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Unidimensional measurements for estimating bill size, like length and width, are commonly used in ecology and evolution, but can be criticised due to issues with repeatability and accuracy. Furthermore, formula‐based estimates of bill surface area tend to assume uniform bill shapes across species, which is rarely the case. 3D surface scanning can potentially help overcome some such issues by collecting detailed external morphology and direct measurements of surface area, rather than composite estimates of size. Here, we evaluate the use of 3D surface scanners on avian museum specimens to test the repeatability of 3D‐based measurements and compare these to traditional formula‐based methods of estimating bill size from unidimensional measurements. Using 28 Australian bird species, we investigate inter‐observer repeatability of surface area measurements from 3D surface scans. We then compare 3D‐based size estimates to formula‐based size estimates to infer the accuracy and precision of formula‐based measurements of bill surface area. We find that morphometric measurements from 3D surface scans are highly repeatable between observers, without the need for extensive training, demonstrating an advantage over unidimensional measuring methods, like callipers. When comparing 3D‐based measurements to formula‐based estimates of bill surface area, most formulae for estimating size consistently underestimate surface area, and with considerable variation between species. Where 3D scanning is not possible, we find that a commonly used cone formula for estimating bill size is most precise across diverse bill shapes, therefore supporting its use in interspecific contexts. However, we find that incorporating an additional unidimensional measure of bill curvature into formulae improves the accuracy of the calculated area. Our results reveal the high potential for 3D surface scanners in avian morphometric research, especially for studies necessitating large sample sizes collected by multiple observers, and gives suggestions for formula‐based approaches to estimate bill size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fragmented nature of the medical device market limits our understanding of how particular sub-markets navigate the device development process. Despite the widespread use of transcutaneous neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES), its use for acquired dysarthria treatment has not been sufficiently explored. This study aims to provide a preliminary understanding of the stages involved in the development of NMES devices designed for neurorehabilitation. It also aims to investigate manufacturers' perceptions concerning factors that facilitate or impede its development and determine its applicability for acquired dysarthria. In-depth semi-structured online interviews were conducted with eight NMES device manufacturers located across Europe, North America and Oceania. The interviews were video-recorded, automatically transcribed, manually reviewed, and analysed using a qualitative content analysis. NMES device development for neurorehabilitation involves six complex phases with sequential and overlapping activities. Some emerging concepts were comparable to established medical device models, while others were specific to NMES. Its adaptability to different neurological disorders, the positive academia-industry collaborations, the industry's growth prospects and the promising global efforts for standardised regulations are all key facilitators for its development. However, financial, political, regulatory, and natural constraints emerged as barriers. Indications and challenges for the applicability of NMES for acquired dysarthria treatment were also discussed. The findings provide a foundation for further investigations on the NMES market sub-sector, particularly in the context of neurorehabilitation. The study also provides insights into the potential adoption of NMES for acquired dysarthria, which can serve as a reference for future research. The mapped neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) development phases and processes can serve as a framework for new device development initiatives Opportunities for NMES development included its adaptability to neurological disorders, its growth prospects, academia-industry relationships and regulatory standardisation initiatives Financial, political, regulatory, and natural barriers were barriers for concern. From an anatomical and practical standpoint, it seems feasible to use NMES to treat several features of acquired dysarthria, however, clinicians' limited education on the use of electrical stimulation for neurorehabilitation may pose several constraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When a system undergoes a rapid quench from a disordered to an ordered phase, it does not order instantly but instead relaxes towards equilibrium over time. During this relaxation, the dynamical scaling hypothesis predicts that the length scale of ordered regions increases, with later patterns statistically similar to earlier ones except for a change in global scale. Quantum gases are one of many systems in which such out of equilibrium behaviour is predicted to occur. Here, we present a method for systematically testing when dynamical scaling is taking place, by quantifying the similarity of the rescaled two-point correlation function over time using the Mahalanobis distance. Data on the velocity field of a two-dimensional quantum fluid, generated from point vortex simulations, are used to illustrate the application of this method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explored significant advancements in integrative child psychotherapy in the UK, aiming to establish a common core and unified theory. Informed by infant-parent observations, attachment theory, neuroscience, and socio-cognitive developmental psychology research, the findings integrated clinical approaches from a developmental and family systems perspective. The objective was to provide a framework based on common factors and a unified psychogenesis theory, emphasising a therapeutic action model and understanding child development. The escalating prevalence and severity of mental health issues among children and young people (CYP) are highlighted, with factors like the COVID-19 pandemic, educational disruptions, increased digital reliance, and the current cost of living crisis contributing to the surge. The impact of these changes necessitates a holistic approach to mental health care, specifically by specialists in integrative child psychotherapy. Current data underestimates CYP mental health needs due to the absence of a national approach to data collection and analysis. Moreover, there is a lack of consensus on the assessment and case formulation in CYP mental health treatment. The diversity in practitioners' approaches, training, and understanding of child development, evidence-based practices, and CYP mental health support is noted. Critiquing the limitations of evidence-based practices, the paper argues for a systematic assessment and case formulation framework. It advocates for an evidence base that acknowledges the individuality of CYP, emphasising psychotherapy's dynamic, relational foundation. The proposed framework seeks to inform training and practice requirements, challenging the conventional mechanistic understanding of mental health treatment and promoting a more integrative and client-centred approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Distancing Approach is a comprehensive psychotherapy, rooted in the principles and practices of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy. It aims to address the complex symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), through insight enhancement, skill development, desensitization of triggers, and reprocessing of related memories. Building on prior OCD research with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and