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Room temperature and solution‐processible spin‐light emitting diodes (spin‐LEDs) are of practical importance since electronic spins act as information carriers for circularly polarized electroluminescence (CP‐EL) generation. The recent boost of quasi‐2D chiral hybrid perovskites (CHPs) has gained unprecedented attention because of the possible spin manipulation via innate chiral‐induced spin‐orbit coupling (CISOC) without involving cumbersome spin injection from ferromagnets. Herein, a unique method is developed using chiral ionic liquids (CILs) as antisolvents for fabricating highly reproducible and stable lead‐bromide thin films based single junction spin‐LEDs. With this, the chirality is successfully transferred into the perovskites with outstanding chiroptical properties and improved film crystallinities. More than 75% photoluminescent quantum yields (PLQY) and 13% CP‐EL have been achieved. The existence of chiral‐induced spin selectivity (CISS) is proved and a large degree of polarized spin current (Pspin${{{\bm{P}}}_{{{\bf spin}}}}$) of ≈80% with a long spin lifetime exceeding 1.0 ns is attained. Further their magneto‐chiroptical effects are explored through magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) and magneto‐photoluminescence (MPL). The method opens a new avenue for the development of CHPs and high‐performance single junction spin‐LEDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breakthrough infection of rabies is rarely reported. And it is difficult to make a definite diagnosis of rabies for patients with atypical clinical manifestations. Here we report a rabies breakthrough infection who presented atypical clinical manifestations. The diagnosis of rabies was confirmed by the detection of rabies virus in cerebrospinal fluid by metagenomics next-generation sequencing (mNGS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mainstream planting systems of watershed sloping farmland span the globe and are closely related to the variations in the soil quality of watershed sloping farmland. However, little information is available about how mainstream planting systems influence spatiotemporal variations in the soil quality of watershed sloping farmland. The soil of 0–20 cm was collected at fixed points in three mainstream planting systems (a low-altitude citrus orchard system, a mid-altitude double-cropping system, and a high-altitude single-cropping system) at a fixed time each year for 15 years in a typical agricultural watershed of the Three Gorges Reservoir area of China. Fourteen physicochemical properties of the sampled soil were measured. We found that (1) the soil quality indexes of the citrus orchard system, double-cropping system, and single-cropping system decreased from 0.75, 0.71, and 0.67 in 2004 to 0.68, 0.57, and 0.55 in 2019, respectively; (2) the order of the six master control factors influencing soil quality was sand content > bulk density > total nitrogen > clay content > pH > total phosphorus in the citrus orchard system, sand content > bulk density > clay content > pH > total phosphorus > total nitrogen in the double-cropping system, and sand content > clay content > total phosphorus > pH > bulk density > total nitrogen in the single-cropping system; and (3) the total effects of soil erosion and fertilization on soil quality were −0.496 and −0.308 in the citrus orchard system, −1.254 and 0.371 in the double-cropping system, and −0.844 and 0.013 in the single-cropping system, respectively. We suggest that the three mainstream planting systems influence soil quality through variations in their master control factors caused primarily by soil erosion and secondarily by fertilization. These findings are important for controlling soil degradation through controlling soil erosion and rational fertilization in watersheds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The N6‐methyladenosine (m6A) mRNA modification is crucial for plant development and stress responses. In rice, the male sterility resulting from the deficiency of OsFIP37, a core component of m6A methyltransferase complex, emphasizes the significant role of m6A in male fertility. m6A is reversible and can be removed by m6A demethylases. However, whether mRNA m6A demethylase regulates male fertility in rice has remained unknown. Here, we identify the mRNA m6A demethylase OsALKBH9 and demonstrate its involvement in male fertility regulation. Knockout of OsALKBH9 causes male sterility, dependent on its m6A demethylation activity. Cytological analysis reveals defective tapetal programmed cell death (PCD) and excessive accumulation of microspores exine in Osalkbh9‐1. Transcriptome analysis of anthers shows up‐regulation of genes involved in tapetum development, sporopollenin synthesis, and transport pathways in Osalkbh9‐1. Additionally, we demonstrate that OsALKBH9 demethylates the m6A modification in TDR and GAMYB transcripts, which affects the stability of these mRNAs and ultimately leads to excessive accumulation of pollen exine. Our findings highlight the precise control of mRNA m6A modification and reveal the pivotal roles played by OsALKBH9‐mediated m6A demethylation in tapetal PCD and pollen exine accumulation in rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional thresholding methods are widely used to extract objects of interest from image backgrounds in various practical applications. However, these methods often face challenges in complex scenes due to poor uniformity, noise, and low contrast. To overcome these limitations, this paper proposes a peak-weaken Otsu method (PWOTSU) that improves the segmentation performance of the Otsu method for automatically extracting objects in complex scenes. The proposed approach uses a set of cross parameters as weights for the Otsu criterion function to adaptively weaken the between-class variance at the peak of the histogram. This ensures that an appropriate threshold value is always obtained for images with different types of histogram distribution. The improved criterion function has the advantage of obtaining a more accurate threshold value without the need for additional parameters, making it easily applicable to various practical applications. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method effectively improves the segmentation accuracy and robustness compared to the standard Otsu method and its modifications, as evidenced by qualitative and quantitative evaluations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The total electron content (TEC) of the ionosphere is an important parameter to describe the ionosphere, and it is a great significance to monitor and predict it accurately. In this paper, a hybrid ionospheric TEC prediction model based on the least squares support vector machine (LSSVM) and the Moth-Flame Optimization (MFO) algorithm is proposed. The parameters of the LSSVM model are optimized by the MFO algorithm. We use observation data of 15 GNSS stations from the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China (CMONOC) to extract ionospheric TEC from 2012 to 2019. The ionospheric TEC is forecasted using solar and geomagnetic activity indices in both the low solar activity year (2019) and the high solar activity year (2015). The results show that the prediction performance of the MFO_LSSVM model is significantly better than that of the IRI model, SVM model, and LSSVM model. Compared with the other three models, there are more stable prediction results in the low and high solar activity years. At the same time, the predicted value of the MFO_LSSVM model has a good correlation with the measured value, and it also has good prediction potential in areas with active geomagnetic activity. The comparison with the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model shows that the MFO_LSSVM model has better performance than the single LSTM model. In conclusion, the MFO_LSSVM model can accurately predict ionospheric TEC in China, and has better accuracy than traditional long-term and short-term models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a gate recurrent unit (GRU) method to forecast ionospheric the total electron content (TEC) at different latitudes and longitudes. This method aims to address the issues of low accuracy in traditional neural networks and the challenges faced in training long-term time series. We construct a GRU model using TEC data from the European Orbit Determination Center (CODE) for the years 2016 to 2018, geomagnetic indices, and solar activity indices (16 points along the latitude and longitude lines of 120°E and 30°N). Comparative experiments are carried out with the international reference ionosphere (IRI) model and the long short-term memory (LSTM) model. The results show that the GRU model outperforms other models in terms of accuracy. On geomagnetic quiet days, the 5-day predicted average residual can reach 0.51 TECU, while on storm days it can reach 0.72 TECU. The root mean square error (RMSE) for these days is 0.64 TECU and 1.01 TECU, respectively. The correlation coefficients are 0.98 and 0.93, respectively. The RMSE of the GRU model ranges from 0.60 TECU to 2.62 TECU for both geomagnetic quiet days and storm days. In terms of TEC forecast accuracy in 2018, the RMSE of the GRU model is 1.6 TECU, which is smaller than that of the IRI model and LSTM model. These results demonstrate that the GRU model performs better than the IRI model and LSTM model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to identify key genes regulating tumor infiltrating plasma cells (PC) and