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Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS) is introduced in aquaculture farming industry to reduce water resource utilization, efficient the energy and land uses, and also help minimalize the water exchange. This system enables utilization of unsuitable land and promotes a sustainable environment in aquaculture industry. Furthermore, this technology has been established and proved efficient in monitoring the aquatic animal condition subsequently helps in maintaining the water quality and help remove solid particle wastes from the aquaculture treatment. As today, RAS has been developed with more effective technologies such as the use of UV irradiation, solid capture, protein skimmer and also provided with highly techno bio-filtration set. Basically, this system was applied for broodstock maturation, nursery phase, and grow-out production. In this review article, we provide an overview of RAS between the clear water, probiotic, and biofloc technology, and the advantages of its combination. Even though RAS and biofloc is two different parallel system, the application of the probiotic and biofloc in the semi-RAS application system is intense to be investigated. The synergistic effect of RAS using this combination towards high yield aquaculture production will be highlighted in this review paper. Expectantly this review paper will generate awareness and useful information on the RAS application in the aquaculture system operation with help in maximize the impact to the aquaculture yield production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The implementation of flexible plate structures in industrial settings presents a multitude of benefits, including enhanced efficiency and greater flexibility in comparison with rigid structures. Notwithstanding these advantages, malleable plate structures are more prone to vibrations on account of their inadequate rigidity to endure significant levels of vibrational events. To address this issue, it is imperative to develop an accurate model and an efficient control system. This study aims to develop a model and active vibration control-based advanced firefly algorithm (AFA) for a flexible horizontal plate structure. Initially, input and output vibration data are collected based on the experimental rig designed with a flexible horizontal plate structure. The obtained data are later used to model the system using the system identification method utilizing a metaheuristic algorithm with linear auto-regressive with an exogenous model structure. This study introduces a novel AFA optimization, known as the variant of the firefly algorithm (FA), for the model identification of the flexible horizontal plate structure. Results indicated that the model of the flexible horizontal plate structure developed using AFA is better compared to FA. The smallest mean square error training is achieved from the best model by AFA at 1.1090 × 10−5 compared to FA. Subsequently, the developed model is implemented in a control scheme for vibration attenuation of the flexible horizontal plate structure. The proposed proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller tuned by AFA works well to stop unwanted vibrations. It works better than the PID-FA controller and other control algorithms, reducing vibrations by up to 98.9%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We review ichthyoplankton research history in Indonesia, which began when H.C. Delsman conducted studies on fish larvae and eggs in the northern Java region (1921–1938). The Danish 1929 eel expedition net sampling in Indonesian waters discovered an Anguilla bicolor bicolor spawning area off West Sumatra by collecting small leptocephali. After > 45 years of no fish larvae studies in Indonesian waters, the Banda Sea Indonesia-Netherlands Snellius-2 Expedition occurred (1984–1985) before a study on coastal fish larvae at Lombok Island was conducted (1995–1997). Ichthyoplankton research then occurred more frequently in the early 2000s, which started with Indonesia-Japan collaborative Isaacs-Kidd Midwater Trawl (IKMT) surveys for eel larvae (leptocephali), which discovered that some tropical anguillids make short spawning migrations, and that allowed other research, including on marine eel leptocephali. This research was followed by numerous ichthyoplankton surveys in the Indonesian Seas and coastal waters or estuaries. The ichthyoplankton research varied widely in methods, the number of taxa present, and identification levels, with studies being conducted with bongo nets, small beach seines, or push nets. The number of families detected in each region ranged from about 12–90, which included the larvae of several commercially important fish species, and learning about species such as the tunas was an important focus. However, the studies so far are insufficient to guide fisheries management, so we discuss steps to facilitate ichthyoplankton research in Indonesia, which include