with EMDR, it combines EMDR's Phobia Protocol with two new EMDR-derived techniques: the Distancing Technique and Future Rehearsal. The Distancing Technique is designed to develop insight through the creation of adaptive coping statements. It identifies and strengthens these adaptive statements in EMDR's preparation phase so that they can be available as resources during EMDR's reprocessing phases and in daily life. Future Rehearsal is a technique that combines EMDR methods with CBT's exposure response prevention to desensitize OCD triggers. EMDR's Phobia Protocol is applied according to standard procedures. Consistent with the psychotherapy approach, the therapeutic relationship is optimized, and treatment is individualized, to best meet the needs of the client. A case example illustrates the application of the approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world's cities are plagued by serious ills of injustice, inequality and uneven development. Through hard-fought struggles against these urban inequalities and injustices, cities remain important breeding grounds for forms of democratic action that have the potential to reinvigorate the practice and potential of democracy itself. Contemporary struggles over rights to the city generate new answers to questions at the heart of the democratic ideal. In the everyday battles that take place over the institutions and infrastructures that will shape their everyday lives, urban inhabitants frequently resist the ossification of democracy in its inherited forms. Their struggles not only demand new solutions to the pressing urban challenges they face, they also challenge democracy as it is and make claims about democracy as it should be. As such, the historical geography of democracy maintains a close association with the city. This Special Feature on Democratising Cities brings together a survey of city-scaled possibility, canvassing diverse democratisation strategies across a variety of places. We treat democratisation as a process of extending and enacting a logic of equality as the foundation for legitimate authority in the face of specific problems and injustices. Our focus is on the doing of democratisation, exploring a set of innovative democratic practices that people in cities are employing in their efforts to make a better urban life—from alliances, networks, issue-based movements and citizen platforms to digital strategies, political contracts, participatory budgeting, occupations and alternative lifestyles and communities. We show how these practices of democratisation generate new understandings of the who, what, where, when and how of democracy itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban social movements, alliances and organisations use a range of strategies to contest injustice and inequality by making urban authority accountable to the 'power of the people'. While there is irrepressible diversity in the strategies used to build and enact people power across global urban contexts, movement participants rarely start from scratch in developing these strategies. There are patterns of contestation that resonate and circulate between urban movements. This article outlines an approach to analysing the patterning, diffusion and translation of commonly used urban people power strategies in and between cities. To track these strategies, we mapped hundreds of examples of urban people power, conducted field research across a range of cities, and co-designed findings and frameworks at a two week gathering of urban activists from a diverse group of cities. We identified five strategies of people power that are commonly repeated across different urban contexts—playing by the rules, mobilising, organising, prefiguring, and running for office. We outline the key characteristics of these different strategies, and discuss the different channels and forms of diffusion that facilitate their exchange across diverse urban contexts. All forms of diffusion involve the hard work of translation and learning, but this work takes different forms for different strategies. We find that where people power takes on a more visible and modular form it is more able to spread through weak ties and digital channels. However, where people power practices are more practice-based and harder to see, strong ties and personal relationships are often needed to spread the strategy. This is illustrated with a case study of the diffusion and translation of an organising strategy between housing activists in Cape Town and Barcelona. Our research and modelling of people power strategies and diffusion is offered as a contribution to on-going work of movement translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The acute cardiovascular and pulmonary effects of contemporary electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) in long-term users are not known. What are the cardiovascular and pulmonary responses to an acute 15-min product use challenge with ENDS and combustible cigarettes in regular nicotine-containing product users compared with control participants who do not use tobacco or vape? Observational challenge study before and after nicotine-containing product use of 395 individuals who used ENDS exclusively (n = 164; exhaled carbon monoxide level, < 5 parts per million [ppm]; positive urine NicCheck I [Mossman Associates] results, 82%; fourth-generation ENDS), participants who smoked cigarettes exclusively (n = 117; carbon monoxide level, > 5 ppm; positive urine NicCheck I results), and control participants (n = 114; carbon monoxide level, < 5 ppm; negative urine NicCheck I results). During the 15-min product challenge, cigarette users took a median of 14.0 puffs (interquartile range [IQR], 9.3 puffs); ENDS users took 9.0 puffs (IQR, 7.5 puffs; P <.001). After product challenge, compared with control participants, ENDS users showed greater increases in adjusted mean differences in systolic BP (5.6 mm Hg [95% CI, 4.4-6.8 mm Hg] vs 2.3 mm Hg [95% CI, 0.8-3.8 mm Hg]; P =.001), diastolic BP (4.2 mm Hg [95% CI, 3.3-5.0 mm Hg] vs 2.0 mm Hg [95% CI, 1.1-3.0 mm Hg; P =.003), and heart rate (4.8 beats/min [95% CI, 4.0-5.6 beats/min] vs –1.3 beats/min [95% CI, –2.2 to –0.3 beats/min]; P <.001) and greater reductions in brachial artery diameter (–0.011 cm [95% CI, –0.013 to 0.009 cm] vs –0.006 cm [95% CI, –0.004 to –0.009 cm]; P =.003), time-domain heart rate variability (–7.2 ms [95% CI, –10.5 to –3.7 ms] vs 3.6 ms [95% CI, 1.6-9.3 ms]; P =.001), and FEV 1 (ENDS: –4.1 [95% CI, –5.4 to –2.8] vs control participants: –1.1 [95% CI, –2.7 to 0.6]; P =.005) with values similar to those of cigarette users. ENDS users performed worse than control participants on all exercise parameters, notably metabolic equivalents (METs; adjusted mean difference, 1.28 METs [95% CI, 0.73-1.83 METs]; P <.001) and 60-s heart rate recovery (adjusted mean difference, 2.9 beats/min [95% CI, 0.7-5.0 beats/min]; P =.008). ENDS users had acute worsening of blood pressure, heart rate, and heart rate variability, as well as vasoconstriction, impaired exercise tolerance, and increased airflow obstruction after vaping, compared to control participants. ClinicalTrials.gov; No.: NCT03863509; URL: www.clinicaltrials.gov [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Local and national media have always played an instrumental role in the communication of academic research to the public. In recent years, this has proved even more important due to the extensive online national and international coverage of topics such as climate change and the Covid-19 pandemic. Given that the media represent the public's first point of contact with, and key source of information about, science and research, then, as academics, we need to know, firstly, whether the media make this research easily identifiable for the public and, secondly, whether the research itself is accessible. Our study examined coverage of University of Sheffield published research in UK local and national media to