provide new insights for innovative immunotherapy. Methods: Key genes related to PC were identified using machine learning in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) patients. A prognostic model called PC scores was developed using TCGA data and validated with GEO cohorts. We assessed the molecular background, immune features, and drug sensitivity of the high PC scores group. Real-time PCR was utilized to assess the expression of hub genes in both localized LUAD patients and LUAD cell lines. Results: We constructed PC scores based on seventeen PC-related hub genes (ELOVL6, MFI2, FURIN, DOK1, ERO1LB, CLEC7A, ZNF431, KIAA1324, NUCB2, TXNDC11, ICAM3, CR2, CLIC6, CARNS1, P2RY13, KLF15, and SLC24A4). Higher age, TNM stage, and PC scores independently predicted shorter overall survival. The AUC value of PC scores for one year, three years, and five years of overall survival were 0.713, 0.716, and 0.690, separately. The nomogram model that integrated age, stage, and PC scores showed significantly higher predictive value than stage alone (P < 0.01). High PC scores group exhibited an immune suppressing microenvironment with lower B, CD8 + T, CD4 + T, and dendritic cell infiltration. Docetaxel, gefitinib, and erlotinib had lower IC50 in high PC groups (P < 0.001). After validation through the local cohort and in vitro experiments, we ultimately confirmed three key potential targets: MFI2, KLF15, and CLEC7A. Conclusion: We proposed a prediction mode which can effectively identify high-risk LUAD patients and found three novel genes closely correlated with PC tumor infiltration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For this study, we employed intense 400 nm, 100 fs pulses linearly propagated through a 50 cm water medium, initially self-stretching the excitation pulses to 2.50 ps. Subsequently, the self-stretched 2.50 ps pulses were focused into deionized water, and we conducted transient absorption experiments to measure and investigate the dynamics of hydrated electrons in water. The excess electrons generated were injected into the hydrogen bond network of the water cluster, leading to the observation of saturated hydrated electrons. Additionally, we observed the emergence of the forward stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) of water molecules. We report the experimental observation of a weak forward SRS emission at 463 nm (corresponding to 3400 cm−1), indicative of the ordinary OH stretching vibration in the liquid phase. Moreover, we observed an intense forward SRS emission at 460 nm in water, corresponding to two anomalous Raman shifts at 3260 cm−1 and 3355 cm−1. These anomalous Raman shifts resulted from changes in the hydrogen bond network structure. We determine that the formation of not fully hydrated and saturated hydrated electrons plays a crucial role in producing this phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effectively harnessing solar energy for the conversion of CO2 into valuable chemical energy presents a viable solution to address energy scarcity and climate change concerns. Nonetheless, the limited light absorption and sluggish charge kinetics significantly hinder the photoreduction of CO2. In this study, we employed a facile sol–gel method combined with wetness impregnation to synthesize Cu-doped TiO2 coated with NiOx nanoparticles. Various characterizations verified the successful incorporation of Cu ions into the TiO2 crystal lattice and the formation of NiOx co-catalysts within the composites. The optimal performance attained with CTN-0.5 demonstrates an output of 11.85 μmol h−1 g−1 for CO and 9.51 μmol h−1 g−1 for CH4, which represent a 4.4-fold and 15.6-fold increase, respectively, compared to those achieved with pure TiO2. The induced Cu defect band broadens the light absorption by decreasing the conduction band edge of TiO2, while NiOx upshifts the valence band of TiO2 because of the interaction of valence orbitals. Light irradiation EPR and FTIR tests suggest that the collaboration of CuOx and NiOx promotes the formation of oxygen vacancies/defects and a rapid charge transfer pathway, thereby provides numerous active sites and electrons to enhance CO2 photoreduction performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the application of deep learning models for underwater target recognition has become a popular trend. Most of these are pure 1D models used for processing time-domain signals or pure 2D models used for processing time-frequency spectra. In this paper, a recent temporal 2D modeling method is introduced into the construction of ship radiation noise classification models, combining 1D and 2D. This method is based on the periodic characteristics of time-domain signals, shaping them into 2D signals and discovering long-term correlations between sampling points through 2D convolution to compensate for the limitations of 1D convolution. Integrating this method with the current state-of-the-art model structure and using samples from the Deepship database for network training and testing, it was found that this method could further improve the accuracy (0.9%) and reduce the parameter count (30%), providing a new option for model construction and optimization. Meanwhile, the effectiveness of training models using time-domain signals or time-frequency representations has been compared, finding that the model based on time-domain signals is more sensitive and has a smaller storage footprint (reduced to 30%), whereas the model based on time-frequency representation can achieve higher accuracy (1–2%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hafnia‐based ceramic coating is considered one of the candidates to substitute yttria partially stabilized zirconia material as thermal barrier coating working above 1200°C. In this work, a series of TiO2‐doped HfO2 ceramics (Hf1–xTixO2, x = 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 40%) were fabricated by solid‐state reaction. The microstructure, fracture toughness, and thermal conductivity were systematically investigated. The results show that Hf1–xTixO2 ceramics are comprised of monoclinic HfO2 and orthorhombic HfTiO4 phases when Ti4+ doping amount is between 5% and 20%, and the weight fraction of HfTiO4 phase linearly increases with the Ti4+ content and finally reaches 100% for Hf0.6Ti0.4O2. The fracture toughness of TiO2‐doped HfO2 ceramic is higher than 1.75 MPa m.5 when TiO2 content is no more than 15% and decreases below 1.5 MPa m0.5 if TiO2 content further increases. The thermal conductivity is significantly decreased by TiO2 doping attributed to the precipitated HfTiO4 phase. Considering the mechanical properties and thermal insulation capacity, the doping of 15% TiO2 would be beneficial for the HfO2‐based ceramics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bipedal robots have long been a focal point of robotics research with an unwavering emphasis on platform stability. Achieving stability necessitates meticulous design considerations at every stage, encompassing resilience against environmental disturbances and the inevitable wear associated with various tasks. In pursuit of these objectives, here, the bipedal L04 Robot is introduced. The L04 Robot employs a groundbreaking approach by compactly enclosing the hip joints in all directions and employing a coupled joint design. This innovative approach allows the robot to attain the traditional 6 degrees of freedom in the hip joint while using only four motors. This design not only enhances energy efficiency and battery life but also safeguards all vulnerable motor reducers. Moreover, the double-slider leg design enables the robot to simulate knee bending and leg height adjustment through leg extension. This simulation can be mathematically modeled as a linear inverted pendulum (LIP), rendering the L04 Robot a versatile platform for research into bipedal robot motion control. A dynamic analysis of the bipedal robot based on this structural innovation is conducted accordingly. The design of motion control laws for forward, backward, and lateral movements are also presented. Both simulation and physical experiments corroborate the excellent bipedal walking performance, affirming the stability and superior walking capabilities of the L04 Robot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a biped robot system for dynamic walking is presented. It has two 2-degree-of-freedom (DOF) lightweight legs and a 6-DOF hip. All the joint pulleys of the legs are driven by motors that are placed at the hip using steel cables. Since all the heavy motors are mounted at the hip, the biped robot has remarkably low-mass legs beyond the hip, which guarantees low inertia during walking at high speeds. Utilizing cable-amplification mechanisms, high stiffness and strength are achieved, resulting in better control performance compared to conventional direct-driven methods. Techniques are developed to estimate joint-angle errors caused by the elastic deformation of the cables. To achieve smooth control, we introduce the concept of a virtual leg, which is an imaginary leg connecting the hip joint and the ankle joint. A robust control approach based on the "virtual leg" is presented, which considers the variances of the virtual leg length during walking. Experiments are conducted to validate the effectiveness of the mechanical design and the proposed control approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Harris Hawks Optimization algorithm (HHO) is a sophisticated metaheuristic technique that draws inspiration from the hunting process of Harris hawks, which has gained