standardizing survey methodologies, increasing the number of researchers in this field, providing sufficient infrastructure support, and creating data sharing and specimen archiving systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Miliary tuberculosis is a life-threatening disease caused by the hematogenous spread of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is uncommon in pregnancy. Mortality rates for patients with miliary tuberculosis who require mechanical ventilation are high (60–70%). Case presentation: We reported a rare and challenging case, a 35-year-old Asian woman with 34 weeks of pregnancy, and miliary tuberculosis with acute respiratory distress syndrome and septic shock. The patient presented with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome, necessitating mechanical ventilation, vasopressor, and pregnancy termination with caesarean section. The patient underwent blood purification with continuous veno-venous hemofiltration using an oXiris filter for 24 hours. After continuous veno-venous hemofiltration, the patient's condition was greatly improved, and the patient was successfully extubated and was able to breathe spontaneously without vasopressor on the third day. High levels of interleukin-6, interleukin-10, procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, interferon-γ, and tumor necrosis factor-α were found postoperatively. Conclusion: The bacterial infection of tuberculosis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and the stress response from the caesarean section contributed to the high levels of cytokines, which correlated with the patient's severe inflammatory condition. The cytokine levels were greatly reduced after the blood purification procedure and this might be associated with the patient's clinical improvement. Extracorporeal blood purification could help to disrupt the vicious cycle of inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black cumin is commonly used as traditional medicine due to its wide range of pharmacological potential. Black cumin oil (BCO) was often prepared as nanoemulsion to improve its solubility, stability, and bioavailability. This study was conducted to investigate the molecular behavior as well as structural evolution of BCO-surfactant systems during selfassembly micellization using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Several BCO constituents and variations of surfactants were employed to model BCO-surfactant systems. 50 ns of MD simulations were performed to elucidate their evolution of structures and physicochemical properties during formation. Results showed that BCO-tween20 and BCO-lecithin were able to form spherical-shaped micelles with the effective radii of 10.20 and 8.67 nm at the end of the simulation. Also, from the root mean square deviation and radius of gyration profile, it is showed that BCO-tween20 system was able to maintain the stability of its structure throughout the simulation. Results also revealed that self-assembly of BCO-surfactant systems were exothermic processes, confirming spontaneous nature upon formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutritional quality of the hepatopancreas and gonads of orange portunid mud crab, Scylla olivacea was evaluated for each gender under four treatment of different water velocities (0, 20, 40 and 60 cm s-1), in terms of nutrient reserve and nutrient for reproduction. About 56 crabs were used in this study in which fatty acids composition was analysed using gas chromatography mass-spectrometry (GC-MS). For hepatopancreas analysis, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) were present in the highest fatty acids concentration, followed by polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and, saturated fatty acids (SFAs). However, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) were displayed in low concentration in the hepatopancreas. Total fatty acid (TFAs) composition was significantly higher at moderate velocity of 20 cm s-1 compared to other water velocity treatments. For gonad analysis, 20 cm s-1 showed the highest TFA concentration of 93.34 mg g-1 while, the lowest concentration of 3.90 mg g-1 occurred at 0 cm s-1. There were significant differences in male and female crab's fatty acids contents of gonads at all flow velocities challenged (p < 0.05). PUFAs and MUFAs were dominant while, SFAs were observed at low concentration. This study revealed that, concentration of PUFAs increased as gonad maturation increased. The decreasing concentration of hepatopancreas fatty acids over the culture period indicated that nutrient was shifted from the hepatopancreas, to be used as energy reserved to gonads for further growth of eggs and offspring. The linkages between water flow strength, hepatopancreas, and gonad fatty acids concentrations, is fundamentalknowledge useful in establishing efficient habitat velocities selection which will improve aquaculture production of mud crabs with high quality