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Renal sarcoma represents 1-3% of all renal malignant tumours. Primary rhabdomyosarcoma of the kidney is a rare and highly aggressive tumor in the adult population. Here, we report the case of a 50-year-old woman with a large rhabdomyosarcoma of the left kidney and associated adrenal cortical adenoma. Rhabdomyo sarcoma is a very rare tumor in adults but it needs to be considered in the differential diagnosis among undifferentiated malignant tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pregnant women with female fetuses have higher maternal serum human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels than pregnant women with male fetuses. Ki-67, a cell proliferation and activity marker, is confined mostly in the nuclei of villous cytotrophoblasts of the human placenta. In this study, we examined the effect of fetal gender on the cytotrophoblast cell activity in human term placenta, with special regard to maternal serum and cord blood hCG levels. Thirty-four uncomplicated, singleton, term pregnancies (17 male and 17 female fetuses) were recruited in the study. hCG was measured in maternal peripheral serum and umbilical cord blood. Placental samples were collected in each patient during the cesarean section. Cytotrophoblast cell activity was measured by using immunohistochemistry for Ki-67 antigen. Ki-67 staining index values of the cytotrophoblasts were compared between the female and male placentas. Maternal serum and cord blood hCG levels were higher in pregnant women with female fetuses than in those carrying male fetuses. There was no sex difference in Ki-67 immunostaining rates of the cytotrophoblast cells. There was no correlation between maternal serum and cord blood hCG levels and Ki-67 staining index values of the cytotrophoblast cells. The difference in maternal serum and cord blood hCG levels in correlation with the fetal gender is not associated with cytotrophoblast cell activity in the human term placenta. The gender of the fetus does not seem to affect the regulation of cytotrophoblast cell proliferation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renal cell carcinoma metastatic to the urinary bladder is a rare entity. Few cases of renal cell carcinoma with solitary synchronous metastasis to the urinary bladder have been reported. We report a case of renal cell carcinoma with solitary synchronous metastasis to the urinary bladder. A new metastasis developed in the right adrenal gland at the 24th month, and was resected. The patient is alive without any new recurrences or metastasis 36 months after the initial diagnosis. The follow up duration of our case is the longest of published cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We aimed to investigate the long-term surveillance outcomes (biochemical recurrance, survival) and adequacy of active surveillance criteria to detect low-risk prostate cancer patients who were eligible for active surveillance but underwent radical prostatectomy. Materials and Methods: Data of patients who underwent radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer between January 2005 and January 2019 were retrospectively evaluated. Upstaging, upgrading, surveillance periods, and survival status of patients with clinical stage T1c and T2a, serum prostate-specific antigen below 10 ng/mL, International Society of Urological Pathology grade 1, number of tumor-positive cores in biopsy 2 and below, tumor percentage in tumor-positive cores 50 and below were inclusion criteria for active surveillance. Results: The study included 606 patients. Of these patients, 184 (30.4%) met the inclusion criteria for active surveillance. Upgrading was detected in 77 (41.8%) patients and upstaging in 29 (15.8%) patients who met the criteria for active surveillance. The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and PSA density values of the patients who met the active surveillance criteria were significantly lower than those of the other patients (p<0.05). The mean surveillance period was 127.6±49.6 (8-227) months, and 123 patients died during this period. Among them, 18 (3%) patients died because of related causes of prostate cancer. None of the patients who met the criteria for active surveillance died because of prostate cancer (p=0.018). Conclusion: No cancer-related deaths were observed in patients who is eligible for active surveillance but underwent radical prostatectomy. This may suggest that active surveillance criteria are suitable for detecting low-risk prostate cancer patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solitary fibrous tumors are unusual neoplasms that are rarely found in the liver parenchyma. They are usually described as hard, grayish white, well-defined lesions. Predominant cystic change in a solitary fibrous tumor is an unexpected finding, with only a few previous cases reported in the literature, two of which are localized in the head and neck region. Herein, we report a unique case of solitary fibrous tumor of the liver in a 38-year-old female with predominant multiloculated cystic appearance, and discuss the histopathologic differential diagnosis [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate the prognostic significance of p53 and mdm2 protein expressions in epithelial ovarian cancer and their relationship with the clinicopathological variables. Methods: Tumor biopsy specimens from 82 patients who were homogenously treated were examined immunohistochemically for expression of p53 and mdm2 proteins. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed for prognostic factors, and correlations with clinicopathological parameters were examined. Results: Fifty-four percent and 33% of cases stained positive for p53 and mdm2, respectively. p53 expression was associated with serous type, higher grade, positive cytology, residual tumor and stage of the disease. mdm2 expression predicted of chemosensitivity and it was related with higher grade but not with other clinicopathological variables. Significantly poorer survival was seen for those with p53 (P < 0.05) or mdm2 (P < 0.01) positive tumors than those with negative p53 or mdm2 staining. Coexpression of p53 and mdm2 was also related to poor outcome (P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis revealed that FIGO stage, mdm2 expression, response to chemotherapy and optimal cytoreduction were significant independent prognostic and predictive factors of survival. Conclusion: Although our findings showed that mdm2 may be used as a prognostic indicator in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer, these results should be supported by more and larger studies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objective: To present the postoperative and oncological outcomes of patients diagnosed with unclassified renal cell carcinoma (uRCC). Materials and Methods: Radiological and pathological data of patients who underwent radical nephrectomy for renal tumour diagnosed with uRCC according to histopathologic evaluation were investigated between 2006 and 2013. Follow-up data, such as metastasis-free and overall survivals, were also evaluated. Patients' characteristics and data were compared between localised tumour (T1-T2) and locally invasive tumour (T3-T4) groups and metastasis positive and negative groups during follow-up, separately. Results: A total of 17 patients participated in the study, wherein 7 had adrenalectomy in addition to radical nephrectomy and 3 had lymph node dissection. The mean tumour diameter was 91.9±44 mm (30-200 mm), and seven patients were pathologically T3a, two were T3b and one patient had T4 tumour, whereas eight had Fuhrman grade 4 and five had Fuhrman grade 3 tumours. Pathologically, seven patients had tumours with sarcomatoid features, whereas four had microvascular invasion and seven had renal sinus invasion. T-stage correlated with renal sinus invasion and was identified as an important factor in metastasis progression. The overall survival time was observed to be low in locally invasive and metastasis positive groups. Nevertheless, differences were not statistically significant. In the investigation of factors affecting metastasis development, microvascular invasion and renal sinus invasion were significant. Conclusion: The study revealed more aggressive nature (advanced stage, bigger tumour, more aggressive histopathological features and more metastasis and shorter survival on follow-up) of uRCC tumours, even without obtaining statistically significant differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myelolipoma is a rare benign tumor which is generally detected incidentally. The tumor consists of mature fat tissue and hematopoietic cells that resemble bone marrow. The coexistence of myelolipoma and nonfunctional adrenocortical adenoma in the same gland is exceedingly rare. We herein present two cases of adrenal myelolipoma in association with non-functional adrenocortical adenoma in left adrenal gland of a 62-yearold woman and non-functional adrenocortical adenoma combined with myelolipoma and endothelial cyst, in right adrenal gland of a 73-years-old man. Microscopically, in the central of the tumor, there was a myelolipomatous area composed of adipocytes and hematopoietic cells surrounded by sheets of adenoma cells. The histopathological diagnosis was “myelolipomatous changes within a non-functional adrenocortical adenoma”. The cases are presented here with their rarity and pathological differential diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a unique type of renal carcinoma characterized by multi-loculated cystic masses. The aim of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of multilocular cystic RCC. Materials and Methods: All patients were examined by MRI. Two radiologists retrospectively evaluated MRI features, and compared radiological findings and Bosniak category with histopathological findings. Results: The patient population comprised seven men and three women with a mean age of 52.9 years (range:37-61 years). The margins of the multiloculated cystic masses were well defined in all patients, and there was no sign of infiltration of the adjacent tissue and metastatic lymphadenopathy. Conclusion: Multilocular cystic RCC exhibits non-malignant behavior and frequently has a long survival. The size of the lesion at diagnosis is variable, but there is no evidence of infiltration and metastasis in patients at diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In this study we evaluated the hormone data before prostate needle biopsy (PNB) in patients who underwent retropubic radical prostatectomy (RRP) due to prostate adenocarcinoma (PCa). Correlations between the patients' RRP pathology results, recurrence-free survival (RFS), and hormone data were investigated. Materials and Methods: Patients were