attention in recent years. However, despite its promising features, the algorithm exhibits certain limitations, including the tendency to converge to local optima and a relatively slow convergence speed. In this paper, we propose the multi-strategy improved HHO algorithm (MSI-HHO) as an enhancement to the standard HHO algorithm, which adopts three strategies to improve its performance, namely, inverted S-shaped escape energy, a stochastic learning mechanism based on Gaussian mutation, and refracted opposition-based learning. At the same time, we conduct a comprehensive comparison between our proposed MSI-HHO algorithm with the standard HHO algorithm and five other well-known metaheuristic optimization algorithms. Extensive simulation experiments are conducted on both the 23 classical benchmark functions and the IEEE CEC 2020 benchmark functions. Then, the results of the non-parametric tests indicate that the MSI-HHO algorithm outperforms six other comparative algorithms at a significance level of 0.05 or greater. Additionally, the visualization analysis demonstrates the superior convergence speed and accuracy of the MSI-HHO algorithm, providing evidence of its robust performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With further research into neural networks, their scope of application is becoming increasingly extensive. Among these, more neural network models are used in text classification tasks and have achieved excellent results. However, the crucial issue of derived adversarial examples has dramatically affected the stability and robustness of the neural network model. This issue confines the further expansion of the neural network application, especially in some security-sensitive tasks. Concerning the text classification task, our proposed DAT-LP (Defence with Adversarial Training Based on Local Perturbation) algorithm is designed to address the adversarial example issue, which uses local perturbation to enhance model performance based on adversarial training. Furthermore, SW-CStart (Cold-start Algorithm Based on Sliding Window) algorithm is designed to realise adversarial training in the model's initialisation stage. The DAT-LP algorithm is evaluated by comparing with three baselines, including baseline models (BiLSTM, TextCNN), Dropout(regularisation method), and ADT (Adversarial Training method), respectively. As it turns out, DAT-LP's performance is superior and demonstrates the best generalisation ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• hPMSCs transplantation rescued apoptosis after HI. • hPMSCs transplantation rescued long-term neurological ability after HI. • hPMSCs downregulated Sema 3A/NRP-1 after HI to rescued apoptosis. • Downregulated Sema 3A/NRP-1 led to the activation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is an abnormal neurological condition caused by hypoxic-ischemic damage during the perinatal period. Human placenta derived mesenchymal stem cells (hPMSCs) have been shown to have protective and reparative effects in various neurological diseases; however, the research on HIE is insufficient. This study aimed to establish a rat model of HIE and transplant hPMSCs through the lateral ventricle after hypoxic-ishcemic (HI) brain damage to observe its protective effects and mechanisms, with a focus on brain apoptosis compared among groups. Differentially expressed apoptosis-related proteins were screened using a rat cytokine array and subsequent verification. Neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) and Semaphorin 3A (Sema 3A) were selected for further investigation. Western blotting was used to quantify the expression of Sema 3A and the proteins related to PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Exogenous Sema 3A was added to evaluate the effects of Sema 3A/NRP-1 on hPMSCs following HI injury. hPMSCs transplantation ameliorated HI-induced pathological changes, reduced apoptosis, and improved long-term neurological prognosis. Furthermore, Sema 3A/NRP-1 was a key regulator in reducing HI-induced apoptosis after hPMSCs transplantation. hPMSCs inhibited the expression of Sema 3A/NRP-1 and activated the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Additionally, exogenous Sema 3A abolished the protective effects of hPMSCs against HI. In conclusion, hPMSCs transplantation reduced apoptosis and improved long-term neurological prognosis after HI by downregulating Sema 3A/NRP-1 expression and activating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Disulfidptosis is a type of programmed cell death caused by excessive cysteine-induced disulfide bond denaturation leading to actin collapse. Liver cancer has a poor prognosis and requires more effective intervention strategies. Currently, the prognostic and therapeutic value of disulfidptosis in liver cancer is not clear. Methods: We investigated the features of 16 disulfidptosis-related genes (DRGs) of HCC patients in the TCGA and classified the patients into two disulfidptosis pattern clusters by consensus clustering analysis. Then, we constructed a prognostic model using LASSO Cox regression. Next, the microenvironment and drug sensitivity were evaluated. Finally, we used qPCR and functional analysis to verify the reliability of hub DRGs. Results: Most of the DRGs showed significantly higher expression in cancer tissues than in adjacent tissues. Our prognostic model, the DRG score, can well predict the survival of HCC patients. There were significant differences in survival, features of the microenvironment, effects of immunotherapy, and drug sensitivity between the high- and low-DRG score groups. Ultimately, we demonstrated that a few hub DRGs have differential mRNA expression between liver cancer cells and normal cells and that the protective gene LCAT can inhibit liver cancer metastasis in vitro. Conclusion: We established a novel risk model based on DRG scores to predict HCC patient prognosis, drug sensitivity and immunotherapy efficacy, which provides new insight into the relationship between disulfidptosis and HCC and provides valuable assistance for the personalized treatment of HCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In recent years, a series of clinical guidelines on neonatal hypoglycemia have been developed in different countries and regions. This systematic review was aimed at providing evidence for clinical decision‐making and providing ideas for future research by comparatively analyzing the contents of various guidelines. Methods: A multilateral approach was used, including comprehensive literature searches and online research. The retrieved studies were screened by two independent reviewers according to our inclusion criteria. The two reviewers independently extracted the descriptive data. Four appraisers assessed the guidelines using the AGREE‐II instrument. Results: Ten clinical guidelines on neonatal hypoglycemia were included, with a mean score of 45.28%–83.45% in six domains. The guidelines are relatively consistent in their recommendations on clinical symptoms of neonatal hypoglycemia, but different in risk factors, preventive measures, thresholds for clinical management of hypoglycemia, target glucose ranges for its control, and pharmacotherapy. Conclusion: By summarising the recommendations in the guidelines on neonatal hypoglycemia, we found that blood glucose values were not the only observational indicator, and other indicators (e.g., ketone bodies, lactate) related to glucose metabolism should also be considered for a comprehensive assessment. There is still a lack of consensus on thresholds for the clinical management of hypoglycemia and target glucose ranges for its control, and the recommendations on its pharmacotherapy are rather simple and sketchy. In the future, more high‐quality studies are required to further improve the early identification of neonatal hypoglycemia and intervention strategies against it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With their high specific modulus, high specific strength and designability, fiber‐reinforced polymer (FRP) composites have replaced or surpassed traditional metallic materials in a wide range of applications. However, the polymer matrix of commonly used FRP composites is usually a thermosetting polymer that is difficult to rework once formed, which implants a substantial challenge for the repair and recycling of composites. Self‐repair, as an emerging method of repairing polymer‐based materials, has the advantages of simplification, high efficiency and repeatability against traditional repair methods. Research on self‐healing polymer materials is developing rapidly and becoming more systematic. With the development of self‐healing polymer, polymer‐based composites with self‐healing capabilities are becoming possible. This paper reviews the current development of self‐healing polymers in recent years, with specific emphasis on their applications in FRP composites. According to the difference in healing mechanisms, the self‐healing polymer composites are split into two categories, intrinsic and extrinsic ones. The essential concepts and different types of intrinsic and extrinsic self‐healing composites are first introduced. Then, their pros and cons are discussed, respectively. Finally, the perspectives of intrinsic as well as extrinsic self‐healing FRP composites are put forward. Highlights: Development of self‐healing fiber‐reinforced polymer composites.Extrinsic and intrinsic self‐healing fiber‐reinforced polymer composites.Pros and cons of self‐healing fiber‐reinforced polymer composites.Perspectives of self‐healing fiber‐reinforced