broodstock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed to identify novel antimalarial compounds based on allosteric inhibitor of prolyltRNA synthetase using hierarchical virtual screening. Materials and Methods: Pharmacophore model was designed initially, based on the structure-activity relationships data between several pyrazole-urea analogues and their IC50 enzymatic value. The model obtained was applied to screen ZINC15 database, after which followed by drug-likeness, toxicophore, and PAINS filter. The hit compounds were docked against P. falciparum prolyl-tRNA synthetase enzyme, using validated docking method. The resulting docking poses were ranked based on the docking score and re-evaluated based on the pharmacophore criteria. Top five compounds were obtained from this step and then evaluated using molecular dynamics simulation to verify its stability and hydrogen bond dynamics over 50 nanoseconds. MM-PBSA analysis was also performed to estimate their binding free energy. Ultimately, their potential bioactivity as antimalarial candidates have been verified against 3D7 strain. Results: The results showed that all five compounds obtained from virtual screening possess micromolar potency in vitro. Two compounds (ZINC 1029449 and ZINC1029453), yield high antimalarial activity (0.44 and 0.72 μM, respectively) Conclusions: Overall, the virtual screening approach has successfully produced lead compounds which can be further optimized to be antimalarial agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Alpha mangostin (AM) has demonstrated significant potential as an anticancer agent, owing to its potent bioactivity. However, its clinical application is limited by poor solubility, which hampers its bioavailability and effectiveness. Amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) presents a promising technique to enhance the solubility and stability of AM. Molecular dynamics simulation offers a rapid, efficient, and precise method to evaluate and optimize ASD formulations before production. Aim of Study: In this study, we conducted molecular dynamics simulations to explore the ASD development of AM with poloxamer and pullulan. Result: Our results revealed that AM–poloxamer complexes exhibit superior interaction characteristics compared to AM–pullulan, with a 1:5 ratio of AM to poloxamer and a cooling rate of 1 °C/ns demonstrating the most favorable outcomes. This combination showed enhanced hydrogen bonding, a more compact molecular structure, and higher stability, making it the optimal choice for ASD formulation. Conclusion: The integration of molecular dynamics simulation into ASD development significantly accelerates the formulation process and provides critical insights into achieving a stable and effective AM dispersion. The AM–poloxamer complex, particularly at a 1:5 ratio with a 1 °C/ns cooling rate, offers the best potential for improving AM solubility and therapeutic efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nuclear receptor REV-ERBβ is an overexpressed oncoprotein that has been used as a target for cancer treatment. The metal-complex nature of its ligand, iron protoporphyrin IX (Heme), enables the REV-ERBβ to be used for multiple therapeutic modalities as a photonuclease, a photosensitizer, or a fluorescence imaging agent. The replacement of iron with cobalt as the metal center of protoporphyrin IX changes the ligand from an agonist to an antagonist of REV-ERBβ. The mechanism behind that phenomenon is still unclear, despite the availability of crystal structures of REV-ERBβ in complex with Heme and cobalt protoporphyrin IX (CoPP). This study used molecular dynamic simulations to compare the effects of REV-ERBβ binding to Heme and CoPP, respectively. The initial poses of Heme and CoPP in complex with agonist and antagonist forms of REV-ERBβ were predicted using molecular docking. The binding energies of each ligand were calculated using the MM/PBSA method. The computed binding affinity of Heme to REV-ERBβ was stronger than that of CoPP, in agreement with experimental results. CoPP altered the conformation of the ligand-binding site of REV-ERBβ, disrupting the binding site for nuclear receptor corepressor, which is required for REV-ERBβ to regulate the transcription of downstream target genes. Those results suggest that a subtle change in the metal center of porphyrin can change the behavior of porphyrin in cancer cell signaling. Therefore, modification of porphyrin-based agents for cancer therapy should be conducted carefully to avoid triggering unfavorable effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green tea catechins have been widely studied and are known to have anticancer activity, including breast cancer. Breast cancer has the highest prevalence of cancer in Indonesia after cervical cancer. HER-2 (Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-2) has an important role in the development of breast cancer, therefore this protein is widely used as a therapeutic target. In this study, we investigated the