failure of scaling [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The study found out significant differences on the agronomic practices decision of the households. • There were clear influence of weather information dissemination on the farmers' farming decisions. • The adoption level of improved varieties by the farming households on their plots increased tremendously. • Weather information dissemination had enhanced the food security status of the PSNP households significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives To describe the clinical presentation of patients with visceral leishmaniasis (VL) with and without human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection and factors associated with poor outcome in northwest Ethiopia. Method Retrospective review of 241 patients with VL (92 with and 149 without HIV co-infection). Results HIV co-infection was present in 92 (38%) of the patients. Clinical presentation of VL was indistinguishable between patients with and without HIV co-infection. Co-infected patients had a poorer outcome i.e. either death or treatment failure (31.5% vs. 5.6%, P < 0.001). The presence of tuberculosis or sepsis syndrome among patients with VL and HIV co-infected independently predicted death or treatment failure [odds ratio 4.5 (95% CI 1.47–13.92, P = 0.009) and 9.1 (95% CI 2.16–37.97, P = 0.003), respectively]. Despite having similar clinical presentation at the time of diagnosis, VL and HIV co-infected patients had a higher mortality and treatment failure than immunocompetent patients. Conclusion The frequency of HIV co-infection among patients with VL is high in the study area, and this co-infection was associated with death or treatment failure. The clinical management of VL in HIV co-infected patients is a major challenge that requires new treatment approaches to improve its outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]