polymer composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Artery of Percheron (AOP) as main feeder artery of arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is extremely rare. Two cases of thalamic AVM fed by AOP have been reported to date and only one AVM been removed by microsurgery when attempt of intervention embolization failed. Midbrain AVM fed by AOP has not been reported yet. Case presentation: Here, we presented the first successful embolized case of midbrain AVM supplied by the AOP in a 10-year-old boy, who suffered dual oculomotor nerve palsy and secondary hemorrhage before embolization. During endovascular embolization, selective angiography by 1.2 Fr. Magic microcatheter showed an intranidal aneurysm located on the distal AOP. Two injections of a 1:4 ratio mixture of NBCA-MS completely occlude the nidus and intranidal aneurysm with no complications occurred. The child recovered well and the oculomotor deficits improved. Conclusion: This case highlighted that AOP is a clinically significant branch associated with AVM in midbrain and thalamus. Moreover, intervention embolization of midbrain AVM fed by AOP is a considerable therapeutic strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mechanical ventilation (MV) is essential in the management of critically ill neonates, especially preterm infants. However, inappropriate or prolonged use of invasive MV may result in ventilator-associated lung injury. A systemic review comparing pressure control ventilation (PCV) with volume-targeted ventilation mode (VTV) approved that VTV reduces the incidence of death or bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in neonates; however, this study did not analyze subgroups of very low birthweight (VLBW) infants. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the use of VTV and PCV in VLBW infants and to provide clinical evidence for reducing mortality and complications of MV in VLBW infants. Method: A single-center randomized controlled trial will be performed. All eligible infants will be randomized and assigned to either VTV or PCV group with 1:1 ratio using sealed envelopes. Death or BPD at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age will be used as the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes include BPD, death, length of invasive MV, noninvasive mechanical ventilation, and oxygen use, length of hospital stay, failure of conventional MV, rate of using high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) as rescue therapy, rate of reintubation within 48 h, and hospital expenses. Discussion: Systemic review suggested that VTV decreases the incidence of death or BPD in neonates compared to PLV; however, this study did not specifically analyze subgroups of VLBW infants. We designed this single-center randomized controlled trials (RCT) to add a significant contribution regarding the benefits of VTV for VLBW patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the development, modeling, and control of L03, an underactuated 3D bipedal robot with symmetrical hips and straight legs. This innovative design requires only five actuators, two for the legs and three for the hips. This paper is divided into three parts: (1) mechanism design and kinematic analysis; (2) trajectory planning for the center of mass and foot landing points based on the Divergent Component of Motion (DCM), enabling lateral and forward walking capabilities for the robot; and (3) gait stability analysis through prototype experiments. The primary focus of this study is to explore the application of underactuated symmetrical designs and determine the number of motors required to achieve omnidirectional movement of a bipedal robot. Our simulation and experimental results demonstrate that L03 achieves simple walking with a stable and consistent gait. Due to its lightweight construction, low leg inertia, and straight-legged design, L03 can achieve ground perception and gentle ground contact without the need for force sensors. Compared to existing bipedal robots, L03 closely adheres to the characteristics of the linear inverted pendulum model, making it an invaluable platform for future algorithm research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A robust ionospheric model is indispensable for providing the atmospheric delay corrections for global navigation satellite system (GNSS) navigation and positioning and forecasting the space environment. The accuracy of ionospheric models is limited due to the simplified model structures. Complicated spatiotemporal variations in total electron content (TEC) biases between GNSS and international reference ionosphere (IRI) suggest a robust strategy to optimally combine GNSS and IRI TEC for high-precision modeling. In this paper, we propose a novel ionospheric data assimilation method, which is a local ensemble transform Kalman filter (LETKF), to construct an ionospheric model over Yunnan in southwestern China. We used the LETKF method to assimilate the ionospheric TEC extracted from GNSS observations in Yunnan into the IRI-2016 model. The experimental results indicate that the ionospheric data assimilation has a more pronounced improvement effect on the IRI empirical model during periods of geomagnetic quiet than during periods of geomagnetic disturbance. On quiet magnetic days, the skill score (SKS) of the assimilation is 0.60 and the root mean square error (RMSE) values before and after assimilation are 5.08 TECU and 2.02 TECU, respectively. The correlation coefficient after assimilation increases from 0.94 to 0.99. On magnetic storm days, the SKS of the assimilation is 0.42 and the RMSE values before and after assimilation are 5.99 TECU and 3.46 TECU, respectively. The correlation coefficient after assimilation increases from 0.98 to 0.99. The results suggest that the LETKF algorithm can be considered an effective method for ionospheric data assimilation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, an Improved Particle Swarm Optimization (IPSO) is proposed for solving global optimization and hyperparameter optimization. This improvement is proposed to reduce the probability of particles falling into local optimum and alleviate premature convergence and the imbalance between the exploitation and exploration of the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The IPSO benefits from a new search policy named group-based update policy. The initial population of IPSO is grouped by the k-means to form a multisubpopulation, which increases the intragroup learning mechanism of particles and effectively enhances the balance between the exploitation and exploration. The performance of IPSO is evaluated on six representative test functions and one engineering problem. In all experiments, IPSO is compared with PSO and one other state-of-the-art metaheuristics. The results are also analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. The experimental results show that IPSO is very competitive and often better than other algorithms in the experiments. The results of IPSO on the hyperparameter optimization problem demonstrate its efficiency and robustness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposes a remaining useful life (RUL) prediction method using limited degradation data with an unknown degradation model for hydraulic pumps with long service lives and no failure data in turbine control systems. The volumetric efficiency is calculated based on real-time monitoring signal data, and it is used as the degradation indicator. The optimal degradation curve is established using the degradation trajectory model, and the optimal probability distribution model is selected via the K-S test. The above process was repeated to optimize the degradation model and update parameters in different performance degradation stages of the hydraulic pump, providing quantification of the prediction uncertainty and enabling accurate online prediction of the hydraulic pump's RUL. Finally, an RUL test bench for hydraulic pumps is built for verification. The results show that the proposed method is convenient, efficient, and has low model complexity. The method enables online accurate prediction of the RUL of hydraulic pumps using only limited degradation data, with a prediction accuracy of over 85%, which meets practical application requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we forecasted the ionospheric total electron content (TEC) over the region of China using the bidirectional convolutional gated recurrent unit (BiConvGRU) model. We first generated the China Regional Ionospheric Maps (CRIMs) using GNSS observations provide by the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China (CMONOC). We then used gridded TEC maps from 2015 to 2018 with a 1 h interval from the CRIMs as the dataset, including quiet periods and storm periods of ionospheric TEC. The BiConvGRU model was then utilized to forecast the ionospheric TEC across China for the year 2018. The forecasted TEC was compared with the TEC from the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI-2016), Convolutional Long Short-Term Memory (ConvLSTM), Convolutional Gated Recurrent Unit (ConvGRU), Bidirectional Convolutional Long Short-Term Memory (BiConvLSTM), and the 1-day Predicted Global Ionospheric Map (C1PG) provided by the Center for Orbit Determination in Europe (CODE). In addition, indices including Kp, ap, Dst and F10.7 were added to the training dataset to improve the forecasting accuracy of the model (-A indicates no indices, while -B indicates with indices). The results verified that the prediction accuracies of the models integrated with these indices were significantly improved, especially during geomagnetic storms. The BiConvGRU-B model presented a decrease of 41.5%, 22.3%, and 13.2% in the root mean square error (RMSE) compared to the IRI-2016, ConvGRU, and BiConvLSTM-B models during geomagnetic storm days. Furthermore, at a specific grid point, the BiConvGRU-B model showed a decrease of 42.6%, 49.1%, and 31.9% in RMSE during geomagnetic quiet days and 30.6%, 34.1%, and 15.1% during geomagnetic storm days compared to the IRI-2016, C1PG, and BiConvLSTM-B models, respectively. In the cumulative percentage analysis, the BiConvGRU-B model had a significantly higher percentage of mean absolute error (MAE) within the range of 0–1 TECU in all seasons compared to the BiConvLSTM-B model. Meanwhile, the BiConvGRU-B model outperformed the BiConvLSTM-B model with lower RMSE for each month of 2018. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abnormal detection of wind turbine converter (WT) is one of the key technologies to ensure long-term stable operation and safe power generation of WT. The number of normal samples in the SCADA data of WT converter operation is much larger than the number of abnormal samples. In order to solve the problem of low abnormal data and low recognition rate of WTs, we propose a sample enhancement method for WT abnormality detection based on an improved conditional Wasserstein generative adversarial network. Since the anomaly samples of WT converters are few and difficult to obtain, the CWGANGP oversampling method is constructed to increase the anomaly samples in the WT converter dataset. The method adds additional category labels to the inputs of the generative and discriminative models of the generative adversarial network, constrains the generative model to generate few types of anomalous samples, and enhances the generative model's ability to generate few types of anomalous samples, enabling data generation in a prescribed direction. The smooth continuous Wasserstein distance is used instead of JS divergence as a distance metric to measure the probability distribution of real and generated data in the conditional generative response network and reduce pattern collapse. The gradient constraint is added to the CWGANGP model to enhance the convergence of the WGAN model, so that the generative model can synthesize minority class anomalous samples more effectively and accurately under the condition of unbalanced sample data categories. The quality of anomalous sample generation is also improved. Finally, the anomaly detection is made on the actual operating variator dataset for the unbalanced dataset and the dataset after reaching Nash equilibrium. The experimental results show that the method used in this paper has lower MAR and FAR in WT converter anomaly detection compared with other oversampling data balance optimization methods such as SMOTE, RandomOverSampler, GAN, etc. The method can be well implemented for anomaly detection of large wind turbines and can be better applied in WT intelligent systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a new metaheuristic algorithm called bacteria phototaxis optimizer (BPO). It is designed to solving optimization issues. Inspired by the bacteria phototaxis under the control of photosensory proteins in nature, and based on the basic law of bacterial colony growth and evolution, we have designed the photosensory protein concentration, phototaxis motion and growth operators. These three operators exhibit a highly adaptive and information interaction mechanism. The goal is to simulate the phototaxis process of bacteria and form a complete model of BPO. At the same time, BPO is compared with eight most representative as well as newly generated metaheuristics. Its performance is verified by using 23 well-known benchmark functions with three different types. Additionally, we have conducted several evaluation processes, such as qualitative and quantitative analysis as well as parametric and nonparametric tests. Finally, five classical engineering design problems are used to further test the effectiveness of the algorithm in solving constrained problems. The aforementioned experimental results show that compared with other algorithms, BPO has better accuracy, convergence, and robustness and shows strong competitiveness and optimization performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thermophysical properties and elemental abundances of the noble gases in terrestrial materials can provide unique insights into the Earth's evolution and mantle dynamics. Here, we perform extensive ab initio molecular dynamics simulations to determine the melting temperature and sound velocity of neon up to 370 GPa and 7500 K to constrain its physical state and storage capacity, together with to reveal its implications for the deep interior of the Earth. It is found that solid neon can exist stably under the lower mantle and inner core conditions, and the abnormal melting of neon is not observed under the entire temperature (T) and pressure (P) region inside the Earth owing to its peculiar electronic structure, which is substantially distinct from other heavier noble gases. An inspection of the reduction for sound velocity along the Earth's geotherm evidences that neon can be used as a light element to account for the low-velocity anomaly and density deficit in the deep Earth. A comparison of the pair distribution functions and mean square displacements of MgSiO3–Ne and Fe–Ne alloys further reveals that MgSiO3 has a larger neon storage capacity than the liquid iron under the deep Earth condition, indicating that the lower mantle may be a natural deep noble gas storage reservoir. Our results provide valuable information for studying the fundamental behavior and phase transition of neon in a higher T–P regime, and further enhance our understanding for the interior structure and evolution processes inside the Earth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of artificial intelligence (AI) to detect phishing emails is primarily dependent on large-scale centralized datasets, which has opened it up to a myriad of privacy, trust, and legal issues. Moreover, organizations have been loath to share emails, given the risk of leaking commercially sensitive information. Consequently, it has been difficult to obtain sufficient emails to train a global AI model efficiently. Accordingly, privacy-preserving distributed and collaborative machine learning, particularly federated learning (FL), is a desideratum. As it is already prevalent in the healthcare sector, questions remain regarding the effectiveness and efficacy of FL-based phishing detection within the context of multi-organization collaborations. To the best of our knowledge, the work herein was the first to investigate the use of FL in phishing email detection. This study focused on building upon a deep neural network model, particularly recurrent convolutional neural network (RNN) and bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT), for phishing email detection. We analyzed the FL-entangled learning performance in various settings, including (i) a balanced and asymmetrical data distribution among organizations and (ii) scalability. Our results corroborated the comparable performance statistics of FL in phishing email detection to centralized learning for balanced datasets and low organizational counts. Moreover, we observed a variation in performance when increasing the organizational counts. For a fixed total email dataset, the global RNN-based model had a 1.8% accuracy decrease when the organizational counts were increased from 2 to 10. In contrast, BERT accuracy increased by 0.6% when increasing organizational counts from 2 to 5. However, if we increased the overall email dataset by introducing new organizations in the FL framework, the organizational level performance improved by achieving a faster convergence speed. In addition, FL suffered in its overall global model performance due to highly unstable outputs if the email dataset distribution was highly asymmetric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Goose is an important poultry commonly raised for meat. The early growth performance of geese significantly influences their market weight and slaughter weight, affecting the poultry industry's economic benefits. To identify the growth surge between the Shitou goose and the Wuzong goose, we collected the early growth body traits from 0 to 12 weeks. In addition, we investigated the transcriptomic changes in leg muscles at the high growth speed period to reveal the difference between the two geese breeds. We also estimated the growth curve parameters under three models, including the logistic, von Bertalanffy, and Gompertz models. The results showed that except for body length and keel length, the best-fitting model between the body weight and body size of the Shitou and Wuzong was the logistic model. The growth turning points of Shitou and Wuzong were 5.954 and 4.944 weeks, respectively, and the turning point of their body weight was 1459.01 g and 478.54 g, respectively. Growth surge occurred at 2–9 weeks in Shitou goose and at 1–7 weeks in Wuzong goose. The body size traits of the Shitou goose and Wuzong goose showed a trend of rapid growth in the early stage and slow growth in the later stage, and the Shitou goose growth was higher than the Wuzong goose. For transcriptome sequencing, a total of 87 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified with a fold change ≥ 2 and a false discovery rate < 0.05. Many DEGs have a