activity of catechins against the Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK) domain of HER-2 in breast cancer by in silico studies. In this study, four catechin compounds i.e EGCG, EGC, ECG, EC, and one reference were subjected to docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies. Molecular docking was used to study the ligandprotein interactions using AutodockTools. The stability of interacting residue of protein with Catechins was identified by molecular dynamics using GROMACS and free binding energy calculations using MM-PBSA. Of the four Catechins compounds, EGCG has the best RMSD value, this showed that EGCG has the best structural stability. The binding free energy (ΔG) value of the Catechin compounds is greater than the references, this showed that the Catechin compounds have a lower affinity to the HER-2. Based on the results, it is known that the Catechin compounds have a lower activity than the reference. However, the Catechin compounds binding several amino acid residues that are the same as in reference, this indicates that they are binding to the same binding site. Therefore, the Catechin compounds have the potential to be developed as HER-2 inhibitors by designing of Catechin derivatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trichoderma asperellum, composted plant residues, and its combination can control vascular-streak dieback (VSD) disease caused by fungus Ceratobasidium theobromae in laboratory conditions. In this trial, we evaluated these treatments in two years through the application of foliar spraying and stem infusion for T. asperellum alone, through soil amendment for compost alone, and T. asperellum plus this organic fertilizer in the field on susceptible cacao clone. The disease is characterized by full-leaf chlorosis and necrosis that can develop rapidly to the entire branch, with around 70% incidence in seven months, and we detected the pathogen in branches showing light symptoms. All treatments except for T. asperellum plus composted plant residues three and seven months post application did not have any impact on the reduction of VSD incidence in the first year. In the second year, we observed a significant reduction of the disease by both T. asperellum in combination with compost and compost alone in a time span of three to seven months, and with T. asperellum spraying and infusion in a time span of five to seven months. By comparing to the control, the efficacy of these treatments in controlling the VSD disease seven months post-first application in the last year was 44.4%, 23.5%, 23.1%, and 15.1%, respectively. Detection of trees inoculated with T. asperellum indicated that this fungus was present in root and branch tissues except for treatment through infusions, while in the uninoculated trees, Trichoderma was not present or was present at a very low level. These data showed that combination of T. asperellum and composted plant residues applied through soil amendment was able to control VSD disease effectively and could potentially be used at large scale to control this disease and other diseases infesting aerial parts of cacao, and to improve soil fertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Female Scylla olivacea has become more popular in Malaysia as emerging species mainly for soft-shell crabs and crab fattening (to increase weight, size and ovary maturation so that they can be sold at a higher price). To harvest crabs in soft-shell conditions and fattening, both conditions depend mostly on moulting events. To accelerate the moulting process, the manipulation of water parameter (salinity) and autotomy of the limb is commonly used. In this study, the evaluation of the moulting performances of full limb autotomy (the removal of all the appendages except for the swimming legs) and non-ablated (control) using immature S. olivacea cultured in three different salinity treatments (10 ppt, 20 ppt and 30 ppt) were performed. Results indicate there were significant differences between mud crab’s culture duration, BW increments, growth performances and feeding efficiency with salinity. However, CW increments and survival indicate no significant effect with salinity. Meanwhile, limb autotomy proved to affect the culture duration, BW increments, survival and feeding efficiency of S. olivacea. The study concludes that both salinity and limb autotomy play significant roles in moulting performances of S. olivacea, with 20 ppt being the best salinity to stimulate S. olivacea moulting and development compared with the other two treatments (10 ppt and 30 ppt). Limb autotomy also indicates promising results as this technique proved to accelerate the moulting duration of S. olivacea with a 100% moulting percentage within 30 days. Therefore, the outcome would certainly benefit in the aquaculture production of this species of commercial importance mainly on soft-shell crabs production and also emerge as crabs fattening technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil transmitted helminths (STH) infection is a major health problem in tropical countries such as Indonesia. Albendazole is an effective and widely used anthelmintic agent to treat STH; however, it is not effective towards T. trichiura and its effectiveness varies between populations. Hence, we conducted a study to determine the effectiveness of triple dose albendazole in children of Perobatang village, Southwest Sumba, Indonesia. A pre-post study was carried out in Perobatang village on July 2016. Children aged 1-15 years old were enrolled in the study and asked to collect stool samples which were then examined using Kato-Katz method. The children infected with STH were given albendazole 400 mg for three consecutive days. From 246 subjects examined, 192 (78%) were positive for any STH consisting of T. trichiura (64%), A. lumbricoides (60%), and hookworms (10%). After treatment, the prevalence of STH decreased significantly (McNemar test, p<0.001) to 27%, T. trichiura 25%, A. lumbricoides 2%, and hookworm 0%. Cure rate for T. trichiura, A. lumbricoides, and hookworms was 61%, 97%, and 100%, respectively. Significant decrease of eggs per gram of feces was found in all STH (Wilcoxon test, p value <0.001 for A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura, p value = 0.027 for hookworms); egg reduction rate for T. trichiura was 91%, A. lumbricoides was 100%, and hookworms was 100%. In conclusion, triple dose albendazole is effective in controlling STH in children of Perobatang village, Southwest Sumba, Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Indonesia's national response to COVID-19 evolved rapidly throughout 2020. Understanding pandemic response and outcomes is crucial for better mitigation strategies ahead. This study describes the characteristics and outcomes of patients admitted to ICU during the early stages of the pandemic. Methods: This is a multi-centre prospective observational study including patients from twelve collaborating hospitals in Indonesia. All patients were clinically suspected or laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases admitted to ICU between January 2020 and March 2021. The primary outcome was monthly ICU mortality. Descriptive statistics of patient characteristics and treatment were generated as secondary outcomes. Results: From 559 subjects, the overall mortality was 68% and decreased over the study period, while the mortality of patients that received mechanical ventilation was 92%, consistently high over the study period. Fatal cases showed 2- and 4-day delays from symptoms onset to hospital admissions and ICU admissions, respectively. Evidence-backed approaches which could influence patient outcome, such as extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, prone positioning, renal replacement therapy, and neuromuscular blockade were scarcely administered. Conclusions: The mortality rate of COVID-19 patients in Indonesia was extremely high during the first major outbreak of disease, particularly in those mechanically ventilated. Delayed admission and unavailability of evidence-based approaches due to high burden on health facility during COVID-19 crisis could be addressed by efficient public health measures and enhancing health infrastructure to improve the future pandemic response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We unravel the effect of anthocyanin-containing purple sweet potato synbiotic yogurt (PSPY) on 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation and its fundamental molecular mechanisms. Methods: Molecular docking simulation was performed to observe and identify the affinity and interaction between bioactive compounds and targeted proteins. MDI (isobutylmethylxanthine, dexamethasone, and insulin)-containing medium, a cocktail that stimulates adipogenesis, was used in this study. The toxic effect possibility of the yogurt product was evaluated using 3-[4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2.5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. A 0.25%, 0.5%, 1%, and 5% (v/v) plain or purple sweet potato yogurt supernatant was given to 3T3-L1 preadipocyte culture medium from 24 h after seeding until day 11 of MDI-induced differentiation. The mRNA expression and lipid accumulation were analyzed using RT-qPCR and Oil red O staining, respectively, on day 11 after differentiation induction. Results: In silico study suggested that anthocyanin-derived compounds have the potential to inhibit peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ), a master regulator for white adipogenesis. Anthocyanin-containing PSPY significantly suppressed the expression of Pparg, Adipoq, Slc2a4, and Pgc1a. PSPY significantly suppressed Pparg with 1% and 5% concentrations, while with a concentration of 0.25%, PSPY significantly suppressed Adipoq expression as compared to control. Significant inhibition of Slc2a4 and Pgc1a was observed starting from a 0.25% concentration of PSPY. The suppression of adipogenic genes was also observed with