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In Islamic states, foundations have been pioneers in shaping the society in terms of social, cultural, religious and economic aspects. While a significant amount of income is obtained with securities, real estate and even cash foundations; These revenues were used for the public. These institutions, which are based on the first periods of Islam, completed their development with the Ottoman Empire. There were also changes in the practices and operating procedures in this process. The most important of these changes was the money foundations that were not seen in other Islamic states and that emerged with the Ottoman Empire. This phenomenon, which emerged with the beginning of the development of the money economy, first brought with it the discussion of permissiveness. Are these institutions actually the first banks and interest-based institutions? In other words, is it to lend at 10 percent interest, as most economists understand it? Or is this a trade that can be briefly described as buying in cash and selling on a forward basis? Many Islamic scholars, stating that this is the second one, have issued a fatwa that this practice is in accordance with Islamic Sharia. Thus, the foundations of banking were laid in the Islamic state, and it was stated that people were freed from the pressure of moneylenders. The support of the foundations by the state and their supervision in certain processes ensured the longevity of these institutions and also made people trust these institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relations of the peasant, who is the main producer in all the medieval states, where the country's economy was based on agriculture, and the local administrator, who determined and collected his obligations to the state, have always been remarkable. When the subject is approached in the Ottoman Empire, the sipahi and the peasant are the most important representatives of this governing and managed group. Sipahi in the Ottoman Empire; in addition to being both a soldier and a tax collector, he is the representative of the administration in the countryside with the position of many civil servants, and the peasantry is the sector that produces, pays taxes, and is administered by the state. These two groups, which are effective in the formation of society, are in a close relationship with each other. Sipahi-peasant relations have become one of the issues that Ottoman economic historians deal with. However, domestic studies based on archival records seem to be limited when compared to foreign studies in this field. Looking at the relations of these two classes from the perspective of the defenders of the classical class conflict theory, a conflict is sought between them. In fact, when we look at the qadi registers in which we watch the sipahi-peasant relations, the existence of this conflict is thought to exist. Indeed, when we look at the sources, there are people who use their duties for their own benefit as well as those who try to collect taxes on behalf of the state. The abuses of the sipahis, who did not do their duty properly, made the villagers suffer, and caused the villagers, who had to fulfill their obligations to the state, to avoid these obligations from time to time. Undoubtedly, it is not the sipahi who always refuses to do his part. It is possible to encounter the situation where the villager causes victimization, whether it is a malicious act or neglect of his obligations to the state and to his cavalry. In the Ottoman Empire, which was the basis of the understanding of the state and was known to be successful in providing it especially in the classical period, these conflicts were tried to be resolved through legitimate legal channels, as can be understood from the court records. Because each of these classes has a different meaning for the state and is indispensable. For example, the state can neither give up the sipahi, which is its most important military power, which provides peace and security in the country that collects its taxes, nor can it give up on the peasant, who is the main producer, that is, it is impossible to protect one against the other and to support the other at the expense of neglecting one group. For this purpose, in the article, the savings made by the state by using archive records and their results are also included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Early-onset colorectal cancer (EOCRC) accounts for approximately 10% of all colorectal cancers (CRCs). EOCRC has a certain hereditary predisposition and distinct clinicopathological and molecular features compared to the traditional average-onset of colorectal cancer (AOCRC). As previous publications have shown, EOCRC has a more advanced TNM stage and a more aggressive tumor histopathology. Aim: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the differences and similarities of EOCRC compared to AOCRC based on clinicopathological characteristics. Material and methods: Between January 2010 and December 2020, 394 patients with inclusion criteria who were operated on at the 3rd level health center for colorectal cancer were included in the study. Patients were divided into two groups as EOCRC (50 years and under) and AOCRC. Pearson's chi-square test was used to compare categorical variables in independent groups. In addition, logistic regression analysis was performed using the Backward method with the variables whose relationship with the age group was evaluated, with P < 0.100. Results: Our final analysis included 80 EOCRC cases and 314 controls. When the EOCRC group was compared with the AOCRC group, there was no