potential function for growth, such as CXCL12, SSTR4, FABP5, SLC2A1, MYLK4, and EIF4E3. KEGG pathway analysis identified that some DEGs were significantly enriched in the calcium signaling pathway, which may promote muscle growth. The gene–gene interaction network of DEGs was mainly related to the transmission of cell signals and substances, hematological system development, and functions. This study can provide theoretical guidance for the production and breeding management of the Shitou goose and Wuzong goose and help reveal the genetic mechanisms underlying diverse body sizes between two goose breeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we report a manganese‐catalyzed three‐component coupling of secondary alcohols, primary alcohols and methanol for the synthesis of β,β‐methylated/alkylated secondary alcohols. Using our method, a series of 1‐arylethanol, benzyl alcohol derivatives, and methanol undergo sequential coupling efficiently to construct assembled alcohols with high chemoselectivity in moderate to good yields. Mechanistic studies suggest that the reaction proceeds via methylation of a benzylated secondary alcohol intermediate to generate the final product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we report a manganese‐catalyzed three‐component coupling of secondary alcohols, primary alcohols and methanol for the synthesis of β,β‐methylated/alkylated secondary alcohols. Using our method, a series of 1‐arylethanol, benzyl alcohol derivatives, and methanol undergo sequential coupling efficiently to construct assembled alcohols with high chemoselectivity in moderate to good yields. Mechanistic studies suggest that the reaction proceeds via methylation of a benzylated secondary alcohol intermediate to generate the final product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been demonstrated as a potential therapeutic agent in acute kidney injury (AKI). However, little is known about the mechanisms of action of BMSC-derived EVs in AKI. Based on this, our research was designed to investigate the mechanism behind BMSC-derived EVs controlling inflammation and pyroptosis during AKI. Methods: Peripheral blood from AKI patients was used for detection of microRNA (miR)-223-3p, HDAC2, and SNRK expression. An AKI rat model was established, and HK-2 cell injury was induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to establish a cellular model. Co-culture with BMSC-derived EVs and/or gain- and loss-of-function assays were conducted in LPS-treated HK-2 to evaluate the functions of BMSCs-EVs, miR-223-3p, HDAC2, and SNRK. AKI rats were simultaneously injected with EVs and short hairpin RNAs targeting SNRK. The interactions among miR-223-3p, HDAC2, and SNRK were evaluated by RIP, ChIP, and dual-luciferase gene reporter assays. Results: Patients with AKI had low miR-223-3p and SNRK expression and high HDAC2 expression in peripheral blood. Mechanistically, miR-223-3p targeted HDAC2 to accelerate SNRK transcription. In LPS-treated HK-2 cells, BMSCs-EVs overexpressing miR-223-3p increased cell viability and diminished cell apoptosis, KIM-1, LDH, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, NLRP3, ASC, cleaved caspase-1, and IL-18 expression, and GSDMD cleavage, which was nullified by HDAC2 overexpression or SNRK silencing. In AKI rats, BMSCs-EV-shuttled miR-223-3p reduced CRE and BUN levels, apoptosis, inflammation, and pyroptosis, which was abrogated by SNRK silencing. Conclusion: Conclusively, BMSC-derived EV-encapsulated miR-223-3p mitigated AKI-induced inflammation and pyroptosis by targeting HDAC2 and promoting SNRK transcription. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The metallization of neon remains a controversial problem as there is no consensus in theoretical simulations and no experimental verification. In this work, the insulator-to-metal transition in fcc solid neon at high pressure was revisited with a coupling of the all-electron full-potential linear augmented-plane wave (FP-LAPW) method and the GW correction to avoid the potential unreliability of pseudopotential under high pressure and correct the inaccurate energy gaps caused by local density or generalized gradient approximation of the exchange-correlation. This FP-LAPW + GW calculation predicts that the bandgap closes at a density of 88.3 g/cm3 and a pressure of 208.4 TPa. Moreover, the reported positive pressure dependency of energy gap (increases with increasing density) for solid neon in 1.5–10.0 g/cm3 was confirmed with our FP-LAPW calculations, and the underlying mechanism was first revealed based upon analysis of the charge density distribution and the electron localization function. The results of this research will provide a valuable reference for future high pressure experiments and shed new insight into the planetary interiors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The epoxidation of styrene is an important route to synthesize organic intermediate, but how to effectively promote the formation of target superoxide radicals and then regulate the production of styrene oxide in two-phase reaction system remains an urgent challenge. In this study, MnO x nanocatalysts with abundant oxygen vacancies were fabricated using reverse-micelle as template, and then were endowed with an amphiphilic surface through post-modification. With such MnO x catalysts, Pickering emulsion could be formulated, in which numerous compartmentalized droplet microreactors were created for the epoxidation of styrene. The rich oxygen defects on MnO x were found to be useful to improve the chemisorption of t -butylhydroperoxide, and the active complexes formed by coordination of Mn3+ with N, N-dimethylformamide favored the generation of preferable superoxide radicals for the synthesis of styrene oxide. Moreover, it was also found that compartmentalization effects arising from Pickering emulsion droplets modifies the radicals reaction path, significantly improving the catalytic efficiency and selectivity. As a result, in the Pickering emulsion system, 90.0% selectivity towards styrene oxide and a turnover frequency of 581 h−1 could be obtained, which were higher than ever reported results. The Pickering emulsion-based compartmentalized microreactors can provide versatile platforms to efficiently control the epoxidation of styrene involving free radicals. [Display omitted] • MnO x with rich oxygen vacancies were fabricated by a reverse-micelle method. • Abundant oxygen vacancies was found to promote the chemisorption of TBHP. • The complexes of Mn3+/DMF favor the generation of HO 2 ∙ for epoxidation of styrene. • 90% SO yield was obtained by the compartmentalization effect of Pickering emulsions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluorescence plays an important role in determining the color appearance of fluorescing minerals. This paper discusses the color mechanism in the red spinel and the color effects from the light source as well as the background on the spinel color. Excitation-Emission Matrices (EEMs) fluorescence spectroscopy was utilized to characterize the fluorescence of natural Cr-doped magnesia-alumina spinel from Myanmar. EMP, LA-ICP-MS, and optical spectroscopy were applied to study the spinel's chemical compositions and color mechanism. X-Rite Ci-7800 spectrophotometer, which is useful to measure colors for fluorescing minerals, was employed to acquire color data of spinel in daylight and incandescent light. The results indicated the higher value of Cr/Fe makes pinkish-red spinel has a much stronger red fluorescence effect than dark-red spinel. The two narrow absorption bands at ~ 25,500 cm−1 (with a broad absorption band at ~ 24,100 cm−1) and ~ 18,570 cm−1 in the optical absorption spectrum are assigned to spin-allowed electronic d-d transitions 4A2g → 4T1g(F) and 4A2g → 4T2g(F) in Cr3+ at the M site. The EEMs spectra of the pinkish-red spinels show twin emissions at 706 nm excited both by ~ 380 nm and ~ 535 nm radiations, which is the key to the bright neon red color in pinkish-red spinel. The colorimetry study suggests the strong red fluorescence produced by < 460 nm radiation contributes more than 10% lightness and chroma in pinkish-red spinel under daylight. The lightness and the chroma of the spinels grow with the decrease of the background grayscale. The differentiation of spinel colors in dark conditions is lower than that in a bright environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eukaryotic genomes are prevalently transcribed into many types of RNAs that translate into proteins or execute gene regulatory functions. Many RNAs associate with chromatin directly or indirectly and are called chromatin-associated RNAs (caRNAs). To date, caRNAs have been found to be involved in gene and transcriptional regulation through multiple mechanisms and have important roles in different types of cancers. In this review, we first present different categories of caRNAs and the modes of interaction between caRNAs and chromatin. We then detail the mechanisms of chromatin-associated nascent RNAs, chromatin-associated noncoding RNAs and emerging m6A on caRNAs in transcription and gene regulation. Finally, we discuss the roles of caRNAs in cancer as well as epigenetic and epitranscriptomic mechanisms contributing to cancer, which could provide insights into the relationship between different caRNAs and cancer, as well as tumor treatment and intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: It is important to determine the severity of inhalation injury in severely burned patients. The oxygenation index PaO2/FiO2(PF) ratio is a key clinical indicator of inhalation injury. Sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) is developed to assess the acute incidence of critical illness in the population. We hope to provide an assessment of survival or prognostic factor for severely burned patients with inhalation injury based on the respiratory SOFA score. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study of all admissions to Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery at West China Hospital of Sichuan University from July 2010 to March 2021. Data was analyzed using Cox regression models to determine significant predictors of mortality. Survival analysis with time to death event was performed using the Kaplan–Meier survival curve with the log-rank test. All potential risk factors were considered independent variables, while survival was considered the risk dependent variable. Results: One hundred eighteen severe burn patients with inhalation injury who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were admitted, including men accounted for 76.3%. The mean age and length of stay were 45.9 (14.8) years and 44.3 (38.4) days. Flame burns are the main etiology of burn (74.6%). Patients with the respiratory SOFA score greater than 2 have undergone mechanical ventilation. Univariate Kaplan–Meier analysis identified age, total body surface area burned (TBSA), ICU admission and the respiratory SOFA score as significant factors on survival. Cox regression analysis showed that TBSA and the respiratory SOFA score were associated with patient survival (p < 0.001). In some patients with severe burns and inhalation damage, the survival probability drops to less than 10% (TBSA greater than 80%: 8.9% and respiratory SOFA score greater than 2: 5.6%). This study statistically found that the TBSA with the respiratory SOFA score model (AUROC: 0.955) and the rBaux score (AUROC: 0.927) had similar predictive value (p = 0.175). Conclusion: The study indicates that a high respiratory system SOFA score was identified as a strong and independent predictor of severely burned patients with inhalation injury during hospitalization. When combined with TBSA, the respiratory SOFA scores can dynamically assess the severity of the patient's lung injury and improve the predictive level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen production from electrochemical water electrolysis is one of the most effective solutions to the world's energy dilemma and environmental degradation. Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have been extensively reported as effective catalysts for hydrogen production, Molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2) has particularly evoked widespread interest due to its high activity, low cost, and plentiful components. For MoS 2 , it commonly has the semiconductor phase (2H) and the metallic phase (1T) structures, and 2H is more stable but less conductive than 1T. Although more favorable for electronic transfer, 1T-MoS 2 has poor stability, complex preparation, a restricted number of active sites, low intrinsic catalytic activity, and poor interlayer conductivity. In this review, we will discuss the phase transition mechanism from 2H–MoS 2 to 1T-MoS 2 , along with recent research advances. Because it is a technical challenge to synthesize the1T-MoS 2 , we will discuss the characteristics and structure of 1T-MoS 2 in detail and its application in water electrolysis cataloging on the preparation methods. The improved intrinsic activity, increased active sites, and the improvement of conductivity are discussed in terms of several aspects including (1) doping and ionic intercalation, (2) introduction of S vacancies (Vs) and defect modification, (3) highly conductive substrates and composite structures combination, as well as (4) phase transition effect. The critical difficulties and prospects are also presented at the end of this review, providing further solutions and inspirations for the preparation of 1T-MoS 2 electrocatalysts with enhanced catalytic performance. • The characteristics, structure, preparation methods of 1T-MoS2 and its application in the HER are discussed in detail. • The "quantity" and "quality" improvement of HER performance of 1T-MoS2 based on function oriented design is discussed. • The future development strategies are put forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mRNA modification N6‐methyladenosine (m6A) plays vital roles in plant development and biotic and abiotic stress responses. The RNA m6A demethylase ALKBH9B can remove m6A in alfalfa mosaic virus RNA and plays roles in alfalfa mosaic virus infection in Arabidopsis. However, it is unknown whether ALKBH9B also exhibits demethylation activity and has a biological role in endogenous plant mRNA. We demonstrated here that mRNA m6A modification is induced by the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) and that ALKBH9B has m6A demethylation activity on endogenous mRNA. Knocking out ALKBH9B led to hypersensitivity to ABA treatment during seed germination and early seedling development. We further showed that ALKBH9B removes the m6A modification in the ABA INSENSITIVE 1 (ABI1) and BRI1‐EMS‐SUPPRESSOR 1 (BES1) transcripts following ABA treatment, affecting the stability of these mRNAs. Furthermore, we determined that ALKBH9B acts genetically upstream of the transcription factors ABI3 and ABI5, and its regulatory function in ABA responses depended on ABI3 and ABI5. Our findings reveal the important roles of the m6A modification in ABA responses and highlight the role of ALKBH9B‐mediated m6A demethylation in regulating ABA responses post‐transcriptionally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Auricularia auricula (A. auricula), is a medicinal and edible fungus in China for thousands of years with rich nutrition and delicious taste. The main active ingredient of A. auricula is polysaccharide, which has antitumor, hypoglycemic, antioxidant, and immune regulation bioactivities. It is widely recognized that the biological activity of polysaccharides is closely related to the chemical structure and advanced structure. In terms of polysaccharides extracted from A. auricula (AAPs), there were distinguished structures reported due to the different original resources and extraction methods, leading to various bioactivities. However, the structure-activity relationship of AAPs has scarcely been reviewed till now. In addition, polysaccharides were found to have specific self-assembly properties recently, together with their bioactivities, endowing them with unique physicochemical properties. Nowadays, an increasing number of polysaccharides, such as cellulose, chitin, and pectin, have been used to construct various functional materials in the fields of food, cosmetics, and biomedical materials. Therefore, the construction of functional materials by AAPs is of great research significance. This article aims to provide a systematic review of the structure-activity relationship of AAPs and summarize the functional materials constructed based on AAPs to provide theoretical references for further research and application of AAPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The Ediacaran magma-poor passive rift basin in South China. • Weak retreating subduction-related island arc setting in the Ediacaran Sichuan Basin. • A case of flat retreating subduction triggered intracontinental passive rift basin. Ediacaran continental rift basins in the Sichuan Basin (SW China) overlap in time with the breakup of Rodinia and the assembly of Gondwana, but whether the rifts occurred in response to a mantle plume or to a subduction-related mechanism at the outer margin of the supercontinent remains uncertain. In the absence of Ediacaran igneous rocks, we provide zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb age data and whole-rock geochemistry from exposed Ediacaran-Lower Cambrian siliciclastic rocks in the Sichuan Basin in an effort to decipher the origin of the Ediacaran rifting. Together with new seismic and drilling data, the Ediacaran period is characterized by a magma-poor rift succession deposited in a faulted depression within the basin. U-Pb ages of the Ediacaran detrital zircons are concentrated in the range of 850–630 Ma, which suggests a weak magmatic event during the Ediacaran rifting. Geochemically, the siliciclastic rocks are characterized by relatively flat rare earth elements (REE) with negative Eu* anomalies, enrichment in most high field strength elements (HFSE), but depletion in Nb, Ta, Sr and Ti. The geochemical data suggest that the Ediacaran sedimentary rocks formed in a continental island arc setting. Together with compiled zircon εHf(t) values, Ediacaran rifting in the Sichuan Basin is consistent with retreating subduction. We propose a weak, flat, retreating subduction-related intracontinental passive rift model for the Ediacaran South China Block. This case study suggests that the retreating subduction could not only trigger back-arc basin development, but could also lead to the magma-poor passive rift basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional structural materials—concrete and steel—have been producing a substantial amount of carbon emissions to the earth, accounting for over 50 % of industrial emissions worldwide. An urgent call has been made for an alternative structural material with a better environmental impact. In this regard, this work investigated the carbon emissions of durable FRP composite structures in civil engineering. Three typical FRP composite structures were focused, including pedestrian