evaluated in two groups according to RRP pathologic T stage: T2 (group 1) and T3 (group 2). Then patients were assessed in two groups based on total testosterone (TTE) values: >300 ng/dL and <300 ng/dL. The preoperative data, hormone data, RRP pathologic data, and biochemical recurrence and RFS results were compared between these groups. Results: A total of 81 patients were evaluated. The mean follow-up time was 37.7 months. Mean recurrence free survival (RFS) among all patients was 94.2±7 months. In multivariate analysis of the preoperative data, TTE/prostate volume (p=0.015) and PNB tumor percentage (p=0.004) were significantly higher in group 2 (n=32) compared to group 1 (n=49). In the postoperative data, RRP pathology Gleason score (GS) (p=0.015) and tumor volume (p=0.02) were significantly higher in group 2. RFS was 99.2±5.8 months in group 1 and 77±12.1 months in group 2 (p=0.02). When patients were assessed according to TTE levels, of the pre- and postoperative data only RRP pathology T stage, GS, and lymph node positivity were significantly higher in the TTE <300 ng/dL group (n=30) compared to the TTE >300 ng/dL group (n=51). The biochemical recurrence rates and RFS times (87.7±13.8 months and 91.3±6.4 months, respectively) were similar between the groups (p=0.571). Conclusion: We demonstrated a correlation between locally invasive PCa and low TTE measured before PNB and low TTE density. In particular, TTE values <300 ng/dL were associated with high pathologic T stage, GS, and lymph node positivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perivascular epithelioid cell tumors are rare mesenchymal tumors composed of histologically and immunohistochemically distinctive perivascular epithelioid cells. They are mostly benign, however, malignant tumors with aggressive behavior and distant metastasis can also occur. The standard treatment is surgical excision. Here, we report a case of a 25-year-old male with a 4 cm-mass located in the inferior pole of the left kidney, treated by surgical excision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In this study, we assessed the relationship between tumor density (tumor volume prostate volume ratio), preoperative predictive factors and biochemical recurrence (BR) in patients who underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) for prostate cancer in our clinic. Materials and Methods: For the patients undergoing RRP between 2005- 2015 preoperative predictive factors, postoperative prognostic factors and BR status were evaluated. Preoperative and postoperative factors were compared between the patient groups whose BR was detected as positive and negative. Subsequently, the cut-off value effecting BR of tumor density was determined and the preoperative predictive values, postoperative prognostic factors and BR rates were investigated in patients whose tumor density found low and high. Results: BR was detected in 63 of 338 patients who underwent RRP, but not in 275 patients. In BR positive patients of multivariate analysis, the prostate needle biopsy (PNB) Gleason score of preoperative predictive factors, number of focus and perineural invasion presence and only surgical margin positivity were detected to be significantly higher from the postoperative prognostic factors (p<0.001). The cut-off value of tumor density affecting BR positivity was detected as 4.34 cc/cc (AUC: 0.711, p<0.001). BR was 4.65 times higher in patients with tumor density >4.34 cc/cc compared to patients with tumor density ≤4.34 cc/cc (p<0.001, odds ratio: 4.65). Sensitivity and specifity of the tumor density of 4.34 cc/cc value for BR were detected as 68.3% and 68.4%, separately. Moreover, it was observed in multivariate analysis that prostate specific antigen (PSA) density of preoperative data, PNB tumor percentage and number of focus were solely associated with high tumor density (>4.34 cc/cc). Conclusion: In conclusion, it was found that the most important prognostic factors affecting BR were surgical margin positivity and high tumor density; PSA density, PNB tumor percentage and number of focus were alone associated with high tumor density among the preoperative predictive factors and all predictive factors were positively correlated with tumor density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In this study we searched preoperative factors that may cause upstaging and upgrading at D'Amico low-risk and intermediate-risk group patients who underwent radical prostatectomy (RRP) due to prostate adenocarcinoma. Materials and Methods: Among patients undergoing RRP retrospective evaluation, those who have PSA<10ng/mL, prostate needle biopsy (PNB) Gleason score (GS) =6 and clinical T1c-T2a were placed in the low-risk group. Patients with PSA 10-20 ng/mL and/or PNB GS=7 and/or clinical T2b were placed in the intermediate-risk group. In accordance with PNB GS and clinical stage, patients whose RRP GS and T stage increased or not with PNB GS 3+4=7 (7a) and RRP GS 4+3=7 (7b) were assessed as upgrade. The PSA data, PNB and RRP pathological data and biochemical recurrence rates of patients were investigated. Current data were used to separately assess and compare low-risk and intermediate-risk groups according to upstaging and upgrading. Results: Among the 151 patients in the low-risk group, it was identified that 21 had upstage and 63 had upgrade, while in the 187 patients in the intermediaterisk group 84 had upstage