explore how far it is identifiable and accessible; using data from Altmetric.com we investigated what proportion of research covered provided sufficient details to identify research, including links to the published articles and explored how much of the research was accessible via open access. A large proportion of research that featured in local media cited the journal, academic institution and author, but did not link to the article. By contrast, national media cited the author, institution or funder much less than local news websites, but often linked to the actual research article. Most articles featured were open access. The implications of this and potential reasons for the national and local differences are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This article explores, identifies and conceptualises everyday audiobook reading practices amongst young adults. Design/methodology/approach: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten Swedish audiobook users aged 18–19. The material was analysed using qualitative content analysis and focused on their audiobook use during an average weekday, as this was the time that they listened the most. The theoretical framework consists of theories on practice, time and everyday routine. Findings: Five timespaces emerged when audiobook practices were most prevalent: morning routines, commuting routines, school routines, after school routines and bedtime routines. Within these timespaces, several practices could be identified and conceptualised. Three mobile practices were commute listening, exercise listening and chore listening while more stationary practices were homework listening, schoolwork listening and leisure listening. An unexpected finding was how audiobooks routinely were used to aid respondents' wellbeing. This wellbeing listening was used to alleviate stress, loneliness and help listeners relax or fall asleep. Furthermore, respondents switch between Music, Audiobooks and Podcasts, which is conceptualised as MAP-switching. Originality/value: There is a scarcity of research on audiobook use, and this paper contributes with new knowledge on audiobook reading practices, how audiobooks fit into everyday routine and provides concepts to aid further research on audiobook practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iodine is essential for thyroid hormone production. Milk and dairy products are important sources of iodine in many countries. We aimed to review systematically the variation in milk‑iodine concentration between countries, seasons and farming practice. We searched online food composition tables and published literature for data since 2006. Milk‑iodine concentration was available for 34 countries (from 66 sources) and ranged from 5.5 to 49.9 μg/100 g (median 17.3 μg/100 g). Meta-analyses identified that iodine concentration is significantly higher in: (i) winter than summer milk (mean difference 5.97 μg/100 g; p = 0.001), and (ii) in conventional than in organic milk (mean difference 6.00 μg/100 g; p < 0.0001). Sub-group analysis showed that the difference between organic and conventional milk was only significant in summer (p = 0.0003). The seasonal variation in milk‑iodine concentration may affect iodine intake and status so should be considered in dietary surveys, and when assessing population iodine status. • Data on milk‑iodine concentration were retrieved for a total of 34 countries. • Seasonal average milk‑iodine concentration was highest in Latvia and lowest in Slovakia. • Milk‑iodine concentration is significantly lower in summer than in winter. • Seasonal variation of iodine concentration is greater in organic than in conventional milk. • Milk‑iodine concentration is significantly lower in organic than in conventional milk in summer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is the gold standard for the detection of valvular vegetations (VV). Differentiating small VV from degenerative changes is challenging and prone to inter‐observer variability. We evaluated inter‐observer agreement regarding aortic (AV) and mitral valve (MV) findings on TEEs ordered for suspected infective endocarditis (IE). Methods: A total of 349 consecutive TEEs were evaluated. Studies were classified as "definite, possible, or no" IE with valve masses classified further by morphology. Nine faculty echocardiographers scored randomly selected TEEs of the AV (N = 38) and MV (N = 35). Inter‐reader variability was calculated using the Fleiss/Scott Kappa (Kf). Results: Positive blood cultures were present in 81% and 45% had definite IE by the modified Duke criteria. There was moderate reader agreement regarding the presence of a valvular mass for both the AV (Kf =.41, 95% CI [.30–.53]) and MV (Kf =.49, 95% CI [.34–.65]). For diagnosis of IE, there was fair agreement for the AV (Kf =.29, 95% CI [.18–.42]) and moderate agreement for the MV (Kf =.53, 95% CI [.36–.70]). Masses described as large, multi‐lobulated, or pedunculated were more frequently categorized as clinical IE, (p <.006, both valves), however those with filamentous lesions were not (p <.001, both valves). Conclusions: In a large academic center, the inter‐observer agreement for the presence of a left sided valvular mass was moderate and agreement regarding the final diagnosis of IE was fair to moderate, with better agreement among readers evaluating the MV. Lesion morphology is associated with the clinical diagnosis of IE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is extensive analysis of the housing crises faced by cities around the world. Recent critical housing scholarship insists that solutions will require the construction of powerful movements of urban inhabitants demanding a right to housing. But what will these movements actually look like, and what movement strategies will be most effective in advancing these goals? This article brings together insights from urban geography, social movement theory and organisational change to identify five types of people power used by housing movements in cities. These are: 'playing by the rules'; mobilising; organising; prefiguring, and; parties. We present four case studies of housing struggles in Cape Town, Barcelona, Sydney and Moscow, exploring their development and use of these different people power strategies. This four case comparison considers how people power strategies interlink, how they relate to crisis and context, and the how the political imaginaries associated with different strategies can generate both synergies and tensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A mature modeling framework predicts thermal runaway damage in a FE model. • Heat flux loading representative of cell behaviour is developed. • Single cell runaway damage can potentially reduce the strength of the specimen by 20% • Multi cell runaway damage can potentially reduce the strength of the specimen by 56% The use of composite materials has expanded significantly in a variety of sectors. In road transport, lithium-ion batteries (LIB) are the most commonly used. It is standard practice for batteries to be housed within a metal enclosure, which protects and enables extinguishment in the event of Thermal Runaway (TR). Composite materials have been shown to contribute to lightweighting in many vehicle structures and their use in battery enclosures has been growing in recent years - with the aim of reducing the weight of the battery assembly and positively impacting vehicle range. This work develops Finite Element (FE) models to assess thermal and mechanical damage and failure mechanisms during a TR event considering a section of a composite battery enclosure. Experimental data for a cylindrical 18650 lithium-ion battery fire is studied and used to define representative thermal loading. This validated loading profile is applied to a composite specimen and material temperature data is used to appraise damage. Finally, the predicted damage is used to predict and quantify the residual failure mechanism and strength of the specimen post battery fire. Results have shown the presence of damage from a single cell runaway can potentially reduce the strength of the specimen by 20% while multi-cell runaway can potentially reduce the strength by 56%. The predictive simulation capability herein could be used as a design tool for battery fire protection of composite enclosures, potentially reducing the need for corrective action, minimising the number of physical tests to support design and certification, as well as aiding in the interpretation of physical test results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In 2010, the Canadian province of British Columbia (BC) initiated the Seek and Treat for Optimal Prevention of HIV/AIDS (STOP HIV/AIDS) program to improve HIV testing, linkage to care, and treatment uptake, thereby operationalizing the HIV Treatment as Prevention (TasP) framework at the population-level. In this analysis, we evaluated self-reported HIV care experiences and therapeutic outcomes among people diagnosed with HIV prior to and after implementation of this provincial program.Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was performed on the baseline data of a cohort of people living with HIV (PLWH) (19 years and older) in the province of BC sampled from July 2016 to September 2018. All participants consented to linking their survey data to the provincial HIV treatment registry. Individuals diagnosed with HIV from January 1 2000-December 31 2009 were classified as pre-intervention and those diagnosed January 1 2010-December 31 2018 as post-intervention cohorts. Bivariate analyses were run using Chi-square and Wilcoxon Rank Sum tests. Cox proportional hazards regression model demonstrates time to antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation (from HIV baseline) and virological suppression (2 consecutive plasma viral load measurements < 200 copies/ml).Results: Of the 325 participants included in this analysis, 198 (61%) were diagnosed with HIV in the pre-intervention era and 127 (39%) in the post-intervention era. A higher proportion of participants in post-intervention era were diagnosed at walk-in clinics (45% vs. 39%) and hospitals (21% vs. 11%) (vs pre-intervention) (p = 0.042). Post-intervention participants had initiated ART with less advanced HIV disease (CD4 count 410 vs. 270 cells/ul; p = 0.001) and were less likely to experience treatment interruptions at any point in the 5 years after HIV diagnosis (17% vs. 48%; p < 0.001). The post-intervention cohort had significantly more timely ART initiation (aHR: 5.97, 95%CI 4.47, 7.97) and virologic suppression (aHR: 2.03, 95%CI 1.58, 2.60) following diagnosis, after controlling for confounders.Conclusions: We found favourable treatment experiences and more timely ART initiation and virologic suppression after a targeted TasP provincial program. Our results illustrate the importance of accessible low-barrier HIV testing and treatment in tackling the HIV epidemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alfred Crossley was one of the most prolific collectors of natural history specimens in Madagascar during the 19th century, with several vertebrate species named for him and numerous vertebrate and invertebrate holotypes to his credit. Yet the details of his life, and even of his professional activities, have been almost completely lost to history. Here I assemble what is known of Crossley's Madagascar itineraries in the years between 1869 and 1877, with the aim of providing a basis for more precisely pinpointing his many collecting localities. With the aid of a newly rediscovered obituary and contemporary press extracts, I also outline the details of a productive and drama-filled life that began with shipwreck and captivity in Madagascar and ended in a lonely death there, possibly under dubious circumstances. I also seek to understand why Crossley attracted so little attention while doing such visible and significant work, concluding that this lack of recognition was due partly to humble social origins in an era of gentlemen scientists and partly to an exceedingly retiring personal disposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temperate ectotherms have responded to recent environmental change, likely due to the direct and indirect effects of temperature on key life cycle events. Yet, a substantial number of ectotherms are fossorial, spending the vast majority of their lives in subterranean microhabitats that are assumed to be buffered against environmental change. Here, we examine whether seasonal climatic conditions influence body condition (a measure of general health and vigor), reproductive output, and breeding phenology in a northern population of fossorial salamander (Spotted Salamander, Ambystoma maculatum). We found that breeding body condition declined over a 12‐year monitoring period (2008–2019) with warmer summer and autumn temperatures at least partly responsible for the observed decline in body condition. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that elevated metabolism drives the negative association between temperature and condition. Population‐level reproduction, assessed via egg mass counts, showed high interannual variation and was weakly influenced by autumn temperatures. Salamander breeding phenology was strongly correlated with lake ice melt but showed no long‐term temporal trend (1986–2019). Climatic warming in the region, which has been and is forecasted to be strongest in the summer and autumn, is predicted to lead to a 5%–27% decline in salamander body condition under realistic near‐future climate scenarios. Although the subterranean environment offers a thermal buffer, the observed decline in condition and relatively strong effect of summer temperature on body condition suggest that fossorial salamanders are sensitive to the effects of a warming climate. Given the diversity of fossorial taxa, heightened attention to the vulnerability of subterranean microhabitat refugia and their inhabitants is warranted amid global climatic change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forced vital capacity (FVC) is an essential respiratory measurement for assessment and monitoring of patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Our clinic rapidly implemented remote assessment of FVC after COVID-19 related restrictions on respiratory testing were imposed, using mini-spirometers and video consultation. We sought to evaluate the patient's experiences of performing remote respiratory assessments to guide future development and optimisation of the service. Twenty-five patients completed surveys. The mean age was 65.2 years and average time from diagnosis was 17.04 (2–99) months. Seventy-two percent (n = 18) required help from a caregiver to perform the tests. Ninety-two percent (n = 23) of patients reported that overall, they were satisfied and were happy to continue with remote respiratory assessment. Reducing the number of clinic visits for review and assessment was valued by 92% (n = 23) and reducing the risk associated with COVID-19 was valued by 96% (n = 24). The highest frequency reported as acceptable for performing the remote breathing assessments was monthly (60%, n = 15), followed by every second month (28%, n = 7). Remote respiratory testing is viewed positively by patients. These technologies used in combination with video-consultations and other novel forms of remote monitoring implemented in response to the COVID-19 crisis will continue to be valuable tools for clinical care in future. However, further evaluation of the validity of remote respiratory assessment is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The popular online encyclopaedia Wikipedia is an important and influential platform that assists with the communication of science to a global audience. Using data obtained from Altmetric.com and Unpaywall, we looked at research from the White Rose Universities (Sheffield, Leeds and York) that is cited on Wikipedia. Of that research, we