bridges constructed by FRP structural profiles, concrete structures reinforced by FRP rebars, and existing concrete and steel structures strengthened by FRP sheets. Carbon emissions were investigated in terms of the carbon footprints per available dataset. Direct carbon reductions were observed in three FRP composite structures, and also, indirect carbon reductions were discussed, including FRP reinforcement for concrete structures and FRP enclosure for houses. The observed carbon reductions realized by FRP composite structures successfully showcased their great potential in reducing the carbon emissions in civil engineering. [Display omitted] • Carbon emissions of FRP composite structures are systematically investigated. • GFRP pedestrian bridges show less carbon emissions than steel or concrete bridges. • GFRP and CFRP rebars have reduced carbon emissions as compared to steel rebars. • CFRP sheets in strengthening RC structures have less carbon emissions than steel. • Indirect carbon emissions realized by FRP composites are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) family, TRAF5 acts as a crucial adaptor molecule and plays important roles in the host innate immune responses. In the present study, the typical form and a splicing variant of TRAF5, termed Lc-TRAF5_tv1 and Lc-TRAF5_tv2 were characterized in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). The putative Lc -TRAF5_tv1 protein is constituted of 577 aa, contains a RING finger domain, two zinc finger domains, a coiled-coil domain, and a MATH domain, whereas Lc -TRAF5_tv2 protein is constituted of 236 aa and only contains a RING finger domain due to a premature stop resulted from the intron retention. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that both of Lc -TRAF5_tv1 and Lc -TRAF5_tv2 were localized in the cytoplasm, with Lc -TRAF5_tv2 found to aggregate around the nucleus. It was revealed that Lc-TRAF5_tv1 mRNA was broadly expressed in examined organs/tissues and showed extremely higher level than that of Lc-TRAF5_tv2 , and both of them could be up-regulated under poly I:C, LPS, PGN, and Pseudomonas plecoglossicida stimulations in vivo. Interestingly, overexpression of Lc -TRAF5_tv1 and Lc -TRAF5_tv2 could significantly induce NF-κB but not IFN1 activation, whereas co-expression of them remarkably induced IFN1 activation but impaired NF-κB activation. In addition, both Lc -TRAF5_tv1 and Lc -TRAF5_tv2 were associated with TRAF3 and RIP1 in IFN1 activation, whereas only Lc -TRAF5_tv1 cooperated with TRAF3 and RIP1 in NF-κB activation. These results collectively indicated that the splicing variant together with the typical form of TRAF5 function importantly in the regulation of host immune signaling in teleosts. • A novel TRAF5 splicing variant Lc -TRAF5_tv2 was characterized in vertebrates. • Lc-TRAF5_tv1 and Lc-TRAF5_tv2 can be induced by both viral and bacterial PAMPs. • Lc -TRAF5_tv2 cooperates with Lc -TRAF5_tv1 in type I IFN activation. • Lc -TRAF5_tv1 associates with TRAF3 and RIP1 in NF-κB and type I IFN activation. • Lc -TRAF5_tv2 associates with TRAF3 and RIP1 in type I IFN activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In air and railway transportation, corrosion and wear lead to the rapid failure of equipment. Epoxy (EP)-based coatings are widely used in research on the anti-corrosion of organic coatings, but their application as materials for wear resistance is limited due to their non-abrasive properties. In this study, a novel high-performance epoxy-based composite coating was developed through the self-assembly of silicon carbide (SiC) and graphene oxide (GO) and the tuning of the interfacial structure with epoxy resin. The coatings were comprehensively characterized, including their electrochemical behavior, a salt spray test, and friction and wear experiments, and the optimal addition ratio of SiC-G@GO (SiC-G@GO was prepared by the self-assembly of γ-(2,3-epoxypropoxy) propytrimethoxysilane (KH560)-modified SiC (SiC-G) on the surface of GO sheets) in the epoxy coatings was explored. Benefiting from the labyrinth effect and their rolling-friction-like microstructure, the 1 wt% SiC-G@GO/EP coating exhibits excellent wear and corrosion resistance. Compared with pure epoxy resin, the 1 wt% SiC-G@GO/EP coating increased by 4 orders of magnitude after 10 days of immersion. The average friction coefficient was 41.5% lower than that of the pure EP coating, and the wear rate was 56.6% lower. This research has positive implications for the development and application of anti-corrosion and wear-resistant organic coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the aim of adapting a source Text to Speech (TTS) model to synthesize a personal voice by using a few speech samples from the target speaker, voice cloning provides a specific TTS service. Although the Tacotron 2-based multi-speaker TTS system can implement voice cloning by introducing a d-vector into the speaker encoder, the speaker characteristics described by the d-vector cannot allow for the voice information of the entire utterance. This affects the similarity of voice cloning. As a vocoder, WaveNet sacrifices speech generation speed. To balance the relationship between model parameters, inference speed, and voice quality, a voice cloning method based on improved HiFi-GAN has been proposed in this paper. (1) To improve the feature representation ability of the speaker encoder, the x-vector is used as the embedding vector that can characterize the target speaker. (2) To improve the performance of the HiFi-GAN vocoder, the input Mel spectrum is processed by a competitive multiscale convolution strategy. (3) The one-dimensional depth-wise separable convolution is used to replace all standard one-dimensional convolutions, significantly reducing the model parameters and increasing the inference speed. The improved HiFi-GAN model remarkably reduces the number of vocoder model parameters by about 68.58% and boosts the model's inference speed. The inference speed on the GPU and CPU has increased by 11.84% and 30.99%, respectively. Voice quality has also been marginally improved as MOS increased by 0.13 and PESQ increased by 0.11. The improved HiFi-GAN model exhibits outstanding performance and remarkable compatibility in the voice cloning task. Combined with the x-vector embedding, the proposed model achieves the highest score of all the models and test sets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of tetracycline (TC) in aquatic environments has raised increasing concern due to its high ecotoxicology risk. The application of microalgae in the removal of antibiotics is a competitive alternative technology. However, the removal mechanism of TC by microalgae and its correlation with the ecotoxic response of microalgae are still not clear. In this study, the ecotoxicity of TC (0.5–10 mg L−1) and its removal by the freshwater alga Chlorella pyrenoidosa were investigated. The results show that TC has significant inhibitory effects on microalgal growth, photosynthetic pigment, and photosynthetic efficiency, with maximum inhibition rates of 49.68%, 62.54%, and 48.08%, respectively. However, the growth inhibition and photosynthesis impairment caused by TC seems to be reversible, as reflected by the decreased inhibition rates with prolonged exposure time. The simultaneous increases in the activities of superoxide dismutase (9.69–23.53%) and peroxidase (15.15–110.92%) and the contents of glutathione (17.62–64.17%) and malondialdehyde (25.16–35.25%) suggest that TC causes moderate oxidative stress. C. pyrenoidosa exhibits high removal efficiency (91.44–95.14%) for TC after 48 h of exposure with short half-lives of 11.31–13.48 h. Biodegradation (56.86–64.62%) is the primary removal mechanism of TC, accompanied by the abiotic process (24.68–40.97%), bioaccumulation (1.95–10.97%), and bioadsorption (0.09–0.38%). These findings demonstrate the toxicity resistance and high removal capacity of C. pyrenoidosa to TC, highlighting its potential application in the remediation of TC-contaminated water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Light interaction physical properties of MXenes are fundamentally important and promising for developing new broadband photodetection applications. In this work, the significant influence of intercalants on the photo‐electronic properties of MXenes is studied. It is found that the intercalated H2O‐induced inter‐flake resistance greatly restricts the photon excitation responsivity of Ti3C2Tx, resulting in a slow and irreversible resistance change under laser irradiation. After deintercalation of H2O by in situ laser writing, the resistance of Ti3C2Tx responds fast and reversibly to laser excitation and the variation range is proportional to laser power. By extending the findings to another MXene member, Mo2TiC2, the intercalant induced resistance is successfully developed for optoelectronic detection. By selectively deintercalating H2O in the as‐prepared Mo2TiC2 which is co‐intercalated by H2O and TMAOH, bare TMAOH intercalated Mo2TiC2 shows fast and reversible resistance changes with laser. Moreover, the resistance of bare TMAOH intercalated Mo2TiC2 shows a negative temperature coefficient behavior while the fully deintercalated Ti3C2Tx shows a positive temperature behavior. These findings elucidate the understanding of the optoelectronic properties of MXenes and provide insights into the engineering of interfacial chemistry of MXenes for performance enhancement toward various detectors/sensors beyond optoelectronic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]