and 39 had upgrade. In the low-risk group, the PNB tumor percentage was identified to be high in the upgrade group (p<0.001). In the intermediate-risk group, PSA, PSA density, PNB perineural invasion (PNI) positivity, tumor percentage and positive core numbers were high in the upstage group. However, in the intermediate-risk group PSA, fPSA, PSA density, PNB GS and tumor percentage were high in the upgrade group (p<0.05). When postoperative factors were examined, tumor volume and surgical margin positivity were observed to be correlated with upstaging and upgrading. Conclusion: In conclusion, in the low-risk group PNB tumor percentage was related to upgrading, in the intermediate-risk group, PSA, PSA density and PNB tumor percentage were correlated with both upstaging and upgrading, while PNB PNI positivity and positive core numbers were observed to be correlated with T stage increase only. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In this report, patients, who had testosterone (TE) level data before prostate needle biopsy and who later underwent radical prostatectomy (RP) due to prostate adenocarcinoma, were evaluated. The TE levels were analyzed in patients divided into three groups according to the D'Amico risk classification. Materials and Methods: Patients in the low-risk group constituted group 1, those in the intermediate-risk group-group 2 and subjects of the highrisk group were in group 3. Prostate specific antigen and TE levels, biopsy and RP pathological findings and biochemical recurrence rates were evaluated. Then all data were compared between the groups. Results: We evaluated 81 patients, whose data on TE level were available. Twenty eight patients were included in Group 1, 45 were in Group 2 and 8 were in Group 3. The mean follow-up time was 37.7 months. Total testosterone (GTE) levels were detected to be lower in Group 3 (p=0.033) than in patients of Group 1 and Group 2. However, pathological stage (p=0.004), Gleason score (p<0.001), tertiary Gleason pattern (p=0.032), tumor volume (p<0.001), surgical margins positivity (p=0.023), lymph node positivity (p=0.01) and biochemical recurrence (p=0.026) rates were found to be higher in Group 3. Conclusion: In conclusion, preoperative low TTE levels in patients who underwent RP were found to be associated with high-risk disease according to the D'Amico risk classification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The incidence of the prostate adenocarsinome (PCA) in the repeat prostate biopsy after the high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) diagnosis has decreased with the increase of the quadrant numbers. Contrary to the former literature, PCA incidence after the HGPIN diagnosis was not increased as compared to cases without HGPIN. In this study the re-biopsy results of the patients whose first prostate biopsy results were HGPIN were evaluated. Materials and Methods: A total of 2.758 patients who underwent transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy in our institude between January 2005 to June 2013 due to increased prostate spesific antigen (PSA) levels or abnormal digital rectal examination results were examined and 353 of these patients with the diagnosis of HGPIN were included in the study. Under local anesthesia, 10 cores taken in the first and 12 cores taken in the second biopsies. Results: From the 353 patients whose first prostate biopsy pathology was HGPIN, 100 of them underwent repeat prostate biopsy. It was found that 48% of these patients had benign (prostate tissues and prostatitis), 21% had HGPIN, 11% of them had malignancy suspected focus and 20% patients had PCA. The patients whose re-biopsy results revealed PCA 20 patients and the other 80 patients had no significant difference in age, PSA, PSA density, digital rectal examination finding and number of HGPIN focus in the first biopsy. However, in patients with positive HGPIN in ≥4 quadrants PCA rate was 35% and was 17% in patients with positive HGPIN in ≤3 quadrants. Conclusion: The incidence of PCA in the re- biopsies of patients in whom first biopsy results revealed HGPIN was not different from other cases. Patients with positive HGPIN in ≥4 cores should be followed-up closely and evaluated for re-biopsy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In this study, patients hormonally evaluated before prostate needle biopsy were considered among the ones who underwent radical prostatectomy (RRP) due to prostate adenocarcinoma and had locally advanced pathological stage (T3). The relationship between pathology results and cancer prognosis with hormonal data was investigated in these patients. Materials and Methods: Patients with hormonal data and those who were diagnosed with locally advanced prostate cancer were evaluated in two groups. Patients with T3a and T3b pathological stages were evaluated as group 1 and group 2, respectively. Prostate specific antigen (PSA), free PSA (fPSA), total testosterone (TTE), free testosterone (FTE), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and estradiol (EST) values of patients were examined. Prostate needle biopsy pathological data, prostate volume (PV), clinical stage, RRP pathological data, pathological stage, surgical margins and lymph node positivity and biochemical recurrence rates of patients were also evaluated. Then fPSA/PSA, PSA/PV, TTE/PV, TTE/FTE, TTE/LH, FSH/LH, TTE/FSH and TTE/ EST ratios were calculated