explored what percentage of citations were available open access (OA) and the location of those citations to ascertain whether they were hosted by publishers or within OA repositories. This article explores the importance of access to OA research within such an important and leading platform as Wikipedia and how well it supports effective scientific communication across society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the great Victorian novelist George Eliot's (1819–80) picture of Cisleithanian Austria through an exploration of her essays, letters, and diaries; her final novel, the philo-Semitic Daniel Deronda ; and her gothic novella The Lifted Veil. It explores her use of Austrian locales as sites for encounter with the Other, where her philosophies of art, science, mythography, and human fellowship converge. I argue that, employing ideas from the philosophy, science, and mythography of her day, Eliot in The Lifted Veil used Austria as a place associated with backwardness and obscurantist mysticism in order to illustrate, through a myth of failure, the necessary connection between art and human fellowship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The importance of developmentally appropriate transitional care in young people with juvenile-onset rheumatic and musculoskeletal disease is well recognised. The Paediatric Rheumatology European Society (PReS) / European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) Taskforce has developed international recommendations and standards for transitional care and a growing evidence base supports the positive benefits of such care. However, there is also evidence that universal implementation has yet to be realised. In 2020, against this background the COVID-19 pandemic arrived with significant impact on all our lives, young and old, patient, public and professional alike. The unfortunate reality of the pandemic with potential for unfavourable outcomes on healthcare provision during transition was acknowledged by the PReS working groups in a position statement to support healthcare professionals, young people and their caregivers. Aim: The aim of this review is to present the literature which provides the rationale for the recommendations in the PReS Position Statement. Summary: The following areas are specifically addressed: the prime importance of care coordination; the impact of the pandemic on the various aspects of the transition process; the importance of ensuring continuity of medication supply; the pros and cons of telemedicine with young people; ensuring meaningful involvement of young people in service development and the importance of core adolescent health practices such as routine developmental assessment psychosocial screening and appropriate parental involvement during transitional care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to clarify issues related to the contemporary study of audiobook practices, in order to aid subsequent research on topics related to reading, digital audiobooks and streaming subscription services. Design/methodology/approach: Using the concept of remediation, this paper covers four messy issues for audiobook researchers, primarily by developing the concept of reading by listening and then exploring the different remediations of the audiobook, clarifying the audiobook as a book and exploring the context of streaming subscription services. Findings: Reading is here conceptualised according to the human sense used when making meaning from text, with reading by listening suggested for reading done with the help of the ears. Three different forms of remediation can be seen in subscription-based audiobooks, related to format, content and sense. Audiobooks simultaneously follow traditions of reading aloud, remediates the printed book and previous audiobook formats. It is suggested that the content is what makes an audiobook a book. The concepts library model and bookshop model are introduced to understand different audiobook subscription service models. Originality/value: This is a research area on the rise with several messy issues and the concepts and clarifications in this paper may benefit future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilising a high-resolution, trap-based positron beam, we have measured both elastic and inelastic scattering of positrons from water vapour. The measurements comprise differential elastic, total elastic, and total inelastic (not including positronium formation) absolute cross sections. The energy range investigated is from 1 eV to 60 eV. Comparison with theory is made with both R-Matrix and distorted wave calculations, and with our own application of the Independent Atom Model for positron interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of immunotherapy has led to a paradigm shift in the treatment of both solid and hematologic malignancies. As immunomodulatory therapies are employed with increasing frequency, a greater number of immune-related adverse reactions are being reported, and the majority of these involve the skin. As a result, dermatologists are increasingly becoming involved in the management of these cutaneous adverse reactions—often providing critical recommendations regarding ongoing cancer treatment. Cutaneous immune-related adverse reactions can vary significantly from patient to patient, making early recognition and timely intervention imperative to mitigate associated morbidity and potential treatment interruption. Although there is considerable overlap in the cutaneous adverse events caused by these immune checkpoint inhibitors, specific eruptions are characteristically associated with particular checkpoint inhibitors. In addition, a patient's comorbidities or immune status can play a significant role in the presentation and management of such adverse reactions. This review characterizes and provides management guidelines for the various cutaneous toxicities associated with checkpoint inhibitor therapy, including CTLA-4 inhibitors, PD-1 inhibitors, and PD-L1 inhibitors. © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The odd parity gravitational quasi-normal mode spectrum of black holes with non-trivial scalar hair in Horndeski gravity is investigated. We study 'almost' Schwarzschild black holes such that any modifications to the spacetime geometry (including the scalar field profile) are treated as small quantities. A modified Regge–Wheeler style equation for the odd parity gravitational degree of freedom is presented to quadratic order in the scalar hair and spacetime modifications, and a parameterisation of the modified quasi-normal mode spectrum is calculated. In addition, statistical error estimates for the new hairy parameters of the black hole and scalar field are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Health technology assessment aims to inform and support healthcare decision making, and trials are part of that process. The purpose of this study was to measure the impact of a sample of trials in a meaningful but robust fashion.Methods: All randomized controlled trials funded and published by the UK National Institute of Health Research in the Health Technology Assessment journal series and other peer-reviewed journals were identified for 2006 to 2015. Citation analysis was performed for all trials, and quantitative content analysis was undertaken on a purposive sample to determine whether impact could be categorized as "instrumental" (ie, having a clear influence on key research and policy publications).Results: The search identified 133 relevant trials. The citation rate per trial was 102.97. Of the 133 trials, 129 (98%) were cited in 1 or more systematic reviews or meta-analyses (mean per trial = 7.18, range = 0-44). Where they were cited, the trials were used in some form of synthesis 63% of the time. Ninety-one of the 133 (68%) trials were found to be cited in 1 or more guidance or policy document (mean per trial = 2.75, range = 0-26) and had an instrumental influence 41% of