statistically significant difference between gender, tumor location, T stage of the tumor, and survival (P = 0.190, P = 0.924, P = 0.165, P = 0.574). However, a statistically significant difference in the N stage, degree of differentiation, lymphovascular invasion (LVI) and perineural invasion (PNI) status, and P-values were: P = 0.006, P = 0.029, P = 0.019, and P = 0.003, respectively. Conclusion: EOCRC has more aggressive tumor biology than AOCRC. Our study shows that more advanced N stage, poor differentiation, tumor deposits, LVI, and PNI are seen more frequently in EOCRC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/aim: Sphincter-preserving surgery is one of the main goals in the treatment of rectal cancer because it improves the quality of life (QoL). However, some patients may experience disrupted symptoms called anterior or low anterior resection syndrome (LARS). This study was designed to evaluate the frequency and influencing factors of LARS in patients who underwent sigmoid or rectal resection. Materials and methods: In this retrospective, clinical study, patients who underwent rectal or sigmoid resection and anastomosis due to any benign and malignant reasons were evaluated in terms of LARS between January 2010 and November 2019 at Medical Faculty Hospital of Mersin University. The frequency and severity of LARS were determined by using a standard scale. Furthermore, influencing factors including lesion localization, operation, the proximity of anastomosis to the anal verge, creation of stoma, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy application were investigated. Results: Out of a total of 550 patients, 276 were included in this study. The major LARS incidence was found as 27.2%. Very low anterior resection (VLAR) (OR = 42.40 (95% CI [11.14-161.36], P < 0.0001), protective ileostomy (OR = 12.83 (95% CI [6.58-25.0], P < 0.0001), end colostomy (OR = 8.55 (95% CI [1.36-53.61], P = 0.022), receiving chemotherapy (OR = 3.08 (95% CI [1.71-5.53], P < 0.0001), and radiotherapy (OR = 2.51 (95% CI [1.38-4.57], P = 0.003) and the ROC analysis showed that creating an anastomosis placed at most 8.5 cm from the anal verge was found to be a major influencing factor on LARS (P < 0.05). Conclusions: LARS may frequently occur in patients who have undergone rectal resection. In this study, the most important factors influencing LARS were found to be the proximity of anastomosis to the anal canal and creating a protective stoma. Receiving chemoradiotherapy also plays an important role in LARS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Different proportions of pumice with FA were evaluated to produce geopolymer cement. • The A/B ratios and consistency had a significant effect on the geopolymer strengths. • 90% of the compressive strength was gained at 7 days. • Increase in FA content improved different properties of geopolymer cement paste. • The high strength of Pumice-Fly ash geopolymer paste can be achieved with 6 days of curing time at 60 °C. • UPV value increase as the cure time increase from 2 to 6 days. Invention of a new and improved binding material has become an urgent need in order to reduce reliance on Portland cement while minimizing environmental pollution and energy consumption associated with its manufacture. Geopolymer could be a possible alternative in the future. This study investigated some mechanical and durability properties of pumice-fly ash geopolymer paste, including six pumice + fly ash percentages, six alkaline activating solution-to-binder (A/B) ratios, and three curing times in the oven at 60 °C for 2, 4, and 6 days. Several laboratory tests such as consistency, strength tests, and UPV tests were used to investigate the behavior of various geopolymer mixtures. The results confirmed that pumice powder with fly ash can be utilized to create good geopolymeric binders with optimum compressive strengths of 31.02 to 69.90 MPa and optimum flexural strengths of 6.14 to 9.40 MPa. The highest strengths were obtained during the 6-day curing time. The results revealed that the strength of P-FA geopolymer specimens increases by increasing the A/B to a certain value (representing the optimum-active A/B ratio for each type of mixture), the strength decreases more or less than this value. Furthermore, the compressive strength of geopolymer samples with a high content of FA was increased before and after exposure to elevated temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Adiponectin is a protein synthesized from adipose tissue and it is also an endogeneous insulin sensitizer. Adiponectin seems to act in preneoplastic colonic lesions to regulate cell growth by activating, altering, or interacting with several pathways including the leptin and the NFkB pathways. This study aims to investigate the relationship of T/G rs2241766ADIPOQ exon 2 (+45,codon 15) and A/G rs2275738ADIPOR1 intron 1 (-106) polymorphisms with CRC risk. Methods: The studying group consist of total 266 person which 129 of them are colorectal cancer cases who were diagnosed at the Mersin University Medical Faculty Hospital and 137 controls participating. Genotypes were determined using PCR/RFLP methods. Results: It was found that there is no relationship between T/G rs2241766ADIPOQ exon 2 (+45, codon 15) and A/G rs2275738ADIPOR1 intron 1 (-106) polymorphisms and the risk of developing colorectal cancer. It was determined an increasing risk of colorectal cancer with male subjects and old age groups. Conclusion: In conclusion, it was found that rs2241766 and rs2275738 polymorphisms may not be related to the progression of colorectal cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]