from the hormonal data. Finally, all data were compared between group 1 and group 2. Results: Thirty-two patients with hormonal data were retrospectively evaluated. Patient mean follow-up time was 31.9 months and there were 24 patients in group 1 and 8 patients in group 2. EST (p=0.05) and FSH/LH (p=0.044) values were identified to be higher in group 2. Also, prostate biopsy Gleason score (p=0.026) and perineural invasion positivity (p=0.024) were higher in group 2. Tumor volume (p=0.004), surgical margin positivity (p=0.022) and biochemical recurrence (p<0.001) rates from postoperative data were found to be higher in group 2, as well. Conclusion: In conclusion, higher rates of EST and FSH/LH values determined by hormonal evaluation before prostate needle biopsy were found to be associated with high-stage tumor, high surgical margin positivity and high biochemical recurrence after RRP. Therefore, hormonal evaluation can be used as a predictor of locally advanced disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Pathology education includes an important visual part supporting a wide range of theoretical knowledge. However, the use of traditional microscopes in pathology education has declined over the last decade and there is a lack of interest for microscopy. Virtual microscopy, which was first described in 1985 and has experienced a revolution since 2000, is an alternative technique to conventional microscopy, in which microscopic slides are scanned to form digital images and stored in the web. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of virtual microscopy in practical pathology sessions and its effects on our students and undergraduate education at our faculty. Material and Method: Second and third year medical students who were used to conventional microscopes were included in the study. The practical sessions were carried out via virtual slides and the effect of the new technique was investigated by a scale at the end of each session. Academic staff from the pathology department joined sessions to promote discussion and respond to questions. Student ratings were analysed statistically. Results: The evaluation of the ratings showed that the students were easily adapted to the use of virtual microscopy. They found it user-friendly and thought that the opportunity of viewing slides at home was advantageous. Collaboration between students and interactive discussions was also improved with this technique. Conclusion: It was concluded that the use of virtual microscopy could contribute to the pathology education of our students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Amyloidosis is a rare disease with various etiologies with extracellular amyloid protein depositions. At present, at least 26 distinctive amyloid forms have been detected with different clinical importance and treatment. They have characteristic staning fetaures with Congo red. Amyloid may be detected in 2-10% of prostates that have been removed because of hyperplasia or carcinoma. Amyloidosis of seminal vesicles is accepted as senil amyloidosis and it is not accompanied by systemic amyloidosis or clinical symptoms. This condition is the most common form of localized amyloidosis. In this study we aimed to investigate incidence and histologic characteristics of amyloidosis of seminal vesicles in radical prostatectomy materials of the patients whose prostate carcinomas were treated surgically. Material and Method: Amyloid depositions in seminal vesicles of 207 radical prostatectomy materials that prostates had been removed due to localized prostate carcinoma. Amyloid depositions were confirmed with Congo red staining and polarization microscope. Results: Amyloidosis of seminal vesicles was detected in 10 (4.8%) of cases. Mean age of the patients is 66.2 years. Amyloid depositions tend to be nodular and bilateral in subepithelial region of affected seminal vesicles. Amyloid depositions were not detected in blood vessels in seminal vesicles or prostate parenchyma. Conclusion: Localized amyloidosis of seminal vesicles is not an unusual finding. amyloidosis of seminal vesicles incidence in Turkish patients included in this study and histopathologic characteristics of these patients are not different from the other studies. Systemic AA amyloidosis is the most common form of amyloidosis in our country. To be aware of amyloidosis of seminal vesicles is of importance in discrimination from the other forms of amyloidosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Background: To determine the effects of human amniotic fluid and membrane in the treatment of Achilles tendon ruptures, 72 tendons of 36 Wistar rats were injected with betamethasone sodium phosphate. Methods: By the end of fourth week, both tendons were tenotomized and repaired, then the samples were divided into three groups. The first group was left untreated after suturing. Human amniotic fluid was injected to the second and amniotic fluid and membrane were both administered to the third group. Twenty-four tendons were scored at the end of the first week, and 24 at the end of the second week histopathologically, and 24 biomechanically at the end of the third week. Results: There was a significant statistical difference only between the histopathological results of Groups 2 and 3 at the first week. Conclusions: Human amniotic membrane and fluid do not add anything to the healing process of Achilles tendon ruptures in the early phase. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Renal epithelioid angiomyolipoma (EAML), a kind of angiomyolipoma (AML), can mimic renal cell carcinoma and may render either benign or malignant behavior. The reliability of radiological imaging is limited in the diagnosis and histopathologic examination is required for the definitive diagnosis. In these tumors, relationship with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) and malignancy and poor prognostic criteria should be carefully questioned and patients should be considered accordingly. In this article, two cases were presented in whom surgeries were performed because of renal masses and diagnosed as EAML which were a 28-yearold woman and a 59-year-old male in the light of the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The impact of perineural invasion (PNI) finding in prostate needle biopsy on extraprostatic extension and grade and seminal vesicle invasion were investigated in this study. Materials and Methods: Prostate cancer patients diagnosed with extraprostatic extension (PT3a, group 1) and seminal vesicle invasion (PT3b, group 2) after radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) between 2005-2014 were evaluated retrospectively. Group 1 was further divided in two subgroups as patients with focal (group 1 a) and diffuse (group 1 b) extraprostatic extension. PSA, PSA density, prostate needle biopsy findings (Gleason score, core number and percent and PNI) and RRP final pathological findings (Gleason score, tumor volume, positive surgical margin and positive lymph nodes) were compared between groups. Results: A total of 129 patients were included; 92 in group 1 (49 in group 1a and 43 in group 1b) and 37 in group 2. Patients in group 2 had significantly higher Gleason scores, tumor percent and PNI presence when compared to patients in group 1 (7.2±0.8 vs. 6.7±0.6; 60.9±29.9% vs. 48.8±31.6%; 62.2% vs. 29.4%; p<0.05). Presence of PNI was significantly higher in group 1b compared to group1a (39.5% vs. 20.4%; p<0.05). Conclusion: It was demonstrated that there was a significant relationship between the presence of PNI and both the grade of extraprostatic extension in PT3a disease and the presence of PT3b disease. Risk of diffuse extraprostatic extension and seminal vesicle invasion should be kept in mind especially while planning nerve sparing surgery for patients with PNI in prostate biopsies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Penile schwannomas are schwann cell originated, usually sporadic, benign and encapsulated rare tumors. The definitive diagnosis and treatment is surgical excision. The point of excision should be considered that in order to prevent postoperative erectile dysfunction related nerve damage careful dissection and excision of the nodule. In this article, 54-year-old male patient undergoing careful surgical excision due to 2 cm sporadic schwannoma nodule in the root of penis was presented with the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of the bladder tumors are urothelial carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Trophoblastic differentiation of urothelial carcinoma is a rare tumor of the bladder. These tumors secrete Human chorionic gonadotropin (α-HCG) and HPL and they have different immunohistochemical characteristics from placental trophoblastic tumors. These tumors are aggressive tumors with poor prognosis and multiple metastases. Primary treatment method is chemotherapy for these tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To confirm frozen section (FS) method for muscularis propria (MP) sampling and to compare the FS method with the ReTUR section (RS) procedure to reduce needing for second resection that can cause waste of time for definitive treatment of muscle-invasive bladder cancer.Methods: A total of 27 patients who admitted to our clinic and was performed transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TUR-BT) due to bladder tumor and had an indication of ReTUR were evaluated prospectively in the study. During the first TUR-BT procedure (as permanent section), FS examination was also performed to the patients. ReTUR was performed 2-6 weeks after the first TUR-BT procedure.Results: Presences of MP were observed in 51.8% and 77.7% of FS and permanent section examinations. In the comparing of the presence of residual tumor in the methods, although 12 of 27 patients were found to have a residual tumor in FS, it was found to be in only 6 of 12 patients in RS. There was no statistical significance between FS and RS methods for MP sampling and detecting of residual tumor.Conclusions: FS was found to be a comparable method with the RS method (ReTUR procedure) for the sampling of MP and detecting of residual tumor, despite the limitations in the pathological examination FS. Especially in patients with detected residual tumor after the pathological consultation of FS during the procedure, re-resection can be a choice at the end of the first TUR-BT instead of ReTUR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma is a rare vascular tumor mostly seen in liver, lung, and bone. Involvement of the adrenal gland has not been reported previously. Here, we report the first case of adrenal malignant epithelioid hemangioendothelioma in an 81-year-old man who was successfully treated by laparoscopic excision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]