the time. The publication of these trials' results in journals other than the Health Technology Assessment journal appears to enhance the discoverability of the trial data. Altmetric.com proved to be very useful in identifying unique policy and guidance documents.Conclusion: These trials have impressive citation rates, and a sizeable proportion are certainly being used in key publications in a genuinely instrumental manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The doctrine of abuse of process, as a subsidiary concept of the principle of abuse of rights, is well established as a general principle of law and regularly invoked by member states in argument at the International Court of Justice (ICJ). Nonetheless, the ICJ has yet to uphold an argument founded upon the abuse of process. After conducting a general survey of the development of the doctrine of abuse of process around the globe, this article argues that the ICJ should seize upon the current global trend in which international courts and tribunals have sought to utilise the abuse of process doctrine as a feature of their inherent case management powers, and more readily make use of the doctrine to ensure that the integrity of proceedings is preserved before the ICJ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With remediation of the printed book into audiobook subscription services, reading by listening is becoming a popular alternative to reading by seeing. This article explores when people read by listening and whether there may be a shift regarding the places and times people read by listening rather than by seeing. Based on a considerable dataset from a Swedish subscription service for digital books, this article reveals that audiobook reading takes place at somewhat different times than expected and that subscribers read significant amounts each day. The findings indicate that the remediation into reading by listening using digital audiobooks may close the gender gap common in reading, as the reading practices of men and women are very similar, with men even reading slightly more than women. The reading practices of young adults are also similar to the larger population. Furthermore, the concepts stationary reading, mobile reading and stationary/mobile reading are introduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interspecific interactions are an integral aspect of ecosystem functioning that may be disrupted in an increasingly anthropocentric world. Industrial landscape change creates a novel playing field on which these interactions take place, and a key question for wildlife managers is whether and how species are able to coexist in such working landscapes. Using camera traps deployed in northern Alberta, we surveyed boreal predators to determine whether interspecific interactions affected occurrences of black bears (Ursus americanus), coyotes (Canis latrans), and lynx (Lynx canadensis) within a landscape disturbed by networks of seismic lines (corridors cut for seismic exploration of oil and gas reserves). We tested hypotheses of species interactions across one spatial‐only and two spatiotemporal (daily and weekly) scales. Specifically, we hypothesized that (1) predators avoid competition with the apex predator, gray wolf (Canis lupus), (2) they avoid competition with each other as intraguild competitors, and (3) they overlap with their prey. All three predators overlapped with wolves on at least one scale, although models at the daily and weekly scale had substantial unexplained variance. None of the predators showed avoidance of intraguild competitors or overlap with prey. These results show patterns in predator space use that are consistent with both facilitative interactions or shared responses to unmeasured ecological cues. Our study provides insight into how predator species use the working boreal landscape in relation to each other, and highlights that predator management may indirectly influence multiple species through their interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The rates of decline in respiratory measurements, including Peak Cough Flow (PCF) have not been established in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Additionally, optimal prescription of cough adjuncts which aim to increase cough strength are unknown. The primary aim of this study was to quantify declines in respiratory function in ALS using PCF, Sniff Nasal Inspiratory Pressure (SNIP) and Slow Vital Capacity (SVC). Secondary aims were to measure respiratory morbidity, audit the characteristics of those prescribed cough adjuncts, and compare outcomes between treated and untreated cohorts. Methods: A prospective, longitudinal, observational, cohort study evaluated respiratory measures, morbidity, and physical function in ALS patients at three monthly intervals, over one year. Patient and disease characteristics of those prescribed cough adjuncts were profiled at the time of device prescription. Results: one hundred and eight participants with mean age 62.1 ± 11.5 years participated. PCF declined rapidly at a rate of 124.8L/min/year (p < 0.001). SNIP, SVC (%predicted), and ALSFRS-R also declined significantly at rates of 18.72cmH2O, 17.49%, and 9.62 units per year respectively (p < 0.001). Thirty-two (29.6%) patients reported 56 incidences of chest infection and 21 died. Patients prescribed a cough adjunct (44.4%) had significantly lower average PCF, SNIP, SVC percent predicted, and ALSFRS-R (p < 0.001). Conclusions: This study identified a rapid rate of decline in PCF, a similar decline in SNIP, and slower declines in SVC and ALSFRS-R. Cough adjunct prescription was triggered by declining respiratory measures and recommended PCF thresholds, but also by respiratory symptoms. Chest infections were common in patients regardless of cough adjunct prescription and should be closely monitored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quorum‐sensing mechanisms regulate gene expression in response to changing cell‐population density detected through pheromones. In Enterococcus faecalis, Fsr quorum sensing produces and responds to the gelatinase biosynthesis‐activating pheromone (GBAP). Here we establish that the enterococcal FsrB membrane protein has a direct role connected with GBAP by showing that GBAP binds to purified FsrB. Far‐UV CD measurements demonstrated a predominantly α‐helical protein exhibiting a small level of conformational flexibility. Fivefold (400 μm) GBAP stabilised FsrB (80 μm) secondary structure. FsrB thermal denaturation in the presence and absence of GBAP revealed melting temperatures of 70.1 and 60.8 °C, respectively, demonstrating GBAP interactions and increased thermal stability conferred by GBAP. Addition of GBAP also resulted in tertiary structural changes, confirming GBAP binding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare the outcomes for patients with chronic noninsertional Achilles tendinopathy following extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) and high-volume image-guided injection (HVIGI). Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: Hospital-based Sports Medicine Outpatient Clinic. Patients: Sixty-three consecutive patients with chronic noninsertional Achilles tendinopathy, treated with ESWT (n = 22) or HVIGI (n = 41), with minimum 3-month follow-up. Mean age was 51.2 years, and mean duration of symptoms was 27.8 months. Interventions: Patients received either 3 sessions of ESWT (1 session per week) or a single ultrasound-guided HVIGI (10 mL of 1% lidocaine and 40 mLs of sterile saline). All patients received standardized aftercare, including continuation of a structured home exercise program of flexibility and eccentric strengthening exercises. Main Outcome Measures: Zero to 10 visual analog scale (VAS) for self-reported "average pain" and "average stiffness" values. In addition, Victoria Institute of Sport--Achilles questionnaire, (VISA-A), and Manchester-Oxford Foot Questionnaire (MOXFQ). Results: This study demonstrated statistically significant improvements in self-reported measures of pain and stiffness following either procedure. At 3 months, VAS (pain) was improved from 6.74 ± 1.31 to 3.57 ± 2.37 (P < 0.001) following HVIGI and from 6.57 ± 1.61 to 4.35 ± 2.55 (P < 0.002) following ESWT. At 3 months, VISA-A improved from 35%617% to 51% ± 22% (P < 0.001) following HVIGI and from 34% ± 15% to 49% ± 15% (P < 0.001) following ESWT. Statistically significant improvements were only recorded at 6 weeks for ESWT and at 3 months for HVIGI using MOXFQ. No statistically significant differences were seen between the groups at any period studied. Conclusions: Patients improved to statistically significant extent following either a HVIGI or ESWT procedure, with no significant differences seen between the groups. The small sample sizes in this pragmatic study are noted, which limit interpretation, and larger more robust studies are required to investigate this further. Clinical Relevance: This pragmatic prospective cohort study demonstrates improvements following either ESWT or HVIGI procedures, with no significant differences seen between the groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Community partnerships, based on 'the collaborative turn' in academic research, are an increasingly common framework through which 'bottom-up' histories, particularly of diverse and/or more marginalised communities, are being told. This article is about the 'doing' of this type of work. It focuses on the question: what lessons can be made visible when attempted cooperation fails to deliver the outcomes initially hoped for? Firstly, this article outlines the events and activities undertaken by the authors in exploring the ways that ephemera and other objects can be used to understand and transmit the historical experiences of communities often on the periphery of mainstream war commemoration. It will discuss the ways in which connections with these communities were built, with the aim of undertaking several creative writing workshops, leading to a co-produced publication of the participants' material. Secondly, as part of a broader acknowledgment of the possibility of failure and its benefits, it will explore why some of these creative workshop efforts failed to meet expectations and outline a series of recommendations for other historians and community-orientated projects to consider for future activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Haemophagocytic lymphohisticytosis (HLH) is a syndrome of uncontrolled, severe systemic inflammation (hyperinflammation) arising either from a genetic immune system defect [primary (pHLH)] or triggered as a complication of malignancy, infection, or rheumatologic disease [secondary (sHLH)]. Patients with HLH often have non-specific symptoms and become progressively and critically unwell, with fever, cytopenia and multi-organ failure. Untreated, HLH is almost universally fatal, but even when treated, mortality is high, particularly when HLH complicates malignancy. HLH is managed with immunosuppression, and this can seem difficult to justify in such unwell patients. This review aims to examine the diagnostic and treatment challenges posed by sHLH and to improve recognition among rheumatologists who, being expert in the management of multisystem diseases and in the use of immunosuppression, are ideally placed to deliver care and build an evidence base for better disease characterization and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of the neutron-capture isotopes beyond iron that we observe today in the Solar system is the result of the combined contribution of the r -process, the s -process, and possibly the i -process. Low-mass asymptotic giant branch (AGB) (1.5 < M / M ⊙ < 3) and massive (M > 10 M⊙) stars have been identified as the main site of the s -process. In this work we consider the evolution and nucleosynthesis of low-mass AGB stars. We provide an update of the NuGrid Set models, adopting the same general physics assumptions but using an updated convective-boundary-mixing model accounting for the contribution from internal gravity waves. The combined data set includes the initial masses M ZAMS/ M ⊙ = 2, 3 for Z = 0.03, 0.02, 0.01. These new models are computed with the mesa stellar code and the evolution is followed up to the end of the AGB phase. The nucleosynthesis was calculated for all isotopes in post-processing with the NuGrid mppnp code. The convective-boundary-mixing model leads to the formation of a 13C-pocket three times wider compared to the one obtained in the previous set of models, bringing the simulation results now in closer agreement with observations. Using these new models, we discuss the potential impact of other processes inducing mixing, like rotation, adopting parametric models compatible with theory and observations. Complete yield data tables, derived data products, and online analytic data access are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Core Ideas: Total ecosystem carbon recovered to pre‐harvest levels after seven decades.Predicted and observed carbon pools differed most for deadwood and soil.Modified CBM‐CFS3 initialization and default decay parameters may improve accuracy. Climate change and global wood products demand raise concerns about boreal forest ecosystem resilience to natural disturbances and harvesting. A chronosequence experiment located in Forêt Montmorency, Quebec was used to evaluate the effects of harvesting on carbon (C) recovery trajectories at the stand level over a period of 77 years in balsam fir‐white birch stands. Empirical estimates of 19 Forêt Montmorency forest carbon pools were compared with those simulated by the Carbon Budget Model (CBM‐CFS3) to test model assumptions for predicting carbon dynamics in this forest. The model was initialized using forest inventory data, spatially explicit environmental conditions, and disturbance matrices designed to represent historical spruce budworm epidemics in Forêt Montmorency. Over the chronosequence, total ecosystem C increased significantly (p = 0.05) following harvest from 211 Mg in year‐zero to 279 ± 8 Mg C ha−1 in year 67 (mean ± SE), suggesting that FM carbon pools were recovering to pre‐harvest levels after seven decades. The CBM‐CFS3 model predicted total ecosystem C stocks within 10% of the empirical mean at stand maturity; however, several predicted C pools deviated from field observations in both C amounts and trends over time. The greatest differences were in deadwood and soil C pools, suggesting that model initialization of dead organic matter pools did not adequately simulate the 1000‐yr history of C‐pool transfers and stand dynamics leading up to the harvest. Modifications to CBM‐CFS3 initialization assumptions and default decay parameters may more accurately simulate long‐term effects of natural disturbances on C pools for this forest region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Altricial mammals begin to independently thermoregulate during the first few weeks of postnatal development. In wild rodent populations, this is also a time of high mortality (50–95%), making the physiological systems that mature during this period potential targets for selection. High altitude (HA) is a particularly challenging environment for small endotherms owing to unremitting low O2 and ambient temperatures. While superior thermogenic capacities have been demonstrated in adults of some HA species, it is unclear if selection has occurred to survive these unique challenges early in development. We used deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) native to high and low altitude (LA), and a strictly LA species (Peromyscus leucopus), raised under common garden conditions, to determine if postnatal onset of endothermy and maturation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) is affected by altitude ancestry. We found that the onset of endothermy corresponds with the maturation and activation of BAT at an equivalent age in LA natives, with 10-day-old pups able to thermoregulate in response to acute cold in both species. However, the onset of endothermy in HA pups was substantially delayed (by approx. 