the treatment of plain yogurt; however, the effects were relatively lower than the PSPY. The group treated with 1% and 5% of PSPY also showed inhibition effects on lipid accumulation. Conclusion: This study demonstrated PSPY inhibition effect on white adipocyte differentiation through suppression of Pparg and its downstream genes, Adipoq and Slc2a4, indicating the potential of this yogurt as a functional food for obesity management and prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Virus infection in chili plants may cause various symptoms. The complexity of the symptoms and human vision ability often become limiting factors during disease investigations. Digital image analysis is expected to become a method to assist in comprehensively describing the symptoms of plant viruses. A disease survey was conducted on cayenne pepper fields in Southeast Sulawesi Province to observe symptoms of virus infection virtually and to record the symptomatic plant using an RGB camera. The split-channel method is used to process images, followed by multidimensional scaling statistical analysis. Later on, viruses associated with plants were detected serologically. Single or mixed infection of Tobacco mosaic virus, Cucumber mosaic virus, Chili veinal mottle virus, and Pepper mottle virus was confirmed by plant leaves showing yellow-mosaic and mottle symptoms. The digital image analysis method could show variations in the characteristics of symptoms based on digital numbers in that cannot be recognized based on the observation of visual symptoms. A new approach to study the interactions between plant infecting viruses and their effects based on image analysis has also been developed during this research. This method needs to be further validated through testing under controlled conditions, such as inoculating plants with a predetermined type of virus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every student has a unique learning style. Their personalities are shaped by factors affecting their learning styles. Besides that, it is evident that students' distinctive learning style has a significant impact on their academic success. A cross-sectional study was done to investigate the degree of association between students' learning styles and academic achievement. This research was conducted in Kuala Lumpur, and the participants were firstto third-year biomedical science students. This survey included 84 students, where 24 students were selected from each year. The learning style inventory questionnaire was used to measure students' learning styles through a survey. According to the findings, the majority of students had the highest amount of visual learning styles for each academic year. However, the majority of the first-year students had the second-highest learning style, which scored the highest for visual learning style compared to auditory and kinaesthetic. Furthermore, the academic year affected the mean score of learning styles as demonstrated by two-way ANOVA tests (p<0.01). The correlation test was then performed, and the results show that only audio learning style and CGPA had a positive and significant correlation (p<0.05). In conclusion, this study revealed that academic performance was not influenced by learning style. Nonetheless, students' learning styles are different for the different academic years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) manifests in a broad clinical spectrum. COVID-19 survivors report various symptoms up to several months after being infected. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of persistent COVID-19 syndrome in Indonesia, the factors that influence the incidence, and the quality of life. Methods This was a cross-sectional study with an online questionnaire conducted in January 2021. Inclusion criteria were: adult Indonesian citizens who had recovered from COVID-19, and were confirmed negative by RT-PCR of nasal swabs or had undergone an isolation period for a minimum of 14 days. Data analysis was performed by the Chi-square test, followed by multivariate analysis with the backward likelihood ratio method. Results From a total of 385 respondents, 256 (66.5%) experienced persistent COVID-19 syndrome. The most prevalent symptoms were fatigue (29.4%), cough (15.5%), and muscle pain (11.2%). Of the five aspects of quality of life, the most commonly reported aspects were pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression. The risk of persistent COVID-19 syndrome was significantly higher in subjects with older age, comorbidities, higher clinical severity, previous treatment in hospital, presence of pneumonia, and those who had required oxygen therapy. In the multivariate analysis, the most influential factor for the incidence of persistent COVID-19 syndrome was pneumonia (aOR 2.31, 95% CI 1.29-4.11, p<0.002). Conclusions The prevalence of the persistent COVID-19 syndrome in Indonesia was high, which affects the quality of life of COVID-19 survivors. Pneumonia was the main factor that influenced the incidence of persistent COVID-19 syndrome. Further research with a larger sample size and a longer study time is recommended to control COVID-19 and its impact on the health and quality of life of COVID-19 survivors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of the present study were to characterize physicochemical characteristics and chemical structures by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), and mark dissolved protein content, microstructure, and moisture content of potassium caseinate prepared by drying methods and acid strength. The experiment was arranged according to factorial complete randomized design with triplicates, while data from FTIR and microstructure analysis was presented descriptively. The results demonstrated that acids and drying methods for preparing potassium caseinate could increase antioxidant activity, a* score (reddish) and b* score (yellowish). Specifically, freeze-drying method coupled with acid treatments accounted for reducing moisture content but improved viscosity and microstructural properties. Briefly, we could argue that drying techniques and acids established noticeable effects on the quality of potassium caseinate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) has become a major problem in treating tuberculosis (TB) and shows the need to develop new and efficient drugs for better TB control. This study aimed to use in silico techniques to discover potential inhibitors to the Enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (InhA), which controls mycobacterial cell wall construction. Initially, 391 quercetin analogs present in the KNApSAck_3D database were selected, filters were sequentially applied by docking-based virtual screening. After recategorizing the variables (bond energy prediction and molecular interaction, including hydrogen bond and hydrophobic bond), compounds C00013874, C00006532, and C00013887 were selected as hit ligands. These compounds showed great hydrophobic contributions, and for each hit ligand, 100 ns of molecular dynamic simulations were performed, and the binding free energy was calculated. C00013874 demonstrated the greatest capacity for the InhA enzyme inhibition with DGbind = -148.651 kcal/mol compare to NAD (native ligand) presented a DGbind = -87.570 kcal/mol. These data are preliminary studies and might be a suitable candidate for further experimental analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the cryopreserved spermatozoa of Epinephelus lanceolatus were transported using a novel method involving dry ice as the medium of preservation and a Styrofoam box. Five conditions were investigated for the cryopreserved sperm under different dry ice exposure times of (24, 48, and 72) h corresponding to treatment 1 (T1), 3 (T3), and 5 (T5), respectively. Meanwhile, the remaining treatments (T2 and T4) involved the same exposure to dry ice for (24 and 48) h followed by re-immersion into liquid nitrogen (LN). The performance of the cryopreserved spermatozoa of the hybrid grouper (E. fuscoguttatus ♀ × E. lanceolatus ♂) was evaluated through fertilization and hatching trials. The results showed no significant difference in fertilization for all five treatments. However, significantly poorer hatching rates than the fresh sperm were observed for spermatozoa exposed to dry ice after 48 h. This study recommends the use of the proposed method to successfully transport E. lanceolatus spermatozoa for the production of hybrid groupers via artificial insemination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examines coral reefs vulnerability which threatening its existences and functions by climate change. The ecological vulnerability in Wakatobi (Wangiwangi, Kaledupa, Tomia, and Binongko) was assessed during Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) event in 2016. Climate exposure was determined using sea surface temperature, chlorophyll-a concentration, and wind speed magnitude; sensitivity was determined using coral susceptibility, fish susceptibility, and macroalgae primary productivity rate; then adaptive capacity was developed by hard coral cover, coral size distribution, coral richness, fish biomass, herbivore diversity, and herbivore grazing relative to algal production. The values of Exposure, Sensitivity, and Adaptive capacity in Wakatobi were 0.93±0.02, 0.42±0.18, and 0.44±0.10, respectively. Site specific vulnerability scores ranged from 0.52 to 1.60 (mean 0.92±0.26). Binongko was the least vulnerable than other islands. Tomia was observed as the least adaptive capacity and Wangi-wangi was the most bleaching incidents. These results could help coral reefs monitoring priority during the event and then when the event is gone by focusing on the marked islands and sites. Sites that were observed as more vulnerable is urgently need a management strategy to overcome the vulnerability status in the future, such as increasing site adaptability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]