2 days), possibly driven by delayed sympathetic regulation of BAT. We suggest that this delay may be part of an evolved cost-saving measure to allow pups to maintain growth rates under the O2-limited conditions at HA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The capability of animals to alter their behaviour in response to novel or familiar stimuli, or behavioural flexibility, is strongly associated with their ability to learn in novel environments. Reptiles are capable of learning complex tasks and offer a unique opportunity to study the relationship between visual proficiency and behavioural flexibility. The focus of this study was to investigate the behavioural flexibility of red-footed tortoises and their ability to perform reversal learning. Reversal learning involves learning a particular discrimination task, after which the previously rewarded cue is reversed and then subjects perform the task with new reward contingencies. Red-footed tortoises were required to learn to recognise and approach visual cues within a Y-maze. Once subjects learned the visual discrimination, tortoises were required to successfully learn four reversals. Tortoises required significantly more trials to reach criterion (80% correct) in the first reversal, indicating the difficulty of unlearning the positive stimulus presented during training. Nevertheless, subsequent reversals required a similar number of sessions to the training stage, demonstrating that reversal learning improved up to a point. All subjects tested developed a position bias within the Y-maze that was absent prior to training, but most were able to exhibit reversal learning. Red-footed tortoises primarily adopted a win-stay choice strategy while learning the discrimination without much evidence for a lose-shift choice strategy, which may explain limits to their behavioural flexibility. However, improving performance across reversals while simultaneously overcoming a position bias provides insights into the cognitive abilities of tortoises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animals infected by parasites or pathogens can exhibit altered behaviors that may reduce the costs of infection to the host or represent manipulations that benefit the parasite. Given that temperature affectsmany critical physiological processes, changes in thermoregulatory behaviors are an important consideration for infected hosts, especially ectotherms. Here we examined the temperature choices of freshwater snails (Helisoma trivolvis) that were or were not infected by a trematode (flatworm) parasite (Echinostoma trivolvis). Active snails that explored the experimental temperature gradient differed in their thermal preference based ontheir infection status, as parasitized snails chose to position themselves at a significantly higher temperature (mean: 25.47C) compared to those thatwere uninfected(mean: 23.37C).Given that snails rarely eliminate established trematode infections,we suggest that this altered thermal preference shown by infected hosts likely benefits the parasite by increasing the odds of successful transmission, either through enhanced production and emergence of infectious stages or by increasing spatial overlap with the next hosts of the complex life cycle. Further studies that employ experimental infections to examine temperature selection at different time points will be needed to understand the extent of altered host thermal preferences, as well as the possible benefits to both host and parasite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a hyperinflammatory syndrome, which if not promptly treated, can lead rapidly to critical illness and death. HLH is termed macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) when associated with rheumatic disease (where it is best characterized in systemic JIA) and secondary HLH (sHLH) when associated with other triggers including malignancy and infection. MAS/sHLH is rare and coupled with its mimicry of other conditions, is underrecognized. These inherent challenges can lead to diagnostic and management challenges in multiple medical specialties including haematology, infectious diseases, critical care and rheumatology. In this review we highlight the pathogenesis of MAS/sHLH including its underlying triggers, key clinical features and diagnostic challenges, prognostic factors and current treatments in adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Research is beginning to shed light on the practices employed by speech‐language therapists (SLTs) for the management of acquired dysarthria. However, studies that explore SLTs' satisfaction with the effectiveness of current therapies and their interest in new treatment methods for this population have not been carried out. One potential new method is neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES): the pool of evidence for its use in rehabilitation is increasing, yet it has not been widely explored for use with dysarthria. Aim: To extend the understanding of acquired dysarthria management practices employed by SLTs across the globe and determine their satisfaction with current therapy options. To explore their interest in using NMES with this population. Methods and Procedures: A cross‐sectional international online survey was developed and disseminated to SLTs working with adults with acquired dysarthria through international professional associations. The survey collected information on demographic characteristics, dysarthria management practices, satisfaction with treatment effectiveness and interest in and knowledge of NMES. Survey responses were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics, and quantitative content analysis. Outcomes and Results: A total of 211 SLTs (North America, 48.8%; Europe, 36%; Asia, 8.1%; Oceania, 5.7%; Africa, 0.9%; South America, 0.5%) completed the survey in full. Management practices varied considerably. There was a clear preference for informal assessments, mainly oral‐motor examinations, focusing on body functions and structures. The majority of respondents rejected the use of non‐speech oral motor exercises as a clinical or carryover exercise. Variable satisfaction with current speech subsystem treatments was noted; however, overall, there was a general dissatisfaction. Whilst a strong interest in the use of NMES for dysarthria was evidenced, it was noted that most SLTs lacked fundamental knowledge of NMES principles and application. Conclusion: SLTs' management practices and satisfaction with acquired dysarthria treatments differed substantially. Investigations of the potential use of NMES for dysarthria treatment are of interest. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: What is already known on the subject: Recent country‐specific surveys have explored speech‐language therapists' (SLTs') assessment and intervention practices for acquired dysarthria. These studies indicate that although clinical management for this speech disorder mainly involves informal assessment tools and impairment‐focused treatment, communication beyond the impairment, such as the activity and participation domains, is also frequently assessed and treated. What this paper adds to existing knowledge: The majority of SLTs are dissatisfied with the overall benefits of current acquired dysarthria treatment. Phonatory, respiration and speech rate therapies are perceived to be more effective than prosody, articulation and resonance treatments. Despite a general lack of theoretical knowledge, most SLTs are interested in neuromuscular electrical stimulation treatment for acquired dysarthria. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work?: New, evidence‐based treatments are needed for SLTs to be confident in the